Report the working principle and application of new

technologies in automobile sector

Topic
CNG Conversion Kit (An alternative to old vehicles)

BACHELORS OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING - MEN417

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PUNJAB ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHANDIGARH
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
MAY 2021

SUBMITTED BY:
Kashish Mahajan
17107011
B.Tech Mechanical 4th Year
Table of Contents
CNG Conversion Kit An alternative to old vehicles ................................................................ 1
CNG Conversion Kit An alternative to old vehicles ................................................................ 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 3

What is CNG .......................................................................................................................... 3

Types of CNG conversion kits ............................................................................................... 3

To Reduce Air Pollution in Big Cities ................................................................................... 4

Petrol Engine can converted to CNG engine by two methods- ............................................. 5

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CNG AND GASOLINE .................................................... 6

How the CNG Engine Powers the Car ................................................................................... 6

Schematic Diagram of a CNG kit .......................................................................................... 7

Advantages ............................................................................................................................. 8

Disadvantages ........................................................................................................................ 8
 CNG Conversion Kit
An alternative to old vehicles

Introduction

Every day the human race consumes billion kilojoules of energy by burning fuel. Every year,
we burn up the same amount of energy, as we would get from eight billion tons of oil. In
practice, though we acquire only two- fifths of the energy from burning oil itself the balances
coming from other sources such as coal, gas and unclear energy. Indeed, almost 90% of our
energy comes from fossil fuels, which will one day run out. Natural gas is stored at high
pressure, which is called Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). It has advantages of low cost
emission, elimination of harmful particulate matter and fuel economy. With pollutions in cities
reaching dangerous level largely due to exhaust emission goes to the atmosphere from
automobiles and after repeated failure to the Delhi governments to ensure conservation of
buses, taxies and auto rick shows into vehicle run on comparatively environment friendly by
CNG.
Fossil fuels such as petroleum is produced by decomposition of buried dead organisms since
over a few million years ago and categorized as non-renewable energy. Petroleum is widely
used as an energy resources in generating internal combustion engines. Due to the insufficient
supply and expected running out by the next few years, the alternative fuels must to be find in
replacing petroleum fuel. The use of CNG in the automotive application is widely used for
spark ignition (SI) engine because of availability, inexpensive and less pollution. In using CNG
as a fuel for compression ignition (CI) engine, a pilot fuel is required as a source of ignition.
Since CNG has a low cetane number, a minimum quantity of diesel is injected into combustion
chamber to ignite the combustion

What is CNG
It is made by compressing the natural gas (Methane) to less than 1% of the volume at standard
atmospheric pressure. It is stored in cylindrical containers at 200-280 bar pressure

Types of CNG conversion kits

The system is basically is divided into two major parts:

 Diesel Fuel Limiting System,

 Gas Control System, etc.
Diesel Fuel Limiting System, the main function is to forward position to reduce the fuel supply.
It is consisting by Diesel Limiting Cylinder, a vacuum switch as well as three way valves.
Venturi vacuum activates the vacuum switch diaphragm to contact two electric connections for
supply of current to electric solenoid at the three way valve which supplies air to the diesel
limiting cylinder to push the fuel injection pump.
Gas Control Systems are providing gas to the engine uniformly and which is depending on
vehicle load and speed. Natural Gas under high pressure from CNG storage cylinder is passed
through a three stage pressure regulator where pressure is reduced to slightly below atmosphere
and accelerator is connecting on Load Valve along with control lever of FIP and as a result,
gas is controlling and synchronize as well as diesel flow to the engine.

To Reduce Air Pollution in Big Cities

There are total of 30 Million cars in India if even 40 percent of these petrol cars converted to
CNG with the help of conversion kits it will drastically reduce Air pollution

We know that, CNG consist mainly, Methane (more than 90%) with a specific gravity ranging
from 0.5 to 0.7 (with respect to air): Ethane (3.7%); Propane (1.2%), nitrogen (2%); and carbon
dioxide (2%); hydrogen sulphide and water vapour. Ignition temperature of natural gas varies
from 640-degree Celsius to 704 degree Celsius and depending on composition for CNG-Air
mixture. CNG has octane rating of 130 and thermal energy of 11,200 kcal/kg.
Health and Air Quality parameters in favour of CNG that it is important to reduce toxic
pollutants which cause several types of diseases like asthma, crone, cough, skin degradation ,
breath lessens, eye and throat problem and even cancer. Most of these pollutants are absent in
case of CNG. CNG may reduce automobile exhaust emission the following:
Carbon Monoxide (CO) ------- 56% Reduction,
Hydrocarbon (HC) --------------- 55% Reduction.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) - --------56% Reduction
Particulate –---------------------- 86% Reduction
Generally CNG is suitable for light petrol vehicle car and whereas liquefied natural gas (LNG)
is suitable for heavy diesel vehicles. Dual fuel conversion technology provides the opportunity
to retain the desirable characteristics of the diesel engine, yet significantly reduced emission
and fuel cost.

Type of fuel Price in Rs

Petrol 87.15

Diesel 80.62

CNG 34.28

• It is cheaper than other fuels

• It is dispersed quickly when released
• It is lighter than air
• It releases less carbon into the atmosphere
If we drive 26.72 KM/day with CNG instead of Petrol it will cover the Additional cost to
add CNG kit.

Petrol Engine can converted to CNG engine by two methods-

 Single fuel system,

Single fuel system is that hundred percent has operation is possible. Conversion can be done
on existing engines. As modifications are to be done in cylinders, it is expensive.

 Bi-fuel system.
Bi-fuel system is that by using conversion kit, vehicle can be run on both fuels by selecting
mode of operation on fuel selector switch. Engine can run on 100% CNG or 100% petrol.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CNG AND GASOLINE

CNG had identified that it has less exhaust emission, higher octane number, and higher ignition
system compared to petrol and diesel fuels. CNG is insoluble in engine lubricating Oil and the
said lubricating oil dos not dilute. Thus the lubricating oil may retain its quality for longer
period, reducing the maintenance cost. CNG does not deposit carbon on the spark plug due to
clean burning and less detonation.

How the CNG Engine Powers the Car

The CNG engine uses a second fuel tank which has to be attached to the car, and is usually
placed in the trunk (or other place where there is suitable room). This tank is usually very large,
as it has to keep the gas used compressed. The amount of pressure may vary from engine to
engine, but it is usually compressed to around 3,600 pounds per square inch. The driver can
then decide which of the fuels they wish to use by simply pressing a switch on the dashboard.
This means that the car can alternate between the different tanks, drawing fuel from either.
Once the driver selects the CNG tank, the compressed gas in the tank is pulled through a series
of highly pressurized lines until it reaches the regulator. Inside the regulator, the pressure on
the gas is lessened until it matches the amount needed by the fuel injection system of the car's
engine. Once the gas has reached an acceptable pressure, the solenoid valve allows the gas to
move into the fuel injection system and from there into the engine. Just as with gasoline, once
the engine has received the gas, it is ignited in the combustion chamber, and this provides the
energy to power the car forward.

Schematic Diagram of a CNG kit

• Electronic control module (ECM): The ECM controls the fuel mixture, ignition
timing, and emissions system; monitors the operation of the vehicle; safeguards the
engine from abuse; and detects and troubleshoots problems.
• Natural gas fuel filter: Traps contaminants and other byproducts to prevent them from
clogging critical fuel system components, such as fuel injectors.
• Manual shut off: Allows the vehicle operator or mechanic to manually shut off the
fuel supply.
• Fuel filler: A nozzle from a fuel dispenser attaches to the receptacle on the vehicle to
fill the tank.
• Fuel line: A metal tube or flexible hose (or a combination of these) transfers fuel from
the tank to the engine's fuel injection system.
• Fuel tank (compressed natural gas): Stores compressed natural gas on board the
vehicle until it's needed by the engine.
 • High pressure regulator: Reduces and regulates the pressure of the fuel exiting the
tank, lowering it to an acceptable level required by the engine’s fuel injection system.
• Battery: The battery provides electricity to start the engine and power vehicle
electronics/accessories.
• Exhaust system: The exhaust system channels the exhaust gases from the engine out
through the tailpipe. A three-way catalyst is designed to reduce engine-out emissions
within the exhaust system.
• Fuel injection system: This system introduces fuel into the engine's combustion
chambers for ignition.
• Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is injected
into either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with
air, and the air/fuel mixture is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.
• Transmission: The transmission transfers mechanical power from the engine and/or
electric traction motor to drive the wheels.

Advantages
1. 20 to 25 per cent less carbon dioxide.
2. Up to 90 per cent less carbon monoxide.
3. 75 to 90 per cent less non-methane hydrocarbons.
4. CNG-powered vehicles have lower maintenance costs.
5. No acid smell from exhaust gases.
6. No heavy metal additives necessary to increase knock rating.
7. No losses through vaporization from the tank and/or while refueling.
8. No carcinogenic substances.
9. CNG mixes easily and evenly in air being a gaseous fuel

Disadvantages
1. 10 to 20 per cent less power output with existing engines.
2. Additional fuel station network necessary.
3. Weight and space requirements for gas cylinders in a vehicle.
4. Shorter operating range of vehicles.
5. Running on a close to empty tank reduces the pressure and increases the risk of the
valves bursting.
6. Conversion kits tend to come with a high cost