DAV PUBLIC SCHOOL

BARAITU, RANCHI

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

NAME : ARYAN RAJ SINHA

CLASS : 12 B
ROLL NO. : 11
SESSION : 2023-2024
BOARD ROLL NO. :

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Aryan Raj
Sinha of class XII A has successfully
completed the investigatory project
on “TO STUDY VARIATION OF
CURRENT USING A LDR" under the
guidance of Mr. Bal vikas tiwari
.This project is absolutely genuine and
doesn't not involve in any kind of
plagiarism. This is in partial fulfillment
of Physics practical examination CBSE
2023.

Signature of External Examiner Signature of Physics Tr.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
"There are times when silence speaks so much
more loudly than words of praise to only as good
as belittle a person, whose words do not express,
but only put a veneer over true feelings, which
are of gratitude at this point of time."

I would like to express my sincere gratitude

to my physics mentor for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to my friends for their support
during the making of this project.

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 INDEX
CERTIFICATE 02
03
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1. INTRODUCTION
05
2. PRINCIPLE
08
3. CONSTRUCTION
09
4. THEORY & WORKING
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PRINCIPLE
5 EFFICIENCY
15
6. ENERGY LOSSES
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7. USES OF TRANSFORMER
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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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 INTRODUCTION
They are so important in our lives that
without them even the electric bells fitted
in our homes won’t work.

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Transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or
a high alternating voltage into a low alternating
voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers
energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. Transformers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing
hundreds of tons used in power plant substations
or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All
operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide.

While new technologies have eliminated

the need for transformers in some electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in many
electronic devices. Transformers are essential for
high-voltage electric power transmission,
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 which makes long-distance transmission
economically practical. A transformer is most
widely used device in both low and high current
circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy
transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts. A
transformer which increases the voltages is called
a step-up transformer. A transformer which
decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential

piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.

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 PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of mutual induction that is if
a varying current is set-up in a circuit then induced
e.m.f. is produced in the neighboring
circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighboring
circuit.

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 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core

made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils p1 & p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the
source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p1 p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s1
s2, the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus,
no current can be drawn through the secondary coil as
long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary
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winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to
magnetic flux and iron core is also negligible. For
operation at low frequency, we may use a soft iron. The
soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy
losses by eddy currents.

The input circuit is called primary and the output

circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises from the action
of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load impedance

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 The ideal transformer as a circuit element

THEORY AND WORKING

When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts
falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary
as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux
linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal
to that induced in each turn of the primary.
Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values
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of the induced e.m.f in the primary and the
secondary coil and Np and Ns are the no. of
turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and, dфB/dt = rate of change of
flux in each turn of the coil at this instant,

we have
Ep = -Np dфB/dt …. (1)

Es = -Ns dфB/dt …. (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing (2) by (1), we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np …. (3)
As, Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced
in the primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in
primary coil is due to the difference (E – Ep) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance of p1 p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by,

I =E – Ep / Rp

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 E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore,

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence, equation (3) can be written as Es / Ep = Es /E =
output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip=value of primary current at the same instant t and
Is =value of sec. current at this instant, then Input
power at the instant t = Ep Ip and Output power at the
same instant t = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
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Input power = output power or
Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K

In a step up transformer

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is

higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current

in the same ratio. Similarly, it can be shown, that in a
step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current & a step
down transformer steps up the current.

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EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power i.e.
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η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there are no

power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are
many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of
transformer is less than one.

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 ENERGY LOSSES

In practice, the output energy of a

transformer is always less than the input
energy, because energy losses occur due to
a number of reasons as explained below,
⚫ Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling
between the coils is seldom perfect. So,
whole of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil is not linked up with the
secondary coil.

⚫ Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite

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 ,
of lamination Eddy currents are produced.
The magnitude of eddy current may,
however be small. And a part of energy is
lost as the heat produced in the iron core.
⚫ Copper Loss: In practice, the coils
of the transformer possess resistance.
So a part of the energy is lost due to the
heat produced in the resistance of the
coil.
⚫ Hysteresis Loss: The alternating
current in the coil tapes the iron core
through complete cycle of magnetization.
So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
⚫ Magneto restriction: The alternating
current in the
Transformer may be set its parts in to
vibrations and sound may be produced. It
is called humming. Thus, a part of energy
may be lost due to humming.

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 USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c.
operations
⚫ In voltage regulator for T.V.,
refrigerator, computer, air conditioner
etc.
⚫ In the induction furnaces.
⚫ Astep down transformer is used for
welding purposes.
⚫ A step down transformer is used for
obtaining large current.
⚫ Astep up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON
advertisement.
⚫ Transformers are used in voltage
regulators and stabilized power
supplies.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com

www.yahoo.com

www.wikipedia.org

https://www.youtube.com/ALLINVESTIGATORYPROJECTS

https://t.me/allinvestigatoryprojects

NCERT Class 12th physics Book

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THE END

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