BIOLOGIC ACTIONS OF THYROID

HORMONES

Presented by :Yesha Ahmed Virk M-21011

Roll # (M-21011toM-21015 )
 BIOLOGIC ACTIONS

Thyroid hormones have effects on following :

• Basal metabolic rate
• Protein metabolism
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Fat metabolism
• Cardiovascular system
• Growth
• Body weight
 BIOLOGIC ACTIONS

• Gastrointestinal tract
• central nervous system
• respiration
• Sleep
 ACTION ON PROTEIN METABOLISM

Increases protein synthesis by following ways :

• By increasing translation of mRNA
• By increasing transcription of DNA to RNA
• By increasing activity of mitochondria
• By increasing activity of cellular enzymes
 ACTION ON C ARBOHYDRATE
METABOLISM

Thyroxine stimulates following processes involved in metabolism

of carbohydrate:
• Increase absorption of glucose from GI tract
• Enhances glucose uptake by cells
• Increases breakdown of glycogen into glucose
• Accelerates gluconeogenesis
 ACTION ON FAT METABOLISM

Thyroxine causes following effects on fat metabolism:

• Mobilizes fat from fat depots
• Increases free fatty acid in the blood
• Decreases the level of cholesterol and triglycerides in plasma
 ACTION ON B ASIC METABOLIC RATE

Thyroxine increases metabolic activities in most of the body tissues

• By increasing oxygen consumption by tissues
• In hyperthyroidism, BMR increases by 60 to100%
• In hypothyroidism, it falls by 20 to 40% below the normal level
 ACTION ON GROWTH

Thyroid hormones have general and specific effects on growth :

• Increase in thyroxine secretion accelerates growth of body especially
in growing children
• Lack of thyroxine arrest growth
• At the same time, thyroxine causes early closure of epiphysis
• So, height of individual may be slightly less In hypothyroidism
 ACTION ON C ARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

• Increases heart rate

• Increases the force of contraction of heart
• Cause vasodilation of blood vessels
• Increases blood pressure ( mean pressure is not altered)
 ACTION ON CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM

• Promotes growth and development of brain during fetal life and first
few years of postnatal life
• lack of thyroxin results in abnormal development of synapses and
mental retardation
• Hypersecretion of thyroxine results in excess stimulation of CNS
• Leading to nervousness , anxiety etc.
• Hyposecretion of thyroxine leads to lethargy and somnolence (excess
sleep)
 ACTION ON BODY WEIGHT

• Thyroxine is essential for maintaining body weight

• Increase in thyroxin secretion decreases the body weight and fat
storage
• Decrease in thyroxin secretion increases the body weight because of
fat deposition
 ACTION ON GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT

• Increases the appetite and food intake

• Increases secretion and movements of GI tract
• Hypersecretion of thyroxin causes diarrhea
• Hyposecretion of thyroxine causes constipa tion
 ACTION ON SLEEP

Thyroxine is required for maintaining normal sleep pattern

• Hypersecretion of thyroxine causes excessive stimulation of the
muscles and CNS . So, person feels tired and exhausted
• But can’t sleep due to stimulatory effect of thyroxine on neurons
• Hyposecretion of thyroxine leads to somnolence
 ACTION ON RESPIRATION

Increases rate and force of respiration as :

• Increased metabolic rate (caused by thyroxine) increases demand for
O2 and CO2
• leading to stimulation of respiratory centres