LESclothes, immediate family, and h

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Material Self
 William James, understanding the self can be examined through its different components:
 Its constituents;
 The feelings and emotions they arouse—self-feelings;
 The actions to which they prompt—self-seeking and self-preservation

 The constituents of self are composed of:

 the material self
 the social self
 the spiritual self
 the pure ego

 The material self, according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate family, and home
 The more investment of self-given to the particular thing, the more we identify ourselves to it. We also tended to
collect and possess properties. The collections in different degree of investment of self, becomes part of the self.

We Are What We Have

 Russel Belk posits that “…we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.”
 As we grow older, putting importance to material possession decreases.
 Material possession gains higher value in our lifetime if we use material possession to find happiness, associate
these things with significant events, accomplishments, and people in our lives.
 The possessions that we dearly have tell something about who we are, our self-concept, our past, and even our future

Digital Self (1) studocu

 It is the aspect of the self that is expressed or shared to others through the use of digital technology especially the Internet
and social networking.
 Jones (2007) maintained that college students view cell phones, instant messaging and the Internet as “extensions of
themselves”

In social media, you fill in personal information when creating an account. These include the
following:
 Name, age, birthdate, address, and contact number
 Likes, dislikes, hobbies, favorite food, favorite movies, visited places, relationship status, thoughts, feelings, and important
events

This sharing of personal information on social networking sites may be related to the adolescent’s and also adult’s strong
desire for social approval and acceptance.

 Is there a big difference between the self-online and the real self?
o You need to be aware between the image that you present online and offline
o What you present online should be congruent with who you really are offline
 Digital Self (2) slideshare
The digital self is the persona you use when you’re online. Some people maintain one or more online identities that are distinct
from their “real world” selves.

TWO CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHABITION

1. Benign Disinhibition
- we’re more likely to open up, show vulnerability, and share our deepest fears. We help others, and we give willingly to
donates on sites like Red Cross.

2. Toxic Disinhibition
- We’re more likely to harass, abuse, and threaten others when we can’t see their face. We indulge our darkest desires.
We hurt people because it’s easy.

HOW DO YOU BUILD YOUR ONLINE IDENTITY ONLINE

 Every websites that you interact with will collect its own version of who you are, based on the information that you have
shared.
 It is up to you how will you represent yourself closely as who you are and what you do in real life.
 To create representation far from your real life.

SELF PRESENTATION STRATEGIES ANDIMPRESSION MANAGEMENT

1. Self - Promotion - refers to the practice of purposefully trying to present oneself as highly competent to other people.
2. Ingratiation - refers to behaviors that a person illicitly enacts to make others like him or her or think well of his or her
qualities as a person.
3. Exemplification - is defined as a strategic self presentational strategy whereby an individual attempts to project an image
of integrity and moral worthiness
4. Intimidation - is intentional behavior that would cause a person of ordinary sensibilities to fear injury or harm.
5. Supplication - strategy for self - presentation that involves depicting oneself as weak, needy, or dependent so as to
motivate others to provide assistance or care.
IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS ON THE SELF
 The development of the persons social aspects can be greatly influenced by technology due to an insufficient amount of
real life social encounters. Although online encounters are easy and more convenient.

POSITIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA & ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF

• Social media sites inform and empower individuals to change themselves and their communities.
• Increased self esteem when receiving many likes and shares.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA & ONLINE INTERACTION ON THE SELF

• Extensive online engagement is correlated with personality and brain disorders.
• Low self esteem due to risk of being exposed to cyber bullying and cyber pornography.

SETTING BOUNDARIES TO ONLINE SELF

• Stick to safer sites.
• Guard your passwords.
• Be choosy about online friends.
• Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there forever, even if you try to delete it.
• Don't be mean or embarrass other people online.
• Limit what you share.

PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE

 In many online environments people cannot see others. Nobody can judge the statement and image because of the cloak of
invisibility. In the public mode, the post will be treated as open book. Because of security, many online users are using
private mode. Invisibility is also a gauge to misrepresent oneself.

PERSONAL/ INDIVIDUAL VS. SOCIAL IDENTITY ONLINE

 Identity is made up of both personal identity and social identity. Social identity is usually based on group affiliation. Like in
social media many people identify themselves as member of certain group so that it will be easy for them to communicate
their concerns or issues.

GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE

 A special concern is that boys raised in a traditional manner are socialized to conceal their emotions. Researchers have
found that problem behaviors often characterize highly masculine adolescents. Gender intensification hypothesis states
that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during early adolescence.
 Sexual Self
The sexual self is a complex and integral part of one's overall identity. It encompasses a person's understanding,
experiences, feelings, and behaviors related to their sexuality. Here are some aspects that contribute to the sexual self:

1. Sexual Orientation: This refers to the pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others. It could be
heterosexual (attraction to the opposite gender), homosexual (attraction to the same gender), bisexual (attraction to both
genders), asexual (lack of sexual attraction), or other variations.

2. Gender Identity: This involves how an individual perceives and identifies their own gender. It might align with the sex
assigned at birth or might differ, leading to various gender identities such as cisgender, transgender, non-binary, and more.

3. Sexual Values and Beliefs: These are shaped by cultural, familial, religious, and societal influences and contribute to how
one perceives acceptable or taboo sexual behaviors, relationships, and expressions.

4. Body Image and Sexual Confidence: How comfortable one feels with their body and how confident they are in their
sexual abilities and desires can significantly impact their sexual self.

5. Intimacy and Relationships: Understanding one's desires, boundaries, and preferences in intimate relationships
contributes to the sexual self. This includes emotional connections, communication, and the expression of desires within
relationships.

6. Sexual Experiences: Past experiences, both positive and negative, can shape the sexual self. Trauma, abuse, or fulfilling
and respectful encounters can influence how one perceives and engages in sexual activities.

Understanding and exploring the sexual self is a deeply personal and evolving process. It often involves self-reflection,
exploration, education, and open communication with partners or professionals when seeking clarity, understanding, or
addressing concerns regarding one's sexual identity and experiences.

Sexual Disorders (DSM-5)

What are the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria?
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is a handbook that the American Psychiatric Association
publishes with guidelines on diagnosing and treating sexual disorders and many other mental health conditions.

Compared with previous versions of the manual, the DSM-5 has expanded on the number of conditions that they define as
sexual dysfunctions. The updated text includes more information on gender dysphoria and paraphilic disorders.

The new manual also groups female disorders involving desire and arousal into a new disorder called “female sexual
interest/arousal disorder.”

Before a healthcare professional makes an official diagnosis of sexual dysfunction, they will look at your physical and mental
health history. They will also ask you questions about your sex life.

For the healthcare professional to make a diagnosis, the problem had to persist for a minimum of 6 months and occur 75% to
100% of the time.

A doctor may look for the following symptoms that could suggest a sexual dysfunction:
 difficulty getting aroused
 lack of interest in having sex
 pain during intercourse
You must be experiencing significant distress about these issues for the condition to be considered a sexual dysfunction.

It’s important to note that some people are not distressed about not being interested in having sex. These people would not
receive a sexual dysfunction diagnosis.

For example, someone who is asexual does not experience much sexual attraction or experiences none at all. This is normal
and just as valid as any other shade of sexuality.

Descriptions of each sexual disorder

1. Delayed ejaculation
 Delayed ejaculation occurs when people with a penis have trouble reaching ejaculation or take a longer time than they
would like to ejaculate.
 There are physical and psychological factors that may cause delayed ejaculation, such as a medical condition or fear of
intimacy.
 Talking with a doctor will help you determine the cause of this condition and whether medication might help. These
might include drugs that treat physical issues, such as Viagra, or antidepressants for psychological Issues.

2. Erectile disorder
 Erectile disorder is also known as erectile dysfunction. You might have this condition if you have trouble maintaining an
erection throughout sexual intercourse.
 Erectile disorder is common in people with a penis as they get older. About 30 million people who identify as men
Trusted Source in the United States experience it.
 The good news is you can reduce your chances of erectile disorder by taking steps to maintain your health.
 Consider eating healthier meals, limiting your alcohol intake, and exercising regularly. Your doctor can also prescribe
medication to increase blood flow in your genitals and increase sexual stimulation.

3. Female orgasmic disorder

 Female orgasmic disorder happens when people with a vulva have difficulty reaching orgasm. There may be biological
or psychological factors influencing this, or both.

 If you experience female orgasmic disorder, a healthcare professional may help you treat the condition with a
combination of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and physical therapy.

4. Female sexual interest/arousal disorder

 The DSM-5 now considers hypoactive sexual interest and female sexual arousal disorder to be the same condition,
called female sexual interest/arousal disorder.
 This condition involves a low level of — or a lack of — sexual excitement or pleasure. People also have trouble feeling
physically aroused during sex.

5. Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

 This occurs when people with a vagina feel pain during vaginal intercourse. You might have this disorder if you
experience one of the following symptoms:
o pelvic pain during intercourse
o pain during penetration
o recurring fear or anxiety of possible pain during sex
o pelvic muscles that tend to become tense during penetration

6. Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

 A diagnosis of this disorder means you have little to no interest in thinking about or having sex.
 The lack of sexual desire needs to persist for 6 months and cause you significant distress.

7. Premature or early ejaculation

  Premature or early ejaculation is a disorder where a person with a penis orgasms and releases semen much sooner
than they expect or want during sex. About 1 in 3 people who are biologically male from ages 18 to 59 experience this
issue, according to experts.
 The condition often has a psychological cause, but at times, it can also be biological.
8. Substance/medication-induced sexual dysfunction
 If you’re on medication and having problems with having sex, you may be experiencing substance/medication-induced
sexual dysfunction.
 Research reports that using some drugs regularly, such as MDMA, can cause delayed orgasms and erectile dysfunction.
 Heavy alcohol use can reduce sexual arousal in females and suppress testosterone in males, making it hard to maintain
an erection.
 Prescribed medications can also produce sexual dysfunction. These can include antidepressants and blood pressure
medication.

9. Paraphilias
 Paraphilias are conditions involving a persistent sexual interest in inanimate objects or activities that are atypical.
Updated guidelines from the DSM-5 give paraphilias their own category.
 They also make the distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders.
 If you have a paraphilic disorder, you not only have a recurring sexual interest but your interest or behavior causes
severe distress.
 The DSM-5 says people who exhibit symptoms of paraphilia involving a nonconsenting person, such as pedophilia,
have symptoms of a paraphilic disorder when they act on their urges.

10. Pedophilic disorder

 Pedophilic disorder is a condition where you feel a persistent sexual attraction toward a minor.
 The DSM-5 updated the diagnosis of pedophilia to distinguish it from pedophilic disorder. Pedophilic disorder involves
recurring sexual thoughts and urges toward a child that impairs your ability to function. Some people with symptoms
of pedophilic disorder may act out their urges, such as by watching child pornography.

11. Exhibitionistic disorder

 Exhibitionistic disorder is a sexual disorder where you get sexually aroused by exposing your genitals or acting out sexual
acts for a stranger to see.

12. Voyeuristic disorder

 Voyeuristic disorder is the chronic urge to observe a person naked, undressing, or engaging in sexual activity without their
consent.
13. Sexual sadism disorder
 Sexual sadism disorder is when you enjoy sexual activities involving the extreme pain, suffering, or humiliation of another
person.

14. Sexual masochism disorder

 This is when you receive sexual pleasure from experiencing extreme pain or suffering.

15. Frotteuristic disorder

 Frotteuristic disorder is when you get sexual pleasure from rubbing your genitals on an unsuspecting person without their
consent.

16. Fetishism
 Fetishism is a condition where your sexual fantasies or activities depend on using inanimate objects, such as shoes, or
nonsexual body parts, such as feet or hair.
 10 cognitive distortions
1. All-or-Nothing Thinking (Polarized Thinking): Viewing situations in extremes without considering the middle ground.
Example: "If I'm not perfect at this, I'm a total failure."

2. Overgeneralization: Drawing broad conclusions based on a single incident or limited evidence.

Example: "I didn't get the job. I never succeed at anything."

3. Mental Filtering: Focusing only on negative details while ignoring positive aspects of a situation.
Example: "Despite receiving praise for my work, I can't stop thinking about the one criticism."

4. Disqualifying the Positive: Ignoring or dismissing positive experiences or qualities.

Example: "They only said I did a good job because they didn't want to hurt my feelings."

5. Jumping to Conclusions (Mind Reading): Assuming to know what others are thinking or predicting future outcomes
without evidence.
Example: "They're probably laughing at me. I know they don't like me."

6. Catastrophizing: Expecting the worst possible outcome and exaggerating the consequences.
Example: "If I make a mistake, it will ruin everything. It will be a disaster."

7. Personalization: Taking responsibility for events or situations that are beyond one's control.
Example: "It's my fault my friend is upset, even though they haven't mentioned anything to me."

8. Should Statements: Having rigid rules about how things should or ought to be, leading to feelings of guilt or frustration.
Example: "I should always put others first. If I don't, I'm a bad person."

9. Emotional Reasoning: Believing that emotions reflect objective reality.

Example: "I feel so anxious about this, so it must be a genuinely dangerous situation."

10. Labeling: Assigning global, negative labels to oneself or others based on specific behaviors.
Example: "I made a mistake; I'm a complete failure."

ABC Model
The ABC Model of Attitudes, also known as the tri-component model, is a framework in psychology that describes 3
components of attitudes (Eagly & Chaiken 1998):

 Affective component: this involves a person’s feelings/emotions about the attitude object. For example: “I am scared of
spiders.”
 Behavioral (or conative) component: the way the attitude we have influenced how we act or behave. For example: “I
will avoid spiders and scream if I see one.”
 Cognitive component involves a person’s belief/knowledge about an attitude object. For example: “I believe spiders are
dangerous.”

These three components collectively form an individual’s attitude toward an object, person, issue, or situation.

Affective Component
 The affective component of an attitude refers to the emotional reactions or feelings an individual has towards an object,
person, issue, or situation.
 This component involves feelings or emotional responses like liking, disliking, love, hate, fear, etc. It is essentially the
emotional aspect of an attitude that can influence an individual’s behavior.

 For instance, if someone feels positive about exercising, this is an affective response that may make them more likely to
engage in physical activity.

 Suppose someone has a fear of spiders (the affective component). In that case, they might avoid places where they believe
spiders may be present (the behavioral component) due to their belief that all spiders are harmful (the cognitive
component).

Behavioral Component
 The behavioral component of an attitude refers to how one behaves or acts towards an object, person, issue, or situation
based on their attitude.

 It involves an individual’s tendency to behave in a certain way toward the attitude object.

 For example, suppose a person has a positive attitude toward healthy eating (affective and cognitive components). In that
case, the behavioral component of their attitude may be demonstrated by them frequently choosing to eat fruits and
vegetables, avoiding fast food, and cooking meals at home.

Cognitive Component
 The cognitive component of an attitude refers to the beliefs, thoughts, and attributes that an individual associates with an
object, person, issue, or situation. It involves the mental processes of understanding and interpreting information.

 For example, suppose a person believes that recycling benefits the environment and effectively conserves natural
resources. In that case, this represents the cognitive component of their positive attitude towards recycling.

 This cognitive component can influence their feelings about recycling (affective component) and their likelihood of
engaging in recycling behaviors (behavioral component).

 The knowledge function is intimately tied to the cognitive component of attitudes as it directly influences how we
interpret and make sense of our beliefs and perceptions.

Attitude Strength
 The strength with which an attitude is held is often a good predictor of behavior. The stronger the attitude, the more likely
it should affect behavior. Attitude strength involves:

 Importance / personal relevance refers to how significant the attitude is for the person and relates to self-interest, social
identification, and value.

 If an attitude has a high self-interest for a person (i.e., it is held by a group the person is a member of or would like to be a
member of and is related to a person’s values), it is going to be extremely important.

 As a consequence, the attitude will have a very strong influence on a person’s behavior. By contrast, an attitude will not be
important to a person if it does not relate in any way to their life.

 The knowledge aspect of attitude strength covers how much a person knows about the attitude object. People are
generally more knowledgeable about topics that interest them and are likely to hold strong attitudes (positive or negative)
as a consequence.

 Attitudes based on direct experience are more strongly held and influence behavior more than attitudes formed indirectly
(for example, through hearsay, reading, or watching television).

Principle Of Consistency
 One of the underlying assumptions about the link between attitudes and behavior is that of consistency.
 This means that we often or usually expect a person’s behavior to be consistent with their attitudes. This is called the
principle of consistency.
 The principle of consistency reflects the idea that people are rational and attempt to behave rationally at all times and that
a person’s behavior should be consistent with their attitude(s).

 Whilst this principle may sound, it is clear that people do not always follow it, sometimes behaving in seemingly illogical
ways; for example, smoking cigarettes and knowing that smoking causes lung cancer and heart disease.

 There is evidence that behavior’s cognitive and affective components do not always match with behavior. This is shown in
a study by LaPiere (1934).

Managing Stress (How stress affect your brain)

Stress can significantly impact the brain in various ways, influencing both its structure and function. Here's how stress affects
the brain:

1. Hormonal Changes: Stress triggers the release of hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Prolonged exposure to these
hormones can affect the brain's hippocampus, a region crucial for memory and learning. Chronic stress may lead to the
shrinking of the hippocampus, impacting memory and cognitive function.

2. Neurotransmitter Levels: Stress alters the balance of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which regulate
mood, pleasure, and emotional responses. Imbalances can lead to mood disorders such as anxiety and depression.

3. Brain Connectivity: Chronic stress can disrupt the connections between brain regions, affecting communication and
coordination among different parts of the brain. This can impair decision-making, problem-solving, and emotional
regulation.

4. Neurogenesis: Stress may interfere with the creation of new neurons (neurogenesis) in certain brain regions, particularly
the hippocampus. Reduced neurogenesis can impact memory formation and emotional regulation.

5. Inflammation: Chronic stress triggers inflammatory responses in the body, including the brain. Elevated inflammation in
the brain has been linked to various neurological conditions and cognitive decline.

6. Vulnerability to Mental Health Issues: Prolonged exposure to stress increases susceptibility to mental health disorders
like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Managing stress is crucial to mitigate its impact on the brain. Strategies to reduce stress include :

 Mindfulness and Meditation: Practices that focus on present-moment awareness can help reduce stress and improve
brain function.

 Exercise: Physical activity can alleviate stress by releasing endorphins and improving overall brain health.

 Healthy Lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, getting adequate sleep, and avoiding excessive alcohol and caffeine can support
brain health and stress reduction.

 Social Support: Building and maintaining strong social connections can provide emotional support, reducing the impact
of stress on the brain.

 Stress Management Techniques: Techniques like deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and cognitive-
behavioral strategies can help manage stress responses effectively.
 Diathesis Stress Model
The diathesis-stress model is a concept in psychiatry and psychopathology that offers a theory of how psychological disorders
emerge.

It intervenes in the debate about “nature vs. nurture” in psychopathology — whether disorders are predominantly caused by
innate biological factors (“nature”) or by social and situational factors (“nurture”) — by providing an account of how both
might coincide in giving rise to a disorder.

The model has been useful in explaining why some individuals with biological dispositions to mental illness do not develop a
disorder and why some individuals living through stressful life circumstances nonetheless remain psychologically healthy.

It has also opened the door to research into protective factors: positive elements that counteract the effects of diathesis and
stress to prevent the onset of a disorder.

Finally, it has proven particularly useful in the context of specific disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression.

Diathesis And Stress Interactions

According to the diathesis-stress model, diatheses interact with stress to bring about mental illness. In this context, “stress” is
an umbrella term encompassing any life event that disrupts an individual’s psychological equilibrium — their normal, healthy
regulation of thoughts and emotions.

Stress comes in many different forms. It may be a single traumatic event, like the death of a close relative or friend. But stress
can also be an ongoing, sustained challenge in one’s life, like a chronic illness or an abusive relationship.

These events or situations can profoundly impact individual psychology and interact with diatheses to foment mental illness.

Protective Factors
Just as negative elements in one’s life make the onset of a psychological disorder more likely, there can also be positive
elements that make the onset of a disorder less likely. These positive elements are called protective factors.

By itself, the diathesis-stress model does not necessarily include protective factors in its assessment of the causes of
psychological disorders.

Examples
The diathesis-stress model has proven useful in illuminating the causes of specific psychological disorders. One area where the
model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes.

Schizophrenia
While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder
nonetheless remain healthy.

As a result, the view currently held by many psychiatrists is that schizophrenia requires a genetic predisposition in
combination with stress later on in life, which then triggers the emergence of the disorder.

Thus, the diathesis-stress model does well to explain the origins of schizophrenia and has even been supported by evidence
from neuroscience.

Depression
The diathesis-stress model has also been used to explain the origins of depression. Similarly to schizophrenia, genetic risk
factors for depression have been identified, but not all people with those risk factors go on to develop the disorder.
According to the diathesis-stress model of depression, stressful life events interact with genetic predispositions to bring about
depressive symptoms.
The model has also proven useful in explaining suicidal behavior. Early models of suicidal behavior tended to focus exclusively
on stress, which failed to account for why some individuals exposed to extreme stress nonetheless refrain from engaging in
suicidal behavior.

Different psychological disorders have different causes. Some may rely more strongly on hard-wired predispositions, while
others may respond more to stressful events later in life.
Nevertheless, the diathesis-stress model has been shown to have wide applicability across many areas of psychiatry.

It offers a powerful explanation of how nature and nurture might come together to give rise to mental illness, a much-needed
advancement over earlier theories that took one or the other to be completely determinative.

Gene-Environment Correlation

-ambot ti

Sikolohiyang Filipino
A. Utang na Loob
 "Utang na loob" or debt of gratitude means that one does not forget the good deeds that others may have done to him or
her especially in times of great need. This debt of gratitude is sometimes abused by those who have done well to others as
they may ask favors or things that may either be unreasonable or beyond the means of the one in debt. ("Philippine Core
Values - Wikipilipinas: The Hip ‘n Free Philippine Encyclopedia,"2016)

 The essence of utang na loob is an obligation to appropriately repay a person who has done one a favor. The favors which
elicit the Filipino's sense of utang na loob are typically those whose value is impossible to quantify, or, if there is a
quantifiable value involved, involves a deeply personal internal dimension. This internal dimension, loob, differentiates
utang na loob from an ordinary utang; being an internal phenomenon, utang na loob thus goes much deeper than ordinary
debt or even the western concept of owing a favor. Filipino psychology explains that this is a reflection of the kapwa
orientation of shared personhood or shared self, which is at the core of the Filipino values system. ("Utang na Loob,” 2016)

B. Filial Piety
 Filial Piety is a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors.

 Filipinos are family-centered. Filipinos recognize their family as an important social structure that one must take care of.
They give importance to the safety and unity of one's family. The Filipino family is so intact that it is common for members
of the same family work for the same company. It is also common to find the whole clan living in the same area (same
subdivision or barangay, same town or province) as that the Filipinos are afraid to be too far from their own family.
("Philippine Core Values - Wikipilipinas: The Hip ‘n Free Philippine Encyclopedia," 2016)

 "Filial Piety” is a value system which is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems based on kinship.

C. Padrino (“Padrino System," 2016)

 Padrino System, or patronage in the Filipino culture, business, and politics is the value system where one gains favor,
promotion, or political appointment through family affiliation or friendship, as opposed to one's merit. The Padrino System
in the Philippines has been the source of many controversies and corruption, both in government and in the business
sector.

 The issue of political dynasties has always been touched, especially during elections, but the subject has been much
avoided by politicians alike who have a wife, son, daughter, or a relative sitting in office as well. ("Padrino System," 2016)
 In order to get a higher rank or office, one must have at least known or befriended a high-ranking official to be promoted.
This also happens even in private businesses.
 "Padrino system" is a value system which is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems based on kinship and obligation,
Padrino system is definitely bad for business especially when the business person is confronted with ethical issues. The
Padrino system cannot be made as a basis for ethical decisions in business.

D. Suki
 The word "suki" is a Filipino term which means "loyal customer." This so-called "market-exchange partnership" can be
developed into an agreement where one can be a regular customer and supplier. ("Suki,” 2016)

 The suki system is also a system of patronage wherein a customer regularly buys their merchandise from a certain client.
In the merchandising business, Filipinos often buy from specific suppliers who will provide their customers reduced
prices, good quality, and credit as well. These factors are the usual components of becoming a "suki.” The presence of trust
and the development of friendship between the two parties is a vital aspect in the establishment of an economic exchange
relationship. In some instances, regular patrons of restaurants, small neighborhood retail shops, and tailoring shops
receive special treatment in return for their patronage. ("Suki,” 2016)

 "Suki" is a distinct Filipino value system which is rooted primarily in personal alliance systems based on commercial
relationships.

E. Bahala na
 “Bahala Na” has been loosely translated as "come what may." Hence, it is referred to as the Filipino version of fatalism that
is, leaving everything in the hands of fate.

 But "Bahala na" actually comes from the word “Bathala na," which means God. Hence, the expression "Bahala na" actually
means, "let God take charge of the affairs;" or "I have done my part, let God take charge of the rest;" or "whatever happens,
God has willed it."

 Hence, "Bahala na" is not a surrender to fate, but a surrender to God's will, considering the fact that Filipinos are very
religious.

F. Mañana Habit
 “Mañ ana Habit” comes from the Spanish word "Mañ ana" which literally means "tomorrow” or “an unspecified future time.”
Hence, Mañ ana habit, refers to procrastination, or putting off for tomorrow what can be done today.

 This habit is observable is all strata of Philippine society, from government projects which have been left undone for years
to students' homework being done at school, just minutes before the teacher asks the homework to be submitted.

Punctuality and Tardiness

 Related to "manana habit" is the Filipino's sense of time. Filipino time is minutes or even hours late of the standard time,

 In other words, Filipinos tend to be late in meetings, events, etc.

 This behavior is offensive to time-conscious foreigners and it drives them crazy.

G. Amor Propio
 “Amor Propio" literally means, “love of self,” or self-love. Amor propio refers to a person's feeling of selfrespect and
personal worth, or the quality of being worthy of esteem or respect, sometimes an inflated feeling of pride as superior to
others or sometimes even feelings of excessive pride.
 Self-respect and personal worth, or that of being worthy of esteem or respect is important to Filipinos, just as with other
human beings. How Filipinos present themselves to others, and how the society accepts them is very important. That is
why, Filipinos would go to great lengths in order for one not to be ashamed.
 "Hiya" or "shame" is a related value to Amor Propio. "Hiya" has a great influence on one's behavior for one will do
everything, even if it is beyond his means just to save his reputation as well as the family's.
 Related to Amor Propio" is "Balat Sibuyas" attitude. "Balat sibuyas” refers to being easily slighted at perceived insults.