Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Convergência de Algoritmos para Programação Não Linear
Convergência de Algoritmos para Programação Não Linear
"!$#%'&)(# +*-, $
. # ,0/&1%2*-3+4 65
7 ,0%0, 7 %'0&8%0,04 ,": 9<=;, ";, />*?=#@,0%
m|wn
¡R¢]¢?£
Livros Grátis
http://www.livrosgratis.com.br
Milhares de livros grátis para download.
B:B
BEB:B
|S]D\^GlabDV[LRB:DG
L KMSzZbS]DS]D\GJaWD\GJD KMIHGJDJq
`-abG LRS>d:SRXbi]S>ZbG\^BEXb[LzB:ZbL
\G0\^S]D KMIFLRIMLR\ S TLRd:SRI Z[L
GlZba P LrPRN LRQ Sb
B
%
S]f HGlKMB ]S ZbGJD KMGKMIFLRf[LRdEbS=Gu IFGlabXbB:I SRDIHGJDHabdEKMLRZbS]Dlq bL<u VbIHS TLRZWS]DJqDFS]fWIFG P S]Xzv
]GJIHibGJo X P BcL@ZWS]D VbIHB:X P B:V[LRBED LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SRD VbLRIMLVWIFS]i]IFLR\^LOPRN LRQ S X LRQ S<dEB:XbGJLRIJ sgLTIMLKYLTX-KFSbqgL v
JGJ\S]DlqBEXbB P BcLRdE\^GlX-KFGRq|ab\LZbB:D P abDHD LRQ S2DHS]fbIFG ZbBE GlIFGlX-KFGJD@ZWG [XbB PRN S]Q GlD@ZbG+KML WLRD@ZbG P S]Xzv
]GJIHibGJo X P BcLq P S]\V[LRIFLRXbZbS vwLRD|GJX?KMIHG DFBp~D KYLRfrGJdEG P Gl\^SRD LRd:iRab\LTD|BE\^VbdEB P LOPRN S]Q GlD|GlX?KMIFG GlDHKMLRD
ZbG [XWBHPRN SRQ GJDG GyB:fbBE\^SRDLRdEi]abXbD^GyGJ\VbdES]DJqGJd:LRfrS]IMLRZWS]D^GlDFVrG P B P LR\^GlX?KMG@V[LTIML+GlDHKMG [\ q
V[LRIML \S]DHKFIMLRI`-abGS]aKMIMLTDBE\^VWd:B P LOPRN SRQ GJDnX LRQ S>D LRQ S>nLRu d:BEZ[LRDJ
~\ DFGli]abB:ZbLWq ZbB:D P aWKFB:\S]D \}Gyu KMSzZbS]D V[LTIML IFGJDHS]dERGJIab\ VWIFS]fbdEGJ\^LB:IFIHGJD KMIFB KMSbq S]a
DFG FLq[\}Gyu KMSzZbS]DV[LRIFLIHGJDHS]dERGJIS^VWIFS]fbdEGJ\^L ZbG\^BEXbB:\B:JLRIab\L abX PRN LRQ SZbBE GlIFGlX P BLTu ]GldDFGJ\
IFGJD KMIHBHPRN SRQ GJDJn|\^L i]IMLRXWZbG P dcLTDFDFG ZbGlDFDFGlDCLRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S]D B:XbB P BcL P S]\ ab\ VrS]X?KMSZ[LRZWS^G ZbGlKFGJIwv
\^BEX[Lab\^L ZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ S LRS d:SRXbi]SZ[L `-a[LRd G>u VOS]DHD u ]GJdZbBE\^BEX-abB:I|S TLRdES]I Z[L abXgPTN LRQ Sbq G>XbGJD KYL
ZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S P LRd P abdcL ab\ P SR\^VbIHB:\GJX?KMS ZbS V[LRDHDFS `-abG VOGlIF\BEKMG ab\^L IFGJZWagPRN LRQ S IMLRlSLTu RGJdZbS
RLTd:S]IZbL aWXgPRN LRQ SW
|\\}Gyu KMSzZbS P dLRu DFDHB P S ZbG \B:XWB:\B:LrPRN LRQ SB:IHIFGJD KMIHBEKYLG u S \}Glu KFSZbSZWGmLRa P ( ']q`-abG
P S]IHIFGJDHVOSRXbZbG>LGlD P SRd:bGlI LZbB:IHGPTN LRQ SS]VrS]DHKMLLRSi]IFLRZbBEGJX?KMGZ[L abXgPTN LRQ SXbSVrS]X?KMS P S]IFIHGJX?KMGT
sgLRIFL^S P LRDFS^GJ\ `-abGL abXgPTN LRQ S G u `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LWq P S]X?]GyWLGS P LRu d P abd:SZbS P S]\VbIFBE\^GlX-KFS>ZbS
V[LRDFDHSG u GJB KMSVOS]IfbabD P Ld:B:XWGLRIGyWLTKMLWq\^SRDHKMIFLR\S]Dab\ IFGlDFabd KYLRZbSS]IHB:i]BEX[LRdpLDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL
i]GJIFLRZ[LVrGJdES LRdEi]S]IFB KM\SZbGmLRa P ( ' P S]X?]GlIFi]G P S]\hRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG % , qXbLXbS]IH\L GJa P d:B v
ZbBcLRXbLWq V[LTIMLS"bua XbB P S^\^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]IZ[L aWXgPRN LRQ SGGyB:fbBE\^SRDCLKYL bLZWG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL`-abG
ZbGJVrGJXbZWGZWSXCbua \^GlIFSZbG P S]XbZbB P BES]X[LR\GJX?KMSZ[L\L KMIFBEbGlDFDHBcLRX[LZ[L`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L `-abG
KMGJ\S]DXbL d:BEKFGJIFLTKMabIFL G u L P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL % , X[L XbS]IH\L BEXbZbablB:Z[LVOGldcL bGlDFDFB:LRX[LWqW\LRD
LRVOGlDMLRInZ[LRDXbS]IH\LTDnGJ\ DFGlIFGJ\UGJ`-abBETLRdEGJX?KMGlDJq[LRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWGCZbG P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL % ,
ZbGJVrGJXbZWGZ[L XbSRIF\^LW
aWKMIHS+\}Glu KMSzZbS V[LRIFL \B:XbBE\^BELOPTN LRQ S@B:IHIFGlDHKMIHBEKML"G u S \ Glu KFSZWS ZbG IFGli]B LRQ S ZbG P S]Xzv
LRXgP N LWU|VbIFGlDFGJX?KMLR\^SRD XbGlDHKFG KFIMLRf[LTd:bS}ab\^L ZWGJ\S]XbDHKFIMLOPTN LRQ S Z[L P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:Li]dES]f[LRd
ZbGJD KMG \}Gyu KMSzZbSb
VWIFS]fbdEGJ\^L i]GlIMLRd ZbGVbIHS]i]IFLR\LrPRN LRQ S X LRQ S<d:BEXbGLTI P S]XbDFBEDHKFGGJ\\^BEXbB:\B:JLRI ab\^L
abXgPRN LTQ S+DFa HGJBEKML+L IFGJD KMIHBHPRN SRQ GJDJqdEB:XbGJLRIFGlD^SRaX LRQ SWqZbGBEi]a[LRdEZ[LRZbG S]aZbGJDHB:i]abLRd:Z[LTZbGR2|`zaWB
LRVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\S]D|\ Glu KFSZWS]DV[LRIML>IFGlDFS]d ]GlI|SVbIFSRfbd:Gl\L P S]\ IFGlDHKMIHBHPTN S]Q GJDZbG B:i]a[LTd:Z[LRZWGR k S]Dwv
KMIMLT\^S]D|`-abGRqDHS]f P GlIHKYLTD P S]XWZbBHPTN S]Q GJDlqS\}Gyu KMSzZbSZbGVbIFS]iRIMLR\^LOPRN LTQ S`-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LDHGJ`-abGJX P BcLTd
KMGJ\ P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL d:S P LRd`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P LVbIHGJDFGlX?KYLR\S]DKMLR\ f Glu \tab\LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SZbG [d KMIHS
i]d:S]fbLRd:\GJX?KMG P S]X?RGJIFiRGJX?KMGT
zB
,
bG VbabIHVOSRDFG SRKFbB:D S]I BEDKMSDHab\\LRIHB:lGDFSR\^G IHGJDHabdEKFD LRfrS]aWK P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX P G
SR|KFbG \LRBEX}LRd:iRS]IFB KMb\D abDHGJZ SRI XbS]XbdEB:XbGJLRI VbIFSRi]IMLR\\B:Xbib +G DHKMLRIHKf('}ZbB:D P abDHDFBEXbi
ZbBOGJIHGJX?K>ZbG bXbBEKFB:S]XbDSRKMbG P S]X?]GJIHi]GJX P GIFLTKMGT GGJD KYLRfbdEB:DH DFS]\GB:\Vbd:B P LTKFB:S]XWDLTXbZ
DFbS 8KF[LTKSRKFbGJIHD|LTIFGXbSRKTLRdEB:ZqabDFBEXbi S]IKMbBEDLRB:\ GyWLR\Vbd:GlDVbabIFVrS]DHGJd 'ZbGlzB:DHGJZ
+G KMbGlX"ZbB:D P abDHD<DFS]\G+\GlKFbSzZbD KFS'DFS]d ]G+LRX"abX P S]XbD KMIMLTB:XbGlZ=VbIFS]fWd:GJ\ q Bp GRq
\^GyKMbSzZbD KMS \^BEXbB:\B:lGL ZbB GlIFGJX?KFBcLRfbdEG abX P KMB:SR X B KMbS]aK P S]XbD KMIFLRB:X?KMDljdcLTIFi]G P dcLRDHD
SRLRd:iRS]IFB KMb\D ZWGl]Gld:S]VrGJZKFS DFS]d ]GKFbGJDHG VbIFS]fWd:GJ\DabDHa[LRdEd 'B:XbB KMB:LTKMGlD B KM L i]B ]GJXVrS]BEX-K
LRXbZ ZbGlKFGJIF\B:XWGJDLZWB:IFG P KFB:S]X LRXWZL>DHKFGJVdEGJXbiR-KBEX KFbB:DZWB:IFG P KFB:S]X B:X S]IHZbGJIKFS^VbIHS BEZbG L
IFGLTDFS]X[LTfbd:G IHGJZba P KMBES]X ST KFbG RLTd:abG SRKMWG SRf HG P KMBERG aWX P KFB:S]X
P dcLRDHDFB P LRd\GlKFbSZ SRaWX P S]XWDHKMIFLRB:XWGJZ \B:XbBE\^BELTKFB:S]X B:D KMWGmLRa P ( ' \^GyKMbSzZq
B: X bB P KMbG ZbBEIFG P KMBES]X S]VbVrS]DFB KMGCKMS>KMWGi]IFLRZbBEGJX?KSRgKFbG abX P KFB:S]X LTKKMWG P abIFIHGJX?KVrS]BEX-K
B:D P bS]DHGJX[S]IKFbG P LRDFG bGJIHGKFbG aWX P KFB:S]X B:D`-a[LRZbIFLTKMB P q P S]X?]Gy@LRXbZ KMWG P LRd P abdcLTKFB:S]X
SRKFbG d:GJXWi]?KSR|KMbG D KMGJVB:D>\LTZbG f ' L PJP aWIMLTKFG dEB:XbGJLRI DFGJLRI P q nG DFbS jLRX S]IHB:i]BEX[LRd
IFGJDHabdEKJgKMWG DFGJ`-abGlX P Gi]GlXbGJIFLTKMGlZ f 'KMWG mLRa P ( 'LRdEi]S]IHBEKMW\ P S]X?]GlIFi]GlD % , qWBEXKMWG
~a P d:BEZbGLTX XbSRIF\ q KFS KFbG>abXbBE`zaWG^\B:XbBE\^BEJGlISR KMbG> abX P KMB:SRX G>DFbS q B:X KM[LTK P LRDFGTq
KM[LTKKMbG P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX P GIMLTKFGZbGlVOGlXbZbDS]X@KFbG P SRXbZbBEKFB:S]XXzaW\ fOGlICSRKMWG |GlDFDFB:LRX \L KMIFB
SRKMbG `-a[LTZbIMLTKFB P abX P KFB:S]X XKMbGCdEBEKFGJIML KMabIHG GC[L]G KMWG v d:BEXbGLRI P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX P G S]InKMWG
bGJDHDFBcLTXvBEXbZba P GJZ XbSRIF\ ACGJDFVWBEKMG>KMWGL P KKF[LTK K nS@XWS]IF\DBEX +LRIFG^GJ`-abB RLTd:GJX?KJq KMWG
v d:B:XWGLRI P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX P GB:DL>XbS]IH\>v ZbGJVrGJXbZWGJX?KVbIFS]VrGJI K ']
XbSTKMbGlIg\GlKMWSZ S]I aWX P S]XWDHKMIFLRB:XWGJZ \B:XbBE\^BELTKFB:S]XB:D KMbGKMIFaWDHKHv IFGli]B:S]X\^GyKMbSzZq
S]I bB P ! GVbIHGJDHGJX?KCL VbIHSSTgSR i]dES]f[LRd P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX P GT
bGi]GJXbGlIMLRdVbIHS]fbdEGJ\ SRnXbS]XbdEB:XbGJLRI VbIHS]i]IMLT\^\B:Xbi P S]XbDHB:DHKFDBEX \^BEXbB:\B:lB:XbiLRX
S]f HG P KMB ]G> abX P KFB:S]X DFaWf HG P K KMS GJ`-a[LRdEBEK ' LTXbZ+BEXbGJ`-a[LRdEBEK ' P S]XbD KMIFLRB:X?KMDlX KFbB:"D S]#I $ G
VbIFGlDFGJX?K DFSR\^G \GlKFbSzZbDKMSDFS]d ]G VbIHS]fbd:Gl\^%D BEKF<GJ`-a[LRdEBEK ' P S]XbD KMIFLRB:X?KMDl +G DHbS KF[LTKq
abXbZbGlI P GJI KYLRBEX P S]XbZbB KMBES]XbDJqTKMbG\GlKMWSZ>SRODFGl`zaWGJX?KMB:LRd[`-a[LRZbIFLTKMB P VbIFS]iRIMLR\\^BEXbiC[LTDd:S P LRd
`zabLRZbIML KMB P P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX P GT GLTd:DFS>VbIHGJDHGJX?KCL i]dES]f[LRdEd ' P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX?!K bdEKMGlILRd:iRS]IFB KMb\
zB:B
"!$#&% '
( ( sIHSZWaWKMSB:X?KMGlIFXbS>GXbS]IH\LTD £
( ¡ aWXgPRN LRQ SZbG P d:LRDFDHG*) +
( -, GJ`-aGlo X P B:LRD|Gl\ ' .
( # " GJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZWGmnSRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL (/(
( # ( mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L (¡
( # ¡ mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L ¡#
( # -, mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L10 ¡/2
3 4# #657#98 :; <% = # >'
¡ ( VbIFSRfbd:Gl\L ?, £
¡ ( ( mLRIFL P KFGJIFBELOPTN LRQ S>Z[L DFS]dEagPRN LTQ Sb P S]XWZbBHPTN S]Q GJDZbGSRKFB:\^LRd:BEZ[LRZbG ?, £
¡ ( ¡ dEi]S]IHBEKM\S ?, 2
¡ ( -, k0Gyu KMSzZbS]DZbGfbabD P L>abXbB:ZWB:IFG P BES]X[LRd" ?,/.
¡ ¡ k6Glu KFSZbSZbGmLRa P (' # ,
¡ ¡ ( mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LiRd:S]f[LTd # ,
¡ ¡ ¡ mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LdES P LRd #A@
¡ -, k6Glu KFSZbSZbG {|G KMS]X £ ,
¡ -, ( mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LiRd:S]f[LTd £B@
¡ -, ¡ mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LdES P LRd £ +
¡ # k6Glu KFSZbSZbG GJi]B LRQ S ZbGmnS]X LTXgP N Lj ]@ ¡
¡ # ( mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LiRd:S]f[LTd ]@ £
¡ # ¡ mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LdES P LRd 2 ,
BEB:B
> 4# 6# 57#98 5 <% # <% #
, ( k6Glu KFSZbSZbGVbIHS]i]IMLT\LOPTN LRQ S `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P L DFGl`-abGJX P BcLRd 2B@
W, ( ( mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LdES P LRd ?+ ¢
W, ( ¡ mnS]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LiRd:S]f[LTd ? +¡
, ¡ k6Glu KFSZbSZbG gBEdEKMIHS ? ./,
%
#
# % # # A %
B
7
|{ GlDHKMGVbIHB:\GJBEIFS P LRV u KMabdESDFGlI LRQ SIHGlzB:D KMS]DLRVrGJXbLRD S]D P S]X P GlBEKFS]D\L KMGJ\LTu KFB P SRD `-abGTq
\LRBED IFGJ`-abGlX?KMGJ\GJX?KFGRqRLT\^S]D>abDFLRIXWS+ZbGlDFGJX?RS]dEzB:\GJX?KFS ZbS KFIMLRf[LTd:bSb2XWB P B:LRd:\GJX?KFGRq
WWLR\^SRDLXbSRKYLrPRN LRQ S G>LRVbIHGJDHGJX?KYLR\S]D LRdEi]ab\^LRDZbG [XbB PRN S]Q GlD aWXbZ[LR\GJX?KYLTB:DJ{L GzPRN LRQ S ( ,
LRVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\S]D S]DVbIFBEX P BEV[LRB:DIHGJDFaWdEKYLTZbS]DDHS]fbIHGDFGl`zaGJo X P BcLRD P S]X?]GJIHi]GJX?KFGJD>GJ\ qgzB:DHKFS
`z" aWGVr& SZbGl\^SRD P S]XbDFBEZbGJIFLRIS]DB KMGJIFLRZbS]DZbG ab\ LRd:iRS]IFB KM\S<ZbGVbIHS]i]IFLR\LrPRN LRQ S X LRQ S d:B:XWGLRI
s{ P S]\S KFGJIH\^S]DZbG|ab\LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcLGl\ {LGPTN LRQ S ( # LRVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\S]DnS P IFB KGlu IFB:S
abDMLRZWSV[LTIML LRX[LRdEB:DMLTISZbGlDFGl\^VrGJXbWSZbS]DZbB GJIFGlX?KMGJD LRdEi]S]IFB KM\S]DgVbLRIML s{ z~D KMG P IFB KGlu IFB:S
G+u L 4 5 311( 1(!, 4 # , 3 P S]\ `-abG LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcLWqi]GlIMLRZbLVrS]I ab\ LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SWq
GJX P S]X?KMIMLLDFS]dEagPRN LTQ SZbS VbIFS]fWd:GJ\^LW ACG bXbB:\S]D KMIJGJo D ZbB GJIHGJX?KMGlDKMBEVOSRDZbG]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbGZWG
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^G \S]DHKFIMLR\S]DDHa[LRDGJ`-abB RLTdpGJo X P BcLTDG VWIFS]VbIHB:GlZ[LRZbGlDJ
|DMLTIFGJ\S]Dd:GyKMIMLTD\B:XWua D P aWdcLRDG|\LRBTbua D P abdcLRDgV[LRIML ZbGJXWSRKYLRIlq-IFGJDHVOG P KFBETLR\GJX?KMGTq
]GlKFS]IFGlD P S]dEabX[LRDG\^LTKMIHB:lGJDJ "GlKFS]IFGlDZbBE GlIFGJX?KFGJDGJ\ >D LRQ SZbGJXWSRKYLRZWS]DVOSRI DFabVrGJIJ u XbZWB P GlD
G DHabf u XbZbB P GJDZbGlXbSRKYLT\ LRD P S]\VrS]XbGJX?KFGJDIFGJLRB:DZbGab\ ]GlKFS]IJqrLRDHDFBE\
$
$
; P S]\ ;
$
ACGJXbSRS KMLR\S]DgLKFIMLRXWDFVrS]DHKMLCZbGab\^L\^LTKMIHB:VrS]IGnS VbIFSzZbaWKFSCGJD P LRd:LRIg$ ZbGnZb$%S]B:$ D]GyKMS]IHGJD
( q $ S VrS]I ( rzG^L \^LTKM$ IHB:!)G u 5 '31(#" , 310 5 + 4 qB:D KMS0GRu q ¢ V[LRIFL
KM$ SzZbS $*) qGJD P IHGl]Gl$,\^5 + SRD& ¢ <X[LTd:S]i?) LT\^GlX-KFGRq DHG' G u 1(#" , 31. 5 + 4 q B:D KMS8GRu q
( ¢ VbLRIML KMSzZbS ¢ qbGJD IHGl]Gl\^SRD-
P ¢
#
£
1VbIFBEX P EB V[LRd IHGl GlIJGJo X P BcL>ZbGlDHKYL>DFGzPRN LRQ S G u S^dEBEzIFSZbG|XLRu dEB:DFGGJ\ ( +!
$ # $ S \ 1 + , + &, G u ab\^LIFGJiRIML`-$ abG LR P S]IHIFGlDFVrS]XbZbGlIL P LTZ[L
V[LRIZbGRGlKFS]$ IFGl$D ; S ab\_S Xbua \GJIHS IHGLRd q-B:XbZbB P LRZWSVrS]I ; qzZbGKYLRd\SZbS `-abGRqzV[LRIFL
`zabLRB:DH`zaWGJI ; ; G q DHGKFGJXbbLR\
( $$;V $5 ;5 $ $ $
¡ ; ; ;
,W $ 5 +$ ; 5 "$ !#$ $ ;) 5 $ ;
# %¢ $ ; ¢
|\ G WGl\^VWd:S>B:\VOSRIHKYLTX-KFG Gu S !1 + , + &, , , ! S`zabLRdCGu Z[LRZbS>VrS]I
$ 5 $ 5 $ N#N#NM$ N
;
$ S $ 5 (
) $ $
5 5 ! = A LRZbS q[GJD P IFGy]GJ\S]D'& & ; q[S]a DFG FLWq
$ 5+* $ M$ N N NM$ N
& &
$ 5 $ $
$ 5
lG \>v DFG,& & $,5 + ; q[ZbG \^SzZbS>`-abG-& & ¢ DFGTqrGDHS]\^GlX?KMG DFGRq ¢ G,& & ¢ DFGTqG
$ 5 $ )
DFS]\GJX?KMGDHGRq ¢ $ $ S
XCbua \GJIFS'& & P [LR\^L v DFG , * 313,$ S]S a ! $ , + ZWS]GyKMS]I
"LR\^SRDZbGJXbSTKYLRIL>XbS]IH\$ L GlS a P dEB:ZbB:LRX[L ZbGab\URGlKFS]I VOSRI & & S]a/.
ACS]B:D$ ]GyKMS]IH5 GJD ;0 D LRQ S + #(, `zabLRXbZbS SVbIFSzZbaWKFSB:X?KFGJIFXWS GJX?KMIHGCGJdEGJDG u
XzaWd:Sbq-B:D KMS@GRu 1q ;0 S ¢ g~ BEZbGJX?KFGJ\GJX?KMGTqWS]GlKFS]IXzaWd:S ¢ Gu S]IHKFS]i]S]XbLRd[L KMSzZbS] DS]D]GyKMS]IHGJD
ZbG ]GyKMS]I , q[`-abG KFGJ\ ab\^5 + L P SzS]IFZWGJX[LRZbLBEi]a[LRdL ( X[L>VOS]DHBHPTN LRQ S G KFSZ[LTD|LTD
S]aWKMIFLRDX-abdcLTDJqnGu S]IHKFS]i]S]XbLRdL , 2 q[DFG *
<5 43$ ! #S 11( (1 $ 5 %76 : 5#8 $:9
; ;< $ >= + '% 5 U ; U & &?& &A@CB # 11( 5 = 5 , +
5 = 1(5-4 + ! = ( + !5 1( + @
! ( +WqbVLRu ib #
$ 5)( $ $ D
KMGlS]IFGl\L>L P B:\^L+G u LTu d:B:ZWS V[LRIML `-a[LRdE`-abGJIVbIHSZbaKMS>B:X?KMGlIFXbSWq P S]\E& & ;
@
$ 5 $ $ $
S "S XbS]IH\L GJa P d:BEZbBcLRXbL/& & i]S]JLZ[LRDnDFGJiRabB:X?KMGlDVbIFSRVbIFBEGJZ[LRZWGJDJqS]XbZbG q
q "G U U DHB:i]XbB P L S TRL dES]ILRfbDHS]d:aKMS>ZbSXCbua \^GlIFS IHGLRd
( & $ $ & 5 : & $ & $ & &
¡ & ! & U U ! & &
,W $ $ 5 + %¢ L $ & $ & : ) ¢ $ L
# U& & & & U & &
ACGab\ \SZbS^i]GJIFLRdpqrab\^L , & Gu `-a[LTd:`-abGJI| abXgPRN LTQ SIFGJLRd & !& = `-abG
P ab\VbIML LRDCKFIJGlo D VWIFB:\GJBEIMLRD P S]XbZWBHPRN SRQ GJDL P B:\^LGJDHKFB:VbaWdcLRZ[LTDJ>GLXbS]IH\LVWIFS GJu \tZbG>ab\
VbIFSzZbaWKFSBEX?KMGJIHXbSbqbGlX?K LRQ S>KYLR\fnGJu \UTLRdEGL `zabLRIHKMLVbIHS]VbIHB:GJZbLRZbGR
@L u ab\L B:X [XbB:ZbLRZbGZbG^XWS]IF\^LRD`-abGDHGVrSZbGl\ P S]XbDHB:ZbGlIMLRI GJ\ XbSRIF\^L
GJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[L Gu \SRKMB TLRZ[LVOGldcLTS]u IH\ abd:L ZbS P S]\VbIFBE\^GlX-KFSZWGCab\_]GlKFS]IXbS VWdcLRXbSGJ\ P SzS]I v
ZbGJX[LTZ[LRD P LRIHKFGJDHBcLRX[LTDnGVbLRIMLXWS PRN S]Q GlDni]GlS]\}Glu KMIHB P LRD GldcL GCu L\^LRBEDXbLTKMabIFLRdp s S]I S]aWKMIHSd:LRZbSbq
Lu Zba[LRDXbS]IH\LTDC`-abG>D LRQ S ZbG \^LRXbB:VWabdcLOPTN LRQ S S]IH\LTdg\^LRB:D|DFB:\VbdEGJDJq LTD `zabLRB:D VrSZWGJIFGl\^SRD
aWKMBEd:B:JLRInGl\ qb`-a[LTXbZbSWS]aW]GlI P S]X?]GlXbBpGlo X P B:LW ~d:LRDD LTQ Sb
$ 5 Q $ NNN $ " &
& $ & 5 $ U N N NU ; $; U U Y; bX " S]IH\L ZWS^\L u B:\S ]S a .O& N
& & U U
U U bX S]IH\L ZbLDHS]\L S]a/.
DDFGli]abB:X?KFGJDIFGJd:LOPRN SRQ GJDGJX?KFIFG GJDFDFLRDXbS]IF\^LRDD LRQ S>B:\VOS]I KYLRX?KFGJDJ
$ : $ : $
& $ & : &$ & : & & $ G N
& & & & & &
B:i]a[LTB:DL (
1
||x||=1
||x||∞= 1
||x||1= 1
−1 0 1
−1
{|S P LRDH^S ZWG \^TL KFIFB:lGJDDHB:\}Glu KMIHB P LRDZbG [XbB:ZbLRDVOS]DHBEKFBETLRDJqzKMGl\^S]Dl
& &
5
?
" &
; &
&
5 ( " &
:
\^LT$ ? KFIFB:lGJD N
& $ & : & C&?&$/& ; ;
& & & C&?& & ;
\^LTKFIFB: ; RGlKMSRI
Xbua \GJIHS ZbG P S]XbZWB P BES]X[LR\GJX?KFS ZbGab\^L>\^LTKFIFB:-tGu Z[LTZbS>VOS]Il
5 5 " &N
? " &
& &?&
?
&
+
+
nm S]XbDHB:ZbGlIFG P ab\ LRfrGJI KMS>ZbG Gli]abXbZbS B:\^LE ( +! qbKMGJ\S]Dl
( [abXgPRN LTQ SZWG P dcLRDHDFG*)
$|\^S L aWXgPRN LRQ S IFGJLRd P = Gu$ Zb"JG $&P d:LRN DFN#DHNG ) $ `-a["%$LRXb& ZbSGy B:D KMGJ\ qgGl\ $ P LRZ[L VOSRX-KFS
] ".+&@5"!
".+& 5 N N N
$ $ ; * (; ; Gu L + & 9 5 !! 3, ZbL ]q GLRDHDFB:\VrS]I ZbB:LRX?KMGR
2#
.
nm S]XW S]IH\^GLRD|bB:VSTu KMGJDHGJD GlBEKMLRD|GS]DSRf HGlKFBE]SRDCZbGJDHG FLRZWS]DJq KFGJ\S]DKMIJGlo DCDFB KMa[LrPRN S]Q GlD
VbIFBEX P BEV[LRB:Dl
( & ' 1( , " , + ! " & 5
G G u ]GJlGJD ZbBE GlIFGlX P BLTu ] GldC" Xb& S}5 VO/<SR" X-KFS & qGJX?K LRQ S2d:BE\ & C & C ¢ {GJD KMG P LRDHS
abDMLTIFGJ\S]DL>XbSRKMLOPRN LRQ S>abDHa[LRd C & &C
¡ ! + .1( 5# ,(#( " &
abVrS]XbZbS ZbG P SVdcLR" DHDFG ) & C?q ( ]GJlGJDZbBE GlIFGlX P BLTu ]GldbXbSDFGli]\^GlX?KMSLRfOGlIHKFS ; q
GJX?K LTQ SG B:DHKFG <¢ ;( qKMLRd`-abG
" & 5 " ( & ".
C ( C & ! C N
" &5
C
(
" L -&
(
C C
" M- &
! C
-]N
# ) # % # 8 \L abXg$ PRN LTQ S $
S P = @? G u 5 (5 + 93, DFG G B:DHKFG ab\^L
P S]XbD KYLRX?KFG ¢ qbKYLTd`-abGV[LRIML KMSzZbS ; P qbKMGJ\ vDHGR
"J$ & L %" $ & : $ L $ N
& & & &
P ]S XbD KYLRX?KFG hG u P [LT\LRZbL P S]XbD KYLRX?KMG ZbG 5 5( + 9
,
1VbIFBEX P BEV[LRd IHGl GlIJGJo X P BcL>ZbGlDHKYL>DFGzPRN LRQ S G u S^dEBE$zIFSZbG|XLRu dEB:DFGGJ\ ( +!
|\^L 5 , 3 GJ\ Gu aW\L LTVbd:B P LOPTN LRQ S = qWZbG [XbB:ZbLXbS P S]X HabX?KMS
ZbS]D X$ bua \GJIHS]DCX[LTKFabIMLTB:DJ RLTd:S]I|`zaWGGlDFDFL LTVbd:B P LOPTN LRQ SLRDHDFab\G XbS XCbua \GJIFS!8Gu "%$ B:Xb Zb& B P LRZWS
P S]\ G P [LT\L v DFG# S " % ! KMGlIF\SZ[L DF$ GJ`- aS Glo X P B:LW |DFLRIFGl\^S]DL XWSRKYLOPTN LRQ S V[LRIFL
B:XbZbB P LRIL>DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L P a H$ S " % ! "J$ KM Gl& IF\S G u
| \^5 L Q &% 5A , A 3 N ZbN#GN A G<u A L N#IFN#GlN DHKFIFBHPTN LRQ S Z[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL L ab\ DFabf P S]X HabX?KMS
B:X [XWBEKMS "%$ & ! ! ! Y(' _DHabfbDFGl`-aGJo X P BcL6G>u BEXbZbB P LRZ[LVrGJd:L
XbSRKYLrPRN LRQ S
* *
) -
+ ,
(¢
"%$ &
| \^LDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L G u ' + 1 `-a[LTXbZbSCS P S])X HaWX-KFSZbSRDgDFGlabD$ FK GJIH\^: S]D G u dEB:\BEKMLRZbS
GJ\ S qS]a DFG FLq`-a[LTXbZbS GyB:D KMG>ab\XCbua \^GlIFSIHGLRd ¢ qKYLTd `-abG& & V[LRIFLKFSZWS
! S $ S
) |\ VrS]X?KMS G u S^dEB:\BEKMG|S Z[L^DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L)ZbG VOS]X?KFS]D $ L `-a[LTA XbZbSbqV[LRIFL
KMSzZbS ¢ Z[LRZbSWqGu VrS]DFDJ u ]GldS]fWKMGl"%I $ ! & qrKMLRd`-abG! ! B:\Vbd:B P L & & J{GJDHKFG
P LRDHSb$ q Zb5 B:lGJ \S]DC`-ab$G 5LDF Gl`-aGJo X P BcL !, 4 $ #( VbLR IML SRa + ,1( V[LRIFL qG GlD P IFGlRGJ\S]D
d:B:\ q d:BE\ q[S]a DHB:\Vbd: GlDF5 \GJX?KMG $ = "J$ &
a[LRXbZbSGyB:D KMG S^d:B:\BEKFG d:B:\ q ZbBEJGJ\"J$ S] D& `-abG LDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL G u !, 4 &%
#( , + mLRDHS P S]X?KMIbLRu IFBESbqbZbBEJGJ\S]D`-abG L DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL G u 14 #( , +
|\ LTKFSGJdEGJ\GJX?KYLTIJqrVOS]IzGJ$ u \j 5 GJDHDF GlX P B:LRdpq$ Gu `-5 abG S^d:B:\BEKFG Zb5 GaW\LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L P S]Xzv
]GJIHi]$ GJ X?KF5 G G u bua XbB P SbqbSRa DHG FLWqDHG dEB:\ "J$ & Gd:BE\ q[GlX?K LRQ S S ~\ V[LRI KMB P ab dcLT5 IJqWDHG
d:B:\ G aW\L DFaWfbDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL^ZWG P SRX-RGJIHi]GVbLRIML SVOS]X?KFS q[GJX?K LRQ S
DFGJiRabB:X?KMG KMGlS]IFGl\L1G u aW\ IFGJDHabdEKMLRZbS abXbZ[LR\GJX?KMLRdIFGJd:L P BES]X[LRZWS P S]\ S+VWIFS]fbdEGJ\^L ZWG
SRKMBE\^BELOPTN LRQ Sb
<5 3 0 95, % + !
1'5 , 3 ' + 1 5! ( (
&% 5 , 3 !, 4 #( , + @
! ( +WqbVLRu ib (=@ H S $ S
D
| \ VrS]X?KMS G u 4 "%$ 1(& 1( , 3 ZWGaW\ L DFGl`-aGJo X P BcLZbGVOSRX-KFS]D
`zabLRXbZbS^LRd:iRab\LDFabfbDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:LZbG P S]X?]GlIFi]G V[LRIFL
|\^L|DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX-KFGVOSRDF" DFaWBab\ bua XbB P STLRd:S]I N ZbN N Gn& LRZbGlIJGJo X P BcLgIHG P u VbIHS P L
X LRQ SRLTd:GR LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:LZbGXbua \GJIHS]DIFGLTB:D (;YZ¡ ;(; , ;(; #4;(; £Z; VOSRDFDFaWBrS bua XbB P S TLRd:S]IZWG
LRZbGJIJGJo X P BcL ( q[\^LRDX LRQ S P S]X?]GJIHi]GRGJ\S]DJq[GlX-KFIFGyKYLRX?KMSWqrS>DHGJi]abBEX?KMG KMGlS]IFGl\LW
<5 > 5 , 3 ' + 1- !, 4 #( , + 5 = 5 , + 5 = 5! (
( , ! 4 1( 1( , 3 @
! ( +WqbVLRu ib ( 2
"%$ &
D
) GyBE| DHKM\^G L ! DFGJS `-aGlo qX KYP LTB:d[L `zaWG!OGJq \ !) ! G u B:\ab\Vbd:L B 5L & $ , L3$ & 1(.A J D KM5 S q[`-S]a[XbLRZbXbaWZWSLRSV[LRDFIFGlL>i]abKFBESX-ZWKFSG
¢ P P
IFGJDHabdEKMLRZbSb
"J$ &
<5 ' 5 , 3 1( 5 05 = 5 , + 5 = 0 !, 4 &%
#( , + @
! ( +WqbVLRu ib ( 2 D
(/(
+
DVbIHB:X P B:V[LTB:D IHGl GlIJGJo X P BcLTDZWGJDHKMLDFGPTN LRQ SD LRQ Sb ¡ q abDMLRZbLVbLRIMLZbG [XbBEI P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L
ZbS KMB:VrS 0q[G> ¡ ,! q[abDMLTZ[LVbLRIML ZbG [XbB:ILRD P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LRDZbS KFB:VrS G
mnS]\SKFGJIFGl\^SR"JD$ n& LRu IHB:S]D G WGl\^VWd:S]DZbGDFGl`zaGJo X P BcLR D ) ZWGXWua \^GlIFS]D IFGJLRB:DlqTZWGJXbSRKMLRIFGl\^SRD
GJDHKMLRD"J$ DF Gl&`-aGJo X P BcLRDVrS]I zGJ`-aGJo X P BcLTDGJ\ q P SR\ ( q P S]X?KMBEX-a[LRIFGl\^SRDZbGJXWSRKYLRXWZbS
VOS]I
|\LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SVbIHG P B:DMLq V[LTIML `zaWGDFG FL G P BEGJX?KMGTqgZbGZba[LRD VbIHS]VbIFBEGJZ[LTZbGJDlsIFB v
\^GlB:IFSWq[`zaWGKMSzZbS]DS]DRLTd:S]IHGJDZbG LTZbGJIJGJo X P BcL^ZbLDFGl`zaGJo X P BcLi]GlIMLRZbL^VrGJd:SLRd:iRS]IFB KM\SbqWBEXbZbGyv
VOGlXbZbGJX?KFG^ZbS VrS]X?KMS B:XWB P B:LRdpqODFG FLR\ DFSRd:agPTN S]Q GJDZbS VbIHS]fbd:Gl\L {|GlDHKMG P LRDFS ZbB:lGJ\S]D `-abG>S
LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^S Gu i]d:S]fbLRd:\GJX?KMG P S]X?RGJIFiRGJX?KMGT
US]aKMIML VbIFSRVbIFBEGJZ[LRZWG^IHGl GJIHGyv DFG L e 4 5 311( 1( !, 4 # , 3 P S]\`-abGL DFG v
`zaGJo X P BcL i]GJIFLRZ[L VrGJd:S}LTd:i]S]IHBEKF\^S GJX P S]X?KMIML L DFS]dEagPRN LTQ Sb sSZbGl\^SRD KFGJI LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S]D`-abG
i]GJIFLR\)DFGl`-aGJo X P BcLRD P S]X?RGJIFiRGJX?KMGlDJq\^LRDL RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbGZWG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL V[LRIFL L DFS]dEagPRN LTQ S
VOSzZbG DFGlI K LRQ S}d:GJX?KML `-abGTq V[LRIM& L [XWD VbIbLTu KMB P S]DlqCGJDHDFGlD@LRdEi]S]IFB KM\S]D^KFS]IFXbLR\>v DFG<BEX-zBLTu ]GlB:DJ
sIHG P B:DMLT\^S]D GlX?K LRQ S LRX[LRdEB:DFLRICL]Gld:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL Z[LRDDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcLTDJqV[LRIML P S]\>v
V[LRIM"%LT$ I L< & G P BpGJo X P BcL<ZbSRD ZbBE GlIFGJX?KFGJDLRd:iRS]IFB KM\S]DVbLRIML@VbIHS]i]IFLR\LrPRN LRQ S<X $LTQ S<[Rd:S B:XWGLRIl+DHDFBE\ q
DFG $ L G}u $ab[ \^L25 DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL$Gl\ P S]X?]GlIFi]GlX?KMGVbLRIML0ab\ VrS]X?KMS q B:D KMS GRu q
d:B:\ & & ¢ q"%$ SR Xb& Zb5 G &! 5 &^ZW$ GJXb SRLKML@$ [ ab\^LXbS]IH\L `zabLRd:`-abGlI GJ\ qVOSzZbGl\^S]D P S]Xzv
DFB:ZWGJIMLTIS Xbua \GJIHS ,
, & & P SR\^S aW\L \GJZbBE" Z[L& ZbG`zabLRX?KMS P LRZbL BEKMGlIMLRZWS
GJDHK[Lu VbIbSTu B:\SZbS^d:B:\BEKFGR IMLRVbBEZbGJ P SR\`-abG LDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL "%$ , & DHG LRVb$IHS[ BE\L>ZbGlGJIHS'G u
ab\L\GJZbBEZ[L ZbG 4 5 311(1( !, 4 # , 3 Z[LDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL V[LTIML ~DHKMG|GJD KMabZbS G u
Zb$G !LB, $4 [ # , 3'5 qVOSRIF`-abGCDHS]\^GlX?KMG XbS]DnB:X?KMGlIFGJDHDFDFLS P S]\^Vr"%S]$ I KY& LR\GJ"$X? KM S& Z[L ZbBEDHKTLTo X P B:L
& & `-a[LRXWZbS !1Gu i]IFLRS XbZbGTDFDHB:\ q DHGZbabLRDDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:LRD G D LRQ SBEi]a[LRBEDL
V[LRIHKFB:IZbGLRdEi]ab\ u XbZWB P G ! qGlX?K LRQ S>LRD P LRIFL P KFGJIJu DHKFB P LTD"J$ Zb G & P S]X?"$ ] GJ& IHibGJo X P BcL GRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG
$
&
& & ( ¡
+ 1( ! !@
bV IFG WS % )DFBEi]XbB P L %H`-abS P B:GlX-KFG)bqrVrS]IF`-abG GJD KMGKFB:VrS^ZWG P SRX-RGJIH"%$i[GJo X&HP 5 BcL G u ZbG5 v
[$XbB:ZWL S $Gl[\ KMGlIF\S]D>ZbS `-abS P B:GlX-KFG ZWG GlIFIHS]D>DFa P GJDFDHBERS]DJqS]XWZbG S Xbua \GJIHS , "%$ & ,
& " N & & G u S GlIFIH$ S P S]\$Gl[ KMBEZbS X[L B KMGlIMLOPTN LRQ S !O ~ u TL u P : B:d]GlI`zaWG DFGL : DFGl `zaGJo X P Bc: L DMLTKFB:D v
LR ( ¡ qrGJX?K LRQ S = : C ACG LTKMSWqrKFGJ\S]D , S , q , S & , , q "GyK P & q
GZbG \SzZbS^iRGJIMLTd , C C , qOV[LRIML>KMSzZbS >mnSR\^S ¢<;( q L^DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L ,
P S]X?]GlIFi]G V[LRIFL JGJIHSb
TLRdES]IgZ[L P S]XbDHKMLRX?KMG Gu L + '1( !, 4 # , 3 Z[L DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL"J$ GR q?& `-a[LRX?KMS$ [ \^LRB:D
VbI[STu BE\^S ZbGlGJIFS> S]Ilqb\LTB:DIbLRu VbB:ZbL>DHGJIbL^u L P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcLZ[L DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L V[LRIFL
$<5 5 , 3
"J$ &
11
$ 5
¢<; £ = !, 4 #(! 4 5 311( % ,
¢
$L $ [ 5
$
Gl\^S]D`-abGT
& L $ [ & U ¢<; £ U 5 ¢Z; £ 5 N
&
0.4 0.8
xk ek+1
ek 0.6
0.3
0.2 0.4
0.1 0.2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
k k
0.5
0.4
0.3
ek+1
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
% ,
"%$ &
ZbG P ]S X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL % , Z[LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcL X[LXbS]IF\^L>qB:XbZbaWJB:ZbLVOGldcL`-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LWq
X LRQ S>i?LRIFLRX?KMG L \^GlDF$ \^ L R5 GJdE$ S P B:Z[$ LRZWG ZWG $ P S]S X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^S X[L>XbS]IH\L Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LW 1XbSRIF\^L
G u ZWG [XbBEZ[L P S]\S& & P S]\ G
"J$ & S
$<5 3
5 , 3 11
$ 5
" ( & $ 5 " ( & ( (
¡ ¡ ¢
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ;
" &
!, 4 #( ¢ ¢ ! 4 5 311( % , , , & !
5 ( ¢ =
¢
, ( ! 4 5 311( % , -, , 313, @
{L XbS]IH\L JG a P d:BEZbBcLTX[LWq-KMGJ\S]D`-abG
$ L $ [ 5 " ( & & ! "(& 5
& $ L $[ &
( ;
¡ ¡
&
$ &
& 5 ¡ ¡
¡ # ¡
5 £
" ( & +
&
¡ ¡
&( (
G
$ " " &
&
$
& 5
¡ ¡
5 ¡ ¡
5 (;
(& " (& (" (& " (& (" (&
£
¡ ¡ ¡ # ¡ # ¡
"%$ ¡ &
LR\ f[LRDLTDIFLR SRQ GJDD LRQ S ^\ GlXbS]IHGJD`-abG ( S]i]Sbq-LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcL P S]X?]GJIHi]G P S]\RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG
% , X[L>XbS]IH\L > "J$ &
gB:i]aWIML ( , \S]DHKFIML}L KMIML HGlKSRu IFBcL Z[L}DFGl`-aGJo X P BcL $ GJ\ $ IHGJd:LOPRN LRQ S"LRe D ZbabLRD
XbS]IF\^LRDlLRDGJdEB:VbDHGJDIHGJVbIHGJDHGJX?KYLR\ LRD P abI TLRDZbGCXu ]GldZ[L abXgPTN LR$Q S = $ & & qWGLRD P B:I P abXzv
GJIJGlo X P B:LRDJqLTD P abIHTLRDZbGXu ]GldZ[L abXgPRN LTQ S^XbSRIF\^L>Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LWq = & &
1.5
0.5
−0.5
−1
−1.5
&
¡ &
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
D LRQ S>\GJXbS]IHGJD`-abG ( "J$ &
gB:i]aWIML ( # \S]DHKFIML}L KMIML HGlKSRu IFBcL Z[L}DFGl`-aGJo X P BcL GJ\ $ IHGJd:LOPRN LRQ S"$ LRe D bZ abLRD
XbS]IF\^LRDlS]D `-a[LRZbIFLRZbS]D>IHGJVbIHGJDFGlX?KYLR\ LRD P abIHTLRD>ZbG Xu ]GldZ[L< abXgPRN LTQ S = & & $ G LTD
P B:$ I P ab X GJIJGlo X P B:LRDIFGJVWIFGJDHGJX?KYLT\ LTD P abIHTLRDZbG X u RGJdZ[L< abXgPTN LRQ S+XbSRIF\^L Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LWq =
& &
0.5
−0.5
−1
DFGli]abBEX-KFG^G GJ\Vbd:S \^SRDHKMIFL L DHBEKMabLOPRN LRQ S IFG P u VbIFS P LWab\^L DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L `-abG P S]Xzv
]GJIHi]G P S]\ ]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbG % , XbL XbSRIF\^LCGJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[LqR\^LRDX LRQ S P SR\]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % ,
X[L XbS]IF\^L ZbS>\'L u WBE\^SW
$<5 > 5 , 3 "J$ & S 11
$ 5 ( ( $ 5 ( (
¡ ¡ ¡ ¡
" &
!, 4 #( ¢ ¢ !4 5 311('% , *, , & 313, = ', ( !
4 5 311( % , -,., & 1( $ @
(@
Gl\^S]D`-abG
" &
(
$ 5 " & " & 5 " ¡ & ( 5 ( ( 5
(
& $ & #
¡ ¡
¡ £;
" ( & " ( & +
& &
¡ ¡
¡ ¡
$ " ( & " ( &
5 ¡ 5 ¡ 5 ¡
& $ & 5 ¡
(" & " ( & ( " ¡ " & & ( # £
¡
& &
¡ ¡
¡
GJXb`-a[LRX?KFS^`-abG E$ ( (
$ 5 ;¡ 5 N
& $ &
E$ ( ( (
¡
& &
¡ ;¡ "J$ &
gB:i]aWIML ( £ \S]DHKFIML}L KMIML H GlKSRu IFBcL Z[L}DFGl`-aGJo X P BcL GJ\ $ IHGJd:LOPRN LRQ S"$ LRe D ZbabLRD
XbS]IF\^LRDlS]D `-a[LRZbIFLRZbS]D>IHGJVbIHGJDFGlX?KYLR\ LRD P abIHTLRD>ZbG Xu ]GldZ[L< abXgPRN LTQ S = & & $ G LTD
P B:$ I P abX GJIJGlo X P B:LRDIFGJVWIFGJDHGJX?KYLT\ LTD P abIHTLRDZbG X u RGJdZ[L< abXgPTN LRQ S+XbSRIF\^L Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LWq =
& &
1.5
0.5
−0.5
−1
& ( , ¡! (
& U, ! U
, ! ¡! !
S]\^LRXbZWSS>dEB:\BEKMG`-a[LRXbZWS ! = 8
$ L $[
5 $ "0L L &@5 N
d:BE\ & $ L $ [ & d: B:\ (
& & , ¡! ¢
"%$ & $
:B i]abIFL ( @ B:dEabDHKFIML>L^DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL GJ\ KFIJGlo DDFB KMa[LrPRN S]Q GlDJqrXbS]DVbdcLRXWS]D !
! , , G , , "%$ &
2]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbGZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcLZbL DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL VOSzZbGDFGlI LTB:XbZ[L \^LRB:DgI[LRu VbBEZ[LW
ACG [XbBE\^SRDGJX?K LTQ Sb
"%$ & $[
# 6
5 , 3 !, 4 #( , + 0 @ 4 5 311(*1(
!, 4 # , 32*% 1 + = 5
$ L $[ :
& $ L $ [ &
& &
;
"
+ 1( ! , + , + #,1( = ,1( !, + , + 5 + 4 = , ( , !!!!%
3 , + , @
nm S]\ S zB:\S]DlqnX[LRDZbG [XbBHPTN S]Q GJDL P BE\LqRGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL+ZbS KMBEVOS
ZbGJVrGJXbZWGZbG GZWG ~X?KMIFGyKYLRX?KFSbq?B:XbZWGJVrGJXbZbGlX?KMGJ\GJX?KFG|ZbGlDHKFGJD TLRd:SRIFGJDlq]ab\^LCDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL
0.4 0.04
ek+1
ek
0.03
xk0.3
0.2 0.02
0.1 0.01
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
k k
0.4
e
k+1
0.2
&
5 :
( qWKMLRd`-abG & & $ "%$ L & $ [ & &
DFDHB:\ qbGyBEDHKMG
$
'gBEi]abIML ( 2 B:dEabDHKFIMLLDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL GJ\1KMIJGJo D DHBEKFa[LOPRN SRQ GJDJqRXbS]D Vbd:LRXbS]D ! ! , ,
$ : " &
$L $[
& &C ; ( #
V[LRIML KFSZbS !DFa P BEGJX?KMGl\^GlX-KFGi]IFLRXbZbGG ZbGlXbSRKMLRIFGl\^S]DVrS]I % 1(
(.
0.25 0.25
0.2 e 0.2
x k+1
k e
k
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
0.05 0.05
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
k k
0.25
0.2
0.15
ek+1
0.1
0.05
0
0 0.05 0.1 ek 0.15 0.2 0.25
: & $ $ \
L\$[ :
$ L $ [ N
¢ & L $[&&
& &C
S]\^LRXbZWSS>dEB:\BEKMG`-a[LRXbZWS ! =
: $ L $[ :
\ $ L $ [ N " &
dE B:\ & & $
( @
"%$ &
S]a DFG FLqLDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL " KYLR\ & f GJu \ P S]X?]GJIHi]G P S]\URGJdES P B:Z[ LRZWG 5 % $ & ,L $[
i]S]IF LWq|5 LRDFDHab\^BE\^SRD`-abG ( ) @ DFG<RGJIFB P L S G ZbGlXbSRKMGl\^SRD L : & & $ L $ [ & & $ DHDFBE\ q
dE B:\ ¢ qOGlX-SVK LRQ " SZbLR& ZbS ¢ G B:DHKFG ! q KYLTd`-abG U ¢ U V[LRIFLKFSZbS ! !
~D P S]dEbGJXWZbS <¢ ;( qWKMGl\^S]D`-abG
$
L $ [ 5 L :
& $ L $ [ & U ¢ U ;
& &
$
[V LRIMLKFSZWS ! ! +mnS]\B:DHKFSbqS]fWKFGJ\S]D `-abG`-a[LRdE`-abGJI DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL<`-abG P SRX-RGJIHi]G P S]\
]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbG % & , qWKMLR\ f Glu \ P SRX-RGJIHi]G P S]\ RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG % ,
L [IF\^LOPRN LTQ S|IHG P u VbIFS P LX LRQ S G u ]GlIFZ[LTZbGJBEIMLW DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL|ZbS ~gGJ\Vbd:S ( P S]X?]GJIHi]G
P S]\ RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG % , q\LRDX LTQ S P S]X?]GJIHi]G P S]\ ]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % & , qab\L]Gl
`zaWG Sd:BE\^B KMG $ L $[ 5
d: BE\ & & $ L $ [ & & d: B:\ <¢ <¢ ; £; £ 5 <¢ ; Z£ ;
$ 5 (
Gu ZbBE GlIFGJX?KFG ZWG lGJIHSb}~Xb`-a[LRX?KMS `-abG L DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L ! P S]X?RGJ" IFiRG ) V[LTIM& L<JGlIFS P S]\
]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbG % 5 , q\LTDX LRQ S P S]\ ]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % 1( ( ACG@L KMSbq
P S]X?]GlIFi]G DFaWVOGlIFd:BEXbGLTIF\GJX?KMG V[LTIML>JGJIHSbq[ab\^L]Gl`-abG S>d:B:\BEKFG
$ L $ [ 5
$
d: BE\ & & L $ [ & & Ed B:\ " ! ( 8& ! " ! ( &
&C ! ( ! (
)
X RLQ S Gu d:B:\BEKMLRZ[L VOS]IXWGJXb-ab\^L P S]XbD KYLRX?KMG ¢ qbBEDHKMS GTu qbKMGJXWZbG LBEX[XbB KMSb
& ! (;
¡<(
KMGJXWZbGL ( g{TGJS DHKFG " P LTDF&Sbq]ZWB:JGl\^SRD " `-abGn& L|]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbGZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL $ G u 5 % &% , gmnS]\S
X LRQ S GyB:D KMG ¢<;( KYLRdg`zaWG ( ¡ DFG FL DML KMB:D GJB KYLWq LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcL ( ! P S]X?]GlIFi]G^L
JGJIHS^\abBEKFS d:GJX?KMLR\^GlX?KMGR "%$ & $
B:i]abIFL ( - +B:dEabDHKFIML>L^DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL GJ\ KFIJGlo DDFB KMa[LrPRN S]Q GlDJqrXbS]DVbdcLRXWS]D !
! , , G , ,
1 1
0.8 0.8
ek+1
e
0.6 k 0.6
x
k
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
k k
1
0.8
0.6
ek+1
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
J" $ &
a[LRXbZbS P SRXbbG P GJ\S]DLRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWGZWG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L ZbG>ab\^LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L " & q
VOSzZbGJ\S]DZWGlKMGlIF\B:X[LTIL "J$ ] Gl& d:S P B:ZbLRZbG@ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L ZbG<aW\L+SRaWKMIFL}DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L q
ZbG [XWB:Z[L GJ\ abXgPRN LTQ S^ZbG q P S]\S \^S]D KMIFL>S>DHGJi]abBEX?KMGKMGJSRIFGJ\^LW
"J$ & $[
<5 6 ( .5 , 3 5 !$ , 4 #( [>, 5+ * $[ = ?
" &
$ :
$L $[
& &
;
V[LRIML KFSZbS !
$ ! Gl\^SRD`-abGT
& L [ & 5 & $ $ L L $ [ $[ & 5 & %" %" $ $ L L $ [ $& [ & & : & &?"J& $ $ L $ L [ & $[ & N
& L [ &
& &
5 & & ) [
S]\^LRXbZWS ¢ qbKMGl\^S]D`-abG = P S]\ ]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbG % 1 +
" &
s SRIWB:VSRu KFGJDHG $ L $[ 5 N
d: B:\ & & $
L $[ & ¢
" & &
X[LRdES]i?LR\GJX?KFG LRS>BEKFGJ\ qbKFGJ\S]DJ
: & DL L [ [ & : & C&?& $ $ L $ L [ $ [ & N
&
$ L\$[
fWDFGJI ]G `-abGX LRQ S>GyB:D KMG dEB:\ & & $ L\$ [ & & q[\LRD
$ L $[ 5 N
d:B:\ DFabV & & $ L $ [ & & ¢<Y; ¡
LRIFGl\^S]DGlX?K LRQ Sab\^L>SRaWKMIFLZbG [XbB PRN LRQ SZbG ]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG ZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL % , q
L>`-a[LTdGJ`-abBETLRdEGL>e ACG [XbB PRN LRQ S ( £
"%$ &
A #
5 , 3 !, 4 #( , & , + ! +
1( !, 4 # , 3
( 5 = 5 , + -5 = 5 3N
d: BE\ HD abV ,
,
5 "J$ & 5 $ L $ [
fWDFGJI TLORP N LRQ SW , , & & Gu S<GJIHIFS P S]\GlKMBEZbSXbLBEKFGJIMLrPRN LRQ S ! ]S XbZbG &! &
ZbGJXbSTKYL>ab\L XWS]IF\^L `zabLRd:`-abGlIGl\
¡#
X[LTd:S]i?LT\^GlX-KFGRqRLT\^S]DIHGlLRlGJI LRD ZbG bXb BHPTN S]Q GJD ZbG<]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % & , G
% 1 + qLRD`zabLRB:DKYLR\fnGJu \ D LRQ SGl`-abBETLRdEGJX?KMGlD LTe DACG [XbBHPTN S]Q GJD ( @ G ( 2 q[IHGJDFVrG P KMB RL v
\^GlX-KFGR
"J$ &
# 5 , 3 !, 4 #( & , & , + 5 = -5 , + 5 =
5 N
d: BE\ ,
FD abV ¢
,
"J$ &
# 5 ,
3 !, 4 #( 1 + , + 5 = -5 , + 5 =
A N
dE B:\ DFabV ,
,
" &
iRGJXbGlIMLRdEB:LrPRN LRQ S ZbGlDH"%KY$ LTD^& ZbG [XbB PRN S]Q GlD $ G u GJ`-ab$ BE[ TLRdEGJX?KMG L e ( # L S]IFZWGJ\ ZbG S P S]Xzv
]GJIHibGJo X P BcL ZWG ab\LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L qWKYLTdO`-abG = qnGCu S DFaWVbIFGl\^S ZbSRDXCbua \GJIFSRD q
KYLRBED`zaWGR $ L $[ A N " &
d: BE\ DHabV & $ L $ [ & C &
& ( 2
AC" B P B:d:\GJX?KFG & GlX P SRX-KFIMLRIHGJ\S]D<DFGl`-aGJo X P BcLRD P S]\ S]IFZbGl\ ZWG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L'DFabVrGJIHB:S]I@L ¡
-` a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P L GJ\VbIFSRi]IMLR\^LOPTN LRQ SX LTQ S@d:BEXbGLRIl \}Gyu KMSzZbSZWG{|G KMS]X}V[LRIFLS@VbIHS]fbdEGJ\^L
B:IFIHGJD KMIFB KMS KMGJ\ P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LDHS]f P GJIHKMLRDbBEVSRu KMGlDFGlDJqbGlXb`-a[LRX?KMS `-abG S \ Glu KFSZWS
ZbGmLR" a P ' KMGl\ P S]X?]GlIFibGlo &X P B:L<LRVOGlX[LRDd:B:XWGLRIGRq IFGJ`-abGlX?KMGJ\GJX?KFGRq P SR\IFLR LTQ S@VbI[S u WBE\L
ZbG ( P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L dEGJX?KYL \^LRB:S]IHBcL ZbS]D>LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S]DG P B:GlX?KMGJD XbL@VbI[LTu KFB P L@GyB:frGJ\
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^DHabVOGlIFdEB:XbGJLRIJ
(
D ZbG [XbB PRN S]Q GlDCZbGJD KMG KMBEVOS^ZbG P RS X-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL [f LRDFGlBcLR\ vDHGGl\ |{ S P GlZ[LRd qO IFB:iR-K
¡ ,3p " &
|\ SRaWKMIHSKMB:VrSZbG P SRX-" RGJIH& i[GJo X P BcLWq P LRIML P KMGlIFB:JLRZbS VrGJd:SVWIFG WS %) ZWGIFLRB: q
P S]\V[LRIFL LDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL>ZbG GJIHIFS]D , q*bL u ZbG [XbBEZ[L P S]\S
5 %" $)&@5 $ L $ [
, , & &;
" &
P S]\)aW\L DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL+ZbG GlD P LTdcLRIHGJDX LRQ S XbGJi?L KMBERS]D q `-abG P S]X?]GlIFi]G V[LRIML JGlIFS P S]\
LRd:i]aW\LSRIFZbGl\ ZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL^ZWSKFB:VrS DFDHB:\ qbZbG [XbB:\S]Dl
. JA4C 8 8 C =1734.
= N
¡R£
"%$ &
# 3 4 5 311( 1(!, 4 # , " 3 & 15 , 3
&% , = 5 $ +
5 , 3 1('!5 ! , ( , # + 45 = +
"J$ X& :
, ;
S " &
+ 1( ! !, 4 #( 9 ! 4 5 311( % , @
" & " &
ACB:yv DFG `-abG L DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL , G u bZ S]\B:XbLRZ[L VrS]I
s S]IG WGl\^VWd:Sbq[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL
$ 5 ( " ¢<; £ & DFG ' " &
! G u VbLRI
(
FD G !'G>u u \^V[LTI ( - +
" &
P S]X?]GlIFi]G>V[LT" IML ( & P S]\RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG % , qOVOS]IH`-abG>LDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL , G u ZbS]\B:X[LTZ[L^VrGJd:L
DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L ¢<; £ qC`-abG P SRX-RGJIHi]G VbLRIML}JGlIFS P S]\ RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG % , h{|STKMG `-abG SRD
VbIFBE\^GlB:IFSRD^KMGlIF\S]DZ[L DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L D LRQ S ¡ ( ( q ¡]£ ( ( q A¢ @?¡R£ GlK P GJIHIFS IFGJLRd:\GJX?KFG
LRab\GJX?KYLZbG>ab\^LBEKFGJIFLO"%PR$N LRQ S<& 5u \^VbLR$ IV[L LTIM$L[ ab\^LV[LRIJ"%$ACG & 5 LTKMSWqS "%GJ$ IFIH& S 5 P S]\GlKF"JB:$ZbS& Gl5 \ P LTZ[L
BEKM"%Gl$ IMLO& PTN LRQ 5 S2G u Z[LRZb"%$S Vr&\S]5I , & & qLRDHDFB:\ , ( q , ¢ q , Z¢ ; ¡]£ q
, ¢q , <¢ ;YA¢ @?¡R£ qGyK P UgLRd P S]\^VrS]I KYLR\GJX?KMS}S P S]IHIFG `-a[LRXbZWS'L KYL WLZWG
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L &% , Gu LRIHfbBEKFIMLRIHBcLR\GJX?KMG>LTdEKYLqg\^LRDX LRQ SS P S]IHIFG^V[LRIML P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL %
, S]XbZWG S>GlIFIFS>ZbG P IHGJD P G L P LRZbL>B KMGlIMLOPTN LRQ S>V[LRIML !DFa P B:GlX?KMGJ\GJX?KFGi]IFLRXbZbGT
LTKMS ZWGCab\^LDFGl`-aGJo X P BcL P SRX-RGJIHi]B:I P S]\_]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG &% , X LTQ S i?LRIFLRX?KMGCDHa[L
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L P S]\)]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % , DHGJi]abBEX?KMG GyGJ\Vbd:S S]BGldcLRfrS]IMLTZbS VOS]I>XSRu D
V[LRIML BEd:abD KMIMLTIGJD KYL>DFBEKFa[LOPTN LRQ Sb
"J$ &
$<5
5 , 3 = 1(#" , 31 !
$ 5 ( (
# #
$ 5 ( L ( ;
# #
!, 4 #( %9 ! ! 4 5 311(-&% , = , ( ! 4 5 311( % , @
Gl\^S]Dl
$ 5 # L ( 5 # L ( N
$
# # ( # ( = (
#
¡B@
~XW`zabLRX?KMS`-abGT
$ 5 ( ( A ( ( 5 ¡ 5 ( G
# # # #
¡ ¡
$ 5 ( L ( A ( 5 ( N
# # #
¡
S]\^LRXbZWS&
5 ( qbKMGl\^SRD
¡
5 ¡ ( 5
( ! ¡ 5 ( ;
( ¡ ¡ ( ¡
¡
S " &
V[LRIML>KMSzZbS! DHDFB:\ qrGyB:D KMGaW\LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:LZbG GlD P LTdcLRIHGJDX RLQ SXbGli?LTKMB ]S]D `-abG
P S]X?]GlIFi]G V[LRIFL JGJIHS P S]\URGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG % , qWKMLRd`-abG
"%$ &@5 $ L $ [ : S N
, & & V[LRIML KMSzZbS !
"%$ &
s S]I KYLRX?KMSWqL RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^Z[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL G u &% ,
X[LTd:S]i?LT\^GlX-KFGLTS KMBEVOS ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L qZbG [XbB:IHGJ\S]D^RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG bZ G P S]Xzv
]GJIHibGJo X P BcL &% & , G &% 1 +
"%$ & $[
# > 6 %" $ & *5 , 3 !, 4 #( , + @ 4 5 311(1(
!, 4 # , 3 1" 05& , 3
&% 5 & , = 5 $ + ( *5 , 301( !5 !
, ( , # + 45 = + "J$)&X:
S " & , ;
+ 1( ! !, 4 #( %9 ! ! 4 5 311( % 5 , @
# ' 6 "%$ & "J$ & *5 , 3 !, 4 #( , + $ [ @ 4 5 311(1(
!, 4 # , 3 1" '5& , 3 - &% 1 + = 5 $ + - 05 , 3 1(*!5 !
, ( , # + 45 = + "J$)&X:
S " & , ;
+ 1( ! !, 4 #( %9 ! ! 4 5 311( % 1 + @
WV I[STu B:\S>KMGJSRIFGJ\^LIHGJdcL P B:SRX[L>RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWGZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LZbSKFB:VrS P SR\jRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG
bZ G P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^ZbS KFB:VrS
¡/2
[ 5 < 5 "J$ [ &
6
E= @? ( ( 5 5( + 93, = !
5R "%$ &
@ ! =
"%$ & $[
@ 5" & 5 , 3 ![ , 4 #( ! 4 5 311( % , = , + ( 5 , 3
!, 4 #( ! 4 5 311(-&% , )
"%$ & $[
@ 5
5 " , 3& !, 4 #(* [ ! 4 5 311( % & , = , + (
5 , 3 !, 4 #( ! 4 5 311(-&% 5 , )
"J$ & $[
@ 5 5 " , 3& !, 4 #(.[ ! 4 5 311( % 1 + = , + (
5 , 3 !, 4 #( ! 4 5 311(-&% 1 + @
! )
@ s SRIWB:VSRu KFGJDHGRq P SR\^S G u 5 5( + 93, qWG B:DHKFG ¢ KYLRd `zaWG
"%$# & L "%$ [ & : $ L $ [
" "%$ & & |{ GlDHKMGKFB:VrS<ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LWqnZWGlzB:ZbS L nGlIHKMDHG LRD ¡ q VLRu ib @$# pqL<DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL
, bL u ZbG [XbB:ZbL P S]\^S "%$3& 5 5 $ L $ [
, , & &
G u P ]S \V[LRIMLTZ[L P S]\ L>VWIFS]i]IHGJDHD LRQ Si]GJSR\}Gyu KMIFB P L
5 NNN
; ! ¢<;(; ;
SM" &
S]XbZbG ¢<; ( DHDFBE\ qbZWG [XbBE\^SRDJ
¡+
" "J$ & &
# )
SM5" & , 3 , !, 4 #( S , & , + ' #(! + , + = 5
$ + ¢ (
¢<; = + + 1( !
"J$ X& : N
,
0ACG [XbB PRN LRQ S ( . B:\Vbd:B P LXWGJDHKML}bua d KMBE\LZbG [XWBHPRN LTQ SZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL d:BEXbGLRIlq]DFGli]abXbZWSnGlIHK v
DFG LRDlACGL KMSbqbVrGJd:L ACG [XWBHPRN LTQ S ( -.WqKMGJ\S]D`-abGR
: A N
d: BE\ DHabV ,
,
(
S " & : $ S
G FL : ;( |~X-K LRQ SbqOGy: B:D KMG !" & q KMLRd`zaWG , $ q [V LTIML^KFSZbS ! ! DHDFBE\ q
e4 e3 e2 e1
0 1/64
gB:i]aWIML ( .W "Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG dEB:XbGJLRIJq DHGJi]abXWZbS GJIHKFDFG TLTDJqRX RLQ SB:\Vbd:B P LGJ\8RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG
1/16 1/4
% ,
ACG [X[L 5 ( ( 5 ( L ( N
, # # G , # #
ACGJDHKFG\^SzZbSbqzKMGJ\S]Dl L
# ( 5 # L ( N
, # ( # ( = ( 5
, # #
mnS]X P dEa u \S]DlqGJX?K LRQ SWq `-abG L P d:LRDFDHGZbG DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:LRDd:B:XWGLRIH\^GlX-KFG P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX?KMGlDJqDHGJi]aWXbZbS
nGJI KMDFG LRDJq Gu \^LRB:S]Il~ DFGl\^VWIFGDFGlI[L u VrS]DFDJ u ]Gld[\^SRDHKMIFLRI `-abG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcLd:BEXbGLTIJqRDHGJi]aWXbZbS
¡.
SV" &
nGJI KMDFG LRDJqGu S]fWKFB:Z[LWqDFG V[LRIFLLTd:i]ab\ ¢<; ( qWKMGl\>v DFG
"J$ & :
:d BE\ DFaWV , , "J$ & ;
,
d:S]i?LT\^GlX-KFGRqOLRSG WVrS]D KMS L P B:\^L^ZbG `-abG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo : X P B:L % , EB \^VWd:B P $ L X[L P S]X?SVRGJ" IFibGJo X & P BcL
d:B:XWGLRIlqWDFGli]abXbZWSnGlIHKFDFG LRDlq P S]X P d:au \^SRD`zaWG , V[LRIFL>KFSZbS ! ( G ¢Z; (
mnS]\S X[L P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL dEB:XbGJLRIJqzDFGli]abXbZWS>nGJI KMDFG LRDJq[LT`zaWBOKYLT\ f GJu \hL L [IF\^LOPRN LTQ S
IFG P u VbIHS P L X LRQ S G u ]GJIHZ[LRZbGlB:IFLWsgLRIFL>BEd:abD KMIFLRIGJD KMGLTKMSWqbGJd:LRfOSRIMLR\S]DS>DFGli]abBEX-KFGGyGJ\Vbd:SW
" &
$<5 , 31( 5 , 3 , 11
( ( 5
(
5
,
" &
5 ( L ( 5 L
( ( -.
, ;
5 $
¡ ! (@
,1(
"KYLTd`-abG ¡ (
S " &
M S A
A RL ZbS <¢ ;( qbG WBEDHKFG ?
( A
DFDHB:\ ¡ ? qbZbSRXbbZ G
(
A (
¡ ¡ ? = <¢ ;
,¢
VOS]IH`-abG ¡ ( : G|u d:B:\BEKMLRZ[LWqRVOS]BED P ]S X?]GlIFi]GTnsS]IHKMLRX?KMSbq ,
: ( : dyGJu \_ZbB:DHDFSbq
¡
, 5 L ( 5 ( L ( N
( ( ( = (
,
{|S GJX?KMLRX?KMSbqDFGl\^VbIHG@DFGlI[L u VrS]DFDJ u ]GldC\S]DHKFIMLRI^`zaWG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L DFabVrGJIHd:B:XWGLRIlqDHGJi]aWXbZbS
nGJI KMDFG LRDJqGu S]fWKFB:Z[L DHG "%$ & 5 N
d:BE\ DFaWV , "%$ & ,
¢
# ) 5 ) , 3 " , SV"%$ " & & &!, 4 ) #( = , 5 5 & , & , + = !
1( ( = 50 $ + ¢ = ¢<; ( ( = + *
"%$ 3& :
, C ;
S
+ 1( ! @
FD Gli]abB:X?KFGKMGlS]IFGl\L>i?LRIFLRX?KMG) `zaWG P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcLZWS^KMBEVOS q P S]\jS]IHZbGJ\ ( q
)
B:\Vbd:B P LXbL P ]S X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL>ZbGS]IHZbGJ\ ( qWDFGJiRabXbZbSnGJI KMDFG LRDJ
)
<5 ) !, 4 # , 3 1( + - = ! 1( ( = , !, 4 # , 3
1(0 1( ( = 5 #(," 1( 0& + 5 " @
! [sGJdcL Gl`zabLOPRN LRQ S ( 2 qWKMGl\^S]D`-abG
A
, d: BE\
DFaWV C ;
,
S ) : " & $ $
GyB:D KMG ! q A
¢ qWKYLTdO`-abG ,
, C qV[LRIFLKMSzZbS ! ! G GyB:D KMG !
! zq KYLRd
`zaWG , ( |DFDFBE\ q
, : C , "C &
C C , C
,
s S]I KYLRX?KMSWq ,
: ( " & $ 5 (
, C VbLRIML KMSzZbS ! ! nzG FLR\
q
5 : " & 5 " & 5 " &
,
$
~X?K LTQ Sbq ,
C CC
C C q V[LTIML KFSZWS
! !
5 " &
, 2 ; * (; ; ! Y Y 8DHDFBE\ q , C q 5 E$ " Q 5 NNN Q & :
G FLR\ $ C G$: 5 C N N N
V[LRIML KFSZbS ! ! G , C q ! (; ; ! D
ACS\GJDH\^S|\^SzZbS`zaWGLRDgZWG [XbB PRN S]Q GlDLRX?KMGlIFBES]IFGlDJqRZWG ]Gld:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcLq
DFGJiRabXbZbS}nGlIHKFDFG LRDl" qL+& *L [IF\^LOPTN LRQ S+" IHG P & u VbIFS P L X LRQ 5 SG u ]GJIHZ[LR$ ZbGlB:IFLW "LR\S]D P S]XbDHB:ZbGl: IMLRIL
\^GlDF\^LDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L , ZbLRZ[LVOS]I ( - . P S]) \ ¡ G ! ( s S]IZbG [XbBHPTN LRQ Sbq , 2 ¡ (
V[LRIML * V[LRIJs LRIML * ¡ ! ( qL ZbGJDHB:i]a[LTd:Z[LRZWG , 2 ¡ ( q[GJ`-abBETLRdEGL
5 L :
( : ( ( : N
; S]a DFG FLWq
5 ) ) qnG
L )
( "G FLR\S](DqLRd:i]S]S]iRIFS L
kLRDL $ ¡
GlX-K LRQ S ¢ mnS]\S D LRQ S B:X?KMGlB:IHS]DJq
L ( L L 5
" , & 5 5 (
& " (&
5 L ( N
! "
( ( =
(
(
,
)
|{ S GJX?KMLRX?KMSbq Gu VOS]DHD u ]GJd \S]D KMIMLTI`-abG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L DHabVrGJIFdEB:XbGJLRI P S]\ S]IHZbGJ\ (q
DFGJiRabXbZbS^nGJI KMDHG LRDJqG u S]fWKFB:Z[L DHG
& A "%$ N
d: BE\ DFaWV , , %" $ &
,¡
"G FLR\S]DLRiRS]IML
-` abG L IFGJd:LOPRN LTQ SGlX?KMIFG]Gld:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL>KMBEVOS &% ,
P S]\ RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG , qDHGJi]abXWZbS@nGlIHKFDFG LRDlq G>u \^LRB:D SRIHKMG>`-abG^LIFGJd:LOPRN LTQ S ZWGJDHKML1bua d KMBE\L
P S]\]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % , q GldcLRD D LRQ S<IFGJLRd:\GJX?KFGGJ`-abB RLTd:GJX?KFGJDJ DFGJiRabB:X?KMGKFGJS]IHGJ\^LZbG v
\^S]XWDHKMIFL GJDHKMLIHGJd:LOPRN LRQ SW
"J$ &ES
<5 3 5 , 3 !, 4 #( ! 4 5 311( &% , 5 =
5 , + 5 = !, 4 #(*! 4 5 311( , = 5 #(,1( 0 + 5 " @
! G "%$ &
P S]X?]GlIFi]" G P & S]\)RGJd:S P BEZ["%LR$ Zb G &X: &% , qnGlX-K LRQ S GyB:D KMG ab\L DFGl`-aGJo X P BcL+ZWG
GJD P LRdcLTIFGJDX LTQ SXWGJi?LTKFBERS]D qKYLRd`-abG , G
:
;
$ S " & : : " &
V[LRIML KFSZbS ! $ ! G P S]\ ¢<;( DHDFBE\ q C C q[S]a DFG FLWq q
V[LRIML KFS5 ZbS ! Q ! 5 N N N : 5 NNN
L \^L 2 ; * (; ; ! Y <DHDFB:\ q 2 2 qV[LTIML KFSZbS * (; ; ! GV[LRIFL
G F$
" &
\5
`-abG P "%S]$ X? ]& GlIFi]G P S]\]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbG % , V[LTIML<JGlIFS G
DFDH: B:\ q P S]5 \
, sS]IHKMqLRKMX?GJKM\SbqS]LD
P P DFGl`-aGJo X BcL
P P S]X?]GJIHi]G S]\URGJdES B:Z[LRZWG % , D
~) XzaWX P B:LRIFGl\^S]DSKMGlS]IFGl\L`-abG>i?LRIFLRX?KMG>`-abG ]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG bZ G P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL P S]\
S]IFZbGl\ ( qWDHGJ)i]abXWZbS>nGJI KMDHG LRDJq Gu GJ`-abB TLRd:GlX-KFGLe RGJdES P B:Z[LRZWGZbG P S]X?] GlIFibGlo X P B:L ZbSKFB:VrS
P SR\ S]IFZWGJ\ (
"J$ & S
<5 ) 3 5 , 3 !, 4 #( ! 4 5 311(.1() + !
1( ( 5 = 5 , + 5 = !, 4 #('!"4 5 311( ! 1( ( = 5 #(,1(
0
+ 5 " @
,/,
! DHGJ) `-aGJo X P BcSVL , " "%$ &@& 5 & $ ) L $[ & P S]X?]GJIHi]G P S]\"SRIFZbGlS \ ) ( q DFGli]abXbZWSCnGlIHKMDHG LRDlq
DFGGyB:D KMG" ¢ q ¢<;( G ( qWKMLRd`-abGV[LRIFL KFSZWS !
"J$ & 5 $ L $ [ :
N
, & & C
5
G F L GC qbGJX?K LTQ Sb
L [ 5 L 5
&
L [ & &
G C L ¢ & U GC C U 5 U C C U 5 ( N
&
5 ( ) " &
DFDHB:\ q P ]S \ C) : ¢ F
K J
G
\ ]
S
D -
` 5 P S]X?]GlIFi]G^V[LRIFL lGJIFS
b
a G P "JS]$ \
& ]GJS]dEX?S ]P GJB:Z[IHi]LTG ZbG>S]Zb\ S
|{ GlDHKMG P LRV u KFabd:S LTVbIFGlDFGJX?KMLR\^SRD ab\ IFGlDFabd KYLRZWSbq`-abG>X LRQ S LRV[LTIFG P G>X[Ld:BEKFGJIFLTKMabIFLWq
V[LRIMLab\UVbIHS]fbdEGJ\^LZbGC\B:XWB:\B:LrPRN LRQ SZbG ab\^L abX PRN LRQ S `-a[LTZbI[LTu KFB P L P S]X?]G WLW IHGJDFaWdEKYLTZbS
G|u DHS]fbIFGCL P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcLdES P LRd[Z[LDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:Li]GJIFLRZ[LVrS]Iab\_LRdEi]S]IFB KM\S P dLRu DFDHB P SZbG\B:XWB v
\^BELOPTN LRQ S>B:IFIHGJD KMIFB KYLWq[SLRd:iRS]IFB KM\S ZbG mLTa P (']|k S]D KMIMLT\^S]D`-abGGlDFDFLDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL P S]X?]GJIHi]G
P S]\URGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG % , q[X[L>XbS]IH\L Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LWqbVbLRIMLLDHS]d:a PRN LRQ S>ZbS^VbIFS]fWd:GJ\^LWqbGG WBEfbB v
\^S]DL KML WLZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcL
% =$ { L VWIFB:\GJBEIMLDFGzPRN LRQ SWqLRVbIHGJDFGlX?KYLR\S]DS VbIFSRfbd:Gl\L ZbG\B:XWB v
\^BELOPTN LRQ SB:IHIFGlDHKMIHBEKMLG ZbGJ\S]XbD KMIMLT\^S]DLTD P S]XbZWBHPRN SRQ GJD XbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcLRD G DFa P BEGJX?KMGlDZbG>SRKFB:\^L v
d:B:ZbLRZbGR+~D P IHGlRGJ\S]Dab\ \^SzZbGJdES@i]GlIMLRdZbG LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S V[LRIML<\B:XbBE\^BELOPTN LRQ SBEIFIHGJDHKFIFB KYL@GRq
V[LRIML>IFGlDFS]d ]GlI|SDFabfWVbIFS]fWd:GJ\^L>`zaWG LRV[LTIFG P GXWSLRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SbqLRVbIHGJDFGlX?KYLR\S]DZWS]B:D\}Glu KMSzZbS]D
ZbGfWabD P LabXbBEZbB:IHG P BES]X[LRd L^fWabD P L^GyWLTKML^GL^fbaWD P LZbG IF\B HSWn{|LGzPRN LRQ S ¡ ¡ qLRVbIFGlDFGlXv
KYLR\S]D S<\}Glu KFSZbS P d LRu DHDFB P S<ZbG mLRa P '}GGlDHKFabZ[LR\S]D DFabL P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L i]dES]f[LRdGd:S P LTdp
S]fbIHGL P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L d:S P LRdWZbS LRdEi]S]IFB KM\SCZbGCmLRa P ( 'VbLRIML abXgPRN LTQ S`-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LWq-\S]DHKFIML v
\^S]DXbS GlS]IFGl\L ¡ ( ,ab\IFGJDHabdEKMLRZbSbqS`-a[LTd X LRQ S LRV[LTIFG P G>X[Ld:B KMGJIFLTKMaWIMLWqO`zaWGi]LRIMLRX?KFG
]GJdES P B:Z[LTZbGZWG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL % , Z[L^DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L P S]\jfbaWD P LdEB:XbGJLRIGyWLTKMLX[LXbSRIF\^L
GJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[Lg{|LGzPRN LRQ S ¡ ,WqzLRVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\S]DnS \}Gyu KMSzZbS ZbG{G KFS]XG\^SRDHKMIFLR\S]D`-abGRq P S]\
fbabD P L+ZbG IF\B HSWq S+LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^S<ZWG{G KMSRX G u i]dES]f[LRdE\^GlX?KMG P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX?KMGT"sIFS TLR\S]DJq
KYLR\ f GJu \ q`zaWG^S \}Glu KMSzZbS ZbG^{|G KMS]X %HVbabIHS ) KMGJ\ P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L dES P LRdg`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L^{|L
GPTN LRQ S ¡ # qLRVWIFGJDHGJX?KYLT\^S]DS\}Gyu KMSzZbS>ZbGIHGJi]B LRQ S>ZbG P S]X [LRXgP N LGZWGJ\S]XbDHKFIMLR\S]D`-abG GJDHKFG
\}Gyu KMSzZbS Gu iRd:S]f[LTd:\GJX?KMG P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX?KMGT mnBEKYLT\^S]Dab\1B:\VrS]IHKMLRX?KMGKMGJSRIFGJ\^LWqTSC`-a[LRdWi]LRIMLRX?KFG
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^dES P LRd `-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L V[LTIML S>\}Gyu KMSzZbS>IFGJiRB LRQ S ZbG P S]X LRX P N LW
,#
C
: ,£
-
KYLTd `-abG
V[LRIML KFSZbS VrS]X?KMS VrSzZbG DFGlI P LRIML P KMGlIFBELRZbS P S]\^SW
"%$[ &X: "J$& $TS
k :
B W
X :
B
\ :
B
T
L b
Z ]
S
I ]
i :
d ]
S b
f R
L p
d -
` [
a T
L b
X b
Z S [
V R
L M
I L F
K
S b
Z S
"%$[ & A "J$& $ S
$ k 5 B:+ XWB:$ \[ B:LTZbS]I>i]d:SRf[LRdGlDHKFIFBEKFSb+`-a[LTXbZbS V[LRIFL+KMSzZbS P S]\
$[ "%$ [ &X: "J$&
k :
B W
X :
B
\ :
B
T
L b
Z ]
S
$TS P r
I :
d S R
L d -
` [
a R
L b
X W
Z |
S G W
E
B H
D F
K
G W
a
\ n
L z
:
B l
:
B b
X b
R
L g
X P N L ' b
Z G Y
K R
L R
d z
` W
a G
V[LRIFL KFSZWS
$[
k "%B:$ XW[ B:& \A B:LT Zb"%S] $I& d:S P LRdGJD KMIFB KM$ Sb+S `zabLRXbZbS}$ Gy5 + BEDH$ KMG [ ab\^L+zB:lB:Xb[LTXgP N L ZbG KYLTdC`-abG
V[LTIML KMSzZbS
P S]\
DFDHB:\ q?VOSzZbGl\^S]D*L bIF\^LRI`-abG|\B:XWB:\B:LTZbS]Ii]d:S]fbLRdWBE\^VbdEB P LGJ\ \B:XbBE\^BELRZWS]I dES P LRdpqR\LRD
L>IHG P u VbIHS P L>XWGJ\ DHGJ\VbIFG DFGl I[L u ]GJIHZ[LRZbGlB:IFLW $[
~\hVbLR" IHKFB P aWdcLRIDFG G|u Zba[LRD]GJlGJDZWBE GJ& IHGJX P B LTu RGJd qVrSZWGJ\S]DZbB:lGJIn`-abG >Gu \"%B:$XW[ B &v
\^BELRZbSRInd:S P LTd S]a\^BEXb]B:\ "%B:$JLR[]&ZbS]IdES P LRdOGlDHKFIFBEKFS qGyWLR\B:X[LTXbZbS S ]GyKMS]IiRIMLRZbBEGJX?KMG
GL \^LTKMIHB:CWGJDFDHBcLRXbL ZbL> abX PRN LRQ S $[
D P S]XbZbB PRN S]Q GlD XbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcLRD>ZbGSTKMB:\^LRdEB:Z[LRZWGD LRQ S<S]fWHKFB: Z["JLT$DJ[]q& LRDHDF ab\O B:XW"%$Zb[ S<& `-abG G u
ab\ \B:XbBE\^BELRZbSRIdES P LRdpqG P S]\ BEDFDHSVWIFS TLRXbZbS>LTKMSRDDFS]fbIHG G
~DFDMLTDZWGJ\S]XbDHKFIMLOPTN S]Q GJDlq?Z[LRD P S]XbZbB PRN S]Q GlDXbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcLRDGDHa P B:GJX?KFGJDZbGSRKFB:\^LRd:BEZ[LRZbGTq
D LRQ SGlX P SRX-KFIMLRZbLRD GJ\jnLRu IFBES]DdEBEzIFS]DlC{S]DFDFLZbB:D P abDHD LRQ Sf[LTDFGJB:L vDHG GJ\ XbSRKMLRDZWG LRabd:LWqOX LRQ S
VbabfbdEB P LTZ[LRDJqWZbG x S]XWLRi?L ( ¡
$ <5 3 ,1%(', !!!" ! & &3 1(0 >+ "$ & 315 1( 1( & 1( @
= , + (
H "$ &
$ ¢
N
mnS]X P Ed a u \S]D`-abGTq P S]\S Gu LRIHfbBEKFI[LRu IHBcL
H "$ &
$ ¢<;
S > "$ & 5
D KMS DFS]\GJX?KFG G>u VrS]DFDJ u RGJdDFG
[V LRIMLKFSZbS ¢ q P S]\Vbd:GyKYLRXWZbS LZbGJ\S]XbDwv
KMIMLrPRN LRQ Sb D
$ S H "%$& 5
fWDFGJI TLOPRN LRQ SWg\VrS]X?KMS KYLRdz`-abG ¢ G u ab\VOSRX-KFSGlDHKYL P B:SRXLRu IFBES|ZbL| abXgPTN LRQ S
qbVrSZbGlXbZbSDFGlIaW\ VOSRX-KFS>ZbG\'L u BE\^Sbq\ u XbB:\SSRa bZ GDHGJdcL
< 5 3 3 ,1%(', !!!! &3 $ 1(0 + 311( 1( 5 #(,1"
& 1( @
6 ] " $& ( &(,G(1( !5 ) ', ' 951( 5 1(
= , + (
5 !! 3,
#"
5 '% 1( , 31 5 + 4 @
$ " &
! mnS]XWDFB:ZWGJIFG \^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]Id:S P RL dOZbG
GJ\S]D
"$ @& 5 " $ & H " $ &
"$ & / " &
¡
;
/ " & 5 H "$ & 5
¢ sGJd:SGJS]IHGJ\^L ¡ ( q
P S]\ dEB:\
¢ DHDFB:\ q
"$ & 5 "$ & LV " $ & L / " & N " &
¡ ¡
¡
C
: ,2
"$/ X& L "$ &'$
gs LRIFL DFa P B:GlX?KMGJ\GJX?KFG VrGJ`-ab" GlXbSb& q
¢ VOS]I WB:VSRu KFGJDHGR LRlGJXbZWS
KMGJXWZbGJIL>JGJIHSbq[X[L GyVbIHGJDHD LRQ S ¡ ¡ qbKFGJ\S]DJ
"$ & $
¢
N
¡
S O " $ & $
nm S]X P dEa u \S]D`-abGRqV[LTIMLKMSzZbS q ¢ q S`-abG G u LZbG [XbBHPTN LRQ SZbG \^LTKMIHB:
<5 3 > ,$ 1%S ! " > " ,$+& ! 5 1(' +
31"$ 1& ( @ $
6 ,5 *
=
" &
¢
1( , 31 5 + 4 @ , + ( = #"
', ' 951( 5 ! + + 1( @
5 Q S 5
! mnS]XWDFB:ZWGJIFG U & & S (Y WLTfOGl\^) S]D `-abG>ab\^L\^LTKMIHB:! G u ZbG [XbBEZ[L
VOS]DHBEKFBETLDFGTqG S DHS]\GJX?KMGDFGTq[V[LRIFL>KFSZbS q ( ¢
abX PRN LRQ S S = G u P S]X?K u X-a[L^Gl\ S ba \ P ]S XHabX?KMS P S]\V[L P KFSqGVrS]I KYLRX?KMSWqbKMGJ\
\^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]I DHKFS}GTu qbV[LRIFL>KFSZWS
$
5
¢<;
)
5 O "$ & S
S]XbZbGSTLRdES]I<=G|u S\GJXbS]ILRaKMS TLRd:S]IZbG mnSR\
q-KMGJ\S]DV[LRIFL KMSzZbS
"$ & 5 "$W & > "$ & ] "$ & / " ]&
/ " ]O& N
$ " $&
ACBEzB:ZbBEXbZbS VrS]I
q[V[LRIFL
)
¢
"$' & LV "$ & $ / " ]& N
¡
gs LRIFL DHa P B:" GJ$ X?&>KFGJA \GJ X?"%KM$G& VOGl`-abGJXbSWqZbBE$i?LR\S]DJq ¢ $ L $ q?KM: GlIFGJ \S]D $
: : " $ &<LE "$ & )
¢q
VOS]I KYLRX?KFSbq V[LRIFL KMSzZbS KMLRd`zaWG & & G G^u \^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]Id:S P LRd
GJDHKFIFB KMSb D
,
D P S]XWZbBHPTN S]Q GJD XbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcLRD ZbG SRKMBE\LTd:B:ZbLRZbG ZbGlRGJ\ DFGlI S]fWIFB:i]LTKMS]IHBcLR\GJX?KFGDML v
KMB:D GJB KYLRDVOS]I \B:XWB:\B:LTZbS]IFGlDJq GJXb`-a[LRX?KFS LTD P S]XbZWBHPRN SRQ GJD>DFa P B:GlX?KMGJDlqn`-a[LRXWZbS DMLTKFB:DH GlBEKMLRDJq
C
: ,/+
RL DFDHGJi]abIFLR\_`-abGCSVrS]X?KMSGJ\ P SRXbDFBEZbGJIFLOPRN LRQ S Gu ab\_\B:XbBE\^BELRZbSRIgd:S P LTdp8i?LRIFLRX?KMB:L ZbG|`-abG
SVrS]X?KMS G u ab\ \B:XWB:\B:LTZbS]Ii]d:S]fbLRdpqzGJ\ iRGJIMLTdpq Gu \ abB KMS \^LRB:D P S]\Vbd:B P LRZbLW" &
KMBERS S]a S Xbua \GJIHSZbG TLRIFBLTu ]GlB:DLRab\GJX?KMLWqLRD\LRXWB:Vbabd:LOPRN SRQ GJDCBEDFS]d:LRZ[LRDCD LRQ S B:XbDHa P BEGJX?KMGlD
V[LRIML L P bLRI>DFGJ`-abGlI^VrS]X?KMSRD P LRXbZbBEZ[LTKFS]DL e DHS]d:a PRN LRQ Sb ~ u XbG P GJDFDbLRu IFBESbqnGlX?K LRQ Sbq LRVrGJd:LRI V[LRIFL
\}Gyu KMSzZbS]DX-ab\}GJu IFB P S]DlqbS]a DFG FLWqLRd:iRS]IFB KM\S]DJ " &
DLRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S]DC`-abGIF$Gl DFS]d ]Gl\S VbIHS]fbd:Gl\L q `-a[LRDHG DHGJ\VbIFGBEKFGJIML KMBERS]DJq BEXbB v
P BcLT\ P S]\ ab\ VOSRX-KFS+Z[LTZbS GZWGlKMGl IF\B:X[LT\ ab\L ZbB:IHGPTN LRQ S qLTS+d:SRXbi]S+ZbL `-a[LRd G u
VOS]DHD u ]GJdZb BE\^BEX-abB:ICS TLRd:SRI Z[L aWXgPRN LRQ S qG^XWGJDHKML ZbBEIFGzPRN LRQ S P LTd P aWdcL v DFG>ab\ P SR\^VbIHB:\GJX?KMS
ZbSV[LTDFDFS qr`-abGVOGlIF\BEKYL ab\^L^IHGJ"%Zb$ a & PRN LRQ SIFLRJSLTu ]Gld XbSTLRd:S]IZ[L abXgPRN LTQ Sb DCLRdEi]S]IFB KM\S]D
i]" GJIF"JLR$ \ & qT& VOSRIHKYLTX-KFSbqRaW\LDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L ZbGnTLRdES]IFGlD Gl\ P S]\ab\LDFGl`zaGJo X P BcLLRDFDHS P BcLRZbL
ZbG RLTd:S]IHGJDIFGLTB:D\^S]XSRu KMS]XbL^ZbG P IFGlD P GJX?KMGT! "LR\S]D|GlD P " IFGl& RGJIGJD KMGVbIFS P GlDFDFS P S]\S
$ 5 $ )
5
! ! (
gB:i]aWIML ¡ ( qbBEd:abD KMIML aW\L BEKFGJIFLOPRN LRQ S !ZbS>dEi]S]IHBEKM\S ¡ #
d:iRS]IFB KM\S ¡ # VLRu IFL+`-a[LRXbZbS+ab\ VOS]X?KFS+GJD KYL P B:S]XLRu IFBES+Z[L abXgPRN LTQ S S]f HGyKMBERS
Gu GJX P S]X?KMIMLTZbSbqB:D KMS8GRu qab\VOSRX-KFS `zaWGDMLTKFB:DHLT L P S]XbZWBHPRN LTQ S<XbG P GJDFDbLRu IFB:L<ZbGSRKMBE\LTd:B:ZbLRZbG
ZbG VbIHB:\GJB:IFL^S]IHZbGJ\ mnS]\Sbq XWSLRd:iRS]IFB KM\SbqGJD P S]d:WGJ\S]DZbBEIFGzPRN S]Q GlDLRSd:SRXbi]SZ[LTDC`-a[LRB:D G u
C
: ,/.
m(λ)
B:D KMS GTu qOaW\ VrS]X?KMS^GJ\j`-abG L^IFGJZWagPRN LRQ S]GlIFZ[LRZWGJB: IFL5 GJD KL u % VbI[STu BE\L$)Z[LIFGJZWagPRN LRQ SZbS
\^SzZbGld:Sb LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^S G u DHB:\Vbd:GlDJXbB P BcL P S]\ GIHGJZbab LTKG u GlX P SRX-KFIMLRIab\
VOSRX-KFSL P GlBEKL u ]GJd
# $ 5 3 0 "% $ 5 & 1( SV&'" &
5
5 J"%$ ; & = ¢Z;( = '
3 1(5 ; ; ¢<; £ @
F , 5 "J$& L ; "%$ &
, F A
,5 , + , ,
¢<5 ; 2 "%$ &
F 5 "J$& L ; "%$ &
,
,
"J$ &
fbDFGlIHTLOPRN LTQ Sb{|SLRd:iRS]IFB KM\Sbq ; G u aW\ Z[LRZbSW {abX P LDHG P LRd P abdcLT\UZbGlIFBETLRZbLRDJ
LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^S VrSZWGDFGlI GJD P IHBEKMSZbG\^LRXbGJBEIML P S]\V[L P KYLWq DHGJ\ZbG bXbB:I 1 G !1
DHKFS^ S]B GJB KMSV[LRIFL^ZbGlB WLRI P dcLTIFSS^V[LTVOGld ZbS^\^SzZbGld:S>ZbG {|S\ Glu KFSZWS^IHGJi]B LRQ S^ZWG
P S]X LRXgP N LWq[aWKMBEd:BELRIHGJ\S]Dnab\U\^SzZbGJdES `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P Sb
# $ 5 3 0 "% $ 5 & 1( SV&'" &= , ! (5 + @
; = "%$ ¢Z ;( = & )' "%$ & J"J$ ¢<; £ & @
3 1(5 ; ;
,5 , + ;
¢<; 2
@
) "%$' &
"%$ & 5 H "J$& A
¢ GJX?K LRQ S
~gbLT\^ BEXbGJ\S]D|L^ abXgPTN LRQ S ¢ = CG ;
V[LRIFL VOGl`zaWGJXbS "J$ & A "%$& "J$ &
; ;
C
: #?¡
P S]"%\$S P S] Xb& DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL Z[L ZbG [XWBHPRN LTQ S ) ZbG@ZbGlIF BET"JLR$Zb& LW _ ~ u VO SR"%$ DFDJu ]& Gld`-abG<L P abIHTL 5 =
G L P aWIHTL G L IFGyKYL DFG P IFabJLRIFGl\ qZbG bXbB:\S]DS , + 1( &' P S]\S S
Q ; ;
\ Glu KFSZWS ZbG IH\^B HS X LRQ S>GJX P S]X?KMIFL ab\UVrS]X?KMS>VbIbSTu B:\S L ab\U\B:XbBE\^BELRZWS]IabXbB v
ZbB:IHG P B:S]X[LTdpq\LTD G u \ abB KMS G P B:GlX?KMGR'sgLRIFL+LRdEi]S]IFB KM\S]DfrGJ\ VWIFS HGyKYLRZbSRDJqnLR ab\
XCbua \GJIFS \abBEKFS VOGl`zaWGJXbS^ZbG P LRu d P abdES]DZbG abXgPTN LRQ S>DFGJXWZbSVrS]IHKMLRX?KMS>\ abB KMS IbLRu VbB:ZWSb
gs LRIFL GlDHKFabZ[LRIS]D\}Glu KMSzZbS]D ZWG\B:XWB:\B:LrPRN LRQ SB:IHIFGJD KMIHBEKYLq`zaWG^LTVbIFGlDFGJX?KMLR\^SRDX[LTD
DFGPTN S]Q GJD DFGli]abB:X?KFGJDJqTRLT\^S]D aWKFB:dEB:LTIDFS]\GJX?KFG GlDHKMGlDgZbSRB:D \}Gyu KMSzZbS]D ZbGfbabD P LW~gB:D KMGl\1nLRu IHB:S]D
S]aWKMIHS]D\ Glu KFSZWS]DZbGfbabD P L@`-abGVrSZbGl\DHGJI GlX P SRX-KFIMLRZWS]DJqVrS]IG GJ\Vbd:SbqgGJ\nGJI KMDFG LRD
¡ " &
DHa P GlDFDFSZbS]D \}Gyu KMSzZbS]D `-abG>IFGlDFS]d ]Gl\tS VWIFS]fbdEGJ\^L qZbGlVOGlXbZbGZ[LGJD P S]dE[L
LRZbGJ`-a[LTZ[LZ[LZbBEIFGPTN LRQ S G ZWS\}Gyu KMSzZbSV[LRIFL P LRd P abd:LRIS P S]\VbIFBE\^ Gl X?KMSZWSV[LRDFDHS
ZbBE GlIFGJX P N LCGJDHDFGlX P B:LRdbGJX?KFIFGS]D \ Glu KFS$ ZW S]D GJ5 D K$ LCu X[ LC GlD P S] d:[LCZbLCZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S q]`-abGG WGlI P GiRIMLRXbZWG
B:X [aGJo X P BcLXbS VWIFS P GJDHDFSBEKFGJIFLTKMB ]S |\^LGy P GzPRN LRQ S<Gu S \}Glu KFSZbSZbGIFGli]B LTQ S
ZbG P S]X LRX P N LWq?S]XWZbGLZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ SGnS P S]\^VWIFB:\GJX?KFSZbSCVbLRDFDHSCD LRQ S SRfWKMBEZbS]DDFB:\abdEKMLRXb G LT\^GlX-KFGR
DFGli]abBEICZbB:D P aWKFB:IHGJ\S]DCLRdEi]ab\^LRDS]VgPRN SRQ GJD V[LRIFLLGJD P S]dE[LZ[LZbBEIFGPTN LRQ S ZWSd v
i]S]IFB KM\S ¡ #
C
: #,
- !
| \"ZWS]D \}Gyu KMSzZbS]DJq \^LRB:D P S]XbWG P BEZbSGKYLR\ f GJu \8aW\"ZbS]D \^LRB:DLTX-KFB:i]SRDJq `-abGIFGJDHS]dERG
SVbIHS]fbdEGJ\^LBEIFIHGJDHKFIFB KMS<G|u S \}Glu KMSzZbS P dLRu DFDHB P SZbS i]IFLRZbB:GlX?KMGRq-KYLT\ f GJu \ P [LR\^LRZbS \}Gyu KMSzZbSZWG
mLRa P (']q bL u `-abG> S]B # + , 5 q Gl\ ( + #"2 q `-abGl\t\^S]D KMIHS]a `-abG^L ZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S
ZbS i]IMLRZWB:GJX?KFG G>u L ZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ SZWG\L u B:\SL P IzGlu D P B:\S ZbL aWXgPRN LRQ SW DHDFB:\ qXbS LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SZWG
mLRa P ( ']qWLZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ S<Gu ZbG bXbB:Z[LGJ\ P LRZ[LBEKFGJIFLOPRN LRQ S P S]\^SS S]VrS]DHKFS ZWSi]IFLRZbBEGJX?KMGZ[L abXgPTN LRQ S
S]f HGlKFBERSXWS^VrS]X?KMS P SRIFIFGlX?KMGR 5 L > "%$#&
;
GL DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcLi]GJIFLRZ[L VrGJd:SLRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SZWGmLTa P ('KMGJ\ L> S]IH\L
$ 5 $ L
H "J$)& ;
S]XbZbG Gu S P SR\^VbIHB:\GJX?KMSZbSV[LRDFDHS LRS d:S]XWi]SCZ[L ZbBEIFGPTN LRQ S XbS VrS]X?KMS gs S]IG GJ\Vbd:Sbq
$
DFGabDMLTIF\S]DfbabD P LdEB:XbGJLRIG bL KYLWq[SLRdEi]S]IFB KM\SZbGmLRa P ' KFGJ\ L DFGli]abBEX-KFG S]IF\^LW
# 5 3 $ S #(& +
.1(. 5 ! %5 +
3 1(
"
> "%$ & 5 +
,5 ,L H+ "J$ & ¢
( = 5 Z( 1( % .(, 31 ! , @ = 5' $ + )
$ 5 $ 5 , ( $ + -5 Z( = '!
, !!!5 @
5 )
! ! (
@
(
D<\}Gyu KMSzZbS]D@`-abG}aWKFB:d:BELR\ LTd:i]ab\ KMBEVOSZbG GJD KMIML KGJu iRBcL'V[LRIFL2L2S]fWKMGlXgPRN LTQ S6ZWG
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L+B:XWZbGJVrGJXbZWGJX?KMG ZbS+VrS]X?KMS B:XbB P BcLTdnD LTQ S P [LR\^LRZbSRD^ZbG \}Gyu KMSzZbS]D>i]dES]f[LRBED S]a
\}Gyu KMSzZbS]Di]dES]f[LRdE\^GlX-KFG P S]X?]GJIHi]GJX?KFGJDJ
a[LRXbZbSabDFLR\^SRDJqbV[LTIML ZbGlKFGJIH\^BEX[LRIS P S]\VbIHB:\GJX?KMS ZbSV[LRDHDFSbq[fWabD P LG bL KYL>S]a
fbabD P L^BEXbGyWLTKML>ZWG|IF\B HSbqSLRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SZWG mLRa P '2Gu i]dES]f[LRdE\^GlX-KFG P S]X?RGJIFiRGJX?KMGTqOBEDHKMS GRu q
KMSzZbS VrS]X?KMS ZbG LTZbGJIJGJo X P BcL Z[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL i]GlIMLRZbL VOGld:S LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\S GCu GJD KYL P B:S]XLTu IFB:SWqS]aDHG FLWq
C
: #$#
KMSzZbS VOSRX-KFS>ZbGLRZbGlIJGJo X P BcL Z[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL>DML KMB:D LRL P S]XWZbBHPTN LRQ S XbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcL>ZbG SRKMBE\LTd:B:ZbLRZbG
ZbGVbIFBE\^GlB:IMLS]IFZbGl\
ZbGJ\S]XbD KMIMLrPRN LRQ S}`-abG LRVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\S]D LR`-abBpq|DFS]fbIHG L P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:Li]dES]f[LRd|ZbS
LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SZbGmLRa P ( ' P S]\ fWabD P L^IH\^B HSbqG u GlBEKYL VrS]I x S]XbLTi?LT ( ¡ GJ\ XbSRKMLRDZbG LRabd:L
X LRQ S>VbabfbdEB P LRZ[LRDl
<5 3 #( + .1( 5 ! % 5 &'
)
6 1( !5 @ 1( , + '1(-1( , 301*5 , 3-#( 1 0 #(& + 01(
5 ! %5 &'
0 ! + ( ,' & @
! "%$ &
abVrS]Xb[LVrS]IgLRfbDFaWIFZbSC`-abGnab\LDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL q]iR$ GJ IMLTZ[LVrGJd:SLRd:iRS]IFB KM\SZbG$m LRa P (' P S]\
fb ab5 D P LL HZbG |" $ IF& \5 + B HSbq-VrS]DFDHabB aW\hTLRdES]IZbG LRZbGlIJGlo X P B:L X LRQ SGlDHKML P BES]XLRu IHB:Sb~\ qZWG [XbBE\^SRD
¢ ". "%$ & &
s GJd:L P S]XbZbB PRN LRQ SZWGIH\^B HS^ G"VO$ SR& I P SRX-KFB:X-abBEZ[LRZbG ZbG qKMGl\^SRD`-abG Gu ZbG P IFGlD P GJX?KMG
GKFGJ\UTLRdES]IZbG LRZWGJIJGlo X P B:L sS]IHKMLRX?KMSbqnG u P S]X?]GJIHi]GJX?KFGGGJX?K LTQ Sbq
d:BE\ ". "%$#& L "%$ & &@5 ¢ N
" &
¡ #
$ "%$ &
nm S]\^S G u "%$ TLR &d:S]IZbG<LTZbGJIJGJo X P BcL+ZbG $ *)*+ q$ G WBEDHKFG<$ ab\ P S]X HaWX-KFS ' q KMLRd`zaWG<L
DFGJ`-aGlo X P $ B:L 5 *$ ) P S] X? ] GJ IHi]G V[LRIFL qrB:DHKFS SGRu q = sIFB:\GJBEIMLR\GJX?KFGRq[TLR\^SRD|\S]DHKFIMLRI
`zaWG DHG q[VbLRIML KMSzZbS ! qGJX?K LRQ S = ¢ ACGCLTKFSbqWKFGJ\S]D
"J$ & 5 "%$<
#& : "%$ &
H "J$#& ;
G VrS]I KYLRX?KMSWq
"%$ & LV "J$ & $
L
H "J$ & 5
& > "%$ & & q[ZWS]XbZbGDFGli]abG
`-abG
"J$ & L "J$ & $ $ " &
H "J$ &
&
&
¢<; ¡ £
H J" $ & ) " N & S " N &
$ & &S]\5 + LTXbZbS d:BE\^B KMGlD^Gl\ ¡ £ q V[LRIML ! ^qabDFLRXbZbS ¡ # G
VOS]BEHD "%&$ & & H ¢ " 1
& ¢ q P S]X P dEa u \S]D`-abG = ¢ |DFDFBE\ qrV[LRIFL! DHa P BEGJX?KMG v
& & = &A
\^GlX-KFGiRIMLRXbZWGRq ns A GJd:LRDVbIFS]VWIFB:GlZ[LRZbGlD|ZbLfbaWD P LabXbBEZbB:IHG P BES]X[LRd ZbG|IF\B HSbq[GPTN LRQ S
¡ ( -,WqWV[LRIML !KYLRd `zaWG qbKFGJ\S]D
: : N > "%$ Q & 5 > "%$ & N
Q
¢
¢ 2; KMLRd`-abG ;
C
: #?£
S
S]\^LRXbZWSdEB:\BEKFGJDV[LRIML ! XbGlDFDMLTDZba[LTDG VbIFGlDFD SRQ GJDJqrS]fWKFGJ\S]D
Q =
5 L H "%$ & 5 L H " $9 &
<¢ ; = ;
> "$ & 5 > " $ &
>
;
" $ & 5 L > " $ & 5 +
^S `-abG P S]X?KMIFLRZbBE S>LTKFS^ZbG `-abG & & ¢ q P SR\^VbdEGlKMLRXbZbSL>ZbGJ\S]XbDwv
¡
5
( $ $ $ $< <
¡ ¡
5 "%$ & $
< !N
¡
ACGJIFB TLRXbZbS GB:iRa[LRdcLTXbZbS L>JGlIFS
"%$ & 5 $
5
¢
S]fWKMGl\^SRD 5 L $ L 5 L " $ & N
5 $ $ $ $[ $ [
s S]IB:DHDFSbq
&
$ L $[ 5 ( " "J$ & L "J$ [ & &
& : ( ¡ ." "%$ & LV "J$ [ & &
5 ¡ $ L $[
& & ;
P S]\Vbd:GyKYLRXWZbS>LVWIFS TLW "%$ & D
GlXbZbSGJ\zB:DHKMLCGJD KMGIFGlDFabd KYLRZbSWq]i]S]D KYLRIJ u LR\S]DgZWGDMLRfrGJI DHGL DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L KMGJ\
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L % , X[L>XbS]IF\^L GJa P d:BEZbBcLTX[LWqW`-abG<Gu L>XbS]IF\^L \^LRB:DaWDFa[LRd
~\ fOSRIML LRD XbS]IH\LRD GJ\ DFG FLR\hGJ`-abBETLRdEGJX?KMGlDJqWL]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbGZWG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL
% , ZbGlVOGlXbZbGZ[LXbS]IH\LW ~ BEDHKMGl\ DFGl`-aGJo X P BcLRD `-abG P S]X?RGJIFiRGJ\ P S]\ ]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG %
, Gl\ ab\^L+XbSRIF\^LWq\LTDX LRQ S Gl\ S]aKMIML D~gGJ\VbdES]D ¡ G ,WqZ[L}zGPRN LTQ S ( ¡ ( q
B:d:aWDHKMIFLRIMLT\ GlDHKMG LTKFSb "%$ &
DHDFB:\ q-S L KMSZ[LDHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L P S]X?]GlIFi]BEI P S]\ ]Gld:S P BEZ[LRZbG % , XbL XbSRIF\^L
B:XbZbaWJB:ZbL VrGJd:L bGlDFDHBcLRX[LZ[L`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P Lq X LRQ Si]LRIMLRX?KFG DHa[L P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcL % , X[L
XbS]IF\^L GJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[L~\ nGlIHKMDHG LRD ¡ qGlX P S]X?KFIMLR\S]Dab\ IFGlDFabd KYLRZbS X[L XWS]IF\^L<GJa P d:B v
ZbBcLRXbLWqb`-abG GJDHKMLRfrGJd:G P G L>\^Gld:bS]IKML WL ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^V[LRIFL ab\L abX PRN LRQ S`-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P L>G
P S]X?]G WL^Z[LRZbLVrS]IJ $ L $ [ : LV
& $ L $[ & ;
& &
¡ 5
P S]\tV[LTDFDFS P S]XWDHKYLTX-KFG q S]XWZbG hG D LRQ S S\^LRBES]ICGS \GJXbSRILTaWKMS TLRd:SRI Z[L
\LTKFIFBEbGlDFDHBcLRX[LZbL abXgPRN LTQ S`zabLRZbI[L u KMB P LW S]\GJX?KFG XbGJD KYLIFGy GJIJGJo X P BcLGJX P S]X?KMIFLR\^SRDCab\^L
KYL WLZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L<X[L@XbS]IH\L GJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[L@~DHKML S]Bnab\^L\SRKMB TLOPRN LRQ S V[LRIFLGJD KMabZbLRI
L RGJd:S P BEZ[LRZbG ZbG P S]X?]GJIHibGJo X P BcLqZ[L DHGJ`-aGlo X P B:L i]GlIMLRZ[L VrGJd:S LRdEi]S]IFB KM\SZbGmLRa P ('RqX[L
XbS]IF\^L Gla P dEB:ZbB:LRX[LW aWKMIFL\SRKMB RLrPRN LRQ S ]Gl\Z[L< B:i]abIFL ¡ # qg`zaWG\^SRDHKMIFLS@ZbG P IzGJu D P B:\S
Z[LRDZWB:DHK LRo X P BcLRDGJa P d:BEZbBcLTX[LRDGJX?KMIHG LRD|BEKFGJIMLrPRN S]Q GlD|Z[L^DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:Li]GlIMLRZ[LVOGld:SLRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^S ZWG
mLRa P ( ']
C
: #.
4
−1
−2
CA GL KMSbq-\S]DHKFIMLR\S]D`-abGGlDFDFGZbG P IzGJu D P BE\^S G u , q-`zabLRXbZbS S\}Gyu KMSzZbS ZbG mLRazv
P ' P S]\)fbaWD P L d:BEXbGLTI GyWLTKML=G u LRVbdEB P LRZbS L<ab\^L< aWXgPRN LRQ S `-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P Lq P S]X?]GyWLW dyGJu \
ZbB:DHDFSbq[G WBEfbB:\S]DL KYL bL>ZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL^`-abGTq P S]\S>XbS^GJSRIFGJ\^L ¡ -.qbGJD KL^u IHGJd:L P BES]X[LRZ[L
P S]\ SRDLRaWKMS TLRdES]IFGlDZ[LWGJDFDHBcLRXbLZ[L `-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L
|DFLRIFGl\^S]DS]D IHGJDHabdEKMLRZbS]DZbS]D GJ\^LRD ¡ (A( G ¡ ( ¡ V[LRIFL \S]D KMIMLTI ab\ IHGJDFaWdEKYLTZbS
S]IFBEi]B:X[LTdpOLDFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L|i]GlIMLRZbLVOGld:S\}Gyu KMSzZbSZbGmLRa P ' P S]\8fWabD P LdEB:XbGJLRIGyWLTKML P S]X?]GlIFi]GTq
P S]\j]Gld:S P B:ZbLRZbG % , X[LXbS]IH\L^GJa P d:B:ZWBcLRX[Lq V[LRIFLS=bua Xb"%$ B P S& \B:XbBE\^BELRZWS]IZ[L abXgPTN LRQ S
`zabLRZbI[L u KMB P LWqbG`-abG L>KML WL ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^Z[L DHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL Gu BEi]a[LRd L
L N
(
S
<S 5 3 5+
6 = + & .1( , 310 5 + 4 @ #" , + ( = + 1( 4 +
>= ¢ = + '% 5
" &&8" & & : (N
! mnS]\S Gu ZbG [XWB:Z[L VrS]DFB KMBETL VrSZWG DFGJIGlD P IHBEKMLX[L S]IH\L
5 5 "
&"
& 5 ;
S]XbZbG LRD P SRd:abX[LTDZbG D LRQ S>S]DLRaKMS R]Gy5 KMS]"IHGJDS] IHKFS]XbS]& IH\LRBEDZbG G Gu L\^LTKMIHB:|ZbBcLRiRS]X[LRd
ZbS]DLRaWKFS TLRdES]IFGlDZbG 1\^LTKMIHB: Gu DFBE\}Gyu KMIHB P LACGCLTKMSWq
5 "
& 5 >" & 5
5 N
C
: £T¢
DFDHB:\ qbVrSZbGl\^SRDGJD P IFGy]GJIl
5
5 5 dES]i]S 5 N
( P S]\
5
sgLRIFL>SRfWKMGlI|L G WVWIFGJDHD LRQ SLRXLRu dES]i?L P ]S \
q[GJD P IFGy]GJ\S]D q[LTDFDFBE\
5 " & 5 " & 5 " &
5 " & 5
; G 5 N
((
P S]\ (
(
(
s GJd:L ZbGJDHB:i]a[LTd:Z[LRZWG ZbG 5 %76 5#8 :9 qWKMGl\^S]D`-abG
: " &" &
U( U ( (
K " 8& ( " & : (
(( U( U ;
D
"LR\S]DLRDFDHab\B:ILRi]SRIMLWqDFGJ\ VrGJIHZ[L>ZbGi]GJXbGlIMLRdEB:Z[LTZbG q[`zaWG Gu Z[L S]IF\^L
<5 3 >
, 4 # , 3 5 1( #(& + 1( 5 ! % 5 + ,
, 313, "J$ &
, 31( ! &,G( 1 + = !, 4 11 @
5 , 3 #( 1
#(& + @@ , + ( = $
& &
:
$
& &;
S
+ 1( ! = ! 5 L " &
( ¡ -.
,1( ( = ! ! + 4 , + = , * + 4 1. + & 9 C@
! bGJ\S]D`-abG
&
$ 5 "%$ & $
& 5 "%$ & "J$ &
:
& $ & L ¡ "%$ & $
5
;
& &
$ 5
S]XbZbGLZbGJDHB:i]abLRd:Z[LTZbG^RGJ\ZbS GJ\^L ¡ ( ¡ @G
¢ X LRS@Lu XbLRZ[L@L Q LTJGJIl@DHDFBE\ q
+ FK79 N
C
: £R¡
$ 5+
LRDFDHab\^BE\^SRD`-abG ¢ s S]IBEDFDFSWq
$
& $ & : L "%$ "%$ & & $ $ 5 L " & %" $ & $ N " &
" & ! "%$ & $
& &
( !
(
¡ ( ¢
S
mnS]\^SuG ZbG [XbBEZ[LVrS]DHBEKMB TLWqGlX?K LRQ SV[LRIFL>KFSZbS qWKFGJ\ vDFG
: : ;
IFGlVbIFGlDFGlX-KMLR\ qrIHGJDHVOG P KMB TLR\^GlX?KMGRq[S>\GJXbSRIG \^LRBES]ILRaWKFS RLTd:S]IZbL>\^LTKFIFB:
S]XbZbG G 1
5 " & : " &
sgLTIML KMGl\^SRDJ G
V[LRIFL 5 $ KMGl\^SRDJ $ "%$ & $ ;
"J$ & $
LRDFDHB:\ ;
" & "J$ & $ $
" & ! "%$ & $ (
L " & "J$ & $ : L
" & ! "J$ & $
" &
abfbD KMBEKFabB:XWZbS>GJ\ ¡ (¢ qbSRfWKMGl\^S]Dl
$
& $ &
: L
& & ( ;
P S]\Vbd:GyKYLRXWZbS>LVWIFS TLW D
~DHKMGCKFGJS]IHGJ\^L+GCu ab\hIFGlDFabd KYLRZbS SRIFB:iRB:X[LRd[ZWGJDHKML ZbB:DHDFGJI KYLOPTN LRQ Sb|`zaWBpqWXWS TLR\GJX?KFG L
KYL WLZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L Z[L DFGl`zaGJo X P BcL GJD KL u IFGldc" L P B:S]& XbLRZ[L P S]\hS]DLRaKMS TLRd:S]IHGJD Z[L \L KMIFBE
bGJDHDFBcLTX[L Z[L `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LWACGL P S]IHZbS P S]\ ¡ -. q `-a[LTX-KFS\GJXbSRI SRIL ZbB GJIFGlXgP N L GJ5R X?KMIH G
S\^LRB:S]IGS\GJXbS]ILRaWKFS TLRdES]IZ[L^WGJDFDHBcLRXbLWq \^LRB:DIbLRu VbB:ZbL}G u L P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LW zG q
GJX?K LRQ S LTD P aWIHTLRD ZbG X u ]GldgZ[L abXgPRN LTQ SS]f HGlKFBERSD LRQ SGlDH GlIMLRD G L P S]X?]GlIF$ib[ Glo X P B:LS P S]IFIHGGJ\
ab\VbLRDFDHSb{|LRDCDHBEKMabLOPRN S]Q GlD GJ\ `-abG>LRD P aWIHTLRDCZbG X u ]GldgGl\KMSRIFXbSZbG D LRQ S LRdES]Xbi?LRZbLRDJq
B:DHKFS'GRu q`-a[LRXWZbSLZbB GJIHGJXgP N L GlX?KMIFG>S\^LRB:SRIG \GJXbS]ILTaWKMS TLRd:SRI G u i]IFLRXbZbGTq LRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWG
ZbG P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:LKFGJXbZbG L ZbBE\^BEXzaWB:IJ
C
: £,
- !
|{ GlDHKYL@DHGPTN LRQ S<ZbB:D P aWKFB:IHGJ\S]DS]aKMIML GJD P S]d:bL@abDFa[LTdnZ[LZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ S XbS@|d:i]S]IHBEKF\^S
¡ # L>ZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ S>ZbG {G KMSRX
"CBE\^S]D`-abGab\^L " P S]& XbZbB PRN LRQ S XbG P GJDHD[LRu IHBcL V[LRIML`-abGab\ VOSRX-KFS $TS DFG FL DFS]dEagPRN LTQ S
~ D KYL BEKMGlIMLOPTN LRQ S GJDHK[Lu M $ &ZbG [XbB:ZbL DFGL \^LTKMIHB:]L P S]fbB:LRX[L Z[L abX PRN LRQ S OqS]a GJ`-abBETLRdEGJXv
frGJ"%\t
KMGJ\GJX?KFGRqL\LT$ KF IFBE bGJDHDFB:LRX[L Z[L abXgPRN LTQ S q SRI X LRQ S DFBEXbi]abd:LRIJdyGlu \ ZbBEDFDHSbq DFG>S
VOS]X?KFSB:XWB P B:LRd GJDHKFBERGJIDHa P B:GJX?KFGJ\GJX?KMGVWI[STu B:\S Z[L DHS]d:a PRN LRQ SbqGJX?K LRQ S@L DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L@LRDwv
DFB:\Ui]GJIFLRZ[LWqbGlIFZ[LLRD\^GlDF\^LRDVbIFS]VWIFB:GlZ[LRZbGlD|ZWS^\}Glu KFSZbSZbG{|G KMS]X V[LRIML>DFBEDHKFGJ\^LRD|ZWG
GJ`-a[LOPTN S]Q GJDlqrSRa DHG FLWq[VrS]DFDHabB P SRX-RGJIHi[GJo X P BcLd:S P LRdO`zabLRZbI[L u KMB P LW
" |& \ \^SzZbS^GJ`-abBETLRdEGJX?KMGZbG ZbG [XbB:IS\}Gyu KMSzZbSZbG {|G KFS]X V[LRIFLIFGlDFS]d ]GJISVbIFSTv
G
M"%$ &@5 ] "%$ &
G u BEX-RGJI K u RGJd q[GJX?K LRQ S>SV[LRDHDFSZbG {|G KFS]X6G u ZbLRZbSVOS]Il
5 L " M"J$)& & > "%$#&ON
DFDHB:\ q P SR\^S
$ 5 $
qWKMGl\^SRD`-abG
$ 5 $ L " "%$)& & > "%$#&
;
G u L DHGJ`- aGlo X P B:L i]GlIMLRZbL@VOGld:S<\}Glu KMSzZbS<ZbG { G KFS]X % bV abIFS$)bqGJ\ `-abG S P SR\^VbIHB:\GJX?KMSZbS
V[LRDFDHS Gu DFGl\^VbIHGB:i]a[LTdL (
LRdEi]S]IHBEKM\SZWG{G KMSRX KFGJ\ L FD Gli]abBEX-KFG S]FI \^L P S]\V[L P KYLW
# 5 3 $ ' S #(& +
1( 8 + ,
3 15 (
! ¢ > "%$ & 5 +
, ,M+ %" $ & 5 L > ¢ "%$ &
$ !5@ 5 4 $
5 5! 4
G P S]X?]GJIHi]B:Ilq GJD KMGVWIFS P GJDHDFS<B KMGJIFLTKMB ]S P " S]X?& RGJIFiRGV[LRIML ba \VOS]X?KFS@GJD KYL P B:S]XLTu IFB:S
Z[L q`-abGVOSzZbGX LRQ S DFGlILDFS]dEagPRN LRQ S ZbSVbIFS]fWd:GJ\^L ; q-DHGJXbZbSab\ \ L WBE\^BELRZWS]I S]aVOSRX-KFS
ZbGDFGJd:LW
C
: £R£
dyGJu \UZWB:DFDHSbqbS VbIHS P GJDHDFSMVOSz"%$Zb& G ZbB ]GJIHi]B:I DFG L \^LTKMIHB:CbGl$DFDHBcS LRX[L S]In\LRd P S]XWZbB P B:STv
X[LRZ[L>S]aDHB:XbiRabdcLRIlzGL\LTKFIFBE G u ZbG [XWB:Z[LVOS]DHBEKF"JBE$T& L GJ\ qGJX?K LRQ SLZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S
ZbG {|G KFS]X0G u aW\L ZbBEIFGPTN LRQ S>ZbGZbGJD P BEZ[LWACGCLTKMSWq Gu ZbG [XbBEZ[L VOS]DHBEKFBETL G
> "%$& 5 L H "%$&
"%$& > "%$&XA ¢ N
u B:X?KFGJIFGlDFDFLRX?KMG+XWSRKYLRI`-abG DFG L abXgPTN LRQ S_G u `-a[LRZWI[LTu KF" B P L & P SR\ bGJDHDFB:LRX[L X LRQ S
~U
DFB:XWi]abdcLTIJqr GJX?K LRQ SS\ Glu KFSZWSZbG {G KMSRX IHGJDHS]dER G "J$S& Vb5 IFSRfbd:$ Gl\ L $C GJ\ $C ab\^LBEKFGJIMLrPRN LRQ SbCACG
LTKMSbqODFG G u X $LTQ [ SDFB:XWi]abdcLTIJqrGJX?K LRQ S L abX PRN LRQ S ( $ K MGJ\ab\ Wua XbB P S
¡
\^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]I q[`-abG G u i]d:S]fbLRdpqGLV[LTIHKMBEIZbG`-a[LRdE`zaWGJIVOSRX-KFS^BEXbB P BcLRd qWKFGJ\S]D`zaWGR
5 L " O "%$ & & > "%$ &
5 L " $ &
GL VbIbSTu B:\^L BEKFGJIMLrPRN LRQ S G u Z[L S]IF\^LW
$
5 $ 5 $ L " $ &
$ 5 $ L $ L 5 L N
> %" $[ & 5 $[ 5 K $[ 5IL $ 5 $[
qS]a DFG FLWq S \ Glu KFSZWS
kLRDJq ¢ $ [ DHDFBE\ q
ZbG{|G K$ FS]X GJX P S]X?KMIML LDFS]dEagPRN LTQ S q Gl\ ab\ bua XWB P S V[LTDFDFSWq LV[LTIHKMBEICZbG>`-a[LRdE`zaWGJIVOSRX-KFS
B:XbB P BcLTd gBEi]abIML ¡ £ B:dEabDHKFIML GlDHKMGLTKFSb
x*
d
x0
gBEi]abIFL ¡ £ k6Glu KFSZbS>ZbG {G KMSRXV[LRIFL abXgPRN LTQ S^`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L
DHDFB:\ qzV[LRIML`zabLRd:`-abGlI abXgPTN LRQ S qLZbBEIFGz PRN LRQ SZbG $ |{ G KMS]XG|u LR`-abGldcL`-abGTqWGJ\ P LTZ[L
BEKMGlIMLOPTN LRQ S !Oq[\B:XbBE\^BEL S\SzZbGJdES `zabLRZbI[L u KMB P S>Z[L Gl\
C
: £B@
(
M"%$&
C" $BE\^S S]D -` abGT" qgDHGL \LTKFIFBE " & q bGlDFDHBcLRX[L Z[L abXgPRN LTQ S S]f HGlKMB ]Sbq G>u ZbG [XW& B:Z[L VOSTv
DFBEKFBETLGJ\ G>VOSRIHKYLTX-KFS ! G u P S]X?K u X-a[LGZWG [XbBEZ[LVOSRDFBEKFBETLGJ\ q GJX?K LRQ S
L ZWB:IFGzPRN LRQ S ZbG {|G KMS]XhG u ab\L<ZbBEIFGzPRN LRQ S ZbG ZbGlD P BEZ[LW GJXW5 ZbS+L LT DFDFBE\ "J$ q B:& X?>KFIF Sz"%Zb$ ab J& BE\^SRD ab\^L
fbabD P LaWXbB:ZbBEIFG P B:SRX[LRdOLRS>d:S]XbiRS Z[L ZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S ZbG {|G KFS]X qbGl\ P LTZ[L
BEKMGlIMLOPTN LRQ SbqV[LRIML>`-abGSLRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SDFG FLi]dES]f[LRdE\^GlX?KMG P S]X?]GJIHi]GJX?KFGR
KFGJS]IHGJ\^LLDFGli]abB:Ii?LRIMLTX-KFG `-abG S LRd:iRS]IFB KM\S^ZbG>{G KFS]X P S]\fbabD P L ZWG Iwv
\^B HS GCu iRd:S]f[LTd:\GJX?KMG P SRX-RGJIHi]GJX?KMGTq[B:D KMS GTu qKMSzZbSTLRdES]IZbG LRZWGJIJGlo X P B:L Z[LDHGJ`-aGJo X P BcL iRGJIMLTZ[L
VOGld:S LRd:i]SRIFBEKF\^SWqB:XbZWGJVrGJXbZbGlX?KMGZbS VOSRX-KFS BEXbB P BcLRd qCG^u aW\VrS]X?KMS GJD KYL P B:S]XLRu IFBES Z[L abXgPTN LRQ S
S]f HGlKFBERSb
$ S <5 3 65 ,5 *
1( !5 ) O "J$&
1( , 31 5 + 4 + 1( #"
@ , ( '* #(& *1(
+ + 8 + , ! %5 ' # %! , + !, 4 #( , + @
"%$ &
! abVrS]XbbL rV S]ILRfbDFaWIFZbS `zaWGab\^$ L<DFGJ`-aGlo X P B:L qiRGJIMLTZ[L >VrGJ dES+"$ LT& d:i]5 + S]IHBEKF\^S@ZWG
${| G KFS]XqbVrS]DHDFabBab\hTLRd:S]I Zb"%G$ LR& Zb*Gl)*IJ+ Glo X P B:L X LRQ S GlDHKML P BES]XLRu IHB:SbqB:DHKFS GRu q ¢ mnS]\S
"%$ G u & T*)LRdES]IZbGLRZWGJIJGlo X P B:L$ ZbG $ qGy B:D$ KMG ab\ $ P S]X HabX?KFS ' 5 qLKM LRd `-8ab"$G>& LHDF Gl"`z$ a& GJo 5 +X P BcL
P S]X?]GlIFi]$ G V[LRIFML "J$q[& BEDHKFS GTu q = ~\ q[ZbG [XbB:M\"%S]$D & ¢
$ S mnS]\S " = Gu ab\^L abX PRN LRQ S P S]X?K u X-a[ L@"J$G & & Gu ZbG [XWB:Z[L@VrS]DFB KMB RL V[LRIFL
KMSzZbS G VOS]I KYLRX?KFS" S"J$ \^ & Gl& DF\STLRdEG VbLRIML qr GJX?K LRQ SLZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S^"%$ Zb G& {|G K M"S]$ X$& G u
ZbG ZbGJD P BEZ[LW "%$ Gl& \^+ SRD `-"ab$W G & + GCu ZbG P IHGJD P GJX?KMGS G P S]\S G u P SRX-K u X-a[LWq = G
VOS]I KYLRX?KFS = DHDFB:\ qbV[LTIML KMSzZbS !
d: BE\ ". "%$#& L "%$ & &@5 ¢ N
$ 5 $ S
"LR\^SRD ! qKMGl\^S]S D " = & ¢ ACG
^\ S]D KMIFLRI `-abGRq P S]\ qV[LRIFLKFSZWS
LTKMSb) qKMGl\^SRD|VrGJd:L P SRXbZbBHPTN LRQ SZbGIH\^B HSbq`zaWGV[LRIFLLRdEi]ab\^LBEX P dEB:X[LOPTN LRQ S <¢ ;( qrG B:DHKFG
¢ KMLRd`-abGR
"%$ & 5 "%$
#&X: "J$)& H "%$)&
G VrS]I KYLRX?KMS "%$ & LM "%$ & $
L
> "%$ & N
C
: £/2
H "J$ & A
mnS]\^S
¢ qWKMGl\^SRDJ
J" $ & L "J$ & $ $ N
L H "J$ &
¢
S
S]\^LRXbZWSdEB:\BEKFGJDV[LRIML ! ^q
J" $ & L "J$ & $ $ N
s JG dES KMGJSRIFGJ\^L ZbS P S]XW IHS]X?KMSbq P S]X P d:abB vDHG `zaWG G u P S] X?]AGlIFi]GlX?KMGG = ¢
¢
mnS]XbDFGl`-abGJX?KMGl\^GlX?KMG > " $& 5 H " $&
;
> " $& 5 L H " $& " $9& > " $& 5 +
S`-abG P S]X?KMIMLTZbB:|SLTKMSZbGC`-abG ¢ q P S]\Vbd:GyKYLRXbZWS
L>ZWGJ\S]XbDHKFIMLOPTN LRQ Sb D
C
: £+
(
| \ ZWS]DB:XbZbB P LRZWS]IFGlD Z[L G P BpGJo X P BcLZbS \}Gyu KMSzZbSZbG{|G KMS]XGu LRGJdES P B:Z[LRZWGZWG
P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^`-abGTq[DFS]f P GlIHKYLTDWB:VSRu KFGJDHGJDJqGu `-a[LRZbIbLTu KMB P LW
sgLRIFLZbGl\^S]XWDHKMIFLRISB:\VrS]IHKMLRX?KMG GlS]IFGl\L ¡ (=2 qTS|`-a[LRdzi?LRIMLTX-KFGn`-abGLDFGl`zaGJo X P BcL
i]GJIFLRZ[L VOGld:SLRdEi]S]IFB KM\SZbG {G KMSRX %HVbaWIFS ) P SRX-RGJIHi]G`-a[LRZWIMLTKFB P LT\^GlX-KFGRqbaKMB:dEB:JLRIFGl\^S]D S
IFGJDHabdEKMLRZbS>ZbSDFGli]abB:X?KFG dEGJ\^LW
S $ O "%$&
<) 5 3 6 = = ) ! = 5 5( + 93, = , + ( $ +
¢ +
abfbD KMBEKFabB:XWZbS
Gl\ ¡ ( , qWKMGl\^SRDJ
"%$ [ & L "J$& 5 M
"%$
& N
M"%$& 5 M"J$&
abfWKFIMLRBEXbZbS
GKFS]\^LRXbZbS>L>XbS]IH\LWqS]fWKFGJ\S]DJ
"J$ [ & L "%$& L M"J$& 5
M"J$ & L M"J$& N
& & & &
s GJd:LRDVbIFSRVbIFBEGJZ[LRZWGJDZ[L B:X?KMGli]IMLTdp
"%$ [ & L "J$& L M"%$& : M"%$
& L "%$&
& & & & ;
C
: £.
G VrGJd:L ZbGJDHB:i]abLRd:Z[LTZbGCKMIHBcLRXbiRabdcLRIl
"J$ [ & L "%$& L M"J$& : "%$%
&L "%$& N
& & & &?& &
M"J$& 5 "%$&
mnS]\^S G u B:VbD P bBEKFJBcLTX[LWqKFGJ\S]DJ
M"J$ & L M"%$& : N
& ?& & & & && &
DFDHB:\
M"J$% & L M"J$& : 5
?& & & & & & &
&
¡ ( # P S]\^SW
$ L $[ : $L $[ 5 $L $[ $L $[ N
& &
& &
& &?& &
ACGJXbSRKMLRXbZbS
5
) $ $L $[ A (
¢ G GJD P S]d:WGJXbZbS P S]\ & & qKMGJ\S]Dl
$ L $ [ : $ L $ [ $ L $ [ A $ L $ [ N
& &
& &?& & & &
$ S J" $ [ &
; ( Y qWKFGJ\S]D`-abGVbLRIML MK SzZbS
5 Q
S]\^LRXbZWS \B:X
; bq TLRdEGR
$ L $ [ : $ L $ [ A $ L $ [ A N
& & & & & &
$ @LV$ [ A $ L $ [ $
bZ GJDHB:i]a[LTd:Z[LR$ ZW[ G & & $ & &\S]D KMIML`-abG>SXbS RS VrS]X?KMS GlDHKLu $ \^ LRB: D
VbI[STu BE\^S>ZbG `-ab$ G S^ LRLEX?KM$Gl[ IFBES]: I qrG$ LRDHL DFBE$\j[ LR Vbd:B P LR\ vDHG LRD P S]XWZbBHPTN S]Q GJD|S]aWKMIFL>RGJL
$ZbGlDFBEi]a[LRdEZ[LRZb'G & & & & GlDHKMLRfOGld:G P G`-abGCL S]IHZbGJ\_ZbG P S]X?RGJIFibGJo X P BcL
" M
$ L $[
Q)$ S $ L$ [ A
{|GlDHKYL $ IHGJi]B LRQ Sbq U& & ? Y qS GJIHIFS ZbEB \^BEXzaWBOGl\hKFSZ[LTD
LRDBEKMGlIMLOPTN S]Q GJD!
! [q G ]GlIFB P L v DFG L P S]X?]GlIFibGlo X P B:L^`-a[LRZWI[LTu KFB P L
L $[ A $L $[
$
&$ L $ [& : &
& $, L $ [ N
- !
nm S]\SzBE\^S]Dlq LZWBE GJIHGJ XgP N LGlDFDHGJX P BcLRd-GJX?KFIFGS]D \}Gyu KMSzZbS]DJq ZbG mLRa P ' GZbG{|G KMS]X q
GJDHK[L^u X[L>GJD P S]dE[L^ZbL^ZbBEIFGPTN LRQ S qXbS|d:i]SRIFBEKF\^S ¡ # {|GlDHKML^DFGzPRN LRQ S^RLT\^S]DLRVWIFGJDHGJX?KYLTIab\
\}Gyu KMSzZbSV[LRIFL\^BEXbB:\B:JLOPRN LRQ SB:IHIFGlDHKMIHBEKMLWqS`-a[LRdZbB GJIHG Z[LGJD KMIFaKMabIFL zB:D KYLXbS |d:i]S]IHBEKF\^S
¡ # q`-abG P S]XbDHB:DHKFGCGJ\hS]fWKFGJI DFB:\abdEKMLRXbGLT\^GlX-KFGLZbB:IHGPRN LTQ S GS P S]\VbIFBE\^GlX-KFSZbSV[LRDFDHS GJ\
P LRZ[L B KMGJIFLOPRN LTQ Sb
$ \}Glu KFSZbS ZWG<IFGJiRB LRQ S ZbG P S]X LRX P N L ZbG bXbG ab\L IHGJi]B LRQ S GJ\ KMS]IHXbS ZbS}VOSRX-KFS
P S]IHIFGJX?KFG qX[L@`-a[LRd P S]X L vDFGXzaW\)\^SzZbGld:SZbL abXgPRN LTQ S<S]f HGlKFBERSbqGGJX?K LRQ S P LRd P abdcL vDFG
S\B:XbBE\^BELRZbSRICLRVbIHSWBE\LTZbS ZWS\SZbGld:S X[LIHGJi]B LRQ S ZbG P S]X LTXgP N LW DHDFBE\ q L ZbBEIFGzPRN LRQ S G
S P S]\^VWIFB:\GJX?KFS ZWS+V[LRDHDFS D LRQ S S]fWKMBEZbS]D>DFBE\ abd KYLRXbGJLR\GJX?KMGT2G S+VrS]X?KMS X LRQ SGu L P GJB KMSbq
IFGJZWabJBE\^S]DSKMLR\LTXbbSZbLIFGli]B LRQ S^GGlX P S]X?KFIMLR\S]DaW\XbS RS\^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]Il~\iRGJIMLTdpqrL
ZbB:IHGPRN LTQ SZWSVbLRDFDHS^\ aWZ[L`-a[LTXbZbSS>KMLR\^LRXbbS>Z[L IFGli]B LTQ S Gu LTdEKMGlIMLRZWSb
VbdEB P LRIFGl\^S]DnS\ Glu KFSZWSZWG IHGJi]B LRQ S ZbG P SRX LRXgP N L^LTS^VbIHS]fbdEGJ\^L B:IFIHGJD KMIFB KMSb
" & .9F "%$&
$ S
;
G u ZbG P d:LRDFDHG*)
S]XbZbG = $
|\ \SzZbGJdES `zabLRZbI[L u KMB P S>ZbG lG \UKMSRIFXbS>ZbSVOSRX-KFS P ]S IHIFGJX?KFG RG u
" &@5 H
( ;
"
¡ (=@
&
¡
5 $ L $ 5 "J$ & > 5 > "%$ & S
S]XbZbG q q Gu ab\^L\^LTKMIHB:DHB:\}Glu KMIHB P LWq VOSTv
] G "%$ &
ZbGJXbZWS DFGJI ab\^LCLRVbIHS BE\LOPTN LRQ SZ[LbGlDFDFB:LRX[L ]S a`zabLRd:`-abGlI S]aWKFIML|\^LTKFIFB:DFBE\}Gyu KMIHB P L
`zaWG DFLTKMBEDHLOP N L :
& & ;
V[LRIML>LRdEi]ab\^L P RS XbDHKMLRX?KMG
)
¢ qWB:XbZbGlVOGlXbZbGlX-KFGZbG!O
C
: @,
" &
$ nm S]\S S$ \SZbGld:S`zabLRZbI[L u KMB P S ¡ (=@ ZbGlB WL ZbGC DHGJ" I& IHGJVbIHGJ DHGJX?" KYLT& KFBERS<Le \^GlZbB:Z[L `-abG
DH$G^ L LRDHKML ZWG q VOSzZbGJ\S]D P S]XLTI Glt \ LRVbIHSWBE\LTI ! VrS]I ! X-ab\^LzBEJB:XW[LRXgP N L
ZbG q[S]a DFG FLWq[X[L>IFGli]B LRQ SW Q S : " &
U & &
Y ; ¡ ( 2
)
S]XbZbG ¢ Gu ZbB KMSSIFLRB:SZ[LIHGJi]B LRQ S^ZWG P SRX LRXgP N L-
6 #(
A
5 (
# 5
6 , ( )
6 #, & 5 & Q
\B:X ¡ ;
Y
6 , ( 5
)
6 $ 5 $
6 , ( $ 5 $
5
(
! !
gB:i]aWIML ¡ @ \^S]D KMIFL>aW\L BEKFGJIFLOPRN LRQ S>ZbS^LRdEi]S]IFB KM\SZbGIHGJi]B LRQ S>ZbG P S]X[LRXgP N L|D
P abI RLTDZbG@X u ]Gld|ZbL abXgPTN LRQ S S]f HGyKMB ]S ZbS VbIFSRfbd:Gl\L S]IFBEi]B:X[LTdGJD K LRQ S IHGJVbIHGJDHGJX?KYLRZbLRDVO$ SR I
d:B:XW[LRDKMIFL $ P G FLR Z[LRDl D d:B:XW[LRD P bGJB:LRDIFGJVWIFGJDHGJX?KYLT\ULRD P aWIHTLRDnZWGX u ]GJdZbS\^SzZbGld:SGJ\ $
VrS]X?KMS Gu L>\B:XbBE\^BELOPTN LRQ SZWS^\SZWGJd:SX[LIHGJi]B LRQ S ZbG P SRXLRXgP N L P GJX?KMIFLRZ[LGJ\
{|S d:iRS]IFB KM\S ¡ ( +q : Gu aW\dEB:\BEKMLRX?KMG V[LTIMLS IMLRBES Z[L IFGli]B LRQ S ZbG P S]X[LRXgP N Lq
LRDFDHB:\ qbV[LRIFL KFSZWS !KFGJ\S]D " &
~\ P LRZ[LBEKFGJIFLOPRN LRQ SWqOf[LTDHKYL^IFGJDH" S]dERGJIH& \^S]DCLRVbIFSB:\^LRZ[LT\^GlX-KFGSVWIFS]fbdEGJ\^L ¡ ( + q
B:DHKFS<GRu q-`-abGL IHGJZbagPTN LRQ SXWS\SZWGJd:S Gl\ ¡ ( + DFG FL K LTQ SfrS?L `-a[LRX?KMSL IHGJZba PRN LRQ S GJX P S]X?KMIFLRZ[L
VOGld:S , + 1( " 5 & !5 1( 5 q|ZWGJXbSRKMLRZbS}VrS]I q L G<uHDH B:\"J$ Vb d:& GlDF\GJX?KMG S
\^BEXbB:\B:JLRZbS]I ZbG ! qrLRSd:S]XbiRSZbL^ZbBEIFGPTN LRQ SS]VOSRDHKYL^LRSi]IMLRZWB:GJX?KFG qrDHa HGJB KMS^L
IFGJiRB LRQ S ZbG P S]X LRX P N LW
C
: @]£
m =constante
k
f=constante
k
x d
x k+1
gs LRIFLVbIHS TLRIH\^SRD `-abGCS\}Gyu KMSzZbSZbG|IFGli]B LRQ SZbG P S]XLTXgP N L G|u i]d:S]fbLRd:\GJX?KMG P S]X?]GJIwv
i]GJX?KMGZbGy]Gl\^S]DKMGlI $ " & LM " &]N " &
, ¢ ¡ ¡R¢
gBEi]abIML ¡ 2 \^S]D KMIFLS<VOSRX-KFS<ZbG mLR" a & P ' XzaW\L@B KMGJIFLOPRN LTQ S !O D Gld:BEVbDFGlD IFG v
VbIFGlDFGJX?KMLR\LRD P abIHTLRDZbGX u RGJdZbS \"SzZbGJdES & ! LRu IFGJL [L P zaWIMLRZ[L P S]IHIFGlDFVrS]XbZbGLTS
P S]X HaWX-KFS^ZWG VrS]X?KMSRD`-abGDFLTKMBEDHLRlGJ\ ¡ ¡T¢
f( x k )
xk
x kc
S
!"$#&%'()'*)+ ,
-/. &0
1
% !32()%54%6!8+97 ):%/;5%<;+=:+&2
> %<;+?#9% '5@AB'D C# E+?
7 #&% '*F+&:+&'*)+G(:+4H+&!I#;<2J)+&:KC# B
> %
! 4L%EK%' ):%EMAN
,PO
MAN NQ+R
7 S+&%E!"+9'% (T)B > %EUK% !WV '*)%X%ZY[H\]^[X_a`cb=def ag MAN
O
5
M N
N 4'%h(:+&'*):2;%h;+iV +
"s
Oml l l l
Zs
r r
jk
N n- Do N N
<p
N - Do N
N
qp
,r
N
r !h2'
N . r
N
N
r
Xt
u % ( % :2J)!h% (vVa5+X+&(% F+&!w%x% U+9!Z
4=S%/;5+&!h% (R(BR%z!8+9
7 ):%/;5%
3
y
[:{|`{4}V +~+z
7 :%:2;%8V ';5%8!ZH):2 +x h%(:s 2):2FB54% m
7 ;+9@'52;K %!8+9 7 ):%/;5%
N
O
;+9Fa2;5%" )+&2X
B0
4V ++ 7 !"2(q:%:2;%V '5;%Z
N
MAN + V B';%+&((
!ZB)::2+
7 +9(:(
:!Z2($;+)+&(R;5+&(:(+&(h!+7 )%a;% (+E(+&(h % 2)!h% ( F + :54=K%
+/+&!h%54
BB0
:T +&'5+&B2&&4K+9:!h2)2:+9!"% (L)!UG+9
7 !V +<%T)B!Z'5%T;% B(:(:% N 4*(:% DC# B
> %
:%/2!";};+
y
4 +/#9+&;i%i2%T;T:+9 2B
> % ;+<#&% '/@A'D& C# 54*#&% '*)'*)%vVa5+<K+9:!"'+/& C#
;+&'*)%";5+B !!m
7 J)2%i@5/%";5%h:2%542()%8+
7 4
r N rP
N .
!"$#&%'()'*)+
p
(:+&2'*)+6)+9% :+9!Zv+&()US+&+9#&2;%$+9!
H0
*:'*)+}Va5+T%$!+9
7 ):%/;%;+P+& 2
> %$;5+
ÀÃ
]d\] ` `
² ÅD°ÆY¶f¾a°º]Çvf[H\]n°º\ed±Z`\] `T_° È`¬`\¯f°d² «`| `T|É°º±R°º]d*_*d$°º\È`¬°[H¬±Z`\] `6\¯[
-aÄ
f[H\Êe/\] ["_a`v\<º² «`| Ë s s
M?Ì
M
MAÍ
Î BÏ
³ ["dYS¬[9Ð °º±hd*_*d6Ñ N
`¿&eA`v] [&_*dh¶[H|Ée/µ fSda _a` »a¼ºÒ ¶&d]n°¶ÓÈ9dÇRdH¶_a`¶°J{ed|J_*d*_a`¶&Ô
s
s
l l r9× r
N n- ®o N Ñ N
qpÖÕ
,¢r9×
N
r !h2'
N . r
N
N
r
c. Ø
r Ñ N rP
N .
ÙÛÚÝÜÞàߢáãâ Ü
ä
åDæhç
èSé êÆëHìãí¢ê¹îïKã
åá
îê
áßHÜÚ
è
á Þ
îèSðê
á
è ñè ãê
Üç ò
èó&ô
ßHÜá
ð
åDæ õiö=÷
èKø}ùúüû
æý ç
øþ èSé êÆëHìãí¢êÿîï
S
f[H±
Õ
,
n-5. &0ÓÄ
`
p
¼ K`±Z[¶
Ä
`\]Hda
³ [Ô
s
O
×
2!
N - t
N
s s
¡¢ 5¤ 1 % '5(:2;5+&:+v !
7 ';2#&+
l
4)¨V + ×
sM
O
×
O
-
/+^: À¯, T#&% '5()B' ):+};5+PÅD°ÆY¶f¾a°º]Ç? × '%i#&% 'H5' ):%i;+'L7 F+&
Æ
4 ((:2!
s s
r9×
M
Do
×
rP À¯,r M
o
M r
.
O
s
O r9×
r O
r9×
r
.
À¯, À¯,
+RUS% Ë
O
M M Ì r M M rP
. o $Î .
!
S
)+&!h% (
s s s s
M
#"
M
.
r9×
M
Do
×
s
r
p
r9×
s
r
o
r9×
s
M r
s
" r9×
M r r9×
s
r r9×
M ×
r
p o Do
p
r9×
s
r
o
À¯,¢r M
o
M r
p
r9×
s
r
o
À¯,
O
r9×
r
O
Ë t
%$
/+ÝP(+&V +9'#&2T2'*)+92 s MAN
& K+9:!"'+	+Ý;+9' )::%T;PUK% 6
M 4H)+9!"% (®;z
7 J)2!Z
'
Î N .
l
;+&(2 B;;5+ Va5+ r9× r à :):%/;%
( +^:!h% (<V +i2()%'¨
> %%a#&% :+iK%<:+&;5DC#
> %"%hU(:;5%
N p - p
) B&+&'5;%!ZR!"'2 SC#
> %#9% ! +*
%
N
;R+&V KBC#
> %
4/)+&!h% ( !
s s s
* -,,
O
/.
l
l
,, -,, O
l
/. ,,
,, ,, ,, ,,
MAN MAN xÑN ÑN ÑN MAN xÑN
Ì Ì Do l Do l N n- Do N Nl Do l
N o
N - Do N Ñ N
N - ®o N
Ñ N t
s s
: <8 5
, O
1 % !"%
Í
× MAN ÑN ×
MAN
: ÑN4S%a;+&!h% (<+&(#&+9F +9
s s s , s s
. . : . 6 .98 : <8
O
M N Ñ N
M N ×
M N Ñ N × M N ºÑ N
Do
×
M N
^0
Ñ N
t
Í
s s
. : . :
l O
u u +@'2C#
> %
N Ñ
N
×
N
Ñ Ñ
N
ÑL45+&'*)
> %
s
,, , s s
< ,,
/. 6 . 8 8
l O
Ì
N ÑN
Do
MAN ÑN Ì
,, Ñ N
N
Ñ N
o
Í
× M N ºÑ N
Do
×
M N
0 : ,, Ñ N
,, ,, . , s s
,
,, ,, . 8 : < 8 ,,
,
,, Ñ N
N
Ñ N
Í
× M N ºÑ N
Do
×
M N
0
Ñ N
, s s
À
r Ñ N r .76 ÌÉ ×
.98
M N ºÑ N ×
M N
: Ñ N Ì <8
Í
Do ^0 t
+&R;+&(2 B;;5+ ;+Xb=deAf¾ g ½¨f¾ d¬Ç&4
s s s s
,
Ìà ×
. 8 ×
: <8
,
r ×
. 8 ×
r*r Ñ N r <8
M N ºÑ N M N Ñ N Ì s M N ºÑ N s M N ^0
< 8
Do 0 Do
/. 8
Í O Í ,
O Í
r × MAN ºÑN
Do
×
MAN
0
r r ÑN r
ÑN r ÑN r
.
% ';+ , s s
Ñ N
O
6 r ×
.98
M N ºÑ N
Do
×
M N
^0
r <8 t
Í
u 7 s
. .
l À
Ì
s
N Ñ N
o
M N xÑ N Ì
r Ñ N r
Ñ N r Ñ N r
t
/S% ';%4+9'*)
> %4 r9×
N
r
p
4):+&!h% (<;+
Ø
Va5+B)%a;% ' p
l
l l
s
r9× r
N - Do N Ñ N
ÝpÖÕ
,r9×
N
r !h2'
N . r
N
N
r
pmÕ
, !h2'
N . À t y
0 (B';%
4
+
y
4/)+&!h% ( !
.
À
Ñ N
Ì * Ì
N N
N o t
Õ
, !h2'
N . À
O ,
+9 i#&% '*)2' 2;B;+;Ó'® > %iM
C# ×
M 4a: Õ
Ï
4 +/2()+ Ã
-
4*)V +
s s
r Ñ N rT
" r9×
. 8 M N ºÑ N ×
M N rP
S
o .
8
):%/;%
-/. &0
!
O ,
/+^: > !h2'
Õ
À . . À u +&()+i!"%a;%4/:
N
> 4)+9!"% (
,
À
,
Õ 4;% ';+i(+& +vV + Õ
N À
N
Ï
S
N s
4KS% )'*)% s N
+4K#&% !h% r ÑN rv N
4S):+&!h% (&4K:h)%a;% +8
-5. 90
4
r9×
. 8 MAN ºÑN
Do
×
MAN rP % %
, s s
< 8
6 .98
O O ,
Ñ N r9× M N ºÑ N
Do
×
M N r Õ
Ï
Í
O
N
À
4%V +i2!h2#!"2'
N . À N
+9+&(:#9:+F +&'5;%
45):+&!h% (&4B
N
>
.
À
Ñ N
* .
N N O À
Ì Ì
Ñ N
N o , N
Õ
, !h2'
N . À Õ
. , , O
Õ Õ
Õ
,
Ï Ï t
1 % '(:+9V +&'*)+9!"+9'*)+4 * N
à +v(:(2! S+&%P% :2J)!h%
y
Ï
Ë
O O
, !"2'
,
N
S N . Î N N
1 % !"%
N
> 4 :Á)%a;% ' 4Ý):+&!h% (
N
,
p N
O
' )&
> %4 (+
N
> 4D)+9!"%(
N
,
p N 1 B(:%
N
,
N
4)+9!"% (
N
à > +
N
,
Ï
N p
Ï
>
-
1 % '#&(&B
> %
N p
!h2'
.
Ï
>
. ÿ -
):%/;% ' l
/.
, O
MAN
MAN
MAN MAN ÑN
*
Do Do
O l l
N
l
N - Ûo
l
N ÑN
Ñ N
p N - Do N
Ï
p
Ï
Õ
, !h2'
N . À pÖ- t
s
1 % !"%54K%<2%B
7 )+&(+4 +i +9:2% :!h+&'*)+B45(+& +v;+9();+9(:2;;+
7 2!"2J);v2' Ó V +
N - t
1 (:% (+^:R@'2J)%4 * N
BR)%a;% '
c(:5@#&2+9'*)+&!h+&'*):+$ :';+B4S'5+&():+$#&(:%4
N
(:+& 7
Ï
:+&;5&2;%ÁS% i! nB):% ;+ +9!#B;Á2J)+&:KC# B
> %4+):+&+&!h% (
% )'*)%54®S+&%
$
N - "
Ï
!"+9'% (!"z(U(:+9V +&
s '#92 ¥;5+ )+9';+ z9+&:%54q#&%' ):;52&+9';% P((:2!Á4
'
N N ÿ -
l
QB@:!"KC#
> %zË V + r9× r à x)%a;% + 7 n(:z+B4Ý#&% 5
' (:+&V +9'*)+&!h+&'*):+4
%$
N p - p
l ,
(:+9Va +&'#92 M N
!& (:2q;ÁUK% M
/+ :%87 '5;2#9+ ) V
+ZM +"
7 %
Î N . p
:2!"+92:%$2)+9'5;%;+&S% 2(<;5+iM V +i+9()A
7 Ó% :;hUS% R M
.
P((:2!X4 r9×
N
r
p
' O l
.
l
. . ttJt .
^4+
s
l l
s
r9× r
N n- Do N Ñ N
qp Õ
,r9×
N
r !h2'
N . r
N
N
r pmÕ
, !"2'
N . À t
x l+1
xl
xm
) 2
Æy
G% ;+i#9+&'*)%hM +iB2%
% %4
s s s s
, O ,
M
M
M N
M N
o o
N
O * l l
N
Ñ N
N n- Do N 0
N
l l
p
·¯
N - ®o Ñ N
0
N
N
p
·
Õ
, !h2'
N . À .
N
M N
,
4Û2()%m+
7 4 (2J)+9KBC# % > +&(i+&!
/+
:R):%/;5% ' O l
^4+9'*)
> %
N À . ttJt .
s s
, O
M
Do M
qp
·
Õ
,
p
·
Õ
, ·
Õ
,
À¯, t ÿ
N
N
∆l+1 x l+1
xl
∆m
xm
) 2
ÿ
(:%!Z;%(
N
+i
7 !ZB2% GVa5+% c2 L
/+ Ã
B! ' Oml
4
N À . tJtJt .
s s
, O
M
Do M
qp
·
Õ
, !"2'
N . À p
·
Õ
,
À
·
Õ
,
À .
ÿ
N
+i
7 #9% '*F +& +&'*):+$: 5! Ã I42()%8+7 4
o
s s
M
t
1 % '(:+9V +&'*)+9!"+9'*)+4K(B';%
ÿ
+
Æ
45):+&!h% ( 5
s s s s
,
M
Do p
M
Do M
Ýp
·
Õ
, !"2'
À . À¯, t
s
1 % !"% O
r9×
r
Ï
s s s s s
,
M
Do p
M
Do M
Ýp
Ï
·
Õ
, !"2'
À . À¯, r9×
r
t
% )'*)%54
s
, s s
r9×
r
Ï
·
Õ
, !h2'
Àv. À¯, M
Do
t
s s
1 % !"%
M 4):% !"';%R2!h2)+}'
7 ):2!";+9(:2;;+i#92!"545% U/)+&!h% (
s
O
2! r9×
r
-
+9:+&'5#&2H7 F +&45)+9!"%(
;2 Ó s s
×
M N ×
M
.
!Z(<;5% +1 Û+&%:+&!"
45)+9!"%(<Va5+
s
×
M N
-5.
K% )'*):% s
×
M N
-5.
;7 4/K+9 R'2#&2;;+ ;%h2!"2J)+B4 s
O
×
M
- t
P+&(+&'*)!h% (94®(+&!;+9!"%'():KBC#
> %4L%c2!hK%)B' ):+):+&% +&!"54L+&()US+&+&#&2;%E+&!
1 % ''¨4#"i%;¨4 Û% 2'*)T 1 0
4a%$V BK*B'*)+6#&%' F+& +&'#92 $%/#&V ;B
7 )2#vi%$!8+9
7 ):%/;5% $
;+c:+&2
> % ;+c#9% '5@A'® C#
():+X):+&% +&!"*:'*)+cV +Xx+& 2
> % ;+c#&%'5@A'D& C# x):% :' (+
2'B):2FB54L2()% +
7 4®c):2 ;+"!#9+&):% S% '*)%Á%Á'%F% 2):+&:';%X(:+9!"+"+9()Á
7 ;+9' )::%Á;
:+&2
> %i;+#&%'5@A'D& C# +'¨
> %v'i(: Ó:% '*):+&2:
}(:(2! %% :2J)!h%P;+6:+9 2
> %i;+#9% '5@A'® C#
2)+9KBC#
> %4K%B/2!"KC# B
> %"V ;5B
7 ):2#"; Ó'DBC#
> %E% Ua+)2JF %(+&! :+&()2C# B
> %
%)B' ):%4¨B(
$
:% 5:2+9;;+9( ;+<#9% '*F +& +&'5#&2 B( (9
> %i(?!h+&(!Z(®;% !+97 )%a;% ;+($}+'&<):% '*)%,+4 %h(+^:54
;+i#&% '5@'D C#
Ï
s s S
\<º² «`| Ë s s
M?Ì
M
MAÍ
Î
ÿ
f[H±W±hd]n¬°JÇR¾`¶¶°nd\SdEe/\° È[H¬±Z`±Z`\] R
` |É°º±R°º]d*_*d*¼ ½AeY[H\5¾5d ¿&e`
l
`
s ² _a`"f|JdH¶¶` s
\Sd
l l N
¬`{°da
³ [ »a¼ºÒ `x¿&eA`Q[¶
«Hd|[H¬`¶ M N
A ` × MAN ¶Sda
³ [°J{ed°¶xd
MAN ` ×
MAN
'
N N Ä
¬`¶ Y`f]n°º«Hd±Z`\] ` \Sd °º]^`¬d µ fSda ³ [¥f[H¬¬`\] `$MANY5d¬dx] & [ _a[ ¯¼¥¸P¶¶e/±hdQ¿&eA`cd¾`¶¶°nd\Sdx_a[
Ä
l
±Z[&_a`|[
N
Y`¬±hd\¯`f`i|É°º±R°º]d*_*d"\Sd"¬`{°da ³ [ »a¼ºÒ
Ä
¿ eA`
&
s
l O
N
2! 9
r × M N
Do
×
N
M N r
-5.
`RY5d¬:d] [&_a[ '
~[cY[H\]^[cMAN
,cO
MAN 2. ÑN `R
² Y`|[z±Z`\¯[¶X]Bda
³ [ [H± ¿&e5d\]^[[EY5dH¶¶[¥_a` S
b=deAf¾ g Ñ N Ä
\¯[¶`\]°n_a[_a`¿&eA` »a¼»*»¶`«`¬° ´Ýf:d$Y5d¬dcd|¹{ea±hd f[H\5¶]d\] ` Õ -5. ,
90
`
¿&eA`
M N
`h
² ea±hd
¶e ¶`:¿&e ` \¯f°ndZ{a`¬:d*_*dhY`|[Z¸P|¹{a[H¬°º]n±Z[X»a¼ºÒQf[H\«`¬{°º\S_a[RY5d¬:d ea±
2'
N
O
Y[H\]^[`¶]daf°[H\Rd² ¬°[6M ¼6½AeY[H\5¾5d
Ä
d|`² ± s _°¶¶[
Ä
¿&e`DÑN
-
Y5d¬:dR] [&_a[ Á¶e´Ýf°`\]^`±Z`\] `
{¬:d\S_a`&¼ =°º\Sd|ɱZ`\] `
Ä
¶e¢Y[H\5¾5d ¿&e` ×
M `
² _a`Ó´=\°n_*dY[¶°º]n°º«Hd*¼ G\]Hda³ [ dÁ¶`:¿&e ` \¯f°nd
`±
°º\]^`°º¬d
MAN f[H\«`¬{a`=Y5d¬dPM
Ä
] [&_*d°º] `¬d µ fSda
³ [h`¶]Sd ² _a`Ó´=\°n_*d
Ä
`v[¬d°[
N
_*dR¬`{°da
³ [
_a`f[H\´Gd\Aµ f&d3`T
² ¶e´Ýf°`\]^`±Z`\] `ÝY[¶°º]n°º«[¼
¡¢ 5¤ 4
7
Ï
0
$}+9()+ 1
L7 ):%54Ý+&(+&'*)!h% (";% 2(h!+9
7 )%a;% (h:Q+&(:%F +9Z%Q:% U5+&!"Q;5+
:% !"KC# B
> %R'¨
> %2'+q#&% ! +&():2C# % > +9(;+i2 B;;5+
P%c:+9(:% JF +9 ! % U+&!";+R:% !"KBC#
> %'¨
> %E2'+&P#9% ! +&():2C# % > +9(&4T+R
7 '+
Ó5'D
#"
#&+&((
7 2%4(2!J)'5+!h+&'*)+B4¨:+9;92i!" C#
> %c% U +9)2JF %X+% U5)+9TFa2 U22;;+ (:(+&(
> %Q#&% ' 2)'*)+&(94Ý+X%¥U'#9+!h+&'*)%z;% ("+&(Ó% B9
;% 2(% U +9)2JF % ("(& C# % ("+9! F/2U22&KC# B
> % +
%)2!"2KBC#
> %(&B
> %4'% !ZB!h+&'*)+B4!Z2% q;52@#&;;+T'5% (6 %:2):!"%(
$Ph:2!"+92R(+/C# B
> %4¨5:+&(+&'*)B!"% (}%Z!+9
7 ):%/;%h;+:% !"KC# B
> %"V ;5B
7 ):2#h(:+
Va5+&'#92
%$
%$
+4B!"% ():!"%(ÛV +q}(+&V +&'5#&2 } +&:;K+9%} %:2):!"% ):% +}#9% '*F +& +
Va;H)2#&!h+&'*)+c:Qx(:%DBC#
> %4q;5+&(:;5+ V +X%QS% '*)%z2'2#&2q+9()+ :Q(5@#&2+&'*)+9!"+9'*)+
%B
7 /2!"%X; (% DBC#
> %
u +&(#&:+F +9!"% (R5!ZX+&():B)/+&
7 2ÁB % U2& %!+97 )%a;%
&$
K4
('
2'*)%/;5&2'5;%h%"(U% U+&!"Z:+&()2C# B
> %";+v:+9 2B
> %";+v#&%'5@A'D& C# "+v(B!"% (}R)/+&
7 #9'2#&
;+ 3
a;+ !h%H% ! 4
BÏB0
4/V +P;+	% !"¯% > +}%((:%+9! ;5(q#9% !hK% '5+&'*)+9( ?'% !ZB45
Va5+h+9()X
7 +& B#&2%';%E#9% ! E:+9;DC# B
> %Á;E2' Fa2U22;B;+4K+)'+&'#92 4L#&% ! E!h+&%
;
!+9
%):2!"2;;+
:+&2
> %
> %v;+6#&% '5@'D
;+#9% '5@A'®
C#
:+&=;%i+ Ó +&2):%
C# iK%a;+<(:% Ó
=
:$+9Fa2;5+&'#92 V +P%$ %:2):!"%
H)% (94*%B2#!h% (
&$
B%v+/+&!h%i;+
"% UB#&% !
& +&
% G
"*) (
0
$PX(:+&';
*+ -, .
(+/BC#
> %4 B:+9(:+&'*)!"%(%Á!+7 )%a;%Á;5+h@J)% 4L:%K% ()%XK%
1 %
7 Fa2( E% '&*54
2BUK+) :( +
7 #&2 X'*)26
H0
4+&! V +"( n(+&(i;+RFa2 U522
Ø
n
* / B
;;++6%)2!Z2;B;+G(9
> %i)%)!h+&'*)+<2';+9K+9';+&'*):+&(q+6%
7 '2#9%v#&% 5 !h+&'*)%i+9' )::+6+&(R+ 7
Ó'5#&2%'!h+&'*)%+P+&(#&+9F
*)
+&()US+&+9#&2;%$S+&%@J):% 552#&!h% (G(+& +9!"%(<%R% :2J)!h%v;5+
$ u
)
#&+&)(2<%
7 )+9(:+&((:% U5:+Z( +@#&2 +&'#92 +&2à5!"%(v+9! UK+9):% V +9()B
> %(:% U5:+X#&% '
$
F +& +&'5#&2 %/#&G;5%QB % 2):!"%X;+@J):% " ( V +4G((:2! #&% !h% % !+9
7 )%a;%
%$
#&% !
Ó'DC# B
> %;+P!8+&
7 2):%4 +&q;5%+ Ó +92)%
K%a;+6(:% Ó :B)% (94/(+T!"#9% :+/C# B
> %;+P(+& 5';% ;+&!
2'5+T+q
7 %P;+q% :!ZSC#
> %}Va;H
7 )2#&}(+&V +&'5#&2 B
%$
$}+9():+Ý:%U+9!Z54H% ';5+G)+9!"%(
!Z Ó'®C#
> %X% Ua+)2F%c+"! #&% 'H5' ):%Á;5+h+&():2C# % > +9(&4Û +&:!h+&'*):+R'¨
> %X2'5++&(&4c2;G+&
7 2
Va;H
7 )2#&54+Ý( :+9()::2BC# % > +&(DK% D%/2!ZKBC# % > +&(®2'++&(
u +9(:(T!"'+92:54B% (U% U+&!"
E
F HG > 8 C
j s M
<;.= O
k
M
-5.
s s
?
E l
% ';+ + 4 45(9
> % Ó'®C# % > +9:+9'#&2B7 F +92(
+9(Ý#&% '*):2' !h+&'*)+};2 Ó
0 (::+9!"% ( 1I M :;5+&'%)6R!ZB)::2 J #&%U2 ';(:+9()2BC# % > +&(94S2():%8+B
7 4
s s s
I : O
M × ,
M ×
M
tJtt
×
M
^0 t
F=8 I
O l
(:S% ?Ñ
M 4:R):%/;5%M
n
* /
Ó'DC# B
> %
'+'RBR%"5:% U+&!"
<;.= +i
7 ;+@'2;#9% !h%
s s
E .
O
M
.
M
: M
t
? .
)*)
(#&+9F +9';%$( #&%';2B C# % > +&(D'+	+&(:(
7 :2(?;+<%):2!"2;;+?;5+<:2!"+926% :;5+&! #&%';2B C# % > &
+ (?;5+
1 :6%}:% U5+&!" 4B% U/)+&!h% (Û!ü(:2():+&!"};+
l
+9V K C# %
> +&( #9% ü
!
<;.=
2'#¨% 7 'J2 )(
M
.
+&! s
O ×
E . I : M s M O
M
.
- t Æ
M
s
U5(:+&F +vV + ×
E . I : M M
+7 2 ¨
× M
.
:+&'#9% '*):T% (}#';52;B):% (
"(:% DC#
> %Z;%% U+9!Z
<;.= 4K+\(B!"% (}:+
0
O
(:% JF +&h%z(:2()+9!Z '¨
> %z2'+B
M
.
(::+9!"%("%z!+7 )%a;%x;+ $}+'&<):% ' z
. 0
s
<
;%(:2()+9!Z
I : N O
×
E . I : s N
I
N N
<
o N
.
ÿÏ
N - s o N s
% ';+
N
O
M N
.
N
O
×
M N
.
N
O
×
E Ms N . s ,
N ×
s
M N s +E
7 !"B)2
+&((:2 B'h;Ó5'DC#
> %
:' +&'54 I O
I MAN 4 ×
E
O
×
E MAN +
O
MAN
N N
$}%):+ Va5+$R!"B)2 J #9% U2'R;+ +&!
MAN
.
N +7
O O I :
N
M N
.
N
I
N N
t
Ø
N -
F=8 I
N
© J #&%U2 ';(:+9()2BC# % > +&()+9! K%()%#9% !"5+9):%452():%+B
7 4Ñ
N
O l
N
Ã
-
:):%/;5%
-
)¯Va5+
N -
a£¥¤¨§n©
½¨[ RdH¶f[H\S_°Óµ fS[*
³ `¶daf°º±hdd"±hd]n¬°JÇR_*d*_*diY[H¬ ¼# `i
² \<da
³ [R¶°º\a{ea|Jd¬9¼
¡¢ 5¤!
#"%$"'&(*),+-.(*/102"%$3"'41576 "780 "%
9 51:<;%"7),5=&3&>+1$(*),(*$35@? 41A1(*0CB
' 4D"'),"76$(
E
t Ø%F
HG
5=4
&(.ABC$BI5J&(*&6BC)," 5=),5%K BC41BL5
$
I I : N M RN . I : À M
E TS
I M
À
O
M
P Q
I N O M F
O
56 BL),5%&
À M O
: -*5=K=5
I :
À M 'G O
5=) 5
Ñ
E
F
Ñ
II :
E
F
: " ),"76 $(
E II :
F ?B 4!"%
O
9 5&(*41K=>1-."%$HB 0C5%41&
O
B >BC4 6 BL),BL4<6B
À M O O
&&(.) :<5'&(.&6BC),""!15%),5=K BC41BL5
E TS
F
$
O#
&D5J
? 6 BC) "J&5=-.> %80 "% 9 5 6 $(*; ( "7- : +5=$ 6 "%4 65," ),"76 $( ?B 4 "%9 5J&(.4K=>1- "7$
G $ &
5=) "%�L5=41A1( %80 5= 9 BL& "%0L(.)," BL&6 $ " BL-.BL0C(.A1"%&C:75 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5 A1B B 6 5%4!:=+D"%$" $BC&5%-*;=BL$
>1) &(.& 6 BC),"@4!"%
9 5 -*(.41BC"%$C: 0C5%4<;%BC$K=B% >1"%A1$ " 6 (.0C"%) BC4 6 B +1"%$ " "@&5=-.>#780 "%
9 51:0C5=41& 6 ( 6 >1(*41A15 >1)
5%? 6 (*),5 "7-.K=5=$(*6),5 +D"%$" $BC&5=-*;%BC$I+1$5$1-.BL) "%& 4!"%
9 5 -.(*41B2"7$BC& 0L5=) $BC& 6 $( %80 5=
9 BL&IA1BJ(.K=>D"7-.AD"%AB%:
A1BC&A1B"<>1BI5 +5%4<65J(.41(*0C( "7-BL&6 B ",&>/D0C(*BC4 6 BL),BL4 6 B+1$D5 ? (*),5 AD"J&5%-.>#780 "%
9 5
&(') ¡+* ) *Û¡¢¤
%,.- § S ?" >1) " ),"%41BL(.$ " "7-*6 BL$4D" 6 (*;7"+1"%$ " ;=BL$,5 +D"7&&5 BC& 6 "$ BC-*BC0L(.A15 BC)
E0/
Ï<F
21
"7A15
E43
#$5
#
F
1 :10C5=4&(.ABC$B5J&>+1$5-.BC),"6<>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*0C5
>@? > > BDC 7 8
.
Ñ
: # Ñ ×.:
E: Ñ
F G >8 C
9 E0/
;
I # Ñ . :<# M
F
O
1
BL;=BL),5%& 415%6 "7$=<>1B "
>14#%80 "7
9 55$?>BL6(*;=5 A5+$51-*BC)," F A1( BL$B "%+ BC4D"7& +5=$#>1)
E0/
" 0L#5=41&
#$5
S
A1 E3
4
6 "%4 6 BAD","%+1$5 (.),"780 "%
9 5% >1"%A1$D?" 6 (.0C" A1" >14#780 "%
9 5 "7K=$ "%4K=B2"%41" B "76 5:DAD"%A15 F
@
5J),5 A1BC-*56<>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*0C5J+D"%$" "
>14 %80 "%
9 5 "%K=$ "741K=B2"74D" ?B
BDC EàÑ
F
E43
# 5
#
F
. × EE3
# 5
#
F :
. Ñ
9
8
Ñ
: # ÑF E0/
F
O
"%&
: . I
# 5 # # 5
× EE3
F : Ñ
O
×.:
G
Ñ
# Ñ
-.5=K=5
E/
F +5 A1B &BC$ $BLBC&0L$( 6 "J0C5=) 5
BDC EàÑ
F 9
8
Ñ
: # Ñ . ×.:
G : . Ñ IH
#
F
.
#
HI # Ñ :
G
.
#
E :+# . I # Ñ
F
@G
5=41&(*A1BC$"%41A15"
O E/ HO :
$BC& 6 $(%80 "7
9 5 1
A 5 &>+1$5-.BC)," F : 6 BL),5%&J<>1B G &&(.) :<02"%AD"(*6BC$ " %80 "%
9 5A15') L?B 65 A5
A1BLK %$
)
+1>1$5
+
:=0L5=41&(*&6B BC) ),(*41(.) ( C"%$ 5 ),5 1
O
A BL-.5M<>D"7A1$D7?" 6(.0L5 AD" >14#780 "%
9 5 "%K=$"%41K=BC"%4D":
&>+>BL(*6 5 " -.(*41B2"7$(C"%80 "7
9 5 AD"%& $BL&6$(780 5=
9 BC&
#
9 F5 # & (*41K=>1-."%$(*AD"%A1B A1B
B "%& 0L5=41A1( %80 5=
9 BL&
> & "%AD"7& D
+ "%$") 5=& 6 $ "7$H" #$ 4 5"%
! &B ;%BC$(*/D0C"%) :
5 &>1+1$51-*BC),"
E/
F 6 BL) 1 > )," >1?
4 (.02" &5=-.> %80 "%
9 5
EàÑ
F : >B &"76 (*& "$
×,
#$5 F# # Ñ
#
. ×.:
: . I : #
F#
5
.
G
EàÑ M
F
O
I # Ñ
#
:+#
O
#$5 #
×, EÉÑ
5=41A1B F + 5 AB&BC$ $BLBC&0C$( 6 5 0C5=) 5
# 5 # # I : # Ñ
#
×.:
× EÉÑ F# G
E0/
I
F # M :<# F
O O
# #
Ñ
" 6 5 < >1BI5 0C5=$$B " >( ( ?B <>1B B + 5 A1BL) &BC$ $BC- "70C(.5%4D"%A15=& 0C5=) " &5=-*>#%80 "7
9 5
AD"%& B<>D" %80 5=9 BL&3AB
$ &
B 65=4
E/
0
Ï<F
B "%A(.0C(*5=4D"%$),5%&
#
I : #
A1B "7)
5%=& -."%A15=& A1" +1$(*),BL(.$ "
B<>D"780 "%
9 5,BL)
E/
0
Ï<F:15 6BC) 5=&
# I : # < #
×.:
G
I # M
#
. < O
:<#
#
&&(.) :1+ BC- " 4!"7
9 5 &(.41K%>1- "%$(.AD"7A1B AD"J),"76 $( :16 BL),5%&L >B
< #
Ñ
#
. <
# O # F#
O O
.( 4 6 L
B $+1$BL6 " %80 % " 9 5 BC) 6BC$),5=& A15 ) L?B 6 5 A15JA1B
$
B
&
6 5=4
"%0C(*-.( 6 " "J"%4 7?" -.(.&B A1BI0C5=4
$
;=BC$K BC40C( " : BL4<>D"%4 6 5 <
>1B3" BC&6$>6>1$ " AD"LK %$
: + BC$) (*6B#A1BL&BL4<;%5=-*;%BC$#"%-.K=5%$(*6),5%&+1$17?" 6 (*0C5=&
+D"%$ " $BC&5%-*;=BL$ 5 +$51-*BC)," A1BI+1$5=K%$ "%),"%80 "7
9 5 4!"%
9 5J-.(*41B2"%$ 0C5=) $BC& 6 $( %80 5=
9 BL& A1BI(.K=>D"7-.AD"%AB
"%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5 "J&BLK=>1(*$ A1BC&0C$B ;=B BC&6B +$5 0CBC&&5
) !#"%$&'
5
( &*)+" E43 Í Í
F
' M
,.-0
O /132+4
5 &'#$768#9 : ×.: # :<# 9 I ; #
Z[1]\ O
M
B
:
&L"%
9 5JA1BI0C- "7&&B
0L5=) A1BL$(*;7"%A1"%& &BLK=>141AD"7& (.+&0 1
! ( 6 I0C5=4 62? 4<>D"%&L:DBC4 62"%
9 5," &B > BC410L( "
$
E3
5
/ 9 E
K=BC$"%AD" +BL-.5 -*K=5=$(*6 ) 5 0C5%4<;%BC$K=B <>D"%A$ "76(.02"7),BL4<6B +D"%$" F
"
&BCK=>(.4 6 B 6BC5=$BC),": BL&6 "$BL-.BL0C(.A5 BC) 5=414D"%4&C: (*- BC$6C: BC),"%$ L?B 0 D
! "%- : "
K "%&6(!?"$D"%-
/
: K "7$ "%4 6 B6<>1BJ"@;%BC-.5 0C(*AD"%A1B'A1B 0C5=4 ;%BC$K BC410L( ": AD"
$ &B<> BC410L( "
$ K=BC$"%AD"@+ BC-*5
"%-.K=5%$(*6),5 %$
K
-.5 02"7- ?B <
>D"%A1$17 ?" 6 (*02"
F :
C &' D6L9 =%9 "W0M I S 9 I M" I]C 97M&*)+" EE3! F I]C BA" 9>= C & 97S
)+9 # E I )+" 9 N+97M & 6+SY: &Y=%$9 D6 7O9 EQ$ I & E43 9 D6G&*: )'M & CJI $&'S 97E C 9WG&'M & EE3 A
# 5 # 5
D6L9 $>"EL?'97MJN+
: F F
$BL&>1- 6 "%A5 ?B 56 (*A15 "%+1-.(*02"%4A15I5') L?B 6 5 A15A1B
$
B
&
65=4@+D"7$ "I$BC&5=-*;%BC$ 5'&(*&6BC),"
4!"%
9 5J-.(*41B2"%$
E43
5 × :
G
E43
F
. I : E43
F
F : E43
O F
B > "
E43
5
F'?B 4 "%
9 5'&(.41K=>- "%$
E3
4
4 >) " ; (L(.4!D"74#280 " A B
1 F
1 BL),5%&C: 5 + = 5 $ !(.+ 5%? 6BC&B%:A<>1B
EE3 5
FJ&"76 (*& "$
%
B
K 5=$6 "%4 6 51: + BC-*5
/ 8 4E 3
BL) " : , F ?B 4!"%
9 5J&(.41K=>- "%$
&(.41K%>1- "%$ E43 5
K#"%$" ) 5=&6$ "%$ >B ' ?B 4 "%
9 5 BL) >1)," ; ( C(.4!D"%4#C80 " A1B F :A1BL/
41(.) 5=& "
>14#780 "%
9 5'&
)( +5=$
EE3
5
< 8 7 >@? C ? 8 EE3
5
F
I : E43
5
F
I
5
& F ; ; ;
E43 M
O F
$
5%65 B <>1B%&
E43 5
F M
&&(.)
: +5%$@0C5 5=4 6(.4<>1(.A1"%A1B%: B @ (*&6 B >) " ; (L(.4!1"%4#280 " AB S
5
E43
F 6 "7-F<>1B*&
E43 O
F M
+D"%$" 65 A5
EE3
F
G
5=) *( &6 5:6 BL),5=&L<>1B"%& !1(*+ 5%? 6BC&BL&
A1BC& 6 B 6 BL5=$BL) " &"76 (*& "$LBC)
O
"7& A15 ) ?B 6 5 A15 A1B
$
B
&
6 5%4!:745 <>D "7- " C
0 5=4 ;=BL$K BL410C(." <
>D"7A1$D7 ?" 6(.0C" S $
AD" &B<> BL410C(."
$ I ?B K "%$"%4 6 (*AD" A1BC&A1B >B 5J+ 5=4 6 5 (.41(*0C( "7-
EE3!
5
F
,
8
B
BC) #$+15 -*51# : " &BLK=>1(*$C: ),5=& 6 $" <>1B " %; BC-*5 L0 (.AD"%AB,A1B 0C5%4<;%BC$K BC410L( " < >D"7A1$D7 ?" 6(.0C"
$
$ $
@
#
EE3 E43
AD" &B<> BL410C(." F ! 4 "7
9 5 (*),+-.(.0C"'4D" ) BC& )," =; BL-.5 C0 (.A1"%A1B +D"%$"J"J&B<> BL410C(." F
&
S "ELE0&'EG= 9 C ' & S
9 & N+97M &*)*& WL"M
5 5
EM 8
F
9 $>"EG= I )+97M9 &Y%= 9$D6 7O9 EQ$ I & E43 # #
F L
#
& #
O
# 9
#
' SWG&'M
3 #
O Q
#
' WG&'M
=%9$D6 7O9 EQ$ I & E43 # # $>"EL?'97M N+9D6G&*)'M & CJI $&'S 79 E C 9PWG&'M & E M M
5 5
R 97E D 6G&'E C " D 6L9[& ?'97#"%$ I )*&*)+9
F F :
)+9 $>"EL?'97MJN 7O9 EQ$ I Y& )*&Y=%9$D6 7O9 EQ$ I & E43 # WG&'M & 97M "YEK+V& "9 I Q
E 9&'M A
F
E3 #
4 #
F F O
E3 #
E
#
O
#
O
#
O
3 # M # #
8
3 # M 3 # #
O O O
$ $ E43 # M
K 5=$ 6 "%4 6 5: " ;=BL-.5 0C(*AD"%A1B A1B 0C5%4<;%BC$K BC410L( "AD"&B<> BL410C(." F +D"%$ " 4!"%
9 5 ?B &B<>1BL$ -.(*41B2"7$
$ & E
@ (*&6B >) "@;=BL$&L"%
9 5A15 ) L?B 65 A15 A# B B 65=4 +D"7$ " $BL&5=- ;=BC$ F: >B K="%$ "%4 6B
$ $
EE3 $ /
0C5=4 ;=BL$K BL410C(." <>D"7A1$D7 ?" 6(.0C" AD" &B<> # BL410C(." F BL&6 " ;%BC$&L"%
9 51: &BLK=>141A15 5%414D"%41&HB 63"%- :
02"%-*0C>1-." & BI
# 3
0L5=) 5 >4#%80 "%
9 5 A1B :(.&65 7?B :
#
# E43
F
O
F
9
&&(.) : $B "$ 5 -*K=5=$( 6 ) 5 : 0C5=) 0C"%-.0L>1- "%A5 0C5%),5 >14#%80 "7
9 5 A1B B
+1$5 ;7" &B
/
:+ %?" K
8 /
: &5 "7& # ),BL&),"%&
! (.+ 5%
? 6BC&BC& A15
1 BL5=$BL) "
/ /
B 0C5=) "
>14#780 "%
9 5
E
F
0C5=4 62? 4<>D":<>1B " &B<> BL410C(."
$ EE3
F :DK%BC$ "7AD" +5=$ BL&6 " 415 ;7" ;=BC$&C"%
9 5 A15 ) ?B 6 5 A15 A1B
$
B
&
6 5=4 :
3
0C5=4 ;=BL$K=B <
>D"%A1$"76 (*02"%) BC4 6B+1"%$ "
) "%-*K=>1),"%&'( 6 BC$"%80 5%
9 BC& ?B 41BL0CBC&&D%?" $(.5 A1BL&-.5 02"7$ "%& $BL&6$(780 5=
9 BC&L: 5 0C5%$$BL41A15 0L5=)
+1-.(*02"780 5=
9 BC&415 "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5 B "%0L$ C?B &0C(*),5 A15 0C>&6 5 0L5=) +1>6 "70C(.5%4D"%- ) L?B 6 5 A15 BL&0L5=-!1(*A151:
+D"%$ " $BL&5=- ;=BL$5 &>1+1$5$1-.BL) " 0C5=) $BCK%( "%
9 5 A1B 0C5=4 / "%4#C80 ": 6BC) >1) K=$ "%4A1B,(*),+1"%0L65 4D"
$
BL/D0L( BC40C( " B $5>1&6B A15) L?B 65 A5 %$
K
:H+D"%$ 6 (*0C>1-."%$) BC4 6 B +D"%$ " +1$51-.BL) "7& A1B K%$ "%41AB
+5=$ 6 B
G
5=) 5'; (.) 5=&C: 415
G
#
"%+!? 6 >1-*5
9
: 5 ) ?B 6 5 A15 $BCK=( "%
9 5 A1B 0L5=4/ "74#280 " +D"7$ " 5 +1$51-*BC),"
(.$$BC& 6 $( 6 5 "%0LBC( 6 " 5+D"7&&5
&B" 0C5%41A1(780 "%
'
&
M
9 )
9 5 1A B
A BC0C$ C?B &0C(.) 5 &>/D0L(.BL4<6B ?B & "
: &5%),BL4<6B
E
6 (.& BC( 6 ": *( &6 5 %?B : &B " $BLA1>#%80 "7
WE 0M9)
9 5 ;=BL$AD"7A1BC(*$ " F?B 6C"%
F K 5=$ L?B ) : +D"%$"'5 +1$5$1-.BL) "K=BC$"%- : BC&& " 0C5=) +D"%$"%80 "7
9 5 5 " <>D"%4 6 5" $BCA1> %80 "%
9 5
&E 'M9) *W0M9)
9 5 +1$BLA1(*6 "
F3ABL;=B AB "%-.K%>1) "
6 $( 6 5
&6 5
5=$)," -.B ;%"7$ BC)
?B
BL(*65 0C5=)
0L5=41&(*A1BC$"%80 "7
9 5,"7& $BC& 6 $( %80 5=
"J"<>>1AD" A1B >)
9 BL&C: "%& <
>D"%(*& 4!"%
9 5JB
"
6+EU$0+V& "Y)+9 S97 M I]C "
: + 5=$ B
@ BL),+-.51:
@ (.& 6 (."%) 415 +1$51-.BL)
" (*$$BC&
AD"%AD" + 5=$
. 8
5
EE3
F
O
:
G
E43
F
: E43
F
5=41A1B ?B >1) +BL&5 +5%&(*6(*;%51: <
>1BJ(.$D?" 5=$ 280 "%$ 5 +1$5=K=$BL&&5 A15 "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5 BL) A1(.$B 780 "%
9 5"75
),(*41(.) (C"%A15=$ H) 5%6(.) (2" %80 "%
9 5I(.$$BL&6 $(*6 ": " >14#780 "%
9 5 A1B ) L?B $( 6 5 ?B &(*),+-.BC&),BL4 6 B " >14#780 "%
9 5
:
5?>BL6(*;%5 : <>1BBC&
G 6 ?" /@"%AD"JA1>1$ "74<6BI5,+1$5 0LBC&&5 A1BI),(*41(.) (C"%80 "%
9 5
) ?B 6 5 A15 %$
K
$
+ 5 A1B >& "%$
>1"%-<>1BL$
>14#780 "%
9 5 AB) C?B $( 6 51: ) "7&,>1)," >BC&6C"%
9 5
(.) +5=$ 6 "%4 6B ?B " BC&0L5=- 1"IA5+1"%$ "%)
! BL6$5 :<>1B A1B ;=B &BC$3"<>>&6 "7A15IBC) "%-*K=>1),"%& ( 6 BC$"%80 5%
9 BC&C:
+D"%$ " K "%$"%4 6 (.$ <
>1B " A(.$B %80 "%
9 5,56(.AD" 415@&>1+1$5$1-.BL) " ?B 41BC0LBC&& "%$( "%) BC4 6 B'>1) ",A1(.$B %80 "7
9 5
$
A1B A1BC&0C(.A1"+D"7$ " BC& 6 "
0C>1(*AD"%A151:+5=(*& BC-*B 6 BC)
>14#%80 "7
9 5
>1)
" = 5 $ 6 B (*4 > BL410C(."J45,A1BL&BL),+ BC
"
& $BCK=$"%& +D"%$""7AD"%+6 "%$ BC& 6 B +D"%$ "7),B 6 $5 $B<>1BL$BC)
4 !5,A15 ) L?B 6 5 A1%5 K
$ %$
)'>1(*65
%,- 0
A1(*0C(*5=4D"%41A5 " $BC&6$( %80 "%
9 5 $BCK=( "%
9 5 AB 0C5=4 / "%4#C80 " "%5 &>1+1$5$1-.BL) "I<>D"7A1$D7?" 6(.0L5
E0/
F :56 BL),5%&
) (.4(.) (2"7$ : # . : :
I
# . :<#
M
G
E0/ 8 M
&>+>BC( 6 5 " F
6# O
(*410C-*>1&C"%
9 5 AD"$BC&6$( %80 "%
9 5 A1B $BCK=( "%
9 5 AB 0C5%4/ "%4#C80 " 6 5%$4D"5 &>+1$5-.BC),"
E/ 8 M
F : 0C5=4&(
A1BC$" ;%BC-*),BL4<6B%: ),"%(.& A(
? 0L(.-A1BI$BC&5=-*;%BC$ <>1B5 +$51-*BC),"6 >1"%A1$D?" 6 (.0L5
E0/
F
- L?B ) A1(.&&51:
5@415 ;=5 ) 5 A1BL-.5,+5 1
E0/ 8 M
A B'4BC) &BC) +1$B 6 BC$ &5=-*>#%80 "%
9 5: + 5=$ <
>1BJ"%& $BC& 6 $(%80 5%
9 BC& A15
) &>1+1$51-*BC),"
"
/ 8
F + 5 AC
B ) 4 "%
9 5 6 BC$ 41BL4!<>1) +5%4<65JBC) 0L5=) >1) :10C5%),5J) 5=&6$ " " (.K=>$ "
K#"%$" $BL&5=- ;=BC$ BL&6B0L5=4 ( 6 5 BL4 6 $B &"76 (*& "$LBC$ " $BC&6$( %80 "%
9 5 -*(.41BC"%$ BI" $BC& 6 $( %80 "%
9 5 AB
E0/ 8 M
5=-." BC) F: 4!"%
9 5(D"7&6 " &(.) +1-.BL&) BC4 6 B "7>1),BL4 6 "%$ 5I$"%(.5 A1"I$BCK=( "%
9 5 A1B 0L5=4/ "74#280 ":<+ 5=(.&
p2
Akp+fk =0
∆k
p1
) (.K=>$ "
/ 8 40C5=41&(.& 6 BC$ 40C( "BC4 6 $B "I-.(*41B2"7$(C"%80 "7
9 5 AD"%&3$BL&6 $(780 5=
9 BC&3B "$BCK=( "%
9 5IA1B 0C5=4/D"%4#280 "
4!"%
9 5 6 BL) &BL4<6(.A15 0C5%41&(*A1BC$"%$ 5=& +5=4 65=& BC) <>1BI5,) 5 A1BC-*5J"%&&>1),B ;7"%-*5=$BL& A1(.& 6 "%4 6 BL& "75
:
AD" >14#%80 "7
9 5,5 > BL6 ( ;=5 G 5=$(.K=(*4D"%- :"%- C?B )
+1$5=K%$BC&&5 1 A1BI+1$B > >1A1(.0C"%$ 5
A 5 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5
1 E / M E 9 /
'
0 8
BC4 6 $B 5=& ) L?B 6 5 A15=&M >B $BC&5=-*;%BC) 5 +$51-*BC)," F: ;=B >"@+5=$ B @ C B ) +1-.5 # :
+ %?" K
/
F :=0L(*6 "%),5% ) L?B 6 5 A15 AB $AJB
),5+>5 >4) :
S 9
: <>1B BC1
3
4 0L5=4 6 $"" & 5=-.> %80 "%9 5
E0/ 8 M
A15 &>1+1$5$1-.BL) " F BC) A1>D"%& "%&BL& # 0C"%AD"'( 6 BC$"%80 "7 9 5'A1BL&6 B ) ?B 6 5 A15 6$ $ " D"7- !D"IBC) >1),"
3 EQ"M7SY&' E
$BCK%( "%
9 5 0CBC4 6$ "%AD" 4D" ( 6 BL$ "%AD" 0C5=$$BC4 6B : B @ ?B 0L5=) +5=& 6 "AB >1) +1"%&&5 +D"%&&5
C &'E+N+97EQ$ I &' E
A1B ; ( "$(.-.(*AD"%A1B2F : &BLK=>1(.A5 A1B@>1) +D"%&&5 +D"%&&5 A1B@576 (.),"%-*(.AD"%AB F +D"%&&5
6 "%# 41K%BC410L( "%- A1BL;%BJ&BCK%>1(.$ >) " A(.$B %80 "%
9 5 415 BC&+D"C80 5 4<>1-*5 AD"
J "%0L51( "74D" AD"%& $BC& 6 $( %80 5=
9 BL& BC)
3
$
" +$(.) BC(*$ "
"%&B%: (*K=415=$"%) 5=& "
>14#780 "%
9 5@5 > BL6 ( ;=5,A1B
E0/ 8 M
F : B'+1$5 0L>1$ "7),5=& & "
6 (.& "$CBL$ " -.(.4B2"%$(2" %80 "%
9 5IAD"%& $BL&6 $(780 5=
9 BC&L:+ BC$),"%41BL0CBL41A15 A1BL4 6 $5'AD" 5=- " ? +1$BL0C(.&5 BC4 6C"%
9 5
) +
$BC&5=-*;%BC$ 5J&BLK=>1(.4 6B&>1+1$51-*BC)," 415=$),"%-
>@?A> @> BDC I . 7
# :<#
>
F HG 8
C
%#
E0/ 88
F
;
5=41A1B
+ 5 A1B & BC$ <>D"%- >BC$ ;%"7-.5=$ 4 5 (*4 6 BC$ ;7"%-.5 F )," & >1K=BL&6C"%
9 5 ?B
EM
5
8 0 M
5
G E0/ 88 O
5=) 5 +D"%$ " $BC&5=-*;%BC$ BC& 6 BH& >+1$5-.BC)," F :D"%& 6 " ) (.41(*),( 2"%$ >1,) "A<>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*02"
C 9 I FG&'6'N ( "N'#9 N
4D". 5=- ": + 5 ABC) 5=& >& "%$ 5=& "%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5=& A1B 5=> : <
>1B'+5 A1BC) &BC$ BL410C5=4
9 /
6 $ "7A15=&C:+5=$ B
@ BL),+-.51:1BL)
#
) +
&5=-*>#%80 "%
9 5 A1BL&6 BI&>1+1$51-.BL) " ?B 5 +D"%&&5 415=$),"%-
E/ 8 M
B 6 5=$4D"%) # 5=& 0C5%) " >4#%80 "%
9 5 5?>B 6 ( ;=5 A15 &>1+1$51-*BC)," F BJB @ (.K=(*),5%& <
>1B
) +
5 +D"%&&5 6 5%6 "%- $BCA>2" &BL>;7"%-.5%$C: &BL# ) A1BC(
@ "%$ A1B & "76(.& "$CBL$ " -*(.41BC"%$( 2"780 "%
9 5 AD"7&
$BC& 6 $(%80 5%
9 BC&C: "7&&(*) 0C5%),5 5 +D"%&&5 415=$),"%-
:D$BL&>1- 6 "%41A5 5J415 ;%5 &>1+1$5$1-.BL) "
><? > @> BDC . : 7
:
# :
>
F HG 8 I C I
# #
#
G
E0/ 8 9
O ; F
6#
E0/ 8 9
K=5=$"# :#?B 0C-."%$5M >B "7& $BC& 6 $(%80 5%
9 BC&HA15I&>+1$5-.BC)," F &C"%
9 5I0L5=41&(*&6BC4 6 BL&C: +5=(*& 5 +5%4<65
&"76 (*& "$I"7) D
"%&
O E0/ 8 9
&6 B 45 ;%5 &>1+$51-*BC)," F A1( BL$B A15 &>+1$5-.BC),"@A15 ) L?B 6#5 A15 $BCK%( "%
9 5@AB
0C5=4/D"%4#280 "
E
B %80 "7
9 5
9
F:1+5%$ 02"%>1&" A1" $BC&6$( %80 "%
9 5JA1BI(.K%>D"%-.A1"%A1B
I # I #
O
B $>) & >
1
5=& C B 4 6C"% BC&B > "%)
9 5 BL-.(*),(*4D"%$ BC&6 " $ BC& 6 $( %80 "%
9 5 1
A BJ(*K=>D"%-*AD"%A1B7:!+D"%$" 5$6 L
E / 8$8
+1$5-.BC),"IA15 6(.+ 5 F : <>1B 0L5=41&(*&6B BC) ) .( 41(*),( 2"%$ >1),""<>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*02"4D"" = 5 - "IB%: +D%
" $"
5 <
>D"7-!0C5=4!1BC0LBC)
5 ) ?B # 6 5 A15 A1B
3 $A B
),5+># 5
' 5=$ "7)
>)
0C( 6 "%A5=& +D"%$"
:!0L5=41&BCK=# >1(*),5%&
(.&65
"CBC4A15
#
. 8: ) "7&0L5=) 5
I . # :<# M
BC4 6C"%
9 5
I # . :+# I . # :<#
O O O
A15=41A1B7:
I #
#
I #
#
I # E #
.98 F O I #
#
S
I 8 # O M
" 8
E I #
F " 8 #
#
5
S
5=41A1B "%&I0C5%-.>14D"7& # AD" ), "76$(
2# O
5%$),"%) >1)," D"%&B +1"%$ " 5
O
BC&+D"C80 5 4<>1-.5 A1B
I #
B
#
&&(.) :
#
. #
#
O
>1& 6 ( 6 >1(*41A15
#
#
. 2#
4D"
>14#%80 "7
9 5 5$?>BL6(*;=5 A15 &>1+1$51-.BL) "
E/ 8 9
F :
56 BL),5%& 5 &BCK=>(.4 6 B&>+1$5-.BC),"
O )
6 "741K=BC40C( "7-
+
4D" ;7"%$(27?" ;=BL-
>@?A> > B C E . 7 #
#
. . : E . #
F :
# # E # : #
F HG > 8 C I . I
F
#
#
# 2# I #
# G F
E0/ 8 /
.
?; #
F
# O %#
BLBC&0L$B ;=BC) 5=&H"
>4#%80 "%
9 5 5$?>BL6(*;=5 A15 &>1+1$5$1-.BL) "
E/ 8 /
F :7A1BC&+1$B2"%4A15I5= BL$) 5=�L5=41&
6 "%4 6 BL& >B &L"%
9 5J(.41A1BL+BL41A1BL4<6BC& A1B :+5=(*& BC-*BC& 4!"%
9 5 "%- 6 BC$"%) " &5=-.>#780 "%
9 5 &&(*) :
8
E #
. 2#
F : # E #
. 2#
F
. : E . :
#
#
F
9
G
O
S
8
#
#
#
. 8
E 2#
F : # #
. 8
#
# E #
F
. 8
E #
F : #2# . : . : :
#
: 2#
O
9 9 9 9
G G
O
#
# E 2# . 8
E 2#
: # # . : : 2#
O
F 9 F
G
O
9
8
: : E # # #
F
. E :
G
. # #
F : #
5
O
S S
I:
>B ?B >1)," >14#780 "%
9 5 <>D"7A1$D7 ?" 6(.0C"
I #
#
#
G
5=) 5
2#
E #
F B
E #
F:!6 BL),5=&M >B
E #
F : O
M
:!(*&6 5 7?B :
#
B
&L"%
9 5J5=$65=K=5=41"%(.&
-.BL;7"%4A15 "75 <>D"%A$ "%A15,"%) 5=& 5=& ) BC) 1
$5=& AD"J$BC& 6 $(%80 "7
9 5,A1BA1BL&(.K%>D"%-.A1"%A1B BC)
E0/ 8 /
F:156BC) 5=&
. #
# #
E #
. 2#
: E #
. 2#
#
#
#
. : : . #
#
#
#
F
. E 2#
F : #
F
#
5
2# #
. #
#
#
# # #
G
$BCA1> & B
) +
5=) (*&651: 5 &>1+1$51-.BL) " 6 "%4K=BC410L( "%- ") (.41(*),( 2"%$ >1)," <>D"%A$D7 ?" 6(.02" 0C5=)
$BC& 6 $(%80 "7
9 5 AB>) "6 5=- ": BI+5 A1B &BL$ BL&0L$(*65J0C5=) 5
><? > > BDC E 7
. E . #
: : : 2#
F G > 8 C
# # 2# : #
F
F
G
# E0/ 8
# # F
;
#
) +
&5=-*>#%80 "%
9 5 A1BL&6 B&>1+1$5$1-.BL) " I ?B 5 +D"%&&5J6 "%41K%BC410L( "%-
E0/ 8
1
?B 6 5 A15=& BC4 6 $B 5=& )
> B $BL&5=- ;=BC) 5 & >1+1$51-*BC)," F %
: 0L5=) 5 5=& 0C(*6 "%A15=& +D"%$"
E0/ 88 ( "N
$BC&5=-*;%BC$ 5 &>1+1$51-*BC)," F%: A1B ;=BL),5=& *- BC) $ "%$ >B &D5 ? + 5 ABC) 5=& >1&"%$ 5 ) L?B 65 A15
#9 N
<>D"741A15 6 BL),5%& K "%$"%4 6 ( " A1(
C 9 I FG&'6XN
B <>1BI" ) " 6 $(
E # # #
F ?B + 5=&(*6 ( ;7" A1B /D41(.A1":1BC4 >1"%4 6 5 :
E / 8
>B 5 ) ?B 6 5 A15
)
+ 5 AB &BL),+$B &BL$H"%+1-*(.02"7A15 +D"7$ " $BC&5%-*;=BL$ 5 &
(*K=>1$ "
> 1+1$$
5 1-.BL) "
/ 9
F
(.-.>&6 $",5=& +D"%&&5=&
)
415%$),"%-
+
B
)
6 "741K=BC40C( "7-
+
+1"%$ " >) +1$51-*BC),"
&(.) +1-*BC& 0C5%) A1>D"%& ;7"%$(27?" ;=BL(.& B >) "J$BL&6 $(780 "%
9 5,AB (*K=>D"%-*AD"%A1B 4!"7
9 5,-*(.41BC"%$
& 0C>1$ ;7"%& 6$ "
0CB > "7AD"%& $BL+1$BL&BL4<6 "%) "%&H0C>$;7"%& A1B 4
? ;=BC-AD"
>14#%80 "7
9 55$?>BL6(*;=5: 0C>+>5I) (.41(*),( 2"%A15%$I?B
3
#
3 E #
$BC& 6 $(%80 5%
9 BC& J
0C5=-*>14D"J41BC& 6 BB
?B ),5=& 6 $"%A15
BC)
+BL- " -.(*4!D"@+ 5=4 6 (*-!D"%A1"@+D"%&&"%41A15
+1-.5 F :DB5,+D"7&&5,415=$# ) "%- # I ?B + BC$+BL41A1(.0L>1- "7$ "JBC& 6 BBC&+D"C80 5
+ 5=$ 6 BC)
0
"7+BL4D"%&I>1),"
)," 0!5=? +1(."
.
@
3
A15 BC&+D"C80 5 6 "%41K=BL4<6B%: +D"7&# & "741A15 +5%$ :!A1BL/141BJ
# >1) 0L# 5=4+>>14 651# : 415 <>D"%- ABL;=BJBL&6 "7$
5 +1"%&&5 6 "741K=BC40C( "7-
2#
&&(.) : 5 +D"%&&5 65%6 "7-
. #
&"76 (*& "$
" $BL&6 $(780 "%
9 5
O
$BCK%( "%
9 5 A1BI0L5=4/ "%4 280 "
) (*K=>1$"
/ 9
+D"%&&5
#
#
. #
#
*
)
0 ),"I;%B 02"%-*0C>1-."%A15I5 +1"%&&5'415=$) "7-1B 5+D"%&&56 "%41K%BC410L( "%- :=6 BC) 5=&H5+D"%&&5'6 576 "%-
#
#
. #
# 5
B35 +1$15? @ (.) 5 +5%4<65 K=BC$"%A15 +BL-.5 "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 51:2" +D"7$6 (*$!A1B
3
#
: &BL$D?" AD"
5=$),"
3
#
3
#
. #
O
$BC0L(.&"%),5%&C: BC4 62"7
9 51:7AB "7-.K=>1)," BL&6 $"76 L?B K=( " +1"%$ " "%0LBC(*6 "%$!5=>I4!"7
9 5 BL&&B 415 % ; 5 + 5=4 6 51:
$
K
E
;)=
" /1)
4 6 $5 A1>
A1BIK "%$"%4 6 (.$ 0C5=4 ;=BL$K BL410C(.",A15,"%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5'+D"7$ "J" &5=-*>#%80 "%
L(.) 5=& >1)
9 5JA15 +1$
BC& <
>1BL)
5 1-.BL) "
" <
'F
>1B7:=0C5%) " "<>>1AD" A1B >1),"
>4#%80 "%
9 5 A1B ) C?B $(*6 5:7+ 5=&&"
),BLA1(.$ B 5=$ 280 "%$ 5J+1$5=K=$BC&&5 A15 "%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5'BL) A1(*$B 780 "%
9 5 "%5J),(*41(.) (C"%A15=$
68EU$0+V& " )+9 S97 M I]C "
BL&0L5=-!1(*AD" ?B
. 8
EE3
F
O
:
G
E43
F
: E43
F
E0/ 8
F
9 / G 8
> 6 $ "7& >14#%80 5%
9 BC& A1BI) L?B $(*65 +5 A1BL) &BL$ >& "%AD"7&C:D;=B > " + 5=$ B @ BL),+1-*5 : "%+
$
#
B5 +1"%&&5 +1$5 A1>>) A1BC0L$ C?B &0C(*),5 &>/10C(.BL4 6 B4D" >4#%80 "%
9 5 A1B) L?B $( 6 51:1BL4 62"%
9 51:
G
5 +D"7&&5 ?B "%0CBL(*6 5 "%&5 0L5=4 6 $D7?" $(.5: 5 $ "%(*5 A1" $BCK=( "%
9 5 A1B0L5=4/ "74#280 " ?B $BCA1>C(.A5 B 5
+D"%&&5 $BL02"%-*0C>1-."%A151:<$BC+ BL6 (*41A15 &B 6 5 A15 5'+1$5 0CBL&&5 H) K=BL$ "%- : "'A1(.$B 780 "%
9 5'A15 +D"%&&5 ) >AD"
>1"%41A15 5 6 "%),"%4 !15JAD" $ BCK=( %
1 M
"9 5 I ?B "%-*6BC$ "7A15 3
# #
"%A15=&
: 5 + 5=4 6 5 0L5=$$BC4 6 B
B >1) +D"%&&5 : A1BL/141(.) 5=& " $BCA1>#780 "%
9 5
0L5=),5 C < 7 # #
. #
;
O
E43
F
E43
F
&BC$ ;=BJ >B%:=+D"7$ " 5 +1$51-*BC)," K=BL$ "%- : " $BCA1>#780 "%
9 5 ;%BC$A1"%A1BC(*$ " "2;%"7-.( " " ;7"%$(."%80 "%
9 5 AD" >14#780 "%
9 5
A1BI) L?B $(*651:<>1BI+D"7$ "J5 +$51-*BC)," (.$$BC& 6 $(*6 5 ?B " +1$15=? +1$(." >14#%80 "7
9 5 5$?>BL6(*;=5
K#"%$" &(.) +1-.( /D02"7$ " 415%6 "%80 "%
9 5JA1BL415%6 "%$BL),5=&
:
O
:
G
E43
#
F:
O #
: : E43
F :
O
I I
#
EE3
F:
O
E43
#5
#
F :
<F F
. :F
O
1E
F 9
8
F:
O
1
"%A15 :15J)
3
#
&&(.) " $BCA1>#780 "%
9 5
P )
O
+1$5 A1>C(.A1"J+ BC-*5J+D"%&&5
#
?B ABL/D41(*AD"J0C5=) 5
7
;
< EM
F
E
#
F
. . E0/ 8 S
F
O O
5=41A1B
: . I
:
#
O
E0/ 88 #
9
8
8 : 8 . E 2.
# #
#
F :
8 #
O
'
:DB
O
9
8
#
: #
. : #
O
#
;
< . . M
O
K#"%$" +$5 A1>C(*$ >1) A1BL0C$ C?B &0L(.) 5J&(.K%41(*/D0C"%4 6 BI415J) 5 A1BL-.5
E/ 8 S
F :1B @ (.K=(*),5=&
7
< . . H
S
;
O
5
EM
H 8
+D"%$ "J"%-*K=>1) F
&&(.) :1BL&0C5%-!1BL),5=& : 6 "%- <
>1B
E . F
E 8 H
F
K=5%$ ": BL&6 "%),5%&"%+ 6 5=& +D"%$" BL&0C$BL;%BC$ 5 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5 A1B &$
K
0C5=) $BCK=( "%
9 5 AB
0C5=4/D"%4#280 " :D+D"%$ " $BC&5%-*;=BL$ 5,+1$51-*BC),"
E
;.= F
M
G :
K&'M9.$>"S =%"@68U$0+V& " &7W0M" SY&*)*&
#
O
I 3 A
< 9>=%"@?& ".=76 W0M" #97SY&EQ"M7SY&' 0E / 88 WG&'M& #
;
F
5 &'#$768#9 & SY& C M I # $76 &= $>"@6+E0&= " M7SY&'S 68SY& &=%9WG&'M& " 9>= WG&XU$%"
:
EL68#" )+9 #; I
5 &'#$768#9 "6 & C 6 &' I 9 #;
#
< 9>=%"@?& ".=76 W0M" #97SY& C &'E+N+97EQ$ I '
& E/ 8 WG&'M& ;
F
&XU$D&
#
C7 # ;
# #
.
5 &'#$768#9 O * <
#
O
7 ;
;
<
=%9 * #
&XU$D& 3
#
3
#
. #
;
=%$>" FG& 6# O
C &' D 69 6#
6#
=%97EK+V& "
# #
&XU$D& 3 3
=%$>" FG& 6# O
C &' D 69 6#
; #
' ' . 8
Z[1]\ O
0L5=41& 6 "%4 6 B : <
>1B A1BL/D4B >1)
BC415%$3
5
+1"%$ ""$BCK=( "%
9 5IA1B 0C5=4/D"%4#280 "415'&>1+1$51-*BC)," $"%(.5I)
E0/ 88 M
F : I
?B 0C5=) >),BL4<6B BC&0C5=- !1(.AD" (*K=>D"%- "
+1$5 7; " A1" L 0 5=4 ;=BC$K C
B 40C( " K=-.5$D"%-!A15
$
-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5
/
+5 A1BI&BL$ BL410C5%4<6$ "%A1":D+5%$
B @ BC) +1-.5:1BC)
G
5%414!:
"
5 >1-.A : %
= 5 (.4 6
1
& )
) '
4
BC-*(L),BL4<6B%: 5 ) L?B 65 A15 %$
K
0C5=)
>14 %80 "%
9 5,A1B') C?B $(*6 5 + 5 A1B$B > BC( 6 "%$ +D"%&&5=& AB
$
B
&
65=4 " +D"%$6(.$ AB +5=4 65=& "%$ 1
( 6 $"%$(."%),BL4 6 B +$D5? @ (.) 5=& "
&5=-.> %80 "%
9 51: 65=$4D"741A15 -.BL4<6 " "
$
0C5=4 ;=BL$K BL410C(.",A15 "%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5
8
&6 B (.41A1BL&B 1
> 7 ?" ;=BL-
BC4 5=),BL415
$ ?B 0 D
! "%),"%A15
9 9 I]C " &'M & C %" =
: + 5=(.& =
% 5 (<+1$(.) BC(.$"%) BC4 6 B
9 M
51&BL$;7"%A15
0 + 5=$
&"%$BL),5=& 5'B
"%$"76 5=&
@ BL),+-.5
E
9 /
: + %?" K
%S
F:<A1B K 5
&
BC-*-
9
: +D"%$ "(.-*>1&6$ "%$HBC& 6 B
" 6 5
><? > @> BDC 7
: E43
5
E3
9 4 .
F HG > 8 C
3 3 8 3
G F F
. E0/ 8
3 O 3 8 M F
;
O
5
E M
: 0 5=$$BC&+5=4
3 8
&5=-*>#%80 "7
9 5 A1BC& 6 B +1$51-*BC),"?B F : 0C5=) ) >1- 6 (*+1-.(*02"%A15%$ 1A B "%K=$ "741K=B L
A1BC4 6 B
/
9 B
E3
4
5
O
F
>14#780 "%
9 5 "7K=$ "%4K=B2"%41"
E/ 9
F D
+ "%$" BL&6 BJ1 + $51-*BC),"
O O
?B
EE3
5
F
E 9
F
EE3
. 3
8
F
3
O
G
5=),5,
/
9 :6BC) 5=&
O
EE3
5 /
9 F 9
8
EE3
. 3
8
F
3
) (.K=>$ "
/ /
),5%&6 $"I"I&5=-.> %80 "%
9 5
O
3
: "%& 0L(.$0L>14
$
BL$ BC40C( "7&H6$ "%0LB > "%A1"%&H$BC+$BC&BC4 6 "7)
"%& 0C>$;7"%& A1B'4 ? ;%BC-#A1"
>14#%80 "7
9 5 5?>BL6(*;%51:!" 0L(.$0C>14
BL$ BL410C(."@BC)
$ -.(.4!D",0 1
! BL( "@$BC+1$BC&BL4 6 " "
$BC& 6 $(%80 "7
9 5 AB(*K=>D"%-*AD"%A1B B%:D>1)," (*6 BL$ "780 "%
9 5
3 " +D"7$6 (*$ A1B 3!
f0=constante
0
x x1
x*
f=0
) (*K=>1$ "
/ /
BL(*6 5
!&'M & C "%= K $5-.BC),"
E0/ 8
F
G
5=41&(.A1BL$BC) 5=&
3
#
AD"
5=$),"
3
#
#
E
0C5%&
5
O
9
EE3 5
F
&&(.) :
O
9
I :
# 5 # 8 5 # 5
0L5=& 0C5=&
: EE3
: E43 E43
F 0L5=& F
F
&(.4
G G
O O
&(.4 O
9
5 &>1+1$51-*BC),"%<>D"7A1$D7?" 6(.0L5
E/ F 6 BL) "
5%$),"
>@?A> @> BDC
. . . .
7 8 8
E
8
F HG > 8 C
0L5=& 0L5=& F &(.4 9 9
; 0C5%6
O
BL&5=- ;=BC4A15,BL&6B &>1+1$51-.BL) " :156BC) 5=&
#
&(*4 5
E0/ 8
F
O &(*4 0C5=&
3
#
. #
0C5=& . &(.4
0C5=&%F
O &(.4 E 8
BI&(.4
O
M
:6 BL),5=&
.
# # 5 # 5
3 3 9 E 9 3 3 9 E 9
&(.4 F &(.4 F
O O
B " $"$%9"%5 3
#
. #
3 8
3
#
3 9
O
&&(.) :%BL&6 B +1"%&&5I"%+1$5 @ (.)," & B A1" &5=-*>#%80 "7
9 5 0C5=) >1)," 6 "<@1" AB 0C5=4 ;%BC$K BC410L( " <
>D"%A1$17 ?" 6 (*02"
$
K 5=$ C?B ) :
:
G
E43
#
. #
F &(*4
0C5%&
0C5=& :
G
EE3
#
F B
: E43
#
. #
F
O
&(*4
E43
#
F
M
5
O
:
>B&BC$1?" $B > BC( 6 "%A5 + BC-*5 "%-.K=5%$(*6),5
&6 BB @ BL),+1-*5J),5=& 6 $"%<>1B <
>D"%- <
>1BC$ >14#780 "%
9 5 A1BI) L?B $(*65 AD" 5=$),"
E43
F
:
G
EE3
F
. 8
E : E43
FF
O
/
E E0/ 8 E E0/ 8
BC) F 65=),"%),5%& F F : $B > BC( 6 "%$( " 5 +D"7&&5 F : B%<>D"%-<>1BL$"%-.K=5%$(*6),5:
O
D"%&BC"%A15 BL) >14 %80 "%
9 5@AB ) L?B $(*65,ABC&6B 6 (*+51: &5 $B A15 B BC( 6 5 "%$ "765=&C: >B +5 A1B -*BL;7"%$ "
+D"%&&5=& 0C>1$ 6 5=& BC) +5=4 65=& "%$ 1
( 6 $"%$(."%),BL4 6 B +$D5
? @ (.) 5=& "
&5%-.>#780 "%
9 5 5%? 6 (*) "
1 9 /
M
:10C5%),5J+ 5=$ B
C?B 0L41(.0C"%& +D"%$"
@ BC) +1-*5
BL; ( 6 "%$ 5@B BL(*65
"%$"76 5%& + 5 A1BL) &BC$ BC410L5=4 6 $ "7AD"%& BL) : + %?" K
G
5=$$B 780 "%
9 5,AB&BCK=>41AD"J5=$A1BL)
B &L"%
9 5 D"7&B2"7A15=&
$
BL) +1$5=K%$ "%),"%80 "7
9 5D<>D"7A1$D7?" 6(.0C"
&B >1BC410L( "%- K
E
F :3>& "%41 %$
A 5 50L5=410LBC(*65
0
A1B'A15%),(*4
$
+1$5 ;7" AB0L5=4 ;=BC$K BC40C( " K=-.5 D"%- A1B )
"%41(*02" 0C5%),5,0C$( 6 L?B $(.5 +D"%$","70CBC( 6 "780 "%
9 5
L?B 6 5 A15=&
A5
A1B
+ 5=4 6 5
/D- 6 $5
5$6 (*A15
5=( "%+1$BL&BL4<6 "%AD"
" 02"%A1",(*6BC$"%80 "%
9 5
+ 5=$
) -*BL6 0
! BC$C:
),"
G
>B >1& " /D-*6$5 BL) ;=B'A1B >1)," >14 %80 "%
9 5@AB') C?B $( 6 5 "7AD" (*6BC$"%80 "%
9 5 ?B 0L5=),+ 5=& 6 ",AB >1),"
"%&B A1B $BC& 6 "%>1$"%80 "7
9 5 B>1)," "%&B A1B5%6(.),"%-.(*AD"%A1B &&"%&@A1>1"%& "%&BC&,&C"%
9 5 6 5%6 "%-.) BC4 6 B
(.41A1BL+BL41A1BL4<6BC&L: BI5
>1? 41(*0C5 "%0C5%+1- "%) BC4 65 BC4 6 $B BL- "%& I ?B BC& 6 "$ BC-*BC0L(.A15J+ BC-.5 /D- 6 $5
) 3
/D-*6$5
" ) ( &&(.)
4!"%
: "%50C5=4 6 $1%?" $(*5 A5 ) L?B 65 A15A1B /D-*6$5IA1B
9 5(! ?" 4BC4!<>1)," A1BC+ BC41A BC410L( "IBC4 6 $B "%&
$
-.B 6 0 1
! BL$ B B
>B + 5 A1BC) &BC$ 1"%&BC"%AD"%& BC) >1"%-<>1BL$ "%-.K=5%$(*6),5 <>1B & "76(.& " 280 " "%-*K=>1),"%&.!1(*+ 5%? 6BC&BL&
$ "$L5H7?" ;=BL(.&
+5=4 65=& +1$5=((.A15=&
>1? 41(.0C"
1
0C5=41B
@ "%
9 5
BL;%BC) 5=& "%(*41AD" 415%6 "7$ <
>1B 5@)
BL4<6$B "%) D
"7&,"7& "%&BC& ?B <>1B
) ) +,.
$
5"%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5 A1B /D-*6$5
*)
" ( : 02"%A1"(*6BC$"%80 "%
9 5 ?B 0C5=4&6 ( 6 >!? AD"
A1B >1),"
"%&B AB
; (."$1(*-.(.A1"%A1B BI>1)," A1BI5%6(.),"%-.(*AD"%A1B
$
>1)," AD"%A1" (*6 BL$ "780 "%
9 51: 5 /D- 6 $5 "%$),"$CBL4D" >1) +D"%$ 5=$A1BC41"%A15 6 BL),+ 5=$D7?" $(.5
5=$
) "%A5 +BL-.5 ;7"%-.5%$ AD" >14#780 "%
9 5J5?>B 6 (*;%5JB +BL- " ) BCA1(*AD" A1B (.4 ; ( "1(.-*(.AD"%AB A15 + 5=4 6 5J5 6 (.A5
4D" (*6 BL$ "780 "%
9 5 "%4 6 BL$(.5%$
$
" "%&B A1B@; ( "$1(*-.(*AD"%A1B7:'?B 56(.A15 + C >1)
B -*5 /D-*6$51: 0L>+>" +5%4<651:H4!"%
9 5 +1$5=(1(*A15
HG
),BLA1(.AD"A1B (.4 ; ( "1(.-*(.AD"%AB ?B ),BL415=$ <>1BI" 1
A 5 +5%4<65 AD"'( 6 BC$"%80 "7
9 5 %
" 4 6 BL$(.5%$ "%&5J5 +5%4<65
0C5=$$BC4 6B&B > " ; ( 7?" ;%BC- :DBL&&" "%&B ?B ABC&4BC0CBL&&1%?" $(."
&BCK=>1(*$?B BL(*6 "" "%&B A1B 5%6 (*) "%-*(.AD"7A1B%: BL) <>1B ?B 56 (*A155%>6 $5+ 5=4 6 51: 4 "%
9 5
+1$5=( 1
(.A5 +BL-.5 /D-*6$51:<415 <
>D"%-D5I;7"%-.5=$ A1" >14 %80 "%
9 5 5?>BL6(*;%5 ?B ) BC415=$2<>1B 5;7"%-*5=$ A15+5%4<65
56 (*A15 41" "%&B A1B; ( "1(.-*(.AD"%AB &&B415 ;=5 + 5=4 6 5 A1B ;=B &BC$@5 6 (.A5 A1B 5%$),"" 4 "%
9 5
+BL$A1BL$ A1BC),"%(*& ",; ( "$(.-.(*AD"%A1B "%A<>1(*$(*AD",4D" "7&BJ"%4 6 BL$(*5=$ + 5=4 6 5 56(.A15 4D" "%&B AB
5%6 (*) "%-*(.AD"7A1B I ?B 5J+ 5=4 6 5 " &BC$ >1&"%A15 4D" +1$D5? @ (*) " ( 6 BC$"%80 "7
9 5
B 5 ;7"%-*5=$ AD" >14#%80 "7
9 5 5?>BL6(*;%5 415 415 ;=5 + 5=4 6 5 5=$,) "%(*5=$ 5=> (.K%>D"%- >B 415
+5=4 65@0C5=$$BL4<6B%:!5 +D"%$ 5%$A1BL4D"%A15@6BC) +5=$1%?" $(*5,+$BC&BC4 6 B 45 /D-*6$5 6 5=$4D" & B'+ BC$) "%4BC4 6 B
02"%&5,0L5=4 6 $D7?" $(.5: ?B BC-*(.) (.4D"%A5 A15 /D-*6$5
"%-.K=5%$(*6),5 + 7?" $ " 0L5=) &>10LBC&&5 <>D"741A15 ?B 5$6 (*A15 >1) + 5=4 6 5 ; ( ?" ;=BC- B BL&6 "
$
0C(.5%4 %?" $(*5 5@02"7&5 BC) <>1B%: 41" "%&B'A1B ; ( "$1(*-.(*AD"%A1B7:D4!"%
9 5 &B'0C5=41&BCK=>B 56 BL$ >1) +5%4<65
) "%(*& ; ( 7?" ;%BC- <
>1B5JAD" (*6 BL$ "780 "%
9 5 "%4 6 BL$(.5%$C:15
+1$BC&BC4 6 "%) 5=& 5 "%-.K=5%$(*6),5 AB /D- 6 $5
*)
"%-*K=5=$( 6 )
" ( 5'+ 7?" $ " 0C5=)
A1B
5%$)," 0C5%),+D"70L6 " : &BC)
(.41&>10CBL&&5
>1"%-<>1BL$
BC&+ BC0L(*/D0C"%80 "7
9 5'A15=& "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5=&#(*4 6 BC$415=&3>1& "7A15=&3415=&3+D"%&&5=&3A1B ; (."$1(.-*(.AD"7A1B B 5%6 (*) "7-.(.A1"%A1B
E 8 /
+D"%$" A1BL6 "%-!1BL&C:1;%BC$ F
B
B S
# $# #
=%9 EE3 M 97E C +V& " &XU$D&
F
$&'O #$768#9:
3
B
# $# #
=%97EK+V& " C'& D6LO 9 E E 8 N # E43 A
: F
F F
%= 9 I SWL"%=>= ?'97 97E C +V& " WG&'M9 $>"S I EG7= 6L$>9>=>=%" A
' ) :
B
=%9
#
9 >9 = C &+$ I " E&' M I " 97E C +V& " WG&'M>9 $>"S $ =76# $>9>=>=%" S S B B
=%97EK+V& " $&'#$76+#9 3
#"!
: # &' D6L9
C 3
#
" !
EI E
#
9 : EE3
#"!
F : E
#
A
FF F
G G
) * &% : )
#"! #
=%9 F 97E C +V& "
: EE3 : E43
G G F :
#'! # #"! # I]C 97M &XU$0+V& " :
: G)(
=%97EK+V& " O O
#'!
:
#
:
#"!
# I]C 97M &XU$0+V& " (
+* 8 A O O
O
, )
)
8
) A5=& $BC&>1-*6 "%A15=& (*4 C?B A1( 6 5=&@"%+1$BL&BL4<6 "%A15 +5=$ "%$"%&% : BC) &>D" 6 BC&BAB
21
A15=>65=$ "%A51: ' ?B "J+1$5 ;7",AB'0C5%4<;%BC$K.BC- 410L( " K%-.5D"7-!A15@"7-.K=5=$(*6),5 AB /D- 6 $50/ : <
>1B'(*41A1B43
+BL41A1BA15=& "%-.K=5%$(*6),5%& (.4 6 BL$415%& >1&"%A15=& BC) 0C"%AD"J(*6 BL$ "780 "%
9 51:DA1BL&A1B >B BL&&BL& "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5=&
& "76(.&)5 " 280 "%)
7
&&(.)
0CBC$ 6 "%& 1
! (*+ 5%
? 6BC&BL& &51$B&>D"JBL/D0L(6BC- 40C( "
0C5%),5 5') ?B 6 5 A156K %$
0C5=)85 >14#780 "%
9 5 A1B ) C?B $(*6 5: 5') ?B 6 5 A15 A1B /1-*6 $59/
)
1
+5 A1B &5:5 $BC$ A15 B;5 BL(*65=<"%$ " 6 5=&L: >1"%41A15,"%+1-*(.02"7A15J"%5JB @ BC) +1-*5 AB"K 5?> BL-.-
S
7
6 >D"7-.)
)
BC4 6 B7:BC& 6 >1A1" 3 &BI" (.410L5=$+ 5=$ " %80 "%
9 5 A1B D
+ "%&&5=&
3G
A B &BCK%>141AD" = 5 $A1BC) % " 5 "%-*K=5:3
)
21
$(*6),5A1B /1-*6 $5 / +D"7$ "'B ; ( 6 "%$ 5 ; B 5 BL(*65 <"%$"76 5%& 5=) (.& 6 51: "%0L$BCA(*6 " 3&B &BL$ + 5%&&C? ;=BL-
21
"%4D"%-*(.& "7$ "7& +1$5=+1$(*BCAD"7A1BC& AB 0C5=4 ;%BC$KBC- 410L( " -.5 02"7- A5 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5AB /D-*6$5 / 0L5=) +D"%& 3
&5=& A1BI&BLK=>141A1",5=$A1BC)
BL&6 B 6$ "$D"7-!15 $BC>14(.) 5=& 5=& $BC&>1-*6 "%A15=&L:+>1?" +1$5 ;7"%A15%&C:1&51$B 0L5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(." A15%&
) ?B 6 5 A15=& 0C- 7?" &&(*0C5=&,A1B +1$5=K=$"%) " %80 "%
9 54!"%
9 5 -*(.41BC"%$J+D"%$ "5=& +1$51-*BC),"%& (*$$BL&6$(*65B0C5=)
$BC& 6 $(%80 5%
9 BC& A1BI(.K=>1"%-.AD"7A1B
K#"%$" "74D"%-.(*& "%$ "
),BL4<6B%:DBL&6 >AD"%$ ;=BL-.5 0C(.A1"%A1B A1BI0L5=4 ;=BC$KBC- 40C( "
0L5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(."
-.5 02"7-#A15=&"%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5=&
&6>1AD"%) 5=& 6$ BC- & A1( 5 C
5 5=( 41BL0CBC&&D%?" $(.51: +1$(.)
B $BC4 6 BL& ABL/D41( %80 5=
9 BL& AB
BC(.$" 3
;=BC-*5 0L(.AD"7A1B,AB,0L5=4 ;=BC$KBC- 40C( " BL&6 "$BL-.BL0CBC4A151: " 6 $ "2; C?B &'AD"%&415=&&"%&'ABC) 5=41&6$ "780 5=
9 BC&L: &>1"%&
1
(.) +1-.(*02"780 5=
9 BC& B B<>1(*;7"%-6BC- 410L( "%& %?" $(*5=& B @ BL),+1-*5=&25 5=$"%) BL- "$ 5=$ "7A15=&C: +5=$ 4 5=? &C: +D"7$ " BL; ( 3
A1BC410L( "%$L<>D"741A15,"%& B<>1(*;7"%-6BC- 410L( "%& BL4 6 $B % " & A1B D
/ 41( %80 5=
9 BL& 4!"7
9 5 L
& "%
9 5J; 7?" -.(.A1"%&
5 BL&6>1A15 A15') ?B 6 5 A15'A1B
G
"%>10 ! =:D) = 5 & 6 $ "7, ) 5=&H>1) $ BC&>-*6 "7A15 < >1B 4!"7
9 5 "%+D"7$BC0LB
4D",-*(*6 BL$ "76>1$ " :D"%+ BC& "7$ A1BL&6 B &BL$ >1) A15%& ) L?B 6 5 A15=& ),"%(.& "%4 6(.K=5=& +D"%$" 576 (.) (C"%80 "7
9 5 (*$$BC& 3
6 $ ( 6 " $BL&>1- 6 "%A5?B &51$B " 0C5%4<;%BC$K.BC- 410L( " -*5 0C"%-<AD" &B<> BC- 410L( " K=BL$ "%A1" + BC-.5 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5 AB
G
"%>10
! 0C5=) 1>&02" -.(.4B2"%$!B
@ "76 ":<>D"%41A15 "%+1-*(.02"7A15 " >1),"
I EQ9&'M
5 >14#%80 "7
9 5 <
>D"%A$D7 ?" 6(.02" B30C5=4 ;=B
@ "
"@-.( 6 BL$ "76>1$ "J6 BC) 5=& "@0L5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(." 4D"@415%$)," (.41A>C(*AD" + BC- " !1BC&&( "74D" 4
3
I EQ9&'M
6 $B 6 "%4 651:<"%+ BC& "7$ AD"%& 415%$),"%& BC) &BL$BC) B<>1(*;7"%-*BC4 6 BL&C:<" ;%BC-.5 0C(*AD"%A1B A1B 0C5=4 ;%BC$KBC- 410L( "
I EQ9&'M
A1BL+BL41A1BAD" 45=$)," 5=& 6 $"%),5%& 4BC&6B6$ "$1"%-!156<>1BBC&& " &B<> BL- 410C(.",0L5=4 =
< ; BC$K=B
E
0C5=) ;%BC-.5 0C(*AD"%A1B :<4D" 415%$),"BL>10C-*(.A1(."%4D" "%5 (.4 ;HC?B & AD" 415%$),"(*41A1>L(.AD"I+BL- " !1BC& 3
&( "74D" F : +D"%$ "
>B
5 >1? 41(*0C5
BL&6D?" $BC- "70C(.5%4D"%AD"@0L5=)
),(*41(.) (C"%A15=$'AD"
5=&"%>65 ;%"7-.5=$BC& AD"
5 >14 %80 "%
9 51: B B
),"76 $( AD"
@ ( (.) 5=& "
<>D"%A1$17 ?" 6
6 "<@1"A1B0L5=4 ;=BC$KBC- 40C( " :
(*02" >D"74<65 ),BL-!15=$
0C5=41A(.0C(*5=4D"%A1" 5 5=$ "),"76 $( AD" 5 >14#%80 "7
9 5 <>D"%A1$17 ?" 6 (*02": ) "%(*&I$D%?" +1(*AD" &BC$1?" "0L5=4 ;=BC$KBC- 40C( "
7
+5=$
(.4AD" 6 BC)
7
5=&2<>1B%: & B 2
$) ( >5 0C5=)
N
" 5 >14#780 "%
9 5 ?B <>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*02": BL4 62"%
9 5
5 0L5=) +1$(*),BL4<65IA15 +1"%&&5 0C"%-.0L>1- "%A5
:#0L5=(.40C(.AB 0L5=) 5+1"%&&5 AD" >1&0C"B @"76 " &65(.) +1-*(.02"<>1B "
O
& B<> BL- 410C(." K%BC$ "7AD" +BL-.5 "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5,AB
G
I EQ9&'M "7>10 ! 0C5=) 1>1& 0C"
7
$) ( >5 6 "%) L?B ) 0L5=4 ;=BC$K=(.$1?"
0C5=) ;%BC-*5 0L(.AD"%AB BI0C5%) " ) BC&) "'6 "+@" A1"J&B<> BL- 410C(.",0C5%) 1>1&02",B @"76 "
5 BL&6 >A15 A15 ) ?B 6 5 A15@A1B B;> 6 5%4!: +D"%$"@5 +1$5-.BC)," (*$$BL&6$(*651:; (*),5=& <
>1B 5
"%-.K=5%$(*6),5 +1>1$5 R?B ) >1(*65 BL/D0L(.BL4<6B%: +5=&&>1( 0L5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(." <>D"%A1$17 ?" 6 (*02":H),"%& &5%),BL4<6B
7
>1"%41A155 + 5=4 6 5 (.4(.0C(."%- BL&6D ?" &> /D0C(*BC4 6 BL),BL4<6B+1$15? @ (.) 5 AD" &5=-.> %80 "%
9 5 0C5=4 ;%BC$KBC- 410L( "
<
$
K=-.51"%-A15) L?B 6 5 A15IA1B B4> 6 5=4 ?B K "%$ "74<6(.AD"(<>D"%4A15 (*4 6 $5 A1>L(.) 5=& 415 "%-*K=5=$( 6 ) 5 " 1
>1&02"
7
>141(.A(.$BL0C(*5=4D"%-A1B $) ( >5
1
BC) 5=41& 6 $ "7),5=&L<>1B 5,) L?B 65 A5 AB $BCK=( "%
9 5JA1B 0L5=4/ "74#280 " ?B K%-.5D"7-.) BC4 6 B 0L5=4 ;=BC$ 3
K "%$ "74<6B 0L5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(." -.5 02"%-<>D"7A1$D7?" 6(.0C":<>D"741A15 " $BCK%( "%
9 5 A1B30C5=4/D"%4#280 " 6 5=$4D" 3 &B (*4D"76(*;7"
>1B 5 )
5 +1$5$1-.BL) " A1B +1$5%K=$ "%),"780 "%
L?B 6 5 A15A1B +$5=K=$"%),"%80 "%
9 54!"7
9 5 -.(.4B2"%$0C5=)
$BL&6$(780 5=
9 5 <>D"%A1$17?" 6 (*02"&B<>1BL410C(."%- K
E
9 BC&
A B (.K=>D"7-.AD"%AB%:
F +>1$5 0C5=4 3
;=BC$K=B<>D"%A$ "76(.02"7),BL4<6B,+1"%$ "
),BL4<6B +$D5? @ (.) 5 AD" &5=-.>#780 "%
9 5
" &5=-*>#%80 "7
9 51:#A1BL&A1B. >B@5
5 BC4 6 "%4 651:=+D"%$" K=-*5D"%-*(C"%$!5 ) L?B 65 A5MK
+ 5=4 6 5(*41(.0L( "%- BL&6B > "&>/D0C(*BC4 6 B3
: (.4 6 $5 A1>C(.) 5=&
"%5 &>1+1$51-*BC)," " $BL&6 $(780 "%
9 5 AB $BLK=( "7
9 5 AB 0L5=4/ "%4 280 " B3>1&"%),5%& " 6 L?B 0C41(*02" A1B $A B
) 5:3
>5<>1) : <
>1B ABC0C5%),+!5%
9 B'5 +1"%&&5@BC) A1>D"7& 0C5%),+ 5=41BL4<6BC& 45=$),"%- B 6 "%41K=BL410C(."%-
K 5=$ L?B ) :
&BJ>1)," 0L5=$$B 780 "%
9 5 AB,&BCK=>14AD" 5=$A1BC) 4!"%
9 55 5=$"%+1-*(.02"7AD":!5 "%-.K%5=$( 6 ) 5K 0L5=) $BLK=( "7
9 5
&'M & C %" =
A1B 0C5=4 / "%4#C80 " + 5 A1B &5 5 $ BC$ A15 B45 BC(*65 : " CBC4A15
5 0C5=) >B 5 "7-.K=5=$(*6),5 6 BC4!D"
+1$5=+$(.BLAD"%A1BL& 1
A BI0C5=4 ;=BL$KBL- 410C(.",-*5 C
0 "%- $>1(.41&
G
5=) 5 BC&6>1A15 A15@) L?B 65 A@ 5 A1B'/D- 6 $51: K=-*5D"%-*),BL4 6 B0C5=4 ;=BL$K=BL4 6 B%: +1$5=+ 5=&65@+5%$
1
/I5=42"%K " : I"%$ "7& B "%4 6 ( : BC40CBC$$ "%) 5=&,"A1(*&0L>1&&L"%
9 5 A15%& ) L?B 6 5 A15=&J+D"7$ "+$5=K=$"%),"%80 "%
9 5
7
4!"%
9 5 -.(*41B2"7$ &&(*) 0L5=),5 5J) L?B 65 A15%K 0C5=) $BLK=( "%
9 5 AB 0C5=4/D"%4#280 " :16 "%) C?B ) 5 ) L?B 65 A5
!&'M& C %" =
A1B'/D- 6 $ 5 +5 A1B'&5 5 $BL$ A15 4
B 5 BC(*65 : &B 1
! > )," C
0 5=$$B %80 "%
9 5 1
A B'&BCK%>141AD" =
5 $A1BC) 4!"%
9 5 5 5=$
A
(.) +1-.BL),BL4<6 "%AD" >1K=BL$B3&B7: BL4<6C"%
9 51:",(*410C5=$+5%$ "780 "%
9 5,AB'0C5%$$B %80 5=
9 BL& A1B&BLK=>141AD"@5%$A1BL) "75
!&'M& C %" =
"%-.K=5%$(*6),5 1
A B /D-*6$51:H+D"7$ " BC-*(.) (.4D"%$ 5 ;
B 5 BC( 6 5 : 5 <>D"%- 5 C
0 5%$$B <>D"%4A155 "%-*K=5:3
7
$(*6),5 $B > BL(*6 "I+1"%&&5=& )'>1(*65(5=4&C:<5 0C"%&(*5=4D"%4A15I4 >) " 0C5%4<;%BC$K.BC- 410L( "-.5 02"%- -.BC4 6 " &&(*) :
"%0C$BCA1( 6 " 3 & B'&BC$
+5=&&2? ;=BC- BC& 6 >1AD"7$ "%& +$5=+1$(.BLAD"%A1BL& A1B 0L5=4 ;=BC$KBC- 40C( "@-*5 0C"%- A15 "%-*K=5=$(*6 ) 5
A1B /D-*6$5 0C5%) 0C5=$$B %80 "%
9 5 A1BI&BLK=>141AD" 5=$ABC)
: :
0 ON P 9 &'S 9;: < 2 K 9;: < 9>: < 2 9;: : 4 < "E0)+9 K Q 97E C +V& "
*
: :
R A : 4 9 S I E I S I &*)+"M #"%$&' )+9 K =%9 9 =%"S 97E C 9=%9 : 4 9 S I E I S I &*)+"M #"%$&' )+9 ;
: :
" +A : 4 9 S I E I S I &*)+"M #"%$&' )+9 =%9 9 =%"S 97E C 9 =%9 H 9 S I E I S I &*)+"M #"%$&' )+9 A
: :
S M
T MVU : 4 J/ 7@#'@7@G0.$ W1@ + 1X$!KY #Z E 7\[@] %,C@G#^(#Y+ ) $ : 4 '8.1_
9;: 4 < 2 K 9>: 4 < K 9;: < 2 9>: < dc 9;: 4 < 9;: < ec 9>: 4 < 9;: <\f
* * * *
1@ + 1X$ M K
9;: 4 < 2 K 9;: 4 < K 9>: < 2 9>: < c K 9;: 4 < K 9>: < qc K 9;: 4 < K 9>: <
?(" C$ : ?5] # + #-g",C@G @#^#*+ ) $ : 4 M ]8#Z : 4 h/ 7@#G0$'
1@ + 1X$DK M K
r MVU : 4 D/ 7@#'@7@G0.$ h1 + 1_$ (#Z E \[@] Dk,C@G @#^(.#*+ ) (s tA2 u: :
: 4 wv x j8.1Y 9;: 4 < 9;: < j?(. $ :d` s tMU zy 2 {v x
T HH
y' 32 : : 4 $('/
9 H < 2 9>: 4 < 9>: < 2 9 : 4 < 2 9 < c 9 H < 9 <\f
*
9>: 4 < 2 9 H < 9 < 2 9;: d: 4 < 2 9;: : 4 : 4 < 2 9>: < c 9;: 4 < 9;: <mf
*
A L
T .M UXM G0. ' M&M U ^1@ ..#$ M M.U ^\ M "!$#&%(')%*$+&%,#&-- .+0/)1 2!3%54
<
#&768#&9+.%5 1 2.-;:\M(< ^'#>= 1@ #$ U #' @? TBACACD M
<
>
r &M lM ME "!$#&%F')%*$+&%,#&-- .+M ^#( U + #Z HG + 1 #Z . 7
D <'MCKhM ### <'M M @16X 0& MCL C/ + ^(.1 .#$M M MZU @Go./ 6(1 MONP-Q!5%RTS$#&
UWV 1X -HYI#&1ZT(M U ?@# 1@ 1@#_V @$ 1@65 r H H D M
7
/
1
3
\[ ] M + ^' L M '7 #$_ M_^ b #'$ M U ,. M`K 1@1 + #Z,# + D ^'
?5] $ + #Z 7 ^'$ ^i#\[' + "1@@#'J0. + ^ M UWV 1Z -HYI#&1XT DZr TID0aIb5T [0c
7
5
TIACA0J M >
J] ML M '$ #p#$ <'M&MK MdONP-Q!5%RTS$#&e#&7#&4I:5f:\M + gG + u, . U TIACA0a M
/
, 7
9c ] M M $ M ] 6]V]"@ #i\ ^C$ + # #$b ?' G0.@ # M`h ^@$
UP^ h # # + D#ji ?'@7@G. #_ TIACk0a M
7
<
5
5
a M ] M h ##_ MI^8M M 1$_ #$ YML MBh @#Z M l%RN0:517mn!T+&T;op!51 2q6:\M UlrUP^
U @- #ji ?' G0.@ #j ^1 $'1@?'^ ' r H HH'M
7 7
< / < <
k] MK 1@\ + ^ M 1@$_ UXML lMh #Z0 .#$ M = + ^Z M 1 6(1 + #Z, # +
#d#'$ U G(1 D1 ^7 ! #' .1 ##1@#0? 7@#' M
7
/ /
5
sPt$u owv_x UWV 1Z -HYI#&1XT TBD 9 D < c D0JIb c JA r H H r M
3 3 5
A] M0K 1@ + ^ #'$ U5MyL M #1@#=? 7@#' ^ ' J?5#(.1 '# + @ # M
oz#&1 2!5-M#&1XTS$#&"')%*$+&%,#&-- .+M{ s !5%x uJ A'T 9 r < r&DCAb'r c A r H H r M > 5
T H M7K @ $1 .#$ M}|)f!5-Q!51~I:6.!')%*$+&%,#&-M#CS7#. #. {TW "!$#&%mM $ 7$( # + 7?_
?'@#( U @1 TIACA [ M
7 ,
THT
THr
T T M M #G0.Z Mlh + = #& ^' + #Z, # + " ^'n + ^ 1 ^' MvNP%R7#&
UWV 1X -HYI#&1ZT 2!3%R4 #&76 u V0V TS$#&1ZT_: T H a 9 D < JA'T5b c HH r H H H'M
/ > 5 5
TID M M #GZ' AM = M . Z#$ M #Z M 1@ 6(.1@1 + #Z,#Z(G(1*7 ^C$
A# #1@# ? 7@#' M sPt,u o v_x UWV 1X -HYI#&1ZT T [ 9 D < c&[Cc b cCc A r H H D M
1 7
/ <
T [ -M = M . M | P!5- V fI: 6.!Q1X%,# B!5"1 ! %RZ# S3!51Z%$#& -M#& S3- V %51T#060# !5- 1Z -HYI#CS7#.
5
S3$ #&! y# ! N.- #&9+.%R 1Z-Q 6.&! %(1X%*I: V #&%,# V %3$+&%,#&-M#CS7#. j #. "!$#&%mM ^ ^@
, # , $($ K $ 1o$' U #Z8 .8@#( K 1 @#-/ ?5 1@ U g 1 r H H r M
TJ M @1=#$ M M ] M h#, # + ^7 ?X &$' + #Z&7 ^C$
#@7@G @#VC + #Z,\[ # + @ #' MvN.%57#& ( ' UWV 1Z -HYI#&1XT) 2!3%R4#&76 udV0V {
> / < 5 5
T c UXM7<'ML # M u ! 9+.+! *q%,#MW "!$#&%q/S3- # V TS$#CS70 !3:\M`LPh g ] @k$ < #'@ TIA&ACA M
Ta -ML ML @ &M ,`NP%*:IQ6.! u - #&! f:I.! #&Hx R M ^ ] @3$ < #'@ TIA&k'T M 7
TIk -ML ML @ &M ,`NP%*:IQ6.! u - #&! f:I.! #&Hx /ZM ^ ] @3$ < #'@ TIA&k'T M
<
7
<
TIA &M MnL #6X M W "!$#&%z#&76 "!$#&% ')%*$+&%$#&-- .+M $$ # =O1@
'61@^# h ?# ? TIACk c M
7
/ 3
>
rT <'M M 06/ # Gh#'$ AM M @1 MC^ #m[ + =] . #%.1@ ^ + #] @# $
5
?' G0.@ # MvN.%57#& ( ' UWV 1Z -HYI#&1ZT7 2!3%R4 #&76 u V0V TS$#&1ZT_: T H [ TID0JIb5T c D
7
< < 5
r H H H'M
r r <'M M 06/ # G #$ U5M MU #Z M / C$ + 7?'8 + @#(@ $ . @7@GX+) .E M r H'9M 8
h 1u/ .@1k$ . ./ + ^ TIA&A0J M
7
< < <
7
< 3 <
r&D <'M + $1 #$ UXM7<'M =O ^Z MdONP-Q!5%RTS$#& UWV 1Z -HYI#&1ZT(MWU ?@# U @ "#>i ?X
.@ # ] 0 + ^ MXU ?@# 1@ TIACACA M 3
1
3
THD
r [ - M i 7 y # Ml%RNy:51emn!T+&T u 9+.%5 1 2.-;: 'B% UWV 1X -HYI#&1ZT 1 2 "!$#&% |qN_#&{
1X4j#&76 t "!qNl#& 1Z4 ,)_:51X%,#& 1 :\M ^ ^ ? M h 7?' U + @ # + . #
rCJ <'M M iJ] Zb.#$ = M M ] ^'@#65 1@$ M t 1~!5%,#&1X #&!:IN.1ZT (' " "!$#&% !qNl#&1ZT
<
j:I! #&!5%$#& ##&%5Z# *qf!3:\M U # @ M + $ + TIA0a H'M
/
7
r c M.L M @# K M -MU '1@1@ ,.#_#$ < MP<'MP<'M ^1 M2 2! -M#&1 2!5-M#&1XTS3:('}" "!$#&%
7
1
> 3
rCa M <'M&M 1@1 M h #Z,# + &??X - 1@ ^7 A# #'1@@#'0A ? @7@G
<
@# M sPt$u o mn! #IT! r&k [ k0aIb_J H H TBACk c M
> 5 5 3
r&k UXM UXM ] . M |).+& "!3!5%R .+p V 1X -HYI#&1ZT7/>1 2!3%R4z#&76 V %,#.S51ZTS3! C%,6j| 6& 1ZT(M
? M = @1 ^ #Z + # + TIACA c M
>
3
r&A hJM=U ^( M h ^ + # y . 7 .$@ #!7 ^$ #$ 'D@ ##O1@ 3 + 1
?' G0.@ # M sPt,u o v_x N.-Q!5%x u 7#&Hx r H c r c b c D0a TIACkCD M
Livros Grátis
( http://www.livrosgratis.com.br )