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Octo1 2
Octo1 2
CHEMICAL TANKER
CARGO OPERATION
Afternoon session
1. Basic Chemistry, Chemical Elements and groups
2. Physical properties of Oil and chemicals carried in bulk
3. Health Hazards
Periodic Table
Chemical structures
• liquid density- how heavy a liquid is for the amount measured. Light density liquid floats on water (Kg/m3),
water- 1000Kg/m3
• vapour density- density of vapour with respect to that of hydrogen
• vapour pressure- measure of tendency of material to change in vapour or gaseous state.
• Boiling point- The temperature at which the vapour pressure at the surface of a liquid becomes equal to the
pressure exerted by the surroundings is called the boiling point of the liquid
• viscosity- resistance of material to change in shape or movement of neibourhood portion relative to one
another
• pour-point- lowest temperature at which liquid can be poured
Physical Properties
• Fire
• How fire burns
• Fire tetrahedron
• Atmospheric gas contents- oxygen 20.8%, nitrogen 78, 1% others
• Fire subsidize below 15%
• Heat Temperature (3 stages)
• Flash Point- Lowest Temperature at which liquid gives off sufficient vapours to create a flash
on introducing flame in test vessel.
• Fire Point- Minimum temperature at which sufficient vapors releases from liquid to keep
continuous burning on introduction of flash/spark
• Ignition point (Auto Ignition point)- minimum temperature at which sufficient vapors released
by fuel so that it ignites automatically without introducing flash/spark
• Flammability- ability of hydrocarbon to react with oxygen to produce oxygen and water
vapors. Reaction produces sufficient heat – produces visible flame- travel through
mixture (hydrocarbon and air)
• Flammability Limit- Entire range of a flammable vapors/ gases in air (Volume %age)
over which the a flame will occur/ travel if ignited.
Flammability diagram
Flammability limits of different fuels
Upper and Lower Flammability
Ignition and flash point
Limits Fuel Flash point Auto Ignition Flammabilit
Substanc LFL in % UFL in % Vapor ( C Temp) Temp y Limit
e by by Pressure Temp
volume of volume of at 37 ̊C
air air (Kpa)
Ethanol 12.8 365 12 to 42
Diesel 0.6 7.5 0.3
Gasolin <-40 246 -40 to 18
Ethanol 3-3.3 19 17 e
Gasoline 1.4 7.6 65 Diesel >62 210 64 to 150
(100%
Octane) Jet Fuel >38 for A 210 32 to 81 –A
A&B <-23 for B -23 to 10 B
Health Hazards
Health hazards in percentage of exposure to oil and chemicals