DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

REFRIGERATION & AIR-CONDITIONING

LABORATORY LAB MANUAL –
D037721(037) VII-SEMESTER

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved by:

Mr. Bhura Singh
Dr. Abhijeet Ganguly Dr. Anurag Sharma
Assistant Professor
Head of the Principal
Dept. of ME RSR-
Department Dept. of RSR-
RCET
Mech. Engg. RCET
RSR-RCET

i
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VISION:

To mould the students into technically sound as well as ethically perfect professionals with
innovative leadership qualities and a confident attitude for serving the society.

MISSION:

 To impart a thorough knowledge of various core engineering subjects to students for

ascertaining their fundamental strength in mechanical engineering.
 To expose our students to a curriculum consisting of modern laboratories, interdisciplinary
subjects and industrial trainings in such a way that they get international exposure in world
class industries.
 To train our students with modern drafting & analysis software for developing their
computational capabilities as well as promoting higher studies and research works.
 To strengthen our students with innovative ideas and build the potential of leadership &
teamwork through various projects in their curriculum.

2
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES:

PO1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
PO2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics,
natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
PO3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
PO4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
PO5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with
an understanding of the limitations.
PO6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for
sustainable development.
PO8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive
clear instructions.
PO11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

3
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

PSO1: Locate, compose and dissect complex engineering problems in Thermal, Design and
Manufacturing engineering domains.

PSO2: To manifest the knowledge and interpretation of Industrial engineering, management

principles and pertain them to conduct projects and production optimally in any organization, also
to maintain a synergy between understanding and its application.

PSO3: Prowess of alliance learning to find out cost effective, optimal solution sustainable growth
to fulfil the needs of society without hampering environment.

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 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE (PEO):

For Undergraduate Students:

 To develop a strong foundation in core mechanical engineering principles and enabling the
students to analyze and design mechanical systems and components effectively.
 To exhibit a commitment towards professional growth by engaging in lifelong learning,
staying current with emerging technologies, and participating in internships, co-op
programs, or research experiences to gain practical industry knowledge.
 To develop effective communication and teamwork skills, leads to collaborate in
multidisciplinary teams and convey technical information to diverse audiences.
For Postgraduate Students:
 To expertise in production engineering through advanced coursework, research, and project
work, which helps the students to address complex engineering challenges.
 To engage in research and innovation activities, leading to the development of new
knowledge, technologies, and methodologies that contribute to advancements in the field of
mechanical engineering.
 To develop leadership skills and an understanding of student’s impact on industry and
society, positioning them for roles in research, academia, or industry leadership positions

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About Laboratory Manual -
This manual is intended for the Fourth-year students of engineering branches in the subject of
Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning. This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related
Refrigeration & Air-Conditioning covering various aspects related to the subject to enhance
understanding.
Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the
syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of theoretical
aspects covered in the books.

6
 Contents

Sr. No. Title Page No.

1-2
1. Syllabus
3
2. Course objective
4
3. Course outcome
5
4. Do’s & Don’ts
6-44
5. List of experiments
45
6. Viva questions
46
7. Appendix-1

0
1
 Syllabus
CHHATISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,
BHILAI (C.G.)

Semester: B. Tech VII Branch: Mechanical Engineering

Subject: Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Laboratory Code: D037721(037)
Total Practical Periods: 24
Total Marks in End Semester Exam: 40
Course Outcomes:
1. CO1: Describe the construction and working of different refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
2. CO2: Analyze performance parameters of refrigeration system.
3. CO3: Analyze performance parameters of mechanical heat pump.
4. CO4: Analyze performance parameters of air conditioning system.
5. CO5: Simulate and analyze various air conditioning processes.

List of experiments: (Minimum 07 experiments are to be performed)

1 To study domestic refrigerator.

2 To study the hermetically sealed compressor.
3 To study Refrigeration Tutor and to determine the following: -
Theoretical coefficient of performance
Actual coefficient of performance.
Theoretical capacity of the plant
Actual capacity of the plant

4 To study the mechanical heat pump and to determine the following: -

Theoretical coefficient of performance
Actual coefficient of performance.
Theoretical capacity of the plant
Actual capacity of the plant

1
 5. To study of different psychometric terms and processes.

6. To study the following processes on the air conditioning test rig:

a. Sensible heating
b. Sensible cooling
c. Sensible cooling/cooling dehumidification
d. Humidification and cooling
7. To find the efficiency of cooling tower test rig.
8. To study the simple vapor absorption system.
9. To study the AC Simulator and to determine the following:
a. Sensible heating
b. Sensible cooling
c. COP of R-22
d. Air washer efficiency
e. Sensible heat load applied
f. Latent heat load applied
g. RSHF
h. ESHF
i. Creation of different climatic conditions in AC
simulator

Requirements:

Reference Books:

2
Course Objectives:
The main objective of the course is to further reinforce the students understanding of the
refrigeration and air conditioning through suitably designed experiments in refrigeration & air-
conditioning lab.

3
Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Describe the construction and working of different refrigeration and air conditioning
equipment.
2. Analyze performance parameters of refrigeration system.
3. Analyze performance parameters of mechanical heat pump.
4. Analyze performance parameters of air conditioning system.
5. Simulate and analyze various air conditioning processes.

4
Do’s & Don’ts -

Do’s

 Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

 Dress properly during a laboratory activity.
 Long hair, dangling jewelry and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory.
 Observe good housekeeping practices.
 Replace the materials in proper place after work to keep the lab area tidy.

Don’ts

 Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with
the laboratory experiments of others.

 Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use laboratory
glassware as containers for food or beverages.

 Do not open any irrelevant internet sites on lab computer

 Do not use a flash drive on lab computers.
 Do not upload, delete or alter any software on the lab PC.
 Do not switch on the trainer kit without verifying connection.

5
 List of Experiments

Expt.
Name of the Experiment Page No.
No.

1 To study domestic refrigerator.

2 To study the hermetically sealed compressor.

To study Refrigeration Tutor and to determine the following: -

a) Theoretical coefficient of performance
3 b) Actual coefficient of performance.
c) Theoretical capacity of the plant
d) Actual capacity of the plant
To study the mechanical heat pump and to determine the following: -
a. Theoretical coefficient of performance
4 b. Actual coefficient of performance.
c. Theoretical capacity of the plant
d. Actual capacity of the plant

5 To study of different psychometric terms and processes.

To study the following processes on the air conditioning test rig:

a. Sensible heating
6 b. Sensible cooling
c. Sensible cooling/cooling dehumidification
d. Humidification and cooling

To find the efficiency of cooling tower test rig.

7

To study the simple vapor absorption system.

8

6
 To study the AC Simulator and to determine the following:
a. Sensible heating
b. Sensible cooling
c. COP of R-22
9 d. Air washer efficiency
e. Sensible heat load applied
f. Latent heat load applied
g. RSHF
h. ESHF
i. Creation of different climatic conditions in AC simulator

7
8
 EXPERIMENT – 1

AIM: Study of simple vapor Compression Refrigeration System (VCRS) and its components.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To study various components of vapour compression refrigeration.

2. System (VCRS) like Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator and Expansion device.
3. To study effect of sub cooling and superheating on the performance of VCRS.
4. To Study the effect of varying the suction and discharge pressure on the performance of
VCRS.
THEORY:
Mainly there are four components in VCRS.
(1) Evaporator (2) Compressor (3) Condenser (4) Expansion Device.
First the refrigerant is compressed adiabatically in the compressor. The pressure and temperature
of the refrigerant will increase. Then refrigerant will enter in the Condenser. Heat will be rejected
from the refrigerant to the atmosphere in Condenser at constant pressure. Then, the refrigerant will
enter in expansion device where expansion takes place which result in reduction of temperature
and pressure of refrigerant. This low temperature refrigerant will enter into evaporator and by its
evaporation cooling will be produced at constant pressure. The heat absorbed in evaporator is
termed as Refrigeration effect. This low temperature refrigerant vapor enters in compressor and
cycle is repeated.

QUESTIONS:

1. Define Refrigeration and Air-conditioning. State the application of refrigeration.

2. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of simple Vapor Compression
Refrigeration System.
3. What is C.O.P of a refrigeration system?
4. Explain the effect of Sub-cooling and Super-heating of on the performance of a simple

9
 VCRS.
5. Explain the effect of varying suction pressure and discharge pressure on
the performance of VCR with p-h and T-S diagram.
6. Draw and explain actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle.
7. The following results were obtained in a test conducted on vapor-compression
refrigeration system. Evaporator temperature = 28oC, Condenser pressure = 2.8 bar
Refrigerant entering the condenser = 3oC superheat
Refrigerant leaving the condenser = 12oC

Draw up heat balance sheet and calculate C.O.P. Take the following properties for refrigerant -

Saturation Enthalpy kJ/kg Entropy kJ/kg K Sp. Heat kJ/kg K

Pressure
Temp 0OC liquid vapour liquid vapour
vapour
bar
14 2.8 438.3 803.5 5.533 1.382 0.67
-28 0.4 381.9 783.8 5.686 - -

8. A R-12 vapour compression system has saturated suction temp of -5 OC and saturated
discharge temp of 40OC. calculate (1) mass flow rate /ton of refrigeration (2) theoretical
piston displacement /ton of refrigeration (3) theoretical power /ton of refrigeration (4)
COP with(a) dry compression (b) wet compression. Find the system performance when
capacity is 15TR.
9. A food storage locker required a refrigeration system of a 2400 kJ/min capacity. The
evaporator temp is -10OC and a condenser temp is +30OC. The refrigerant used is R12.
The refrigerant is sub cooled by 6OC before entering the expansion valve. The vapour is
superheated by 7OC before leaving the evaporator coil. The compression of the
refrigerant is isentropic. The refrigerant compressor is two-cylinder, single acting
L/D=1.25and it operates at 1000 rpm

10
The properties of R12 are an under:
Saturation Absolute Sp. Volume Enthalpy Entropy kJ/kg Sp. Heat kJ/kg
Temp Pressure m3/kg vg kJ/kg K K
OC bar liquid vapour liquid vapour liquid vapour
+30 7.4379 0.02376 228.89 365.1 1.0992 1.548 0.998 0.721
6 7
-10 2.1893 0.07731 190.78 348.1 0.9658 1.563 0.911 0.611
7 9

CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

11
 EXPERIMENT – 2
AIM: To study the hermetically sealed compressor.

Apparatus used: Cut sectional Model of Reciprocating, Centrifugal and Rotary compressor
Reciprocating compressor:
Theory:
The compressors in which the vapour refrigerant is compressed by reciprocating motion of the
piston are called reciprocating compressors. These compressors are used for refrigerant which
have comparatively low volume per Kg and a large differential press. Such as NH3 (R-717), R-
12, R-22 and CH3Cl (R-40). The reciprocating compressors are available in sizes as small as ½
KW which are used in small domestic refrigeration and up to about 150 KW for large capacity.
The two types of reciprocating compressor in general are: -
1. Single acting vertical compressor.
2. Double acting horizontal compressor.
The single acting compressors usually have their cylinder arranged vertically radial lyor in ‘V’
or ‘W’ form. The double acting compressors usually have their cylinder arranged horizontal.

Working:
When the piston moves downwards, the refrigerant left in the clearance space expands. Thus,
the volume of the cylinder increases and the pressure inside the cylinder decreases. When the
pressure become slightly less than the valve gets opened and the vapour refrigerant flows into the
cylinder. This flow continuous until the piston reaches the bottom of the stroke. At bottom of
the stroke, the suction valve closes because of spring action. Now, when the piston moves
upwards, the volume of the piston moves upwards, the volume of the cylinder decreases and the
pressure inside the cylinder increases. When the pressure inside the cylinder becomes greater
than that on the top of the discharge valve, the discharge valve gets opened & the vapour
refrigerant is discharged into the condenser and the cycle is repeated.

12
1. Work done during isothermal compression:
Work done during suction stroke: - W1 = Area A B B’ A’ = p1v1

Work done during Compression: - W2 = Area B C1 C1’ B’ = p1v1 loge (v1 / v2)

Work done during Discharge: - = 2.3 m RT1 log r

2. Work done during polytropic compression: (p v n = Constant)

Work done during suction stroke: - W1 = Area A B B’ A’ = p1v1

Work done during Compression: - W2 = Area BCC’ B’ = p2v2-p1v1/n - 1
Work done during Discharge: - W2 = Area CDA’C = p2v2

3. Work done during Isentropic Compression:

W = y / y-1 x m cp (y-1 / y) (T2-T1) = m cp (T1-T2)

Rotary compressor:

Theory:
In rotary compressor, the vapour refrigerant from the evaporator is compressed due to movement
of blades. The rotary compressors are positive displacement type compressor. Since, the clearance
in rotary compressors is negligible; therefore, they have high vol. These may be used for
refrigerants like R- 12, R-22, and R-144 & NH3.

The two types of rotary compressors are: -

1. Single stationary blade type
2. Rotating blade type

Working:
Single stationary blade type:

It consists of a stationary cylinder, a roller and a shaft. The shaft has an eccentric on
which the roller is mounted. A blade is set into the slot of a cylinder in such a manner that

13
 it always maintains contacts with a slotter by means of a spring. The blade moves in and out
of the slot to follow the rotor when it rotates. Since the blade separates the suction and
discharge parts, therefore it is often called a sealing blade. When the shaft rotates, the roller
also rotates the roller rotates so that it always touches the cylinder wall.

Rotating Blade type:

It consists of a cylinder and a slotted rotor containing a number of blades. The center
of the rotor is eccentric with the center of the cylinder. The blades are forced against the
cylinder wall by the centrifugal action during the rotation of the motor.
The low pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant from the evaporator is drawn
through the suction port. As the rotor turns, the suction vapour refrigerant entrapped between
the two adjacent blades is compressed. The compressed refrigerant at high pressure and temp
is discharged through the discharge port to the condenser.
Centrifugal Compressor:

The centrifugal compressor increases the pressure of low- pressure vapour refrigerant to a
high pressure by centrifugal force. The centrifugal compressor is generally used for
refrigerants that require large displacement and low condensing pressure, such as R-12 is and
R-113. However, the refrigerant R-12 is also employed for large capacity applications and
low- temperature applications.

Theory:
A single stage centrifugal compressor, in its simplest form, consists of an impeller to which a
number of curved vanes are fitted symmetrically. The impeller rotates in an air volute casing
with inlet and outlet points.
The impeller draws in low pressure vapour refrigerant from the evaporator. When the
impeller rotates, it pushes the vapour refrigerant from the center of the impeller to its
periphery by centrifugal force. The high speed of the impeller leaves the vapour refrigerant at
a high velocity at the vane tips of the impeller. The kinetic energy thus attained at the
impeller outlet is converted into pressure energy when the high velocity vapour refrigerant

14
passes over

15
 the diffuser. The diffuser is normally a vane less type as it permits more efficient part load
operation which is quite and it further converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy before
it leaves the refrigerant to the evaporator.

CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

16
 EXPERIMENT – 3
AIM: To study Refrigeration Tutor and to determine the following: -
a. Theoretical coefficient of performance
b. Actual coefficient of performance.
c. Theoretical capacity of the plant
d. Actual capacity of the plant

Apparatus used:
Refrigeration test Rig consists of (Compressor (rotary), Air cooler condenser, Capillary
tube, Evaporator coil, voltmeter, current meter, voltmeter, energy meter, Thermocouple
pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, and freezer

Description of the Test Rig:

The experimental refrigeration cycle test rig consists of a compressor unit, condenser,
evaporator, cooling chamber, controlling devices and measuring instruments those are
fitted on a stand and a control panel. The apparatus is fabricated in such a way; to
refrigeration system hermetically sealed compressor is fitted on stand with the help of
flexible foundation bolts to minimize vibrations. Electric power input to the compressor is
given through thermostatic switch.

Temperature sensor details:

1.
T1 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line
2.
T2 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed after Condenser
3.
T3 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed after Capillary Tube
4.
T4 = Temperature Sensor: Inside freezer
5.
T5 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed at Compressor Suction Line.

17
Theory:
The coefficient of performance of refrigeration plant is given by the ratio of heat
absorbed, by the refrigerant when passing through the evaporator or the system, to the
working input to the compressor to compress the refrigeration.
Co-efficient of Performance = Heat removed by refrigerant / Power input

(COP) plant = m Cp T / KWh

Where,
m = mass of water kept in cooling chamber
Cp = specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj/Kg K
T = temperature of cooling water K
Kwh = 1000 x V.I x 60 x 60 KJ = V.I x KJ = V.I x 3600 KJ
KWH = reading of energy meter

The co-efficient of performance of a refrigeration system is given by the ratio of heat absorb, to
the work input.

COP = Heat removed by refrigerant / Power input

= m x CpT / K.Wh
Where,
m = mass of water kept in cooling chamber
Cp = specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj /Kg K
T = temperature of cooling water K
Kwh = power consumed by the compressor in unit time.

Tonnage capacity:
The capacity of a refrigeration machine is the refrigeration effect in a given time from a body.
This capacity of machine is given by standard commercial ton of refrigeration. This is called as
refrigerating effect i.e., melting of 1 ton of ice at 0°C in 24 hours.

TR = 336 x 1000 / 24 x 60 x 60 = 3.88 Kj / sec.

Tonnage capacity of the machine = Net refrigerating effect of machine / 3.88

= m x CpT / 3.88

18
Procedure:
Switch on the compressor and let it run for considerable time. Say for automatic cut off by
thermostatic switch at normal position. Fill a measured quantity of water in ice cane (100 gm) and
put it into cooling chamber. Measure initial temperature of water before putting into cooling
chamber by noting the value of T4 as T4i note down the energy meter reading. Wait till compressor
starts. Compressor shall be started automatically as and when temperature of cooling chamber falls
up to adjusted temperature.
After starting the compressor note down the temperature T4 at the interval of every 15 minutes and
note it down as T4C.
Note down the power consumed by compressor till ice forms i.e., temperature T4 should reach 0°C
. At 0°C of ice cane note down all the temperature i.e., T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Also note down the
suction and discharge pressure by the respective gauges. Note down the flow rate of refrigerant by
roto meter.
Hence Refrigeration effect TR = 336 x 1000 / 24 x 14000 KJ / hour
Where latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 KJ / kg.
Tonnage capacity of the plant:
= Net refrigerant effect of plant / 14000 KJ / hour
= m x CpT / 14000
Where, m = mass of water kept in cooling chamber
Cp = initial and final heat of water = 4.18
T = initial temp.
Tc = final temperature water T1-
T2 T1 = initial temperature of water.
Tc = final temperature of water

Tonnage capacity of cycle:

= Net refrigerating effect produced by refrigerant / 14000 Kj /h

= m x CpT / 14000 tones

Where, m = mass flow rate of refrigerant Cp

= Specific heat of refrigerant
19
 T = Temperature of refrigerant at discharge and suction = T1, T5

Observation Table:
Sr. No. Energy meter reading Mass Temperature of T1 T2 T3 T5
of chilling water initial
water final T
Initial Final C=
(a) (b) (a-b)

Calculation:

(COP)plant = m x CpT / KWH

Where,

m = Mass of water kept in ice cane (kg)

Cp = Specific heat of water = 4.18
T = T4i – T4C
KWH = Total energy meter reading
(Final value – initial value of energy meter)

Sample Calculation:
COP = m. CpT / KWh
= (20 x 4.187 x 12) / (245 x 3.9)

Tonnage capacity = COP / 3.88 TR

20
CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

21
 EXPERIMENT – 4

AIM: To study the mechanical heat pump and to determine the following: -
a. Theoretical coefficient of performance.
b. Actual coefficient of performance.
c. Theoretical capacity of the plant.
d. Actual capacity of the plant.

Apparatus Used: Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator, Capillary Tube, Ammeter, and

Voltmeter.

Theory:
A mechanical heat pump is mechanical equipment which is used to supply the heat to the system,
where it is installed, and maintain its temperature more than that of surrounding. Mechanical heat
pump absorbs heat from surrounding (atmosphere). Work input to a heat pump is supplied by
compressor. With reference to the figure 1. Heat Q2 is supplied to the room and temperature T2
is maintained above the T1 whereas heat Q1 is absorbed by the surrounding. Hence performance
of heat pump is given by -
(C O P) Heat Pump = Q / W

Where,
Q = heat removed from the
system. W = work supplied in
compressor.

Source Heat Sink

(atmosphere) Pump T2
T1 Q1 Q2

Fig. 1 Schematic of heat pump

Coefficient of performance (COP):

Coefficient of performance of mechanical heat pump is the ratio of heat removed by it

22
and work supplied i.e.

23
 (C O P) Heat Pump = Q / W
Where,
Q = heat removed from the
system. W = m. CpT
watts.
m = mass of water in heating (condensation) or
cooling (evaporator) tank.
Cp = Specific heat of water kJ / kg. K
T = Initial and final temperature of water for unit time
K W = Power consumer by compressor of unit time W.
= energy meter reading.

Technical Specification:
Compressor = hermetically sealed of 1/3 T
Discharge pressure gauge = 0-3 - PSI Suction
pressure gauge = - 30-0-150 PSI
T1 & T2 are temperature of discharge suction side 0°CT3
and T7 are temperature of water 0°C
T2, T3, T5 and T6 are temperature of inlet and outlet of heating and cooling coil.

Procedure:
Fill measured quantity of water in condenser and evaporator banks and note down the
initial temperature of tanks by means of selector switch as T 4i. Now note down the energy
meter and switch on the power supply to compressor. Run the compressor for unit time
(say 30 minute) and note down the change in temperature of T 4f and energy meter reading.
Above procedure may be repeated for cooling coil also.

24
Temperature sensor details:
1.
T1 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line
2.
T2 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed after Condenser
3.
T3 = Temperature Sensor: Inside hot water tank
4.
T4 = Temperature Sensor: fixed after capillary tube
5.
T5 = Temperature Sensor: Inside cold-water tank
6.
T6 = Temperature Sensor: Fixed at Compressor Suction Line

Observation Table:
S. No. Time T3I T4f Mass of water Mass of water in Energy meter
in evaporator reading
condensation

Calculation:

Q = m. Cp T =....................Watts
W =..................Watts
COP = Q/W.........................%.

Precautions:

1. Use stabilized power supply.

25
 2. Drain the water from tanks after performing experiment.
3. When apparatus is no longer in use condense the refrigerant.
4. Use stop watch for time measurement.

CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

26
 EXPERIMENT – 5

AIM: To study of different psychometric terms and processes.

OBJECTIVES:

1. To understand different terms related with air properties.

2. Importance of different temperatures for the Psychrometric process.
3. Study of different Psychrometric processes like
a) Sensible cooling/heating
b) Latent cooling/Heating
c) Cooling and dehumidification
d) Heating and humidification
e) Evaporative cooling
Theory:
In the design and analysis of air conditioning plants, the fundamental requirement is to identify
the various processes being performed on air. Once identified, the processes can be analyzed by
applying the laws of conservation of mass and energy. All these processes can be plotted easily
on a Psychrometric chart. This is very useful for quick visualization and also for identifying the
changes taking place in important properties such as temperature, humidity ratio, enthalpy etc.
The important processes that air undergoes in a typical air conditioning plant are discussed
below.
Important Psychrometric processes:
a) Sensible cooling:
During this process, the moisture content of air remains constant but its temperature decreases as
it flows over a cooling coil. For moisture content to remain constant, the surface of the cooling
coil should be dry and its surface temperature should be greater than the dew point temperature
of air. If the cooling coil is 100% effective, then the exit temperature of air will be equal to the
coil temperature. However, in practice, the exit air temperature will be higher than the cooling
27
coil

28
temperature.
b) Sensible heating
During this process, the moisture content of air remains constant and its temperature increases as
it flows over a heating coil.
c) Cooling and dehumidification
When moist air is cooled below its dew-point by bringing it in contact with a cold surface, some
of the water vapor in the air condenses and leaves the air stream as liquid, as a result both the
temperature and humidity ratio of air decreases as shown. This is the process air undergoes in a
typical air conditioning system. Although the actual process path will vary depending upon the
type of cold surface, the surface temperature, and flow conditions, for simplicity the process line
is assumed to be a straight line. The heat and mass transfer rates can be expressed in terms of the
initial and final conditions by applying the conservation of mass and conservation of energy
equations.
d) Heating and Humidification.
During winter it is essential to heat and humidity the room air for comfort. This is normally done
by first sensibly heating the air and then adding water vapors to the air stream through steam
nozzles.
e) Cooling & humidification.
As the name implies, during this process, the air temperature drops and its humidity increases,
this can be achieved by spraying cool water in the air stream. The temperature of water should be
lower than the dry-bulb temperature of air but higher than its dew-point temperature to avoid
condensation (T <TDPT< TO).
f) Heating and de-humidification
This process can be achieved by using a hygroscopic material, which absorbs or adsorbs the
water vapor from the moisture. If this process is thermally isolated, then the enthalpy of air
remains constant, as a result the temperature of air increases as its moisture content decreases.
This hygroscopic material can be a solid or a liquid. In general, the absorption of water by the
hygroscopic material is an exothermic reaction, as a result heat is released during this process,
which is transferred to air and the enthalpy of air increases.
29
 Fig. Psychrometric chart.
QUESTIONS:
1. Explain the following terms in brief. DBT, WBT, DPT
2. Explain the different Psychrometric processes by Psychrometric chart.
3. The atmospheric conditions of air are 35°C dry bulb temperature, 60% relative humidity and
1.01325 bar pressure. If 0.005 kg of moisture per kg of dry air is removed, the temperature
becomes 250C. Determine the final relative humidity and dew point temperature.
4. The atmospheric air at 15°C dry bulb temperature and 80% relative humidity is supplied to
the heating chamber at the rate of 100 m3/min. The leaving air has temperature of 22°C without
change in its moisture content. Determine the heat added to the air per min and final relative
humidity of the air.

30
5. 100 m3 of air at 35°C and 70% relative humidity is cooled to 20°C and 55% relative humidity
by passing it through a cooling coil.
Using psychometric tables only, find:
a) The amount of water vapors removed in kg/h; and
b) The cooling capacity of the coil in tonnes of refrigeration. Assume specific heat of
superheated vapor in air as 1.88 kJ/kg K and R for air = 287.14J/kg K.
6. The outside air at 31°C dry bulb temperature and 18.5°C wet bulb temperature enters a
cooling coil at the rate of 40 m3/min. the effective surface temperature of the cooling coil is
4.5°C and its cooling capacity is 12.5kW of refrigeration.
Find (a) dry bulb temperatures of the air leaving the coil, (b) enthalpy of air leaving the coil, (c)
by pass factor of the coil.

CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

31
 EXPERIMENT – 6
AIM: To study the following processes on the air conditioning test rig:
a. Sensible heating
b. Sensible cooling
c. Sensible cooling/cooling dehumidification
d. Humidification and cooling

Apparatus used: Schematic diagrams of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning controls.

Theory:
The controls are very essential for satisfactory and economical working of a refrigerant. The
electrical connection diagram of a domestic refrigerator is shown in the figure 1. The refrigerant
is fitted with following controls.

Fig. 1 Air conditioner test rig.

32
The various psychometric processes involved in air conditioning to vary the psychometric
properties of air according to the requirement are as follows:

a. Sensible Heating:
The heating of air, without any change is its specific humidity is known as sensible heating.
Let air at temperature td1 passes over a heating coil of temperature t d3. It may be noted that
the temperature of air leaving the heating coil (t d2) will be less than td3. The process of
sensible heating on psychometric chart is shown by horizontal line 1-2, extending left to
right. The point 3 represents the surface temperature of the heating coil.
The heat absorbed by the air during sensible heating may be obtained from the
psychometric chart by the enthalpy difference (h2 - h1). It may be noted that the specific
humidity during the sensible heating remains constant (W 1-W2). The dry bulb temperature
increases from td1 to td2 and relative humidity reduces from φ1 to φ2 and relative humidity
reduces from φ1 to φ2. The amount of heat added during sensible heating may also be
obtained from the relation.
Heat added:
q = h2-h1

q Cpa (td2 - td1) + W Cps (td2-td1)

= (Cpa + W Cps (td2 - td1) = (td2-td1)

q = 1.22 (td2-td1) kJ/kg

b. Sensible cooling:
The cooling of air without any change in its specific humidity is known sensible cooling. Let
air at temperature td1 passes over a cooling coil of temperature td3 as shown.
It may be noted that the temperature of air leaving the cooling coil (td2) will be more than
td3. The process of sensible cooling is shown by horizontal line 1-2 extending from right to
left. The point 3 represents the surface temperature of the cooling coil. The heat rejected by
air during sensible cooling may be obtained from the psychometric chart by the enthalpy
difference (h1- h2). It may be noted that the specific humidity during the sensible cooling
33
 remains constant. The dry bulb temperature reduces from t d1 to td2 and relative humidity
increases from φ1 to φ2. The amount of heat rejected during sensible cooling may also be
obtained from the relation.
Heat rejected q = h1-h2
= Cpa (td1-td2) =W Cps (td1 – td2)
= (Cpa+ W Cps) (td1-td2) = Cpm (td1 – td2)

The term (Cpa+ W Cps) is called humid specific heat Cpm and its value is taken as
1.022 kJ / kg K.
⸪ Heat rejection, q = 1.022 (td2-td1) kJ / kg.

c. Humidification and Dehumidification:

The addition of moisture to the air, without any change in its dry bulb temperature is known
as humidification. Similarly, removal of moisture from the air, without change in its dry bulb
temperature is known as dehumidification. The heat added during humidification process and
heat removed during dehumidification process is shown on the psychometric chart.
It may be noted that in humidification, the relative humidity increases from φ1 to
φ2 and specific humidity also increases from w 1 to w2. Similarly, in dehumidification, the
relative humidity decreases φ1 to φ2 and specific humidity also decreases from w1 to w2. It
may be noted that in humidification, change in enthalpy is shown by intercept (h 2-h1) on the
psychometric chart. Since the dry bulb temperature of air during the humidification remains
constant, therefore its sensible heat also remains constant. It is thus obvious, that the change
in enthalpy per kg of dry air due to the increased moisture content equal to (w 2-w1) kg per kg
of dry air is considered to cause a latent heat transfer (LH).
Mathematically,
LH = (h2-h1) hfg (w2-w1)
Where hfg is the latent heat of vaporization at dry bulb temperature (td1)

34
d. Cooling and humidification by water injection (Evaporative cooling):
Let water at a temperature t1 is injected into the flowing steam of dry air (a). The final
condition of air depends upon the amount of water evaporation. When the water is
injected at a temperature equal to the wet bulb temperature of the entering air (tw1), then the
process follows the path of constant wet bulb temperature line.
Let,
Mw = Mass of water supplied, ma
= Mass of dry air,
W1 = Specific humidity of entering air,
W2 = Specific humidity of leaving air, and Hw
= Enthalpy of water injected into the air.

Now for the mass balance, W2

= W1+ mw / ma
And by heat balance,
h2 = h1+ mw / ma x hfw
= h1+ (W2 - W1) hfw.
Since (W2-W1) hfw is very small as compared to h1 and h2, therefore it may be neglected.
Thus, the water injection process is a constant enthalpy process, irrespective of the
temperature of water injected (i.e., whether the temperature t1< tw or t1 > tw).

35
CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

36
 EXPERIMENT – 7

AIM: To find the efficiency of cooling tower test rig.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A cooling tower experimental set up.
The unit consist of
1. Pump
2. Electric fan
3. Water supply nozzles, and
4. Eliminator etc.

Fig. Cooling tower

37
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the C.T. Fan.
2. Regulate the water valve and water supply.
3. Switch on the water pump.
4. Allow the apparatus at least 10 min.
5. Note down the readings.
6. Switch off the water pump.
7. Switch off the C.T. Fan.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Observe D.B.T W.B.T °C. INLET TEMP. OUT TEMP.

Time °C °C T1 °C
T2

CALCULATION:
The water vapors produced by the evaporation of water is carried away by the air
calculation through the tower. Thus, the air coming out of the cooling tower will be warm and
quite humid.
The capacity of cooling tower depends upon the amount of evaporation of water that takes place.
The amount of evaporator of water in term depends upon the following factors.
1. The amount of water surface exposed to the air.
38
 2. The length of exposer time.
3. The velocity of air passing over the water droplets formed in cooling towers.
4. The wet bulb temp. of atmosphere air.

It may be noted that when wet bulb temperature of the air

decreased. Inlet temp. of water from Cond. = T1
Out-going temp. of water from C. T. = T2
Temp. different = (T2-
T1)
WBT of air = Tw
DBT of air = Td
Water flow rate = 14 Ltr./min
Capacity = (T2-T1)14/(14.333.51)Tr. Or
Tr/1.2 ton of heat rejection
RESULT:

The capacity of cooling tower is = .........................

PRECAUTION:

1. Check the voltage.

2. Check the water level
3. Regulate the water flow to the cooling tower.

CONCLUSION:

39
Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

40
 EXPERIMENT – 8

AIM: To study the simple vapor absorption system.

Objectives:
1. To study different components and working of Vapor Absorption Refrigeration
System.
2. To compare the cycle with VCRS.
3. Study of actual vapor absorption system and its components.

Theory:
Some liquids like water have great affinity for absorbing large quantities of certain vapors
(NH3) and reduce the total volume greatly. The absorption refrigeration system differs
fundamentally from vapors compression system only in the method of compressing the
refrigerant. An absorber, generator and pump in the absorption refrigerating system replace
the compressor of a vapors compression system. Ammonia vapors is produced in the
generator at high pressure from the strong solution of NH3 by an external heating source.
The water vapors carried with ammonia is removed in the rectifier and only the dehydrated
ammonia gas enters into the condenser. High pressure NH 3 vapors is condensed in the
condenser. The cooled NH3 solution is passed through a throttle valve and the pressure and
temperature of the refrigerant are reduced below the temperature to be maintained in the
evaporator. The low temperature refrigerant enters the evaporator and absorbs the required
heat from the evaporator and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapors.
Slightly superheated, low pressure NH3 vapors is absorbed by the weak solution of NH3
which is sprayed in the absorber in Weak NH 3 solution (aqua-ammonia) entering the
absorber becomes strong solution after absorbing NH 3 vapors and then it is pumped to the
generator through the heat exchanger.
The pump increases the pressure of the strong solution to generator pressure. The strong NH3
41
solution coming from the absorber absorbs heat form high temperature weak NH3 solution in

42
The heat exchanger. The solution in the generator becomes weak as NH3 vapors comes out of
it. The weak high temperature ammonia solution from the generator is assed to the heat
exchanger through the throttle valve.
The pressure of the liquid is reduced to the absorber pressure by the throttle valve. LiBr-
H2O system is somewhat different than aqua-ammonia based VARS. Water-Lithium
Bromide (H2O-LiBr) system is for above 0 oC applications such as air conditioning. Here
water is the refrigerant and lithium bromide are the absorbent.

QUESTIONS:
1. State the working principle of vapor absorption refrigeration system with neat sketch.
2. Draw the schematic diagram of simple vapor absorption refrigeration system and state its
limitations.
3. Draw schematic diagram of actual aqua-ammonia refrigeration system and explain.
4. Explain LiBr-H2O system with neat sketch, and state itsadvantages/applications over
aqua- ammonia.
5. In a vapor absorption system, the heat is supplied to the generator by condensing steam
by at 3 bar and 85% dry. The temperature in the evaporator is to be maintain at -10 oC. If
the cooling water reject heat at 30 oC in a condenser, find the maximum C.O.P. of the
system.
6. In a 100 TR aqua ammonia abortion plant, saturated liquid ammonia at 30 oC leaves the
condenser and enter the expansion valve. The evaporator pressure is 1.9 bar and the vapor
temperature exit is -10oC. The mass concentration of ammonia in the weak and strong
solution are 0.25 and 0.325 respectively. Determine the mass flow rate (in kg/min) of the
strong and weak solutions.
7. The following data refers to a lithium bromide water absorption refrigeration system.
Capacity = 2TR; Concentration of Li Br and enthalpy values for weak solution
leaving generator = 0.68 and 21 kJ/kg respectively. Temperature of water leaving
condenser = 40oC; enthalpy of steam leaving evaporator = 2508 kJ/kg; Specific heat

43
of water = 4.2

44
 kJ/kg K. Determine the mass flow rates of strong and weak solutions in kg/min and
the heat transfer rates in generator and absorber in kJ/min.

CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

45
 EXPERIMENT – 9

AIM: To study the Air conditioner simulator and to determine the following:
a. Sensible heating
b. Sensible cooling
c. COP of R-22
d. Air washer efficiency
e. Sensible heat load applied
f. Latent heat load applied
g. RSHF
h. ESHF
i. Creation of different climatic conditions in AC simulator

Apparatus required: Window Air conditioner.

Components:
This unit consist of following parts:

1. Compressor – hermetic sealed compressor.

2. Condenser – 14 tubes two pass.
3. Evaporator – 14 tubes two pass.
4. Fan – propeller
5. Control Device – Thermostat.
6. Motor – 1/20 HP
7. Refrigerant – R-22
8. Blower – Centrifugal blower
9. Expansion Valve – Capillary tube.
10. Capacity – 1.5 tonnes.

46
 Fig. Window air conditioner

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
These are self-contained unit of small capacity of 1 TR to 2 TR and is mounted on a window or
through the wall. They are employed to condition the air of one room only. If the room is bigger in
size, then two or more units are installed.
In window air conditioner evaporator side is inside the room and condenser side is outside the room.
Air at room temperature is reached from the front side and refrigerant goes into the inlet of compressor
and its pressure is increased and it goes into the condenser where it condenses the refrigerant inside the
tube and decreased its temperature and it goes through expansion device capillary tube to evaporator
where it cools the air and with the help of blower or damper it flows into the room.
The four important factors for comfort air conditioning are discussed below -
1. Temperature of air: The control of temperature means the maintenance of any desired
temperature within an enclosed space even though the temperature of the outside air is above or
47
 below the desired room temperature. This accomplished by the addition or removal of heat
from the enclosed space.
2. Humidity of air: The control of humidity of air means the increasing or decreasing of moisture
contents of air during summer or winter respectively in order to produce comfortable and
healthy conditions. The control of humidity is not only necessary for human comfort but it also
increase the efficiency of the workers.
3. Purity of air: It has been noticed that people do not feel comfortable when breathing
contaminated air even if it is within acceptable temperature and humidity ranges.
4. Motion of air: The motion or circulation of air is another important factor which should be
controlled in order to keep constant temperature throughout the conditioned space. It is
therefore necessary that there should be equal distribution of air throughout the space to be air-
conditioned.

Description of various parts in window air conditioner are as follows -

1. Hermetic sealed Compressor: When the compressor and motor operate at the same shaft and
are enclosed in a common casing they are known as hermetic sealed. compressor. This type of
compressor eliminates the use of crankshaft seal, which is necessary in ordinary compressor in
order to prevent leakage of refrigerant. This can be mounted in vertical and horizontal position.
It is less noisy. It is compact. Its maintenance is easy.
2. Condenser: In these we use air-cooled condenser. In this the heat transfer from the condenser
coils to the air is by natural convection. As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser
tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the temperature of air increases. The air
being lighter rises up and cold air from below raises to take away the heat from the condenser.
Rate of heat transfer in natural convection condenser is slower; therefore, they require a large
surface area as compared to forced convection condenser.
3. Evaporator: The function of an evaporator is to absorb heat from the surrounding location or
medium which is to be cooled by means of refrigerant. The temperature of boiling refrigerant
in the evaporator must always be less than that of surrounding medium so that the heat flows to
the refrigerant.

48
The evaporator becomes cold and remains cold because -

1. The temperature of the evaporator coil is low due to the low temp. of the refrigerant inside
the oil
2. The lower temp. of refrigerant remains unchanged because any heat it absorbs is converted to
latent heat as boiling proceeds.
4. Expansion device: - It divides the high-pressure side and the low-pressure side. It is
connected between the receiver (containing liquid refrigerant at high pressure) and evaporator.

Its important functions are:

1. It reduces the high-pressure liquid refrigerant to low pressure liquid refrigerant before being
fed into the evaporator.
2. It controls the flow of refrigerant according to the load of the evaporator.
3. It maintains the desired pressure difference, so that liquid refrigerant vaporizes at the designed
pressure in the evaporator.
4. In window air-conditioner we use capillary tubes as expansion device. It is copper tube of
varying length.
5. Refrigerant: In window air-conditioner we use refrigerant R-22 (CH Cl F2). The most important
property of this refrigerant is its normal boiling point. R-22 refrigerant has a very low degree
toxicity. This is also completely immiscible with oil. Air being heavier than the refrigerant, it
collects at the bottom of the evaporator and can be drained out. R-22 is good electrical
insulator. R-22 is slightly cheaper than other refrigerants except ammonia.

CONTROL DEVICES:

In window air conditioner there are various control devices. One is expansion valve and other is
Thermostat. Control unit consists of regulating elements including electric switches.

49
OBSERVATION TABLE:

T1 =.........................................C
T2 =.........................................C
T3 =.........................................C
T4 =.........................................C
=
P1 ……………………………PSIG &….............................kg/sq cm
P2 =…………………PSIG &….............................kg/sq cm
P3 =…………………PSIG &….............................kg/sq cm
P4 =…………………PSIG &….............................kg/sq cm
E1 =.............................R/sec
E2 =............................R/sec

CALCULATION:

Heat rejected qk  q0  W  h2  h3
COP for cooling (E h1  h4
c)
Ec 
h2 
COP for heating (Eh) = h2  hh3
Eh 
h2  h1
CONCLUSION:

Marks obtained: Signature of faculty: Date:

50
Viva voice:
1. How Does a Refrigerant Compressor Work?
2. What is Vapor Compression Cycle?
3. How Vapour Compression Cycle Works?
4. Why is a Compressor used in Refrigeration?
5. What is a Rotary Air Compressor?
6. What is a Gas Compressor used for?
7. What is the use of Compressor in Refrigeration?
8. Why Capacity of Air Conditioner is Measured in Tons?
9. What is an Air Conditioner Condenser?
10. How does a Condenser in a Refrigerator Work?
11. What is the main function of a Condenser?
12. How does a Condensing Unit Work?
13. What are the Types of Condensers?
14. What is the Meaning of 1 Ton of Ac?
15. What is Auto Refrigeration?
16. What is an Air Conditioning Ton?
17. What is BTU?
18. What is the Meaning of Btu in Air Conditioners?
19. What is Variable Air Volume System & Dual Duct System?
20. What is Local Comfort Cooling System?

51
Appendix -1

52