ESSAY

- a piece of writing that focuses on a particular topic. Essays can either argue a point, describe
something or someone, give information aok a concept orprocess, or narrate an event.

THREE PARTS OF AN ESSAY:

INTRODUCTION

- The introduction ‘introduces’ the essay to the readers. The introduction of an essay consists of the
following:

• A hook to catch the reader’s attention; it can be a thought-provoking question, an anecdote, a

hypothetical situation, a piece of interesting trivia, a famous quotation, or a compelling statement.

• Background information on the topic, usually arrangef from general to specific, to help the readers
understand the whole context of what is being discussed.

• Thesis statement where the main idea, assertion, or key of the discussion is given.

Topic Sentences

- Let the readers know what the paragraph is all about including the main points.

BODY

- It is the most substantial part of the essay as much of the discussion takes place here. The body
consists of reasons, facts, data, or examples ti support the assertuon of the esssay or the main idea it
presents.

CONCLUSION

- It wraps up all the discussion. Generally, it contains the follwing:

• A restatement of the thesis statement that is usually worded differently from what is found in the
introduction.

• A summart of the main discussion points or a synthesis of those to present the bigget picture or
context.

• A clincher or ending statement that gives the readers a sense of closure.

REFERENCES
- this section lists down the sources where you cuted information from, whether summarized,
paraphrased, or quoted.

CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ESSAY

- Discusses how a certain phenomenon is the result or consequence of another phenomenon.

STEPS IN WRITING A CAUSE-AND-EFFECT ESSAY:

PREWRITING

- Select an interesting or challenging topic. You may chiose something that is relevant to you.

- Determine the cause and effect. Remember that you can have multiple causes for one effect or
multiple effects resulting from one cause. You may complete a cause-effecf graphic organizer prior to
writing to clearly establish this.

DURING WRITING

- Think of an introduction. Note that a good introduction contains a hook, a background information, or
a thesis statement.

- Structure your thesis statement to clearly identify the cause and effect.

- State facts and examples to defend each point.

- Use transition words such as ‘due to’ and ‘consequently’ to establish cause-and-effect relationship

- Give a conclusion that summarizes the discussion and provides closure.

POST-WRITING

- Edit your work for any weak arguments, wrong information, and faulty reasoning.

- Check for errors in grammar and mechanics.

PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY
- A type of essay that discusses a problem in detail and then proposes a solution(s) to address it.
Oftentimes, to discuss a problem and its solution comprehensively, writers may also explore cause and
effect relationships.

PREWRITING

- Select a relevant problem. Tackle a problem that you know affects people and needs to addressed.

- Research on and weugh solutions to address the problem. You may not find a “one-size-fits-all”
scenario where only one solution is needed.

- When writing your thesis statement, highlight the problem and solution clearly.

- Organize your discussion logically. There are two ways you can organize your body: block or chain.

• Block

- In the first part of the body, discuss the problem in full detail, dealing with its cause and its effects. In
the second part of the body, discuss the solutions for the problems.

• Chain

- This organization pattern is useful if you want to deal with multiple problems. This organization pairs
up the first problem and its solution together in the first body of the paragrapg, the second problem and
its solution together in the second body of the paragraph, and so on.

- Stare facts and examples to defend each point.

- Use transition words to establish relationships that can explain the problem kr solution more clearly.

- Write a conclusion that summarizes the discussion and provides closure.

POST WRITING

- Edit your work for any weak arguements, wrong information, and faulty reasoning.

- Check for errors in grammar and mechanics.

INTERPRETING INFORMATION FROM TABLES

TABLE
- A table is a set of facts and/or figures systemically organized and displayed in columns and rows. Like
graphs, a table is visual presentation of data.

1. Identify the title of the table and its purpose or its given description in the article.

2. Identify the title of data being presented. Unlike graphs, which primarily show quantitative data, a
table can show both qualitative and quantitative data.

• Qualitative Data

- Consists of descriptions or characteristics.

• Quantitative Data

- Consists of statistical figures and percentages.

3. Read and understand the information presented in each column and row.

NARRATIVE FILMS

- A narrative film (sometimes reffered to as a movie) is a type if motion picture that tells a story,
whether fictious or true to life like. Unlike documentaries that serve educational purposes, the primary
purpose of narrative films is to tell a story and to leave an impression on the viewers about that story.

When analyzing a narrative film, you should usually look into the follwing elements:

• PLOT

- Was it a believable story? Was it interesting? Did it make you think? Can you follow the flow? Did it
have a clear beginning, middle, and end?

• Mood and Tone

- What was the central goal or message of the film? Did the film nake its audience aware of something?

• Acting and Characters

- Was the portrayal of each character believable? Did the actors explore the complexity of the
characters?

• Directiin and Pacing

- Did you like how the story was told? What can you say about the pacing of the story? Did the
execution of the story keep you interested?

• Score
- Did the music used in the film enhance the scenes and create an appropriate mood? Did you find the
music distracting or subtle?

• Cinematography

- Were the scenes shot well? Was there variety and creativity in the camera angles! What are your
thoughts about the lighting?

• Production Design

- Were the sets believable? Did they create an environment that complemented the story and the
mood? Were the costumes of the characters appropriate for the setting?

• Special Effects

- Were special effects used to enhance scenes? Were they designed well? Did they complement the
story and the mood?

• Editing

- Were the transitions between each scene clean? Did the film contain any editing flaws that were not
addressed?

• Dialouge

- Were the conversatiins believabke and necessary to push the story forward? Did the lines enhance
characterization? Did the oresence/absence of dialouge help in enhancing the scenes?