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TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT proposed to used two condemned prisoners for the
INVESTIGATION WITH DRIVING REINDEER first ascent with passengers
First domesticated in Siberia in the beginning SIEMENS’ ROCKET PLANE
of the Christian era In 1847 Ernst Werner Von Siemens, design rocket
TRANSPORTATION vs. TRAFFIC DOG plane which was to be propelled by the explosives force
First domesticated animal, is too slight to carry for gun powder.
• Transportation is the movement or conveying of heavy loads LILIENTHAL GLIDER
persons and goods from one location to another. DONKEY Otto Liliental, a German inventor who also made a
• Traffic is the movement of persons, goods, or first domesticated in the middle east. Donkey study of flight of birds and experimented with
caravans carry goods between southwest Asia and Ornithopters. His chief work was gliders. In 1891 he
vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn from one place to another for the Egypt. made the first of a number of a gliders flight which
purpose of safe travel. LLAMA exert a profound influence on the development of
In pre-Columbian America, the Llama was the aviation
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TRANSPORTATION only new world animal other that the dog capable of
domestication for used in transport SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP
ELEPHANT Alberto Santos Dumont, He made his
3 TYPES OF NOMADS
The Carthaginians used African elephant in first balloon ascent in 1897 and in 1898 complete
1. Foraging Populations
their war against Rome but in recent years, these construction of his first air ship.
2. Pastoral Nomads animals have not been tamed WRIGHT BROTHERS’ FLYING MACHINE
3. Gypsies, Tinkers HORSE Orville and Wilbur Wright build a
Around 2000 B.C horse draw chariots biplane kite. Then successfully flew at kitty Hawk,
VARIOUS ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION appeared in southwest Asia, Persians arrived with North Carolina on Dec. 17 1903.
cavalry which gave mobility and power to the LINDBERGH’S SPIRIT OF ST. LOUIS
A. MANPOWER German tribes
CARRYING POLE The first solo flight from New York to
CAMEL Paris, was made by Capt. Charles A. Lindbergh in May
Balancing on one shoulder is popular carrying The two-humped Bactrian camel of central Asia 1927 in a plane specially built for flight, the spirt of St.
device. and One-humped dromedary of Arabia have long Louis
BACK LOAD AND TUMPLINE been used for transport
In many parts of the world, goods are carried YAK
on the back. A long-Haired type of cattle that lives at high ROADS AND VEHICLE HISTORY
SLEDGE ON ROLLERS altitudes on the Tibean plateau and neighboring
The moving of heavy burdens was to place Mountain Regions I. WHEELS
them on sledge which rested on a series of rollers.
SLEDGE ON RUNNERS C. WIND POWER • Was invented probably in Western Asia
A simple sledge, probably man drawn It was ANCIENT CHINESE KITE
used at the end of the Old Stone Age in Northern • One of man’s greatest intentions
Kites have been flown as a popular past time in Far
Europe East since the beginning of history. Kite was first •It began to appear in Tigris-Euphrates Valley
TRAVOIS used for transport when a Korean general employed EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS
Serves as a platform on which the burden are one in bridge building
placed. DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER 1. SOLID WHEELS ON FIXED AXLE
LEONARDO DA VINCI -Made of single piece of wood, rotated on a
B. ANIMAL POWER It was based from the flight of birds. single axle
OX/CATTLE MONTGOLFIER BALLOON 2. SUMERIAN CHARIOT WITH FLANK WHEELS
First domesticated in Mesopotamia, were used Joseph Michael and Jacques Entienne have
as drafts animals to draw chariots successfully released several balloons when they
-Had solid wheels built up of three pieces, and
so was more durable than one-piece wheel
3. GREEK QUADRICA WITH SPOKED WHEELS
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CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION ● NAPOLCOM 3 rd Floor Highland Lumber Bldg., cor. Macaraig St., España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila Globe Contact no. (0926) – 056 –
- Drawn Quadrin by 2 or 4 horses
- Light and elegant vehicle for gentleman
4. ROMAN CARPENTUM
- closed two-wheeled cart, was the favored
vehicle when Roman women journeyed outside
the city
5. ITALIAN COCCHIO
-a travelling wagon in which the passengers
were protected by a covering leather or clothed
fixed over a wooden framework.
WHEELED VEHICLES
Could not use the narrow paths and trails used by pack
animals, and early roads were soon built.
THE ROMANS
They were known as major road builders because they
brought road building to its highest point of perfection
during ancient times (road network 50,000miles).
They built road with deep foundation, formed by layer
after heavy stones (FEEDER).
FEEDER concept of road building was perfected by
John L. Macadam (Macadamized Road) 1815.
BICYCLE INVENTION
Bicycle served as a nursery of automobile builders in the
early 19th century.
• Hobby Horse or Dan Horse became the
modern ancestors of modern bicycle (wheels
were made of wood with metal tires).
• Karl Von Drais 1817- A German baron
introduced a steerable wheel, creating the
“draisienne” or “dandy horse”.
• Kirkpatrick Macmillan 1838- A skittish
blacksmith, made the first machine pedals
which were attached to and drove the rear
wheel by means of cranks.
PNEUMATIC TIRES
It was introduced by a Scot, John Boyd Dunlop
19th century.
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MOTOR VEHICLE
Automobile found its greatest popularity in United
States.
• Etienne Lenoir- A Frenchman, introduced a
motorized carriages through his Internal
Combustion Engine (1860’s and 70’s).
• Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb
Manufactured Gas Engines.
• Rudolf Diesel- A German engineer who
developed an Internal Combustion Engine with
the use of diesel fuel.
• Henry Ford 1908- introduced the Model T
(Ford Vehicle) which became popular that by
1914, Ford adopted a mass production to meet
demands of the people.
TRAFFIC
• It refers to the movement of persons, goods or
vehicles, either powered by combustion system
or animal drawn from one place to another for
the purpose of safe travel.
• The word traffic originates from a Greco-
Roman word “Trafico” with reference to the
movement of people that dates back from the
dawns of history, from the domesticated horse
drawn wheels to horseless carriage.
• The Greek originally called the system
“Trafiga” after the early horse-drawn chariots
with spoke wheels.
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Is an executive function such as plan, organize,
direct, supervise, coordinate, operate, record, and
budget traffic affairs. It also refers to all agencies having
tasks for ascertaining traffic flow requirements, such as
planning, approving funding, constructing and/or
maintaining public facilities for such movement.
Further, it also refers to all agencies responsible for
licensing, approving, stopping, restricting, prohibiting,
or controlling the use of these facilities.
• Roadway
It refers to that part of the traffic way
over which motor vehicles pass.
• Shoulder
It refers to the either side of the
Daimler- roadway, especially along highways.
• Traffic Way
Refers to the entire width between
boundary lines of every way or place
of which any part is open to use of the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic
as a matter of right or custom.
• Sidewalk
It is an integral part of the roadway,
the answer to the safety of
pedestrians.
.
• GIVE WAY – it means that a driver must not
continue or resume his advance or maneuver if
by so doing he might compel the drivers of
other vehicles to change to direction or speed of
their vehicles abruptly.
• INTERSECTION – it means any level crossroad,
junction or fork, including the open areas
formed by such crossroads, junctions or forks.
• LANE – it means one of the longitudinal strips
from which the carriageway can be divided,
whether or not defined by longitudinal road
markings
• LEVEL-CROSSING – it means any level
intersection between a road and a railway track
with its own track formation
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING

TO NUMBER OF INTERSECTING ROADS. FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT (5Es) Traffic Safety Education
1. 3-WAY INTERSECTION – it is commonly • GENERAL PILLARS This can be carried out on the following levels:
known as the T or Y crossroad which links 1. EDUCATION 1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety.
three roads. 2. ENFORCEMENT 2. Training and practice in the actual application of
2. 4-WAY INTERSECTION – it is the most 3. ENGINEERING traffic safety.
common type which involved crossings of two • SUBSIDIARY PILLARS 3. Developing traffic safety morality.
roadways. It is either a regular intersection 4. ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT
when the two roads cross perpendicularly and 5. ECONOMY RESPONSIBLE FOR TRAFFIC EDUCATION
it is called skewed intersection when the two FIVE PILLARS OR 5E’S OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT: a. Schools (Public/Private)
roads cross at different angles. 1. Elementary- focused on safety and guides
1. TRAFFIC ENGINEERING is the science of measuring
3. 5-WAY INTERSECTION – involved the crossing traffic and travel and the study of the basic laws stressing traffic safety.
of five roads. This type is the least common. relative to the traffic flow and generation, and the 2. Secondary- Students id geared towards school
4. 6-WAY INTERSECTION – it involves the application of this knowledge to the professional safety organizations.
crossing of three streets most often two practice of planning, and the operating traffic 3. Higher Education- Conduct courses regarding
perpendicular roads and one diagonal road. systems to achieve safe and efficient movement of traffic safety subjects.
This type is very rare persons and goods. a. Public Information Programs- Information
5. STAGGERED INTERSECTION – it involves two
dissemination
successive T crossroads. Objectives of Traffic Engineering b. Citizens Support Groups
a. Achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION b. Prevent traffic accident. 3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT is the action taken by the
1. Physical Inadequacy c. Simplify police enforcement actions and police, such as arresting, issuing traffic citation ticket,
2. Poor Control Measures performance. and giving warning to the erring drivers for the
3. Human Errors d. Show that good police actions and performance purpose of deterring and discouraging and/or to
4. Poor maintenance makes engineering plans effective. preventing such violation.
e. Present close relationship of the pillars of traffic in
SPECIFIC TRAFFIC PROBLEMS the improvement of traffic problems. a. Land Transportation Office (R.A.4136)
1. TRAFFIC BUILD-UP - gradual increasing of 1. Vehicle registration
traffic users in a given portion of the highway or Functions of Traffic Engineering 2. Vehicle Inspection
traffic way. a. Fact-finding, surveys and recommendations 3. Driver’s licensing (examinations, suspensions
2. TRAFFIC CONGESTION - characterized by of traffic rules and regulation; and revocations) 4. Public to police on stolen
slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased b. Supervisions and maintenance to the or wanted vehicles
vehicular queueing. application of traffic control devices; and c. b. Legislative Bodies (National- Local)
3. TRAFFIC JAMS - movement of traffic users is Planning of traffic regulations.
very slow or stationary.
c. Police Traffic Enforcement- It is not limited to PNP-
4. BOTTLENECK - narrow points or areas in Agencies Involved TMG. It also includes:
highways where traffic congestions or traffic a. DPWH
jams usually occur or traffic may be held up. 1. Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (for
b. Provincial Governments NCR)
5. GRIDLOCKS – severe road congestion arising c. Municipal Governments
when continuous queues of vehicles block an 2. Police Auxiliaries 3. LTO Flying Squad.
d. Charted Cities d. Land Transportation Franchising and
entire network of intersecting streets bringing
traffic in all directions to complete standstill. Regulatory Board (LTFRB)
6. ACCIDENTS – may cause unintentional damage e. Department of Transportation and
2. TRAFFIC EDUCATION is the process of giving Communication (DOTC)
to property, loss of limbs, or death
training and travel and practice in the actual
7. COLLISIONS – incidents or instances of one application of traffic safety knowledge. This call to the
moving traffic unit or person striking violently 4. TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT/ECOLOGY is the
mind Dr. Jose Rizal’s words of wisdom, “The destiny
against another study of dealing with potentially disastrous population
and fate of republic depend on sound education.”
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explosion, changes in urban environment due to the
scale and density of a new urban concentration and
new activities carried out, air pollution, water
pollution and crowding, especially transport
congestion which result therein.
5. TRAFFIC ECONOMY is the study how people choose
to use scarce or limited productive resources to
produce commodities and distribute them for their
consumption.
The 5th pillar of traffic is not a choice of
necessity but signs of the time. What economics hope
to fulfill and perhaps built to influence traffic
management is a statement of generalities that need
the tools of analysis to help predict the specific
tendencies and relevance, on the effects on individual,
environment, country and traffic.
Biorhythm
Is the theory which asserts that a man exhibits
constant variation of life, energy and mood states.
Man’s Theorized Cycles and Interpretation. Rhythm are
peculiar characteristics of most natural phenomena.
Example:
1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness.
2. The four seasons.
3. Our wet and dry season.
4. The waxing and waning of moon.
The most famous of biorhythm are the following:
1. 23 days physical cycle
2. 28 days emotional cycle
3. 33 days intellectual cycle
The 23 days cycle is also known as our cycle of
strength, endurance and courage (the male component
of a person).The 28 day cycle (equal to a girl’s 28 day
menstrual cycle)is also known as our cycle of
sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of
a person). When the curve is above the center line, the
biorhythm value is said to be “high” or a person has
some more energy to spare.
Example:
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1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic, strong full
of vitality.
2. Emotional high – we tend to be creative, artistic,
cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think quickly and
logically.
When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm
is said to be “low” in a recharged period.
Example:
1. Physical Low – we tend to tired quickly; tend to
succumb to illness easily.
2. Emotional Low – we feel moody, irritable or
depressed.
3. Intellectual Low – we have poor judgment etc.
IMPORTANT PROVISION OF RA 4136
Motor Vehicle - -shall mean any vehicle propelled by
any power other than muscular power using the public
highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-
sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders,
fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or
tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all
kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes.
Passenger Automobile - shall mean all pneumatic-tire
vehicles of types similar to those usually known under
the following terms: touring car, command car,
speedster, sports car, roadster, jeep and etc. "Passenger
automobile" does not exceed nine passengers and they
are not used primarily for carrying freight or
merchandise. “Passenger truck” motor vehicle
registered for more than nine passengers.
Articulated vehicle - shall mean any motor vehicle with
a trailer having no front axle and so attached that part
of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial
part of the weight of the trailer and of
its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer
shall be called as "semi-trailer”
TERMS
• Driver - shall mean every and any licensed operator
of a motor vehicle.
• "Professional driver” shall mean every and any
driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor
vehicle, whether for private use or for hire to the
public. Any person driving his own motor vehicle for
hire is a professional driver.
• "Owner" shall mean the actual legal owner of a
motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is duly
registered with the Land Transportation
Commission.
The "owner" of a government-owned motor
vehicle is the head of the office or the chief of the
Bureau to which the said motor vehicle belongs.
• "Dealer" shall mean every person, association,
partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing,
constructing, assembling, remodeling, rebuilding, or
setting up motor vehicles; and every such entity
acting as agent for the sale of one or more makes,
styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor
vehicles, keeping the same in stock or selling same
or handling with a view to trading same.
“Tourist" shall mean a foreigner who travels from
place to place for pleasure or culture
EXCEEDING REGISTERED CAPACITY
• Passengers, freight or cargo load of a motor
vehicle should not be more than its registered
carrying capacity. Conductors of public utility
trucks or buses are held liable for the
overloading of vehicles under their charge.
• All passenger automobiles for hire are required
to have the registered passenger capacity
marked plainly an conspicuously on the sides
thereof in letters and numerals not less than
5cms.
CARGO CARRYING DEVICES
 The construction of devices for carrying cargo
at the rear or sides of trucks may be allowed,
subject to the approval of the Commissioner,
but the total net weight of the device, including
cargo, must not exceed 100 kilos.
RIDING ON RUNNING BOARD
 It is strictly prohibited, except for conductors
collecting passenger fare.

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RIDING ON TOP OF THE MV
 Passengers shall not be allowed to ride on top
of MVs, but baggage or freight may be carried
on top of the truck, provided that the weight
thereof is not more than 20 kilos per square
meter distributed in such a way not to
endanger passengers or the vehicle’s stability.
REQUIRED MV ACCESSORIES
 Tires of motor vehicles. - No motor vehicle
with metallic tires shall be operated upon any
public highway, and solid tires whenever used
shall be of sufficient thickness to prevent the
metal rims thereof from coming in direct
contact with the road.
• (b) Brakes - Every motor vehicle with four or more
wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic brake
system so that in case of hydraulic line failure
affecting the braking efficiency of any of the four
wheels at least either the front or rear wheels shall
retain normal braking capabilities. In the absence of
such dual braking system every motor vehicle with
four or more wheels shall be provided with safety
valve devices of such design and make so that failure
of the hydraulic braking system of the vehicle because
of leakage in the line of other parts of the system will
not affect all wheels but rather render at all times
effective the braking power of either the two front
wheels or the two rear wheels when brakes are
applied. This requirement, however, does not apply to
motor vehicles equipped with pneumatic braking
system.
• (b-1) Horns. - Every motor vehicle shall be provided with
a horn or signaling devise in good working order:
Provided, however, That no horn or signaling device
emitting an exceptionally loud, startling, or
disagreeable sound shall be installed or used on any
motor vehicle.
• All authorized emergency vehicles, such as ambulance
and police cars and fire wagons used for emergency
calls shall be equipped with a bell, siren, or exhaust
whistle of a type approved by the Commissioner, and
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no such device shall be installed or used in any other
vehicle.
• No vehicle not classified as a motor vehicle under this
Act shall be equipped with a horn or signaling device
similar to the horn customarily used on motor
vehicles.
• (c) Headlights. - Every motor vehicle of more than one
meter of projected width, while in use on any public
highway shall bear two headlights, one on each side,
with white or yellowish light visible from the front,
which, not later than one-half hour after sunset and
until at least one-half four before sunrise and
whenever weather conditions so require, shall both be
lighted.
• Additional lamps and light may be carried, but no red
lights shall be visible forward or ahead of the vehicle.
Trucks, buses, trailers, and other similar vehicles
must carry, while in use on any public highway
during night-time, colored riding lights on each of the
four corners not more than ten centimeters from the
top.
• All motor vehicles shall be equipped with devices for
varying the intensity of light, and the driver must dim
the headlights or tilt the beams downward whenever
the vehicle is being operated on well-lighted streets
within the limits of cities, municipalities, and thickly
populated barrios or districts, or whenever such
vehicle meets another vehicle on any public highway.
• (d) Taillights. - Every motor vehicle and trailer shall,
during the above-mentioned hours, also bear on each
side in the rear a lamp showing a red light visible at
least one hundred meters from the rear of the vehicle
and a lamp throwing a white light upon the number
plate issued for such vehicle.
• (e) Stop lights. - Every motor vehicle shall be equipped
at the rear with at least one lamp which shall throw a
sustained bright red light visible under all conditions,
even under bright sunlight, when the brakes are
applied. Each bus, truck, trailer or similar vehicle
shall be equipped, as its stop light at or near its rear
center, with a lamp at least twelve centimeters in
diameter with the word "stop" inscribed in the center.
• (f) Motorcycle and other vehicle lights. - Every motor
vehicle of less than one meter of projected width shall
be subject to the preceding provisions of this section,
except that one headlight and one taillight shall be
required. No signal light shall be necessary.
• Additional lamps may be carried provided they comply
with the preceding provisions of this section.
• Every motor vehicle, or whatever style, kind, make,
character, or nature, when upon a highway during the
hours above-mentioned, whether in motion or not,
shall have one or more lights so arranged that the
same shall be visible at least fifty meters from the
front and the rear of such vehicle.
• (g) Lights when parked or disabled. - Appropriate
parking lights or flares visible one hundred meters
away shall be displayed at a corner of the vehicle
whenever such vehicle is parked on highways or in
places that are not well-lighted or is placed in such
manner as to endanger passing traffic.
• (h) Windshield wiper. - Every motor vehicle shall be
equipped with a mechanically or electrically operated
device for wiping off raindrops or other moisture from
its front windshield.
• (i) Use of red flag. - Whenever the load of any vehicle
extends more than one meter beyond the bed or body
thereof, there shall be displayed at every projecting
end of such load a red flag not less than thirty
centimeters both in length and width, except that
during the hours fixed under subsection (c), there
shall be displayed, in lieu of the required red flags, red
lights visible at least fifty meters away.
• (j) Mufflers. - Every motor vehicle propelled by an
internal combustion engine shall be equipped with a
muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes
through a street of any city, municipality, or thickly
populated district or barrio, the muffler shall not be
cut out or disconnected. No motor vehicle shall be
operated in such a manner as to cause it to emit or

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make any unnecessary or disagreeable odor, smoke or
noise.
HITCHING ON TO A VEHICLE
The following practices are prohibited:
a. Hanging on to or riding on the outside or rear end
of any vehicle
b. Holding on to any moving vehicle whether on foot
or otherwise
c. Driver allowing any person to hang on to or ride
outside of or at the rear end of any vehicle.
Driving while under the influence of liquor or other
prohibited drugs. (RA 10586)
OBSTRUCTION OF TRAFFIC
Obstruction of traffic by operating a mv in such
a manner as to obstruct, block, or impede the passage
of another vehicle is prohibited. This prohibition
applies even when discharging or loading passengers
DUTIES OF DRIVER IN CASE OF ACCIDENT
In the event that any accident should occur as
a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a
highway, the driver shall observe the following:
a. Stop immediately
b. Show his driver’s license to inspecting traffic law
enforcer
c. Give his true name and address, including that of
the owner of the vehicle d. Assist injured persons
e. Take measures to protect belongings of
passengers.
f. Report the accident
WHEN COULD A DRIVER LEAVE THE AREA OF
ACCIDENT WITHOUT BEING HELD LIABLE FOR HIT-
AND-RUN?
a. His life is in imminent danger of being harmed
by other person/s by reason of the accident
b. He surrenders to proper authority
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c. He summons the assistance of a physician or may either be a license prof. or non-prof driver
nurse to aid the victim (sec. 30, RA 4136)
LEGAL SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY QUALIFICATIONS: WHO CAN APPLY FOR A
Licensing System STUDENT PERMIT?
- system of issuing license to any person who is • You must be a Filipino citizen, 16 years old and
qualified to fulfill the responsibilities required by above.
the license • If a foreigner, you must be at least 18 years old,
- administered by the LTO have been staying in the Philippines for at least
1 month, and has proof of stay for at least 6
months.
DRIVER’S LICENSES
• It is not a right but a privilege granted by the
• You must be able to read and write in English,
Filipino, or any applicable local dialect.
Philippine Government through LTO based on
R.A. 4136 (statutory qualification). Further, it • You must be physically and mentally fit to drive
is a privilege which may be suspended or a motor vehicle.
revoked. • You must have no unsettled traffic violation.
• An authority granted by the LTO to a qualified • You must have attended at least 15 hours of
person to operate motor vehicle stating therein theoretical driving lessons from any LTO-
the Driver's License Code (DL Code) and accredited driving school. * Starting August 3,
conditions, among others . 2020, applicants who want to acquire a
student permit should have already undergone
Sec. 19 of R.A. 4136-Duty to Procure License this 15-hour theoretical driving course. This
No person shall operate any motor vehicle without new mandatory course, introduced through the
first Memorandum Circular No. 2019-2176
procuring a license to drive.
• If you’re a holder of a driver’s license that
has been expired for 10 years or more, you
Sec.29 of R.A. 4136-Confiscation of Driver’s are no longer allowed to drive and are required
License by the LTO to apply for a student permit again.
VALIDITY OF STUDENT-DRIVER'S PERMIT (SP)
• Driver’s license may be confiscated for
violations of R.A. 4136, the rules and • The SP shall be valid for one (1) year from the
regulations issued by the Commissioner and date of its issuance. After one (1) year, it cannot
Local Traffic rules and regulations. be used for purposes of the practical driving
course. However, it can be used to apply for NPDL
• When confiscated, traffic enforcer MUST issue
if the practical driving course has been completed
a receipt (TOP) which is good for 72 hrs. Failure
within the one (1) year validity period.
to settle within 15 days will cause suspension
or revocation of license. • After two (2) years from the date of issuance of
SP, the holder shall be required to acquire a new
SP bearing the same SP number and undergo the
STUDENT PERMIT required apprenticeship period reckoned from the
• This kind of issued to person who desires to date of issuance of the new SP . All records of
learn how to drive training courses shall be retained.
• A student driver cannot operate a vehicle • SP may be renewed on or before the expiry date if
UNLESS accompanied by an instructor who the holder is not ready to apply for the DL. Except

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for settlement of penalties due to traffic
violations, only the basic fee shall be collected for
the renewal of SP after the expiry date.
NON-PROFESSIONAL- This kind of license is
issued to owners of private-owned vehicles or those
not for hire or paid for driving.
QUALIFICATIONS: WHO CAN APPLY FOR A NON-
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE?
• Must be at least seventeen (17) years old. For
foreigners, at least eighteen (18) years old.
• Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or
English
• Must be a holder of Student-Driver’s Permit valid
for at least one (1) month from issuance
• Must have attended and passed the Practical
Driving Course (PDC) from LTO accredited
licensed driver, LTO Driver's Education Center
(DEC) or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO
accredited TESDA Training Center
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a
motor vehicle
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
• Must have passed the Automated Theoretical
Examination and Practical Driving Test
• If you’re a holder of an expired foreign driver’s
license or a Non-Professional driver’s license
that has been expired for more than 2 years,
you’re not qualified to renew anymore and must
apply for a new one.
PROFESSIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
This license is issued to a driver hired or paid
for driving or operating a motor vehicle whether
private use or for hire to the public
DRIVER LICENSE RENEWAL QUALIFICATIONS:
• Must be a holder of Driver's License or
Conductor's License not expired for more two
(2) years including advance renewal for those
The text of this manuscript, or any part and/or portion thereof, shall not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical such as but not limited to photocopying, recording,
storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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who intend to leave the country within one (1)
year before expiry date
• Must be physically and mentally fit to operate a
motor vehicle
• Must not have unsettled traffic violation
• Must have completed the Driving Enhancement
Program (DEP) / Conductor's Enhancement
Program (CEP) prior to initial renewal of the five
(5) years DL/CL
• For DL holders with accumulated five (5) to
nine (9) demerit points must have completed
the Driver's Re-orientation Course
• For DL holders with ten (10) or more but less
than forty (40) demerit points, must have
completed the Driver/s Re-orientation Course
and passed the Theoretical Examination
RA 10930
• Starting Thursday, 28 October 2021, the Land
Transportation Office (LTO) will be issuing
driver’s licenses that are valid for ten (10) years
in line with the provisions of Republic Act (RA)
No. 10930 which amended the Land
Transportation and Traffic Code.
• In addition to the granting of a driver’s license
that is valid for 10 years, Section 3 of RA 10930
also mandates the LTO to conduct a
examination on both applicants of new driver’s
licenses and on those who are renewing expired
ones.
• Motorists who will be renewing their expired
driver’s licenses will have to pass the
Comprehensive Driver's Education (CDE) which
is composed of a refresher seminar and an
examination designed to make sure that only
deserving applicants who have sufficient
driving skills and are knowledgeable of road
safety and proper road courtesy will have their
licenses renewed. • Meanwhile, the validity of
expired driver’s licenses has been extended by
two months from the date of expiration. The
extension aims to ensure that motorists who
are renewing their licenses are given ample
time to comply with the CDE requirement.
SPECIAL TYPES OF DRIVER’S LICENSE
1. INTERNATIONAL DRIVER’S LICENSE
- Can be issued to bona fide tourists and
transients who are duly licensed to operate
motor vehicle in their respective countries
- Validity: 90 days
2. MILITARY DRIVER’S LICENSE
- Can be issued to enlisted military personnel
of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned
by the government shall be license In
accordance with RA 4136 but no license or
delinquency fees shall be collected thereof.
- Shall bear the words “FOR GOVERNMENT
MOTOR VEHICLES ONLY”
- Validity: 3 years
DRIVER’S RESTRICTION CODE
• Now called as DRIVER’S LICENSE CODE (DL
CODE)
• DL Code - refers to the collective code
representing the vehicle category/ies that a
licensed person is allowed to operate.
A– Motorcycles
A1 – Tricycles
B– Vehicles Weighing up to 5,000 kg GVW with 8
seats
B1– Vehicles Weighing up to 5,000 kg GVW with 9
or more seats
B2 – Truck Goods less than or equal to 3,500 kg
GVW
C– Goods more than 3,500 kg GVW
D– Buses more than 5,000 kg with 9 or more seats
BE – Trailers less than or equal to 3,500 kg GVW
CE – Articulated vehicles with more than 3,500 kg
combined GVW
Vehicle Category
Refers to motor vehicle category as specified in
the Philippine National Standard on Road Vehicles-
Classification and Definition
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• L1 to L7 for motorcycles, tricycles (specifically 2 Drive only w/ ·the safety of the passengers and/or cargo while the said
special equipment vehicle is in operation.
three- and four-wheelers)
for upper/ lower
• M1, M2, and N1 for vehicles up to 3,500 and limbs QUALIFICATIONS
5,000 GVW for carrying goods or people •Must be at least eighteen (18) years old
• N2 and N3 for vehicles more than 3,500 kg GVW
•Must be physically and mentally fit to work and no
for carrying goods
contagious disease
• M3 for buses above 5,000 GVW with more than 8
•Must be able to read and write in Filipino and/or
passenger seats 3 Drive customized
English
motor
• 01 for articulated vehicles less than 750 kg GVW
vehicle only •Must have passed the theoretical examination - New CL
• 02 for articulated vehicles up to 3,500 kg GVW and those not renewed for more than two (2) years
from the expiry date
• 03 and 04 for articulated vehicles of more than
3,500 GVW 4 Daylight Driving
•Must not have unsettled traffic violation
only •Must have attended and passed the Conductor's
Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) - refers to the maximum Theoretical Course from LTO Driver's Education
operating weight of a vehicle as specified by the 5 Hearing aid Center, or LTO accredited Driving School / LTO
manufacturer including the vehicle's chassis, body, required Accredited TESDA Training Center
engine, engine fluids, fuel, accessories, driver,
passengers and cargo but excluding that of any trailers. •Must have completed the DEP for conductor's re-
orientation prior to initial renewal of five (5) year CL
VALIDITY:
TYPES OF DRIVERS:
1. EGOTIST-Known as self-centered. •A new Conductor's License (CL) shall be valid for five (5)
2. SHOW-OFF-They are competitive. years reckoned from the date of birth of the license,
3. OVER-EMOTIONAL-They take slightest unless sooner revoked or suspended. A holder of CL
criticism as a personal offense. who has not committed any violation/s during the
4. RATIONALIZER – They lack courage to admit five (5) year period preceding its expiration shall be
their own fault entitled to renewal of such license valid for ten (10)
5. THWARTED -They do absurd things to years.
compensate or make up for failure
6. TOP-NOTCH DRIVER REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES
Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles/Plate
• CONDUCTOR - responsible for the loading of
Numbers
number of passengers, freight, or cargo inside 1. Private - personal use. Green with White
the public utility motor vehicle. Background
DRIVER’S CONDITION
• PASSENGER – person who is carried or 2. Public Utility Vehicle - conveyance of passengers
conveyed in an automobile, truck, train, and other commercial goods Black with Yellow
CODE CONDITION Background
airplane, or other conveyance
3. Government - owned by the government Red
• PEDESTRIAN – one who goes or travel on foot
(Maroon) with White Background
1 Wear corrective or in perambulator.
4. Diplomatic - issued to foreign diplomats and
lenses • consuls assigned in the Philippines Blue with White
CONDUCTOR'S LICENSE (CL)- An authority granted by Background
the LTO to a qualified person to assist the driver of a
public utility vehicle in fare collection and/or ensuring SCHEDULE OF REGISTRATION

The text of this manuscript, or any part and/or portion thereof, shall not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical such as but not limited to photocopying, recording,
storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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LAST DIGIT OF THE MONTHLY SCHEDULE • VANITY PLATES – optional MV plates having 11 – CHAIRMAN OF THE COMELEC
PLATE preferred inscriptions for the purpose of 12 – CABINET SECRETARIES
NUMBER establishing personalized identity of the MV to the 13 – SOLICITOR GENERAL
1 January registered owner 14 – CHIEF OF STAFF, AFP, CHIEF PNP
a. Limited Edition 16 – REGIONAL TRIAL COURT JUDGES
2 February
b. Premium Edition 17 – FIRST LEVEL COURTS (MTC, MUNICIPAL
3 March TRIAL COURT, MUNICIPAL TRIAL COURT IN
c. Select Edition
4 April d. Special Plate CITIES AND SHARI’AH CIRCUIT COURTS)
5 May
PROTOCOL/HIGH RANKING GOVERNMENT PLATES TEN COMMANDMENTS OF TRAFFIC
6 June
1 – PRESIDENT 1. Keep right.
7 July 2. Observe road courtesy.
2 – VICE PRESIDENT
8 August 3 – SENATE PRESIDENT 3. Prohibited parking.
September 4 – SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE REPRESENTATIVE 4. If in doubt, do not overtake
9 5 – CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT 5. The bus stop rule
6 – CABINET SECRETARIES 6. Rules to prevent or untangle traffic jams
0 October 7. Observe the traffic Management Measures
7 – SENATORS
NOTE: Vehicles may be registered one month in 8 – CONGRESSMAN 8. The philosophy of a Pinoy driver
advance 9 – ASSOCIATE OF THE SUPREME COURT 9. On pedestrian
10 – PRESIDING JUSTICE AND OTHER JUSTICES 10. Remember the international driving safety
WEEKLY SCHEDULE IS BASED ON THE 2ND TO THE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS reminder- SAFETY FIRST
LAST DIGIT OF THE PLATE PASSENGER MOTOR &
2ND TO THE LAST DIGIT SCHEDULE/WEEKLY CARS & TRUCKS
GENERAL RULES OF ROAD USE AND CONDUCT
OF THE DEADLINE MOTORCYCLES BUSES
The general rules of road use and conduct
PLATE NO. which include the general prohibitions and restrictions
1 2 3 1ST TO 7TH DAY OF THE On open country 80 km 50 km are the basis of the traffic rules in the Philippines.
MONTH roads, w/ no blind The following are:
4 5 6 8TH TO 14TH DAY OF corners not closely a. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed
THE bordered by b. Lateral Placement
MONTH habitations c. Overtaking and Passing
On “through streets” 40 km 30 km d. Right of Way
7 8 15TH TO 21ST DAY OF
Boulevards clear of e. Starting, Stopping or Turning Rules
THE
traffic f. Pedestrians’ Rights and Duties
MONTH
With no blind corners, g. General parking Rules and similar Regulations
9 0 22ND TO LAST DAY OF
no designated
THE
On city and municipal 30 km 30 km
MONTH
streets
With light traffic
When not designated A. Speed Limit and Other Rules on Speed
“through streets”
PLATE NUMBERS
• COMMEMORATIVE PLATES – special plate
On crowded streets, 20 km 20 km • Any person driving vehicle shall drive the same
Passing school zones at careful and prudent speed.
numbers issued for specific purposes such as
Approaching • No person shall drive at such speed as to endanger
fund-raising for the government projects and
programs intersections at “blind the life and property.
The text of this manuscript, or any part and/or portion thereof, shall not becorners”
reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical such as but not limited to photocopying, recording,
Passingpermission
storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written other vehicles
of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law. which are stationary
Similar dangerous
circumstances

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1. Maximum Allowable Speeds
2. Exception to the speed limit
3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippines
1. Maximum Allowable Speeds
The rate of speed of any vehicle shall not exceed the
following per hour:
2. Exception to the Speed Limit
a. A physician or his driver when the former
responds emergency calls.
b. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way
to and from the place accident or other
emergency.
c. Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person
for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinic or
any other similar place.
d. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the
Armed Forces while in use for official purposes
in times of riot, insurrection or invasion.
e. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his
passengers are pursuit of a criminal.
f. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to
overtake a violator of traffic laws.
g. The driver operating a vehicle of any fire
department provided that exemption shall not
be construed to allow useless or unnecessary
fast driving of drivers aforementioned.
3. Uniform Speed Limits throughout the Philippine
NOTA BENE:
No provincial, city or municipal authority shall
enact or enforce any ordinance or resolution
specifying maximum allowable speeds other than
those provided by R.A. 4136.
B. Lateral Placement
The proper positioning residential
traversing on a traffic way or while parked.
• Proper positioning while traversing
The text of this manuscript, or any part and/or portion thereof, shall not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical such as but not limited to photocopying, recording,
storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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• Proper placement while on Parallel Parking d. When vehicle traversing a “thru-highway”’, its driver
should bring to full stop before crossing. (Sec.
•Proper Placement while Parked Diagonally 42, d)
C. Overtaking and Passing
2. Exceptions to the Right of Way Rule
A driver should pass at a safe distance to the left of the
vehicle being overtaken and it shall resume driving on a. Right of Way to vehicles utilizing the highway
the right side of the road only after passing clear of the than vehicles from private road or drive.
overtaken vehicle. b. Right of Way to police or fire department
vehicles and ambulance.
General Rule on Overtaking
c. Right of Way to vehicles approaching either
Vehicle 1 can overtake vehicle 2 using the left lane
direction on “through highway” than vehicle
Exception
entering.
On the highways with two or more lanes where traffic
goes one direction, another vehicle may be overtaken on
the right (Sec. 39, R.A. 4136). E. STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING RULES
Overtaking on a Four lane two-way street
1. When Other Motorists are affected
Vehicle 1 can use the right lane (Outer) in overtaking
and passing vehicle 2 Vehicle 5 attempting to overtake The driver making the movement shall give a signal to
vehicle 4 using shoulder of the road which is not only a other drivers of his intention to make such movement
violation of the rules but also dangerous because he (Sec. 44, a).
might hit something on the shoulder
2. Hand Signal (Sec. 44,b)
D. Right of Way a. Standard hand signal when turning to the right
b. Standard hand signal when about to stop
Refers to the legal or customary precedence (priority
c. Standard hand signal when turning to the left
in place or time) which allows one vehicle to cross
or pass in front of another.
3. Making a Right turn
1. Rules on Right of Way (sec 42-44 of RA 4136) a. Signal your intention to turn right with your
turning signal light or a hand signal at least
a. In case of two vehicles approaching or entering an 100ft. Before you intend to make turn
intersection at the same time, the driver of the b. stay on the right turn from left lane
vehicle on the left shall yield the right of way; c. NEVER make a right turn from left lane
however, the driver of any vehicle traveling at an d. at an intersection with a red traffic light, make
unlawful speed forfeits this right (sect. 42.a) a right turn ONLY after coming to a full stop to
make sure no vehicle is coming from left
b. In case of a vehicle approaching but has not yet
entered the intersection, its driver shall yield the 4.
Making a Left Turn
right of way to vehicles already within such a.
Signal your vehicle to turn left with your
intersection or turning therein to the left across the turning signal or a hand signal at least 100 feet
line of travel of the first mentioned vehicle. (sec. 42 before you intend to make your turn.
b) b. Stay on the left lane of the road.
c. NEVER make a left turn from the right lane.
c. When vehicle on a highway within a business or
d.At an intersection with a vehicle GOING
of the motordistrict,
vehicle its driver shall yield the right of
while
way to pedestrian crossing the highway within a STRAIGHT have the right of way. Wait for them
crosswalk. (Sec. 42, c) to pass first before you turn left.
G. General parking Rules and similar Regulations

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• Motor vehicles should park only on areas
specifically designated for parking. Before leaving
your vehicle, you should:
• Se t the brakes
• Put the gear in low or reverse or park position
• Remove the key
1. Parking on Cities
In cities and towns, motor vehicles will be
parked parallel and within 12 inches of the
curb.
a. Downhill with or without curb – turn wheels to
the curb or to the side
b. Uphill with curb – turn wheels from curb.
c. Uphill without curb – turn wheels to the side of
the road
2. Parking on a Highway
Pull entirely off pavement to park. Turn on
your parking lights whenever practicable.
3. Parking Prohibited in Specified Places
No driver shall park a vehicle, whether
attended or unattended upon a highway in these
following places:
a. Within an intersection
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb
lines
d. Within four meters of the driveway entrance to
any fire station
d. Within four meters of a fire hydrant
e. In front of private driveway
f. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or
packed at the curb or edge of the highway
g. At any place where official signs have been
erected prohibiting parking
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING ROAD CLASSIFICATIONS
• ACCORDING TO POLITICAL SUBDIVISION:
a. NATIONAL ROADS – the main road as a
conduit system with a right of way from 20
meters to 120 meters.
b. PROVINCIAL ROADS – the linkages between to
municipalities with the right of way from 15
meters to 60 meters
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storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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c. CITY ROADS – the inter-link between
municipalities and within city proper with right
of way of 15 meters
d. MUNICIPAL ROADS – all roads within the town
proper with the right of way of not less than 10
meters
ACCORDING TO FUNCTIONS
• FEEDER ROAD – intended to farm-to-market
roads
• Collectors are major and minor roads that
connect local roads and streets with arterials.
• LOCAL COLLECTOR ROAD – intended to
collect traffic from feeder road to municipal
road
• MAJOR COLLECTOR ROAD – intended as
major arteries to collect inter-locality traffic to
provincial road
• MAJOR HIGHWAYS – Serves as main artery
that caters on big volumes of vehicular traffic
on national roadways.
• EXPRESSWAY – a through traffic for free-flow
of vehicular movement
• TUNNEL ROAD – passage of wide section cut
through hill to shorten circuitous roadway
• SUBWAY – an underground conduit running
entirely under the ground for fast travel route
of commuters
• SKYWAY – a modern urban system of roadway
above street level for free-flow traffic
TRAFFIC CONTROL
It refers to the procedure, devices, and communication • ROUND BLACK YELLOW SIGNS – a warning that you
systems that help vehicles and vessels safely share the
same roads, rails, waterways, or air space.
Methods of Highway Traffic Control
I. Traffic signs
• Length of Sign Board- 750/950mm
• Height- 6ft. /2M
• International Traffic Signs (1968 United
Nation’s Convention in Vienna, Austria on Road
Signs)
a. Danger Warning Signs (Caution Signs)
• These signs are intended to warn road users of a
danger that lies ahead and of its nature.
• This signs have an equilateral triangular shape
with one sided horizontal and having red
borders.
b. Regulatory Signs
These are round shape signs (except Stop and
Yield sign) intended to warn road users of
special obligations, restrictions or prohibitions
with which they must comply. They are
subdivided into:
c. Priority Signs
Signs intended to regulate priority over a
particular road section.
d. Prohibitory or Restrictive Sign
Used on specified road section to indicate
prohibition or restriction.
e. Informative Signs (Guide or Direction Signs)
• These rectangular shape signs (white-colored
on blue background for informative and green
background for route markers and destination
signs) are intended to guide road users while
traveling.
INTERNATIONAL BASIC TRAFFIC SIGNS
• ROUND AND RED SIGN – regulates the movement of
turning and passing traffic regulations
are approaching a railroad crossing
• EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE RED SIGNS – a sign at the
intersection directing drivers to yield the right-of-way
to vehicles in the road being crossed
• EIGHT-SIDED RED AND WHITE STOP SIGN – the most
popular and understood sign by all tongues and
colors
• TRIANGLE RED AND BLACK SIGN – approaching a
danger zone hill, slope, winding road
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TRAFFIC LIGHTS • On two lane road, it separates traffic moving in It is used to separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving
in the same direction
opposite direction
• These refer to any power operated traffic control 2. “NO PASSING ZONE” MARKINGS
device by which traffic is warned or directed to take
• On a one way street, separates traffic moving in It pertain to areas on the road that prohibit passing
one direction or overtaking another MV because the driver’s
some specific actions.
• Overtaking is possible when the other lane is clear vision is obstructed such as in blind curves and
of incoming possible uphill road portions marked by a continuous line
with a broken line or if passing is extremely
Order of Traffic Lights (from the top): hazardous, the area is delineated with double solid
Red-Yellow (amber)-Green (continuous) line.
SINGLE CONTINUOUS LINE IN A TWO-LANE
Steady RED 3. PAVEMENT EDGE LINE OR EDGE LINE OR
TRAFFIC CURB LINE
a. STOP
b. Vehicles will be crossing from the other side
• Separates traffic moving in opposite direction • used to delineate or demarcate the roadway or
c. Expect pedestrians to cross Flashing Red: • Could be found in road sections that are made carriageway and the shoulder.
proceed when clear dangerous • This is made of solid white or yellow line.
Steady Green:
a. GO
• Passing and overtaking can be made but ONLY • The presence of edge or curb lines also prohibits
under circumstances where there is no oncoming parking on both sides of the roadway. While
b. Expect vehicles on the other lane stop.
traffic absence of curb line or edge line allows parking
Steady Yellow:
a. Prepare to STOP or GO either on one side or both sides of the roadway.
SINGLE CONTINUOUS LINE ON A FOUR-LANE
b. It is the same as yield. ROAD
5. CONTINUITY LINES
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
• When there are slow and fast lanes , NEVER • This are lines indicating which lane should be
• defined as the markings used on paved overtake by passing over the solid white lanes followed by motorists.
roadways to provide guidance and information
• Lanes 1 & 4 (outer lanes) for slow moving vehicles • Broken lines that are wider and closer together
to pedestrians and drivers than regular broken lines CONTINUITY LINES
• It refers to all lines, patterns, words, symbols, • Lanes 2 & 3 (inner lanes) is for fast moving (left side) – means that lane you are in is
or other gadgets officially placed for the vehicle ending or exiting and that you must change
purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding DOUBLE YELLOW LINE OR DOUBLE WHITE LINES lanes if you want to continue in your current
traffic direction
• ABSOLUTE NO OVERTAKING • CONTINUITY LINES (right side) – means your
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS MARKINGS lane will continue unaffected.
• Overtaking is extremely dangerous
PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS – these are lines • Stay in your lane until you pass the end of the 6. TRANSITION LINES
usually white and yellow or a combination of yellow and solid lines
white officially set on the roadway as separation for
• These are used to guide traffic safely past
obstructions or roadways such as islands,
motor vehicles travelling in the opposite direction or YELLOW LINES separate traffic travelling in median strips, bridge piers or indicate
same direction opposite directions changes in the width of the traveled portion of
1. LONGITUDINAL LINES WHITE LINES – separate traffic travelling in same the roadway and an increase or reduction in
These are markings laid on road pavement in the direction. A solid line at the left of your lane traffic lanes.
direction of travel which includes: means it is unsafe to pass. A broken line at the
CENTER LINE/SEPARATION LINE left of your lane means you may pass if the way is • Lane, edge, separation or continuity lines may
Used to separate opposite traffic movements of an clear. be used as a transition line whichever is
undivided roadway and is generally placed centrally on appropriate.
all roads and bridges 6.0m or more in width. • also called as barrel lines
SINGLE DOTTED LINE 1. LANE LINE
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storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.

CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION ● NAPOLCOM 3 rd Floor Highland Lumber Bldg., cor. Macaraig St., España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila Globe Contact no. (0926) – 056 –
7. TRANSVERSE LINES
•Series of marked (either flat or raised)
transverse bars placed across the road in the
direction of traffic flow which are used to raise
driver awareness of risk through perceptual
optical effects, thus encouraging drivers to
reduce their speed in anticipation of an
upcoming hazard.
• STOP LINE – single white line painted across
the road at an intersection. It shows where
you must stop.
• CROSSWALK – marked by two parallel white
lines painted across the road.
• WHITE ARROW – painted on the lane means
you may move only in the direction of the
arrow.
• CURB MARKING FOR RESTRICTIONS - it
is placed on the curbs or edges of the traffic
for restriction or for parking regulation.
• OBJECT MARKINGS - It is placed on objects
on the road or beside the road like humps,
rocks or similar hazardous objects.
• REFLECTORIZED MARKINGS – designed to
reflect and become luminous when hit by
vehicles headlight.
• HAZARD MARKER
Placed on the face of traffic obstructions like
bridges, guardrails, or traffic islands.
• DELINEATORS
These are small reflective panels or buttons
mounted on guideposts or guard fence as an
effective aid to delineate the roadway for
nighttime driving
TRAFFIC ISLANDS
a. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers)
b. Traffic Islands
b.1. Division Island – constructed primarily to
divide the streams of motor vehicles
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storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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b.2. Channelizing island – constructed to
channelize or direct the flow of traffic
b.3. Rotary - constructed along intersections or
rotundas for purpose of turning around.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
The action taken by the police to compel
obedience to traffic laws and ordinance regulating the
use and movement of motor vehicle for the purpose of
creating a deterrent to unlawful behavior by all potential
violators.
TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCER
a person duly deputized by an agency of
government authorized by law to enforce traffic laws,
rules, and regulations.
POLICE TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
-
Performed by the police and other agencies
with police power including deterrent to law
violations created by the presence of uniformed
police officer and their special equipment.
Special assistance to court and prosecutor and
incidental service to highway users.
COURT TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT
- Performed by the court through
adjudication and penalization
FIVE ESSENTIAL STEPS IN ENFORCEMENT
PROCESS
1. DETECTION – entails looking for defects in the
behavior of motorist, pedestrian, vehicle,
equipment, and roadway condition
2. APPREHENSION – police are required to take
action to prevent continued and future violation
3. PROSECUTION
4. ADJUDICATION – determines the guilt or
innocence of the accused
5. PENALIZATION – imposition of penalty.
TRAFFIC LAWS AND THE ROLE OF ENFORCEMENT
• VIOLATIONS – acts or omissions against traffic
laws
• HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS – cause
danger to road users
• NON-HAZARDOUS TRAFFIC VIOLATIONS – do
not affect safety of the public but affect the use of
roads
POLICE TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
KINDS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
1. TRAFFIC ARREST – taking a person into
custody of law
2. TRAFFIC CITATION – made to compel violators
to appear in court in absence of arrest
3. TRAFFIC WARNING – act reminding the driver
of his violation in order for him to not do it
again.
A. VISUAL WARNING
B. VERBAL WARNING
C. WRITTEN WARNING
TRAFFIC PATROL
That part of police traffic supervision which
consist of driving and walking here and there in an area
or to and from on a road for the purpose of traffic law
enforcement and to provide traffic connected service to
the public.
the TYPES OF STATIONARY OBSERVATION
1. Conspicuous Traffic Observation – it is a
stationary observation in which the observer tries to
attract attention by keeping in full view of traffic.
2. Visible Traffic Observation – it is a stationary
in which the observer is in full view but located, for
example, on a side street, as to require effort on the
part of traffic to discover the observer.
3. Conceal Traffic Observation – it is a
stationary observation in which the observer is not
visible to persons using ordinary powers of
observation from the road way being observed.
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL
It is the control and direction of traffic units
according to proportionate time to prevent traffic
accident to maintain smooth flow of traffic
MEANS OF DIRECTING
1. Signaling
2. Whistling
3. Gestures

CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION ● NAPOLCOM 3 rd Floor Highland Lumber Bldg., cor. Macaraig St., España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila Globe Contact no. (0926) – 056 –
WHISTLE SIGNALS
• One long blast for STOP.
• Two short snappy blast for GO.
• Three blast to be used for assistance and/or for
motorist to be attentive.
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
• ACCIDENT – occurrence in a sequence of events
which usually produces unintended injury,
death, or damage to property.
• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT – accident involving travel
transportation on a traffic way
• MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT – event resulting
to unintended injury or property damage
attributable directly or indirectly to the action of
motor vehicle or its loads
• TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION – this is
looking for answers as to when, where and why
did it happen and how did it occur.
KINDS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
•MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT any
motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
any accident occurring on a traffic way involving
persons using the traffic way or travel or
transportation but not involving a motor vehicle
in motion.
• MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC ACCIDENT
any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely
in any place other than a trafficway
• NON-MOTOR VEHICLE NON-TRAFFIC
ACCIDENT any accident occurring in a private
traffic way involving persons using vehicle or
transportation but not involving a motor vehicle
in motion.
CHAIN OF EVENTS IN A VEHICULAR ACCIDENT
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storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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• Perception of hazard
- it is seeing, feeling, or hearing and
understanding the usual or unexpected
movement or condition that could be taken as
sign of the accident about to happen
• Start of evasive action
-it is the first action taken by the traffic unit to
escape from a collision course or otherwise to
avoid a hazard
• Initial Contact
- The first accident touching an object collision
course or otherwise avoid hazard.
• REACTION TIME – distance travelled before
• Maximum Engagement
- It is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision.
The force between the traffic unit and the object
collided with are greatest at maximum
engagement
• Disengagement
it is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from a
object with which is has collided. The force
between the object ceases at this time.
• Stopping
- this is when traffic unit/s involved come to rest. It
usually stabilized the accident situation
• Injury
- it is receiving bodily harm. This is not
necessary to occur after the accident but within
any of the chain of events. It may also happen
after the evasive action is taken by the drivers
involved or during initial contact.
Other events that may occur during an accident
• Point of possible of perception
- the place and time of which the hazard could
have been perceived by a normal person. It
precedes actual perception and it’s the beginning
of perception delay
• Point of no Escape
- it is the place and time after or beyond which
accident cannot be prevented by the traffic unit
under consideration
• Perception delay
- The time from the point of possible perception to
actual perception
• Final position
- It is the place and time when objects involved in
an accident finally comes at rest without the
application of power
•
KEY EVENT – an event on the road which
characterizes the manner of occurrence of a
motor vehicle traffic accident
applying the brakes.
• TACTIC – any action taken by the traffic unit to
avoid hazardous situations like steering, braking,
or accelerating to avoid collision or other
accident.
CLASSIFICATION OF MVTA ACC. TO KEY
EVENTS
1. Running off road
This is usually characterized by a motor vehicle
falling on the road side or cliff along mountainous
roads
2. non-collision on road
This does not involve collision, example of which is
overturning
3. Collision – on the other hand, this type of
accident includes all forms of accident as long as
there is collision
FIVE LEVELS OF ACTIVITY IN ACCIDENT
INVESTIGATION
1. REPORTING
This stage involves basic data collection to
identify and classify a motor vehicle, traffic, and
persons, property and planned movements
involved.
2. AT SCENE INVESTIGATION
This level involves all actions taken by the
investigator at the scene of the crime or accident
3. TECHNICAL PREPARATION
This involves delayed traffic accident data
collection and organization for study and
interpretation

CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION ● NAPOLCOM 3 rd Floor Highland Lumber Bldg., cor. Macaraig St., España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila Globe Contact no. (0926) – 056 –
4. PROFESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
This involves efforts to determine from whatever
information is available, how the accident
happened.
5. CAUSE ANALYSIS
This last level usually involves final analysis on
the causes of accident which are bases for
prevention of similar accident.
STEPS TAKEN BY THE POLICE DURING THE
TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
STEP 1:UPON LEARNING THE ACCIDENT
• Ask first.
• Decide whether to go to the scene
• Find out if necessary
• Get equipment ready for use
• Drive safely
STEP 2: UPON ARRIVAL AT THE SCENE
• Select parking space carefully
• Have emergencies attended and care for injured
• Locate drivers
• Look over for bystanders
• Measure location of short-lived evidence
• Arrange for clearing roadway
• Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured
STEP 4: WHEN EMERGENCY IS
CONTROL
• Preliminary questioning of drivers
• Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars
• Examine driver’s condition
• Question drivers carefully
• Position and conditions of vehicle
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storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.
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• Form preliminary opinion as to how the • A mark which a tire makes when a vehicle
accident occurred wheel stops rolling and slides or spins on the
surface of the road.
• Photograph skid mark and location for later
measuring • Skid marks are important for finding the
maximum and minimum vehicle speed prior to
• Record place where to which injured persons or
the impact or incident.
damaged vehicles were or will be taken
OTHER TIRE MARKS
STEP 5: AFTER GETTING SHORT-LIVED
EVIDENCE • CENTRIFUGAL SKID MARKS – marking on a
roadway left by a rotating tire and a wheel of a
• Make a test skid
speeding vehicle on a curve when the speed of
• Ascertain if violation is tantamount to arrest the vehicle is above the critical speed of the
• Locate key event of accident
curve and the centrifugal force entirely or
partially overcomes the friction between the
• Complete examination of vehicles/photographs mass of the vehicle and its tires and the surface
• Report to the station by radio
of the roadway.
• IMPENDING SKID MARK - marks caused by
STEP 6: AFTER LEAVING THE SCENE the forward rotation of the wheels being slower
than the forward movement of the vehicle.
• Get medical report on injured person from
• YAWN MARK - scuffmark made while the
doctor
vehicle is yawning the mark made on the road
• Notify the relatives by a rotating tire which is slipping in a
direction parallel to the axle of the wheel.
• Develop photographs
• SKIP MARK – braking skid mark interrupted
• Analyze specimen
at frequent regular intervals. It is made by a
• Question driver or witnesses bouncing wheel on which brakes keep the
wheel from turning
• Complete the report of the accident
• SCUFF MARK – roadway marking left by the
• Reconstruction of the accident tire and wheel of a vehicle sliding sideways as a
• Complete report of investigation and file it result of force other than centrifugal force
• GAP SKID – braking skid mark which is
STEP 7: IF CASE GOES TO COURT interrupted by release and reapplication of
brakes
UNDER • Seek the desire of the prosecutor to strengthen
the case • RUTS – a sunken track worn by a wheel,
groove forming a path for anything
• Return to the scene of the incident to gather
additional data • GOUGE – a groove made by a hard part of a
• Attend pre-trial conference
motor vehicle to another car after side sweeping
each other or it may be left on a road surface
• Testify in court by a motor vehicle which overturned then slid
on the road surface.
SKID MARKS • PAINT STRIPS – when vehicle collided with
other object, it sometimes transfer its paint to
other objects
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CRIMINOLOGY ● PENOLOGY OFFICER EXAMINATION ● FIRE OFFICER EXAMINATION ● NAPOLCOM 3 rd Floor Highland Lumber Bldg., cor. Macaraig St., España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila Globe Contact no. (0926) – 056 –
8167; Email Address: noliboyingcad@gmail.com

• RA 10666 – Children’s Safety on Motorcycles

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION: Act of 2015
• The measurement of the relationship between • RA 10586 – Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving
the rubber and the road expressed in Act of 2013
percentage of efficiency is universally referred
to as coefficient of friction. Some traffic moguls • RA 10054 – Motorcycle Helmet Act of 2009
denominated it as Drag Factor. FRICTION • RA 8750 – Seat Belt Law
• It is defined as the resistance between the tire
• RA 8749 – Clean Air Act
and the roadway that determine the minimum
speed of the vehicle after • RA 7924 – Metropolitan Manila Development
acceleration/deceleration and sudden change Authority
of direction

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION:
The measurement of the relationship between
the rubber and the road expressed in percentage of
efficiency is universally referred to as coefficient of
friction. Some traffic moguls denominated it as Drag
Factor.

FRICTION
It is defined as the resistance between the tire
and the roadway that determine the minimum
speed of the vehicle after acceleration/deceleration
and sudden change of direction

Coefficient of Friction or Drag Factor

F= S²
30(D)

Grade or Slope (Gradient)

f= Horizontal distance
Vertical rise or fal

Speed Calculation
S= 5.5 √DF= (speed on a level road)
S= 5.5 √DF(+/-F)= (up or downhill)

SIGNIFICANT LAWS
• RA 10916 - Road Speed Limiter Act of 2016
• RA 10913 – The Anti-Distracted Driving Act
• RA 10883 – New Anti—Carnapping Act of 2016

The text of this manuscript, or any part and/or portion thereof, shall not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical such as but not limited to photocopying, recording,
storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors and the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, and/or dissemination of any portion of this
book shall be prosecuted in accordance with law.