Diseases & Immunity 1 QP-merged

Red blood cells have special molecules on their cell membranes.
These are known as

antigens and they stimulate the production of antibodies. These antigens also determine a
person’s blood group.
Before carrying out kidney transplants, it is important to check that the blood group of the
donor matches the blood group of the recipient. This is called blood typing. It is necessary
because blood group antigens are present on the inner lining of blood vessels in the kidney.
(b) Explain what would happen if a kidney from a person with blood group A was
transferred into the body of a person with blood group O.
[2]
Tissue typing is carried out before transplanting a kidney. This makes sure that there is a
close match between the donated kidney and the recipient. However, it is possible to carry
out transplants of the cornea without blood typing or tissue typing.
(c) Suggest why it is possible to transplant corneas successfully without carrying out any
tissue typing or blood typing.
[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
The gene for the ABO blood group has three alleles, IA, IB and Io.
(d) A person with blood group O has parents who have blood groups A and B.
Complete the genetic diagram to show how this is possible.
Use the symbols, IA, IB and Io, for the blood group alleles.
parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B
parental genotypes ............... × ...............
gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............
offspring genotype ...................
offspring phenotype blood group O

[3]
(e) Use your answer to (d) to give examples of the following. The first one has been
completed for you.
term
erm exa
a dominant allele IA
heterozygous genotype
………………………..
codominant alleles
………………………..
phenotype
………………………..
[3]
[Total: 12]
2 When bacteria are spread onto agar in a Petri dish they form colonies. Each colony forms
from one bacterium. Fig. 4.1 shows an investigation into antibiotic resistance in a species of
bacterium that causes disease.
colonies of bacteria
no antibiotic
added to agar
transfer of START OF PROCESS

agar bacteria
culture to
A dish A
culture of bacteria
in a liquid medium
antibiotic transfer of
added bacteria
to agar culture to
dish B
transfer of bacteria
culture from dish B to
liquid medium bacteria exposed
to X-rays
culture to dish D
culture to dish C
after 24 hours
antibiotic
antibiotic added
added to agar
to agar
C D
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain what is meant by the term antibiotic.
[2]
(b) Explain why
(i) only a few bacteria grew in dish B compared with dish A,
[1]
(ii) more bacteria grew in C than in B.
[1]
(c) Fig. 4.1 shows the effect of an antibiotic on a species of disease-causing bacterium.
Suggest why antibiotics should not be used too often.
[2]
(d) Explain the possible effect of the X-rays on the bacteria.
[3]
(e) State two ways in which the structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a
virus.
1.
2. [2]
(f) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infects cells of the immune system.
Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system.
[4]
[Total: 15]
3 (a Annelids and nematodes are both worm-like animals.
State two features that distinguish annelids from nematodes.
1.
2.
[2]
(b) Fungi are a difficult group to classify because they have features found in both animals
and plants.
State one ‘animal feature’ and one ‘plant feature’ that fungi possess.
‘animal feature’
‘plant feature’
[2]
(c) (i) Draw a large, labelled diagram to show two features present in most viruses.
[3]
(ii) Outline how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) affects the immune system.
[3]
[Total: 10]
4 The blood of a fetus does not mix with the blood of its mother, but substances are exchanged
across the placenta.
(a) Table 3.1 shows five substances that cross the placenta, their direction of movement and the
reason for the movement.
Complete Table 3.1. The second row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
substance direction of movement reason
amino acids
carbon dioxide from fetus waste gas from respiration
glucose
oxygen
urea
[4]
(b) During pregnancy, women are often given dietary advice.
Explain why pregnant women require more iron and vitamin D in their diet.
iron ............................................................................................................................................
vitamin D ............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Mothers may be encouraged to breast-feed their newborn babies. The first milk that a mother
secretes is called colostrum and contains antibodies.
(i) Name the cells that produce antibodies.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why it is important for newborn babies to have antibodies.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Some mothers bottle-feed their newborn babies with formula milk rather than breast-feed.
Describe four advantages of breast-feeding, other than providing antibodies.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 14]
1 Which type of food is not digested before being absorbed by the body?
A carbohydrate
B fat
C protein
D water
2 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.
In which structure is most glucose absorbed into the blood?
3 Which dietary component is unlikely to be deficient in a meat-free diet?
A fat
B fibre
C protein
D vitamin D
4 The bacterium Salmonella enterica can cause severe food poisoning and the lining of the
alimentary canal may be damaged. In these cases absorption of digested food products cannot
easily take place.
Which region of the alimentary canal is most affected?
A colon
B ileum
C oesophagus
D stomach
5 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.
P
S
Q
In which organs does the digestion of proteins take place?
A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S
6 Which organ produces amylase?
A gall bladder
B liver
C oesophagus
D pancreas
7 Which treatment is best for a person with persistent diarrhoea?
A drinking a solution of sugar and salt

B drinking pure water
C eating more fibre
D eating protein such as boiled eggs
8 The diagram shows a large food molecule changing into smaller molecules.
process X
What is process X?
A absorption
B chewing
C digestion
D secretion
9 The diagram shows part of the alimentary canal and associated organs.
T
W
Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?
A T and U B U and V C V and W D W and T
10 The graph shows pH changes in the mouth after eating.
8
7
6
5
pH 4
3
2
1
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time after eating / minutes
Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?
A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.

B Acids dissolve tooth enamel.
C Alkaline conditions help bacteria to grow.
D Alkalis dissolve tooth enamel.
11 The diagram shows a piece of small intestine during peristalsis.
direction of
peristalsis
What is happening at X?
circular muscles longitudinal muscles
A contracted contracted
B contracted relaxed
C relaxed contracted
D relaxed relaxed
Which structure does not secrete digestive enzymes?
D
B
C
13 Which substance catalyses the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol?
A adrenaline
B alcohol
C bile
D lipase
14 Poor nutrition can lead to a condition called rickets in which bones fail to develop properly.
The table shows some minerals and vitamins present in four foods.
Which food would be best for a child who has rickets?
calcium iron vitamin C vitamin D
A key
B = substance present
C = substance absent
D
15 Which components make up most of the dry mass of a balanced diet?
A calcium compounds, carbohydrates and fats

B carbohydrates, fats and proteins
C fats, proteins and vitamins
D proteins, vitamins and calcium compounds
16 Why does chewing food speed up digestion?
A Bacteria in the food are killed.

B Food is mixed with protease.
C The surface area of the food is increased.
D The taste of food is improved.
17 The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.
In which part does protein digestion begin?
A
B
18 A person ate food X. Food X was not affected by enzymes until it reached the duodenum.
What was in food X?
A fat
B mineral ion
C protein
D starch
19 The diagram shows the teeth of the lower jaw of a human.
Which tooth is an incisor?
B
C
A
20 What is the function of the anus?
A assimilation
B digestion
C egestion
D excretion
21 A person has their gall bladder removed.
Which statement is correct?
A They cannot eat carbohydrates.

B They can eat fat only in small amounts.
C They can eat only liquid food.
D They must not eat more than one large meal a day.
22 The small intestines of cows are similar in general structure and function to the small intestines of
humans.
A disease in cows reduces the number of villi in their small intestines.
The cows lose weight and become weak.
What explains this?
A less amylase produced

B less peristalsis
C slower absorption of nutrients
D slower digestion of proteins
23 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.
Q
S
In which organs does the digestion of carbohydrates take place?
A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S
24 The diagram shows the four types of human tooth.
1 2 3 4
incisor canine premolar molar
Which teeth are used for cutting rather than grinding food?
A 1 and 2 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 1
25 What is the result of a diet lacking iron?
A bleeding gums
B poor wound healing
C reduced number of red blood cells
D weak bones and teeth
26 A child decided to eat only meat, oily fish, cheese and bread, and drink only water.
Which nutrient would be in low levels in this diet?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
27 Which chemical reaction takes place in the stomach?
A Proteins are digested by protease.

B Proteins are digested into fatty acids.
C Starch is digested into amino acids.
D Starch is digested by lipase.
28 A person has bleeding gums.
This could be caused by a lack of which nutrient?
A calcium
B iron
C vitamin C
D vitamin D
29 The table shows the main contents of four meals.
Which meal will be the most effective at preventing constipation?
g / 100 g
fibre
carbohydrate fat protein
(roughage)
A 18 12 8 25
B 30 32 2 12
C 38 4 22 10
D 48 15 10 5
30 The activity of lipase is measured in four parts of the gut.
Which part has the most lipase activity?
A colon
B duodenum
C oesophagus
D stomach
31 The diagram shows some organs of the digestive system.
Where is amylase made?
32 The diagram shows the action of amylase.
amylase part of a
starch molecule
What is the function of the enzyme amylase?
A breaks down the substrate into amino acids

B changes the product into the substrate
C increases the rate of starch breaking down into glucose
D increases the rate of starch breaking down into maltose
33 Dietary fibre passes through several structures after leaving the stomach.
In which order does the dietary fibre pass through these structures?
A duodenum → ileum → colon → rectum
B duodenum → ileum → rectum → colon
C ileum → duodenum → colon → rectum
D ileum → duodenum → rectum → colon
34 Which type of tooth is used for crushing food?
A B C D
35 The table shows vitamin and mineral salt content of four foods.
Which foods would stop a person from suffering from anaemia (lack of haemoglobin) and scurvy
(bleeding gums)?
anaemia scurvy
A 1 2
B 1 3
C 2 4
D 3 4
36 Which condition can sometimes be prevented by eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables?
A bleeding gums
B brittle bones
C diabetes
D soft bones
37 A protease is added to a suspension of egg protein in a test-tube and kept at 37 °C.
After 8 minutes, the protein changes from cloudy to transparent.
Which product, or products, will now be present in the test-tube?
A amino acids
B a simple sugar
C fatty acids and glycerol
D water
38 What is the optimum pH for stomach protease?
A pH 2 B pH 7 C pH 9 D pH 12
In which parts does peristalsis take place?

40 The diagram shows part of the digestive system.
1
2
What is a function of the liquid produced by part 1 and released into part 2?
A to digest proteins to amino acids

B to increase the surface area of fat droplets
C to acidify the contents of part 2
D to prevent further digestion of starch
41 The graphs show the quantities of selected vitamins and minerals in four foods.
vitamin C vitamin D Fe Ca
mg / 100 g µg / 100 g mg / 100 g mg / 100 g
30 15 3 150
20 10 2 100
10 5 1 50
0 0 0 0
fish
fruit
fish
fruit
fish
fruit
egg
beans
egg
beans
egg
beans
egg
beans
fish
fruit
Which food is the richest source of the vitamin or mineral essential for the transport of oxygen by
the blood?
A beans
B eggs
C fish
D fruit
42 What is the definition of digestion?
A Large insoluble molecules are changed into faeces.

B Large insoluble molecules are changed into smaller soluble molecules.
C Small soluble molecules are carried to the liver.
D Small soluble molecules are passed through the wall of the intestine.
43 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal, with a string marked in metres beside it.
oesophagus
0
3
string marked
in metres
4
9 anus
How long is the small intestine?
A 2m B 6m C 8m D 9m
44 The graph shows the results of experiments in which the activity of an enzyme was measured at
different pH values.
In which part of the alimentary canal would this enzyme be likely to work?
A mouth cavity
B oesophagus
C small intestine
D stomach
45 In humans, where does most absorption of digested food take place?
A colon
B kidney
C liver
D small intestine
46 The table shows nutrients found in a biscuit.
Which nutrient needs no digestion?
47 By which process is food moved through the alimentary canal?
A assimilation
B digestion
C ingestion
D peristalsis
1 Australia has added fluoride to much of its drinking water since 1953. Other countries, such
as Chile, do not add fluoride to their drinking water.
(a) Outline the arguments for and against the addition of fluoride to public drinking water.
[3]
Studies of the relationship between sugar consumption, tooth decay and fluoridation of
drinking water have been carried out. Data was collected on tooth decay in 12 year-old
children in Australia and Chile.
Fig. 5.1 shows changes in sugar consumption in Australia and Chile between 1970 and
2006.
Fig. 5.2 shows changes in tooth decay in the same countries over a similar time period.
70
60
50
sugar
40
consumption
/ kg per person
30
per year
20
10
0
1970 1980 1991 1994 1997 2000 2006
year key:
Chile
Australia
Fig. 5.1
6
mean number 5
of decayed,
missing and 4
filled teeth
per child 3
0
1977 1980 1990 1995 1999 2000 2006
year key:
Note that there is no data
available for Chile for 2000 and Chile
for Australia for 2006. Australia
Fig. 5.2
(b) Describe the changes in sugar consumption and tooth decay in Australia and Chile
between 1970 and 2006.
sugar consumption
tooth decay
[4]
(c) The peaks for sugar consumption and tooth decay in 12 year-old children in Chile
occurred at about the same time. It has been suggested that an increase in sugar
consumption in children caused an increase in tooth decay.
Explain how an increase in sugar consumption may cause tooth decay.
[4]
(d) Fig. 5.1 shows that sugar consumption in these two countries is similar. Fig. 5.2 shows
the changes in tooth decay in 12 year-old children.
Suggest explanations for the similarities and differences in tooth decay in 12 year-old
children in Australia and Chile.
[3]
[Total: 14]
2 Fig. 2.1 shows a villus from the small intestine of a mammal and an enlarged view of a cell
from region A.
microvilli
A
mitochondria
magnification ×110 magnification ×2600
Fig. 2.1
(a) Name regions A, B and C.
C [3]
(b) Explain why the cells from region A have many microvilli and mitochondria.
many microvilli
many mitochondria
[4]
(c) The Food Standards Agency in the UK defines a food additive as:
‘any substance intentionally added to food for a specific function that is not normally
eaten as a food or used as a characteristic ingredient in food.’
Some additives are naturally occurring substances, but others are man-made. Some
additives have been identified as a risk to people’s health.
(i) State two benefits of using food additives in processed foods.
1.
2.
[2]
(ii) State four possible risks to health that have been linked to food additives.
[4]
[Total: 13]
3 Mycoprotein is similar to single cell protein and is sold as an alternative to meat such as
beef.
Table 3.1 shows the composition of mycoprotein and beef.
Table 3.1
dry mass / g per 100 g

nutrient
mycoprotein
ycoprote beef
protein 49.0 51.4
fat 9.2 48.6
fibre (roughage) 19.5 0.0
carbohydrate 20.6 0.0
(a) (i) State two differences in composition between mycoprotein and beef.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) Using data from Table 3.1, suggest two reasons why eating mycoprotein is better
for health than eating beef.
Explain your answers.
reason 1
explanation
reason 2
explanation
[4]
(b) (i) Calculate the dry mass of mycoprotein not represented by protein, fat, fibre or
carbohydrate.
Show your working.
Answer g [2]
(ii) Suggest one nutrient that this dry mass might contain.
[1]
(c) The antibiotic penicillin is produced by fungi that are grown in a fermenter, as shown in
Fig. 3.1. The process is similar to the manufacture of enzymes.
waste
gases
water
out
water
jacket
feedstock
extract
air mycoprotein
filtrate
water
in
Fig. 3.1
(i) Name the two raw materials likely to be present in the feedstock.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) State the function of X.
[1]
(iii) Suggest the name of the main gas present in the waste gases.
[1]
(d) During the fermenting process, the temperature in the container would rise unless
steps are taken to maintain a constant temperature.
(i) Suggest a suitable temperature for the feedstock.
[1]
(ii) Explain why the temperature rises.
[2]
(iii) Explain why a constant temperature has to be maintained.
[2]
(iv) Using the information from Fig. 3.1, suggest how a constant temperature is
maintained.
[1]
[Total: 19]
4 Over-consumption of alcohol is a problem in some countries.
(a) (i) State two long term effects on the body of drinking too much alcohol.
2 [2]
Some alcohol producers have started to promote ‘responsible drinking’. Fig. 2.1 shows
the label on a bottle of beer.
Responsible drinkers do not exceed:
4 daily units of alcohol (men)

3 daily units of alcohol (women)
1 bottle = 2 units of alcohol
This bottle contains 500 cm3 beer
Fig. 2.1
(ii) Using information from this label, calculate the volume of beer which would provide
the recommended daily maximum alcohol intake for a responsible male drinker.
cm3 [1]
(b) Unlike most food nutrients, alcohol does not need to be digested. Instead, it is readily
absorbed into the blood from, for example, the stomach.
(i) Explain why most food nutrients do need to be digested.
[2]
(ii) State the main site of absorption of most products of digestion.
[1]
(iii) Name one product of digestion which is not absorbed directly into the blood
stream.
[1]
Fig. 2.2 shows the relationship between blood alcohol content and the risk of having a road
accident.
30
25
20
%
increased
risk of
accident
15
10
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15
blood alcohol content / g per 100 cm3
Fig. 2.2
(c) (i) Use the graph to predict the increased risk of a road accident if a driver had a
blood alcohol content of 0.10 g per 100 cm3.
increased risk [1]
(ii) Describe the relationship shown by the graph between blood alcohol content and
the risk of having a road accident.
[2]
(iii) With reference to the nervous system, explain how drinking alcohol before driving
increases the risk of having an accident.
[3]
[Total: 13]
5 A human tooth was suspended in hydrochloric acid and left for 24 hours, as shown in
Fig. 2.1. When the tooth was removed and washed, the lower part, to which the cotton
was attached, was no longer hard, but soft and rubbery. After replacing the tooth in the
acid for another 24 hours, the rest of the tooth was also soft.
glass rod
cotton thread
hydrochloric acid
tooth
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Name the part of the tooth to which the cotton was attached.
[1]
(ii) Name the type of human tooth used in this experiment. State two reasons for your
answer.
Type of tooth
Reason 1
Reason 2
[3]
(iii) With reference to tooth structure, suggest and explain why the lower part of the
tooth became soft before the upper part.
[3]
Fig. 2.2 shows a tube of ‘White Teeth’ toothpaste.
pH 8.5
contains: oride
WHITE sodium flurial agent
antibacte
TEETH
Fig. 2.2
(b) State and explain two reasons why regular brushing with this toothpaste would help to
protect teeth from decay.
[4]
(c) Brushing is not the only way of protecting teeth from decay.
State two other ways of maintaining healthy teeth.
[2]
[Total: 13]
1 In a photosynthesis experiment, a plant is left in bright sunlight for several hours. A leaf is then
removed from the plant and tested for starch, using iodine solution.
The diagram shows the leaf from the plant that was used in the experiment.
white area
green area
Which diagram shows the result of the experiment?
A B C D
key
iodine solution
turns blue / black
iodine solution
stays brown
2 Which substance, needed for protein synthesis, is carried into a leaf from the stem?
A carbon dioxide
B nitrate
C oxygen
D starch
3 Which two substances are the products of photosynthesis?
A carbon dioxide and glucose

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and carbon dioxide
D oxygen and glucose
4 Four test-tubes are set up as shown in the diagram and left in full sunlight.
After several hours, which test-tube contains the most dissolved oxygen?
A B C D
pond
pond weed
weed
water
water water
water
snail snail
5 Plants manufacture their own supplies of carbohydrate.
What are the raw materials and the waste product of this process?
raw materials waste product
A carbon dioxide and chlorophyll oxygen

B carbon dioxide and water oxygen
C oxygen and chlorophyll carbon dioxide
D oxygen and water carbon dioxide
6 A plant with variegated leaves has the starch removed from its leaves by placing it in a dark
cupboard for 48 hours.
Black paper is then fixed on one leaf as shown and the plant is exposed to light.
After 24 hours, which part of the leaf contains starch?
green region white region
A
D
black paper on
both sides of leaf
7 A plant with striped leaves similar to the one below was kept in bright light for six hours.
white stripe
green stripe
A leaf was taken from the plant and the chlorophyll removed. It was then tested for starch using
iodine solution.
Which diagram shows the result of the test?
A B C D
yellow-brown white blue-black yellow-brown
blue-black blue-black green green
8 Apparatus was set up as shown.
air to
pump
sodium limewater limewater

hydroxide plant black
solution flask X paper flask Y
Sodium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide from the air. Limewater goes cloudy if carbon dioxide
is bubbled through it.
What happens to the limewater in flasks X and Y when the pump is switched on?
flask X flask Y
A goes cloudy goes cloudy

B goes cloudy stays clear
C stays clear goes cloudy
D stays clear
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com stays clear
9 The diagram shows a cross-section of part of a leaf.
upper epidermis
layer X
lower epidermis
midrib
Which type of cell is found in layer X?
A B C D
10 An experiment was done using the apparatus shown in the diagram.
The carbon dioxide content of the water in each tube was measured at the start and again three
hours later.
In which tube would there be a decrease in carbon dioxide content?
A B C D
black
water polythene
to keep
out light light
ight light
water
plant
water
snail
11 What is formed first in a leaf as a result of photosynthesis?
A chlorophyll
B glucose
C starch
D water
12 From which part of a leaf does most water evaporate during transpiration?
A the cuticle
B the guard cells
C the spongy mesophyll cells
D the xylem vessels
13 Which substances are transported in the phloem?
A amino acids and starch

B amino acids and sucrose
C protein and starch
D starch and sucrose
14 Which product of photosynthesis moves out of a green leaf through its stomata?
A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C oxygen
D water
15 What is carried by the xylem?
A chlorophyll
B mineral ions
C starch
D sugars
16 Which two substances are needed for photosynthesis?
A carbon dioxide and glucose

B carbon dioxide and water
C oxygen and glucose
D oxygen and water
17 Which process does not release water?
A excretion
B photosynthesis
C respiration
D transpiration
18 The bar chart shows the average number of chloroplasts in each of three different types of leaf
cell.
average number
of chloroplasts
in each cell
1 2 3
type of cell
What are the three types of cell?
1 2 3
A guard cell palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll

cell cell
B palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll guard cell
cell cell
C spongy mesophyll guard cell palisade mesophyll
cell cell
D spongy mesophyll palisade mesophyll guard cell
cell cell
19 The diagram shows a palisade cell.
In which region is starch stored?
20 The diagram shows the apparatus used in an investigation to measure the rate of oxygen
production during photosynthesis.
measuring
gas cylinder
bright beaker
light
glass funnel
aquatic plant
water
The investigation was repeated several times and the average amount of gas collected was
calculated.
Which two factors must be kept constant during this investigation?
A the amount of water in the beaker and the height of the measuring cylinder
B the size of aquatic plant and the amount of gas in the measuring cylinder
C the size of aquatic plant and the duration of exposure to light
D the size of the beaker and the funnel
21 Which form of energy is stored within glucose molecules made during photosynthesis?
A chemical
B heat
C light
D mechanical
22 The diagram shows a cell with groups of bacteria around its edge.
cell cytoplasm
spiral-shaped
chloroplast
bacteria
The bacteria move to areas of high oxygen concentration.
Which process in the cell causes the bacteria to form these groups?
A digestion
B photosynthesis
C reproduction
D respiration
23 The diagram shows cells from the epidermis of a leaf.

P
Which parts are partially permeable?
A P and Q B Q and R C R and S D P and S
24 The roots of plants take up nitrates from the soil.
What are the nitrates used to make?
A fat
B glucose
C protein
D starch
25 Which process does not release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?
A decomposition of animals
B photosynthesis of plants
C respiration of animals
D respiration of plants
26 What does photosynthesis form in a leaf first?
A cellulose
B protein
C starch
D sugar
27 The diagram shows a section through a leaf.
Which cell type absorbs the most carbon dioxide during the day?
28 Which element is found in a molecule of chlorophyll?
A calcium
B iron
C lead
D magnesium
29 Which substances do root hairs take from the soil?
A water and carbon dioxide

B water and mineral ions
C carbon dioxide and oxygen and mineral ions
D carbon dioxide and oxygen and water
30 Which cell type contains the most chloroplasts?
A palisade mesophyll
B phloem
C spongy mesophyll
D xylem
31 Cobalt chloride paper is blue when dry but turns pink when wet. Some blue cobalt chloride paper
was fastened to the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf on a plant X and a leaf on plant Y.
The diagram shows the results of the experiment.
12
10
8
time taken for
cobalt chloride
6
paper to turn
pink / minutes
4
0
upper lower upper lower
surface surface surface surface
plant X plant Y
Through which leaf surface was water lost most quickly?
A plant X, upper surface

B plant X, lower surface
C plant Y, upper surface
D plant Y, lower surface
32 What does a plant make with the nitrates it absorbs?
A carbohydrates
B fats
C mineral salts
D proteins
1 Ahmed entered a very dark room. His irises responded by changing the pupil size and
gradually he could see shapes of objects in the room. Dust in the air made him sneeze.
Suddenly the door slammed shut, causing his heart beat to speed up. He switched on the
light to find the door and he grabbed the door handle……
(a) Complete the table by stating two voluntary actions and two involuntary actions
described in the text above.
voluntary actions involuntary actions
1. 1.
2. 2.
[4]
(b) Actions are caused by the stimulation of effectors.
(i) Name the two different types of effector in the body.
1.
2. [2]
(ii) State the type of neurone that stimulates effectors.
[1]
(c) Plants also respond to stimuli such as light.
(i) State the name of the response of plants to light.
[1]
Ahmed was provided with several young plant shoots and a sample of auxin.
(ii) Describe an experiment he could carry out to show that auxin causes bending of a
shoot.
[4]
(iii) Explain the mechanism that results in a shoot bending towards light.
[3]
(d) Synthetic plant hormones behave in a similar way to auxins. Describe how synthetic
plant hormones are effective as weedkillers.
[2]
[Total: 17]
2 Crop production in many areas of the world needs the application of large volumes of water.
However, when the water evaporates from the soil, traces of salts are left behind. After
several years, the soil becomes too salty for most plants to grow in it.
(a) (i) State three functions of water in plants.
1.
2.
3. [3]
(ii) With reference to the water potential gradient, explain why plants may die when
grown in salty soil.
[3]
(b) Some plants are able to pump salts out of their roots.
(i) Name the process plants could use to pump salts out of their roots.
[1]
(ii) Suggest how the process named in (i) could affect the rate of growth of the plants if
the process was operating all the time.
[2]
(iii) Plants need mineral salts for normal, healthy growth. Complete the table by naming
two minerals that plants need and stating their functions.
mineral
iner function
[4]
(c) An article in a school science magazine stated, ‘Many plants contain genes which
enable them to pump salts out of their roots. These genes can be made more active by
genetic engineering, enabling the plants to remove salts before the plants are damaged.’
Explain whether you think that the process described in the article above is an example
of genetic engineering.
[3]
(d) Some scientists believe that washing the salts out of the soil using even more water is a
better alternative to genetic engineering.
State two problems that could be caused by washing the soil with extra water.
1.
2. [2]
[Total:18]
1 The blood of a fetus does not mix with the blood of its mother, but substances are exchanged
across the placenta.
(a) Table 3.1 shows five substances that cross the placenta, their direction of movement and the
reason for the movement.
Complete Table 3.1. The second row has been completed for you.
Table 3.1
substance direction of movement reason
amino acids
carbon dioxide from fetus waste gas from respiration
glucose
oxygen
urea
[4]
(b) During pregnancy, women are often given dietary advice.
Explain why pregnant women require more iron and vitamin D in their diet.
iron ............................................................................................................................................
vitamin D ............................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Mothers may be encouraged to breast-feed their newborn babies. The first milk that a mother
secretes is called colostrum and contains antibodies.
(i) Name the cells that produce antibodies.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why it is important for newborn babies to have antibodies.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(iii) Some mothers bottle-feed their newborn babies with formula milk rather than breast-feed.
Describe four advantages of breast-feeding, other than providing antibodies.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 14]
2 Mammals have a double circulatory system. Blood flows between:
• the heart and the lungs

• the heart and the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
(a) Fig. 4.1 shows a cross-section of an artery.
Fig. 4.1
Explain how the structure of an artery, as shown in Fig. 4.1, is related to its functions.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
(b) Fig. 4.2 shows the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels in the systemic circulation. It
also shows the changes that occur in blood pressure and the speed (velocity) of blood in the
different blood vessels.
aorta vena cava
tissue fluid
4000
3000
total cross-
sectional area
of the blood
2000
vessels / cm2
1000
15
14 pressure
mean blood 13 speed of the
pressure / kPa 12 blood / cm s–1
11
10 50
9 velocity
8 40
7
6 30
5
4 20
3
2 10
1
0 0
aorta arterioles veins
arteries capillaries vena cava
Fig. 4.2
(i) State the maximum mean blood pressure in the aorta.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Describe how mean blood pressure and speed of blood change with cross-sectional
area of blood vessels, as shown in Fig. 4.2.
blood pressure ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
speed of blood ...................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Describe how substances move from the blood in the capillaries into the tissue fluid.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Blood flows from arteries into arterioles before entering capillaries.
Explain the role of the arterioles in the skin when a person is very cold.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
[Total: 14]
3 Blood is distributed through the body of a mammal in blood vessels. The blood supply to
muscles changes considerably at the start and at the end of exercise.
Fig. 4.1 shows a cross section of a blood vessel as seen with an electron microscope.
cell X
liquid Y
Fig. 4.1
(a) Name:
(i) cell X;
[1]
(ii) liquid Y;
[1]
(iii) the type of blood vessel shown in Fig. 4.1.
[1]
(b) State three substances that move across the wall of the blood vessel at Z.
3 [3]
(c) Table 4.1 shows the distribution of blood to different organs at rest and during exercise.
Table 4.1
blood flow / cm3 per minute

percentage
regions of the body
during strenuous change / %
at rest
exercise
heart muscle 250 750 200
kidneys
i 200 600 -5
skeletal muscles 1 000 12 500
skin
kin 1 900 375
liver and alimentary canal 1 400 600 -5
brain
rain 750 0
others
ther 400 --3
total 5 600 17 500 213
(i) Calculate the percentage change in the blood supply to the skeletal muscles.
Show your working.
Write your answer in Table 4.1.
[1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary for the blood supply to muscles to increase during
exercise.
[5]
(iii) The volume of blood to different organs varies as shown in Table 4.1.
During exercise, blood flow to the skin increases and to the kidneys decreases.
Describe the changes that occur in blood vessels to cause blood flow to increase
and to decrease.
increase blood flow
decrease blood flow
[4]
[Total: 16]
4 Fig. 4.1 shows a vertical section of a human heart.
valve O
valve N
Fig. 4.1
(a) Identify the blood vessels labelled J to M.
M [4]
(b) Sensors that detect changes in blood pressure were placed into the blood vessels
surrounding the heart. Recordings were taken at the times when the ventricles
contracted and when they relaxed.
The blood pressures recorded are shown in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
blood pressure / kPa

blood vessel
contraction of the ventricles relaxation of the ventricles
J 16.0
6.0
K 0.3 0.3
L 0.3 0.3
M 2.0 0.5
(i) Explain why the pressure in blood vessel J is greater than the pressure in blood
vessel M.
[2]
(ii) Explain why the pressure in blood vessels K and L is much less than the pressure
in blood vessels J and M.
[2]
(c) Explain how the valves at N and O maintain one-way flow of blood through the heart.
[4]
(d) Other than in the heart, state where valves similar to those at O are found in the
circulatory system.
[1]
[Total: 13]
1 Which graph shows most clearly what will happen to the rate of transpiration as humidity
increases?
A B
rate of rate of
transpiration transpiration
humidity humidity
C D
rate of rate of
transpiration transpiration
humidity humidity
2 The diagram shows a potted plant and the same plant 24 hours later.
24 hours
What causes the change in the appearance of the plant?
A Water loss is greater than water uptake.

B Water moves from the leaves to the stem.
C Water uptake is equal to water loss.
D Water uptake is greater than water loss.
3 By which process is water lost from a leaf?
A active transport
B diffusion
C osmosis
D photosynthesis
4 The lower end of a plant stem is placed in water coloured with red dye. After three hours, the
stem is cut as shown in the diagram.
Which labelled region is stained red?
5 What is transported in the phloem and what is the direction of transport?
A starch, up and down

B starch, up only
C sucrose, down and up
D sucrose, down only
6 In which order does water pass through the cells of a plant, as the water travels from the roots to
a leaf?
A mesophyll cells → root hair → root cortex → xylem
B root cortex → root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells
C root hair → mesophyll cells → root cortex → xylem
D root hair → root cortex → xylem → mesophyll cells
7 The diagram shows a plant shoot and the same shoot six hours later.
plant shoot same shoot six hours later
Which change in environmental conditions could cause this change in the shoot?
A a decrease in available water

B a decrease in light intensity
C a decrease in wind speed
D an increase in humidity
8 A celery stalk is placed in a beaker of blue dye. Once the dye reaches the leaves, the stalk is
taken out and cut in half.
celery stalk
cut
blue dye
Which diagram shows the appearance of the cut end of the stalk?
A B C D
blue dye blue dye blue dye
9 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant root.
Q shows the part that is stained red when the root is placed in water containing a red dye.
What is found at Q?
A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem
10 Which processes produce a continuous space for the flow of water in xylem vessels?
11 Some liquid is collected from the xylem in the stem of a plant.
What is present in the liquid?
A cellulose
B inorganic ions
C starch
D sugar
12 What is a function of phloem?
A translocation
B transpiration
C storage of food
D support
13 The diagram shows part of the trunk of a small tree with a ring of bark removed. Removing the
ring of bark takes away phloem but leaves the xylem intact.
upper
branch
ring of bark xylem

removed here
phloem
lower
branch
What effect will removing the bark have on the two branches?
14 The table shows some characteristics of four different plants.
The plants are growing in the same environmental conditions.
Which plant will have the highest rate of transpiration?
15 A decrease in which factor normally causes transpiration rate to increase?
A humidity
B light intensity
C stomatal opening
D temperature
16 What is the path of water through a plant?
A cortex cells → xylem → stomata → roots
B root hair → xylem → mesophyll cells → stomata
C roots → cortex cells → stomata → phloem
D roots → root hair → stomata → xylem
17 In which order does water pass through these tissues in a plant?
A mesophyll → xylem → root cortex
B root cortex → mesophyll → xylem
C root cortex → xylem → mesophyll
D xylem → mesophyll → root cortex
18 The diagram shows two shoots at the start of an experiment on transpiration.
shoot X shoot Y
spring balance
30 g 30 g
oil
water
What are the likely readings on the spring balances after three days?
shoot X shoot Y
A 30 g 30 g
B 30 g 25 g
C 25 g 30 g
D 25 g 25 g
19 Which statements about plant transpiration are correct?
plants transpire most when plants transpire least when
A air is dry temperature is high

B light intensity is high air is humid
C light intensity is low temperature is low
D temperature is cold light intensity is high
20 The table shows the rate of water flow through a tree over a 12 hour period.
What conclusion can be drawn from the table?
A Between 7:00 and 17:00 hours the rate of flow continuously increases.
B The greatest increase in rate of flow in a two-hour period is between 11:00 and 13:00 hours.
C Water does not flow up through a tree at night.
D Water flow is affected by humidity.
21 Which words correctly complete the following sentence?
‘Transpiration is the ……1…… of water at the surface of the ……2…… cells followed by the
……3…… of water vapour from the plant ……4…… .’
22 What could increase the rate of water uptake by a shoot?
A covering the shoot with a black plastic bag

B covering the shoot with a clear plastic bag
C removing the leaves from the shoot
D shining a bright light onto the shoot
23 The diagram shows how water is lost from a leaf.
water vapour
By which process is the water lost?
A osmosis
B photosynthesis
C translocation
D transpiration
24 The diagram shows a cross-section through a plant stem.
Q shows the part that is stained red when the stem is placed in water containing a red dye.
What is found at Q?
A guard cells
B palisade cells
C phloem
D xylem
25 The graph shows how the rate of transpiration is affected by X.
rate of
transpiration
What is X?
A humidity
B light intensity
C soil moisture
D temperature
26 In what form does a plant absorb and lose water?
27 In which order does water pass through these structures in a plant?
A mesophyll → root hair → xylem
B mesophyll → xylem → root hair
C root hair → mesophyll → xylem
D root hair → xylem → mesophyll
28 Which two substances are transported in the phloem?
A amino acids and protein

B amino acids and sucrose
C protein and starch
D starch and sucrose
29 What is a description of transpiration?
A exchange of gases between the leaf and the atmosphere

B loss of water vapour from the leaves and stems of a plant
C movement of water from the roots to the leaves
D movement of water through the cells of the leaf
30 The diagram shows the stem of a plant. A strip of the outer tissue including the phloem has been
removed.
xylem
phloem
How is transport in the plant affected?
A Amino acids and sucrose cannot pass to the roots.

B Dissolved salts cannot pass to the leaves.
C Water cannot pass to the leaves.
D Water cannot pass to the roots.
31 The diagram shows a plant.
What is the pathway taken by most of the water absorbed by this plant?
A X→Y→Z
B W→Y→Z
C Z→Y→X
D Z→Y→W
32 The diagrams show stages in the passage of water through a plant.
The circles are the starting points for arrows to show the direction in which the water moves.
Which circle must have an arrow pointing downwards only?
33 Translocation occurs in phloem tubes. Aphids feed on the contents of phloem tubes.
What type of food would be lacking in their diet?
A amino acid
B fat
C sucrose
D water
34 Which two functions does xylem perform?
absorption conduction contraction support
A key
B = performs
C = does not perform
D
35 The diagram shows cells from a storage organ of a flowering plant after they have been stained
with iodine solution.
Structures X stain black.
What does this show that structures X contain?
A chlorophyll
B fat
C starch
D sugar
36 What shows the correct translocation of carbohydrate in a potato plant that is growing in bright
sunlight?
37 Which conditions of humidity, light intensity and temperature make transpiration slowest?
38 The diagram shows how the appearance of a potted plant changes over a period of four days.
Which environmental conditions are most likely to cause this change?
39 The table shows four substances and the parts of the plant to which they are transported.
substance part of plant
1 amino acids flower buds

2 carbon dioxide leaf cells
3 sucrose root cells
4 water stomata
Which are examples of translocation?
A 1 an
a B 1 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4
1 Fig. 3.1 shows a vertical section of a kidney.
E F
Fig. 3.1
(a) Name the parts E, F and G.
G [3]
(b) Substances move into and out of cells in kidney tubules.
Fig. 3.2 shows four processes, H, J, K and L, that occur in cells lining the kidney
tubule.
The net movement of substance is shown by an arrow, in each case.
H J K L
nucleus
kidney
tubule
cell
outside the cells

key
high concentration
low concentration
Fig. 3.2
(i) Complete Table 3.1 by stating the letter, H, J, K or L, which identifies each of the
processes. Give a reason for each answer.
Table 3.1
process
rocess reason
diffusion of oxygen
active uptake of sodium ions
[4]
(ii) Glucose is filtered from the blood. Usually all of it is reabsorbed by the kidney
tubules so that there is none present in the urine.
Name the part of the kidney where filtration occurs.
[1]
(iii) Use Fig. 3.2 to describe how kidney tubules reabsorb glucose from the filtrate.
[2]
(c) When plants are grown in a solution that includes a poison that prevents respiration,
the roots continue to absorb water, but do not absorb many ions.
Explain this result.
[3]
[Total: 13]
2 Nitrogen gas makes up about 80 % of the Earth’s atmosphere. Only those organisms that
are able to fix nitrogen can use it. All other organisms rely on the recycling of nitrogen from
nitrogen-containing compounds, such as proteins and DNA. Fig. 6.1 shows the nitrogen
cycle on a small farm in Ghana.
nitrogen (N2) in
P atmosphere
U
ammonium ions (NH4+)

nitrate ions
in bacteria in root
(NO3–) in soil
nodules of legumes
T
amino acids in
ammonium ions
bacteria in root
(NH4+) in soil
nodules of legumes
amino acids in urea in urine of protein in faeces

legumes goat of goat
protein in legumes urea in blood of goat protein in goat

S
R amino acids in Q
intestine of goat
Fig. 6.1
(a) Complete Table 6.1 by identifying the processes, P to U, in the nitrogen cycle shown in
Fig. 6.1.
One process, S, has been completed for you.

Table 6.1
stage
tage pr
S deamination
U
[5]
It is difficult to improve legume crops by traditional plant breeding methods. Scientists in
Ghana have used a different approach. They exposed seeds of two varieties of winged
bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, to ionising radiation.
Seeds that had been exposed to radiation (irradiated seeds) and seeds that had not been
irradiated were grown under identical conditions.
After 45 days, the numbers of root nodules on the plants that grew from these seeds were
recorded. The dry mass of the root nodules on each plant was also determined and
recorded.
The results of the investigation are shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2
variety 1 variety 2
feature
eature non-irra irradiated non-irradiated irradiated
mean number of nodules per
12
2 7 21
plant at 45 days
mean dry mass of nodules per
0.09
.09
plant at 45 days / g
(b) Use the results in Table 6.2 to describe the effect of radiation on the plants in both
varieties.
[3]
(c) Suggest and explain what happens to the seeds when they are exposed to ionising
radiation.
[2]
(d) Researchers use plants that show useful features in selective breeding to improve
varieties of the winged bean. The improvement of winged beans by selective breeding
is an example of artificial selection.
Suggest how selective breeding is carried out with plants.
[4]
(e) Scientists in Australia have put a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
into the cowpea, an important crop in Africa. This gene gives resistance against the
cowpea pod borer, an insect pest that reduces the yield of cowpeas.
Explain how the method used by the Australian scientists differs from the technique
used by the Ghanaian scientists.
[2]
(f) Legumes, such as cowpeas and winged beans, are grown in between maize plants in a
method known as intercropping.
Suggest the advantages to farmers of growing legumes and maize together in the
same field at the same time.
[2]
[Total: 18]
3 The sweet potato plant, Ipomoea batatas, has fibrous roots and storage roots.
Fibrous roots absorb water and ions from the soil. Storage roots store insoluble
carbohydrates.
Fig. 3.1 shows the growth of these roots on a sweet potato plant.
stem
storage
roots
fibrous
roots
Fig. 3.1
(a) Explain, using the term water potential, how fibrous roots absorb water.
[3]
The membranes of root hair cells contain proteins for the absorption of ions.
(b) Describe how root hair cells are adapted for the absorption of ions.
[3]
Sweet potato plants produce flowers to reproduce sexually. Sweet potato plants also
reproduce asexually when shoots grow from the storage roots to form new plants.
Fig. 3.2 shows the life cycle of sweet potato. The diploid number of this species is 90.
adult sweet
potato plant
............
flower
stamens carpels
young
meiosis
plant
male female
germination gametes gametes ............
embryo fertilisation
plant
zygote
............
Fig. 3.2
(c) Complete Fig. 3.2 by writing the number of chromosomes in the three boxes. [2]
(d) State two advantages and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction for plants, such
as sweet potato.
advantage 1
advantage 2
disadvantage
[3]
[Total: 11]

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Red blood cells have special molecules on their cell membranes.

These are known as

parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B

parental genotypes ............... × ...............

gametes ............. ............. + ............. .............

offspring genotype ...................

offspring phenotype blood group O

transfer of START OF PROCESS

(b) Explain why

(i) only a few bacteria grew in dish B compared with dish A,

(ii) more bacteria grew in C than in B.

Suggest why antibiotics should not be used too often.

(d) Explain the possible effect of the X-rays on the bacteria.

Describe the effects of HIV on the immune system.

State two features that distinguish annelids from nematodes.

substance direction of movement reason

carbon dioxide from fetus waste gas from respiration

(b) During pregnancy, women are often given dietary advice.

vitamin D ............................................................................................................................. [2]

(i) Name the cells that produce antibodies.

(ii) Explain why it is important for newborn babies to have antibodies.

2 The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

In which structure is most glucose absorbed into the blood?

3 Which dietary component is unlikely to be deficient in a meat-free diet?

Which region of the alimentary canal is most affected?

5 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.

In which organs does the digestion of proteins take place?

A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S

6 Which organ produces amylase?

A drinking a solution of sugar and salt

Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

A T and U B U and V C V and W D W and T

Why is it a good idea to brush teeth after eating?

A Acidic conditions help bacteria to grow.

11 The diagram shows a piece of small intestine during peristalsis.

circular muscles longitudinal muscles

Which structure does not secrete digestive enzymes?

Which food would be best for a child who has rickets?

calcium iron vitamin C vitamin D

A calcium compounds, carbohydrates and fats

16 Why does chewing food speed up digestion?

A Bacteria in the food are killed.

17 The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.

In which part does protein digestion begin?

What was in food X?

19 The diagram shows the teeth of the lower jaw of a human.

Which tooth is an incisor?

20 What is the function of the anus?

21 A person has their gall bladder removed.

Which statement is correct?

A They cannot eat carbohydrates.

A disease in cows reduces the number of villi in their small intestines.

The cows lose weight and become weak.

What explains this?

A less amylase produced

23 The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.

In which organs does the digestion of carbohydrates take place?

A P and Q B P and R C Q and R D Q and S

incisor canine premolar molar

A 1 and 2 B 2 and 3 C 3 and 4 D 4 and 1

25 What is the result of a diet lacking iron?

Which nutrient would be in low levels in this diet?

27 Which chemical reaction takes place in the stomach?

A Proteins are digested by protease.

Diseases & Immunity 1 QP-merged

Diseases & Immunity 1 QP-merged