Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia CIRP 46 (2016) 201 – 204

WK+3&±&,53&RQIHUHQFHRQ+LJK3HUIRUPDQFH&XWWLQJ

)(0EDVHGPRGHOLQJRIF\OLQGULFDOJULQGLQJSURFHVVLQFRUSRUDWLQJZKHHO
WRSRJUDSK\PHDVXUHPHQW
 $OL=DKHGLD %DKPDQ$]DUKRXVKDQJD 
a
Institute of Precisioin Machining (KSF), Furtwangen University of Applied Sciences, Jakob-Kienzle-Strasse 17, 78056 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
b
Second affiliation, Address, City and Postcode, Country

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[E-mail address:DOL]DKHGL#KVIXUWZDQJHQGH

$EVWUDFW

,QWKLVUHVHDUFKWKHLQWHUDFWLRQRIF%1FXWWLQJJUDLQVZLWKD&UEHDULQJVWHHOZRUNSLHFHLVVLPXODWHGXVLQJ)LQLWH(OHPHQW0HWKRG )(0 
*ULQGLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGVWUDLQUDWHV7KHUHIRUHDFRQVWLWXWLYHPDWHULDOPRGHOLVXVHGZKLFKDFFRXQWVIRU
WKHFRXSOHGWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVWUDLQUDWHHIIHFWVRQWKHIORZVWUHVV)XUWKHUPRUHDVRQHRIWKHPDLQFKDOOHQJHVLQJULQGLQJDQDO\VLVWKHWRSRJUDSK\
RIWKHJULQGLQJZKHHOLVPRGHOOHGDFFRUGLQJWRLWVDFWXDOFRQIRFDOLPDJHV7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIDSUREDELOLW\GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQDUHH[WUDFWHGIURPWKH
FRQIRFDOPLFURVFRS\GDWDDQGWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHFXWWLQJJUDLQVDUHDFFRUGLQJO\GHILQHG7KURXJKDWUDQVLHQWNLQHPDWLFDODSSURDFKWKHVLQJOH
JUDLQPRGHOLVH[WHQGHGWRWKHDJJUHJDWHDFWLRQRIFXWWLQJJUDLQVRQWKHZKHHOVXUIDFHLQF\OLQGULFDOJULQGLQJSURFHVVRID&UEHDULQJVWHHO
7KHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVDUHYDOLGDWHGZLWKH[SHULPHQWDOGDWD
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RPPLWWHHRIWK+3&LQWKHSHUVRQRIWKH&RQIHUHQFH&KDLU3URI0DWWKLDV
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3XW]
Peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of 7th HPC 2016 in the person of the Conference Chair
Prof. Matthias Putz
Keywords:VLQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFKILQLWHHOHPHQWPHWKRGF\OLQGULFDOJULQGLQJF%1JULQGLQJZKHHOZKHHOWRSRJUDSK\*DPPDGLVWULEXWLRQ


,QWURGXFWLRQ
,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHJULQGLQJUHVHDUFKKDVEHHQIRFXVHGRQ
WKH IXQGDPHQWDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI PDWHULDO UHPRYDO
PHFKDQLVPV LQ WKH PLFURVFDOH VLQJOH JUDLQZRUNSLHFH
LQWHUDFWLRQ  >@ 7KDQNV WR WKH DGYDQFHV LQ QXPHULFDO
WHFKQLTXHVDQGFRPSXWDWLRQDOSURFHVVLQJXQLWV)LQLWH(OHPHQW
0HWKRG )(0  KDV EHHQ H[WHQVLYHO\ XVHG WR PRGHO YDULRXV
DVSHFWVRIWKHJULQGLQJSURFHVVHVSHFLDOO\WKHFXWWLQJEHKDYLRU
RI WKH LQGLYLGXDO DEUDVLYH JUDLQV LQ PLFURVFDOH >@ 7KRXJK
WKHPLFURVFDOHQXPHULFDOPRGHOLQJDSSURDFKHVVKRXOGEHDEOH
WR GHVFULEH WKH SODVWLF EHKDYLRU RI WKH ZRUNSLHFH PDWHULDO DW
KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGVWUDLQUDWHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKJULQGLQJ>@
0DQ\ PDWHULDO PRGHOV KDYH EHHQ XVHG IRU WKH QXPHULFDO
VLPXODWLRQ RI PHWDO FXWWLQJ SURFHVVHV ZKLFK WUHDWHG WKH
ZRUNSLHFH DV DQ HODVWLF >@ HODVWRSODVWLF >@ RU D
WKHUPRSODVWLF >@ PHGLXP 7KH -RKQVRQFRRN PRGHO LV D
FRPPRQPRGHOIRUPDFKLQLQJDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVVWUDLQVDQG
VWUDLQUDWHV >@ 7KRXJK LQ WKH FDVH RI JULQGLQJ ZKHUH KLJK
WHPSHUDWXUHV DQG VWUDLQUDWHV DUH FRPPRQ WKH FRQVWLWXWLYH
ODZV VKRXOG FRQVLGHU WKH FRXSOHG HIIHFWV RI WHPSHUDWXUH DQG
VWUDLQUDWH LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKHLU LQGLYLGXDO FRQWULEXWLRQ WR WKH
PDWHULDOEHKDYLRU>@$FFRUGLQJO\WKHFRXSOHGHIIHFWVRI
ZRUNKDUGHQLQJDQGWKHUPDOVRIWHQLQJFDQEHDGGUHVVHGLQWKH
FRQVLGHUHGUDQJHRIFXWWLQJSDUDPHWHUV
7KHUDQGRPVKDSHDQGRULHQWDWLRQRIWKHFXWWLQJJUDLQVDORQJ
ZLWK WKH SUREDELOLVWLF QDWXUH RI WKH JULQGLQJ ZKHHO VXUIDFH
WRSRJUDSK\DUHIXUWKHUOLPLWDWLRQVLQWKHQXPHULFDOPRGHOLQJRI
JULQGLQJ SURFHVV 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG VKDSH RI WKH FXWWLQJ
JUDLQVKDYHEHHQPRGHOOHGEDVHGRQGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHV0RVW
UHVHDUFKHUVKDYHFRQVLGHUHGXQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQIRUWKHFXWWLQJ
JUDLQ RYHU WKH JULQGLQJ ZKHHO VXUIDFH >@ 5DQGRP DQG
VWRFKDVWLF GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH FXWWLQJ JUDLQV KDV EHHQ DOVR
FRQVLGHUHGLQOLWHUDWXUH>±@
,QWKLVZRUNDFRXSOHGHPSLULFDOPRGHOZDVWDNHQIURPWKH
ZRUNRI+RUHWDO>@IRUWKHVLQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFKVLPXODWLRQ
RI &U VWHHO ZLWK F%1 JUDLQV '()250' FRPPHUFLDO
FRGHZDVVHOHFWHGIRUWKHKDQGOLQJRIWKHVLQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFK
VLPXODWLRQZKRVHSHUIRUPDQFHZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGYDOLGDWHG
LQ FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH FRXQWHUSDUW )(0 VRIWZDUH >@ 7KH

2212-8271 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the International Scientific Committee of 7th HPC 2016 in the person of the Conference Chair
Prof. Matthias Putz
doi:10.1016/j.procir.2016.03.179
202 Ali Zahedi and Bahman Azarhoushang / Procedia CIRP 46 (2016) 201 – 204

VLQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFKFKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHJDUGLQJWKHIRUFHYDOXHV
DQG WKH FKLSSLQJ PHFKDQLVP DUH H[WHQGHG WR WKH DJJUHJDWH
DFWLRQRIFXWWLQJJUDLQVLQJULQGLQJSURFHVV7KHH[WHQVLRQLV
SHUIRUPHG WKURXJK GHILQLQJ D VXLWDEOH SUREDELOLW\ GHQVLW\
IXQFWLRQIRUWKHUDQGRPGLVWULEXWLRQRIFXWWLQJJUDLQVDFFRUGLQJ
WRWKHPHDVXUHGWRSRJUDSK\RIWKHJULQGLQJZKHHOVXUIDFHE\
XVLQJFRQIRFDOPLFURVFRS\7KHSDUDPHWHUVRIWKHFRQVLGHUHG
*DPPDSUREDELOLW\GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQDUHDFFRUGLQJO\H[WUDFWHG
/DUJHUYDOXHVRIUHODWLYHFKLSDUHDDSSURDFKLQJDUHIDYRUDEOH
LQWHUPVRIJULQGLQJHIILFLHQF\$YLHZRIWKHVFUDWFKVLPXODWHG
ZLWK ‫ݒ‬௖ PV DQG ݀ —P JUDLQ VL]H ZLWK PD[LPXP
SHQHWUDWLRQ GHSWKRIܽ௚ —P QRUPDO WR WKHFXWWLQJGLUHFWLRQ
DQGWKHHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUH
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJIRUFHFRPSRQHQWV

0RGHOLQJRIF\OLQGULFDOJULQGLQJSURFHVV

2.1. FEM simulation of single-grain scratch

7KH DFWLRQ RI D VLQJOH F%1 JUDLQ RQ D &U VWHHO

ZRUNSLHFHLVVLPXODWHGIRUWZRQRPLQDOJUDLQVL]HV ݀ —P
DQG —P  DQG XQGHU GLIIHUHQW FXWWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV GHSWK RI
FXWDQGFXWWLQJYHORFLW\ 7KHJUDLQJHRPHWU\LVFRQVLGHUHGDV

ORIWHGKH[DJRQDOYROXPHVHPEHGGHGLQVSKHUHVZLWKGLDPHWHUV
HTXDOWRWKHQRPLQDOJUDLQVL]H )LJXUH )LYHFXWWLQJYHORFLW\ )LJXUH6FUDWFKFURVVVHFWLRQDQGWKHHIIHFWLYHVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ
OHYHOV ‫ݒ‬௖ PV DQGWZRJUDLQGHSWKRIFXW
OHYHOV ܽ௚  —P  DUH FKRVHQ IRU WKH )(0 VLPXODWLRQ 7KH
PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV DQG WKH FRHIILFLHQWV RI WKH FRXSOHG
FRQVWLWXWLYHUHODWLRQDUHWDNHQIURPWKHZRUNRI+RUHWDO>@
7KH QRUPDO DQG WDQJHQWLDO IRUFH FRPSRQHQWV DORQJ ZLWK WKH
PDWHULDO UHPRYDOSORXJKLQJ EHKDYLRU DUH H[WUDFWHG IURP WKH
)(0UHVXOWV


)LJXUH6LPXODWHG1RUPDODQGWDQJHQWLDOIRUFHFRPSRQHQWVRIDVFUDWFK

)LJXUH6LQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFKNLQHPDWLFVDQGWKHJUDLQJHRPHWU\ 7KH YDULDWLRQV RI WKH IRUFH FRPSRQHQWV DQG WKH UHODWLYH FKLS
DUHDZLWKFXWWLQJYHORFLW\UHIOHFWWKHGHSHQGHQF\RIWKHPDWHULDO
,QRUGHUWRTXDQWLI\WKHFKLSIRUPDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOUHPRYDO SURSHUWLHVRQWKHVWUDLQUDWH7KHWDQJHQWLDOJULQGLQJIRUFHDQG
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDSDUDPHWHULVGHILQHGDVWKHUHODWLYHFKLSDUHD UHODWLYHFKLSDUHDYDOXHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJXUHDQG)LJXUH
ߟ௖ 7KHUHODWLYHFKLSDUHDLVWKHUDWLRRIWKHUHPRYHGPDWHULDO UHVSHFWLYHO\
FURVV VHFWLRQ DUHD ‫ܣ‬௖ െ ‫ܣ‬௣ WR WKH SORXJKHG PDWHULDO SLOHXS  
FURVVVHFWLRQDUHD‫ܣ‬௣ DQGFDQEHH[SUHVVHGDV
‫ ܣ‬௖ െ ‫ܣ‬௣ ‫ܣ‬௣
ߟ௖ ൌ ൌͳെ   
‫ܣ‬௖ ‫ܣ‬௖
)LJXUH  LOOXVWUDWHV WKH JHRPHWULFDO SDUDPHWHUV RI D VLQJOH
JUDLQVFUDWFKDQGWKHWZRDUHDV‫ܣ‬௣  GDUNKDWFKHG DQG‫ܣ‬௖  OLJKW
KDWFKHG  LQ WKH SODQH QRUPDO WR WKH FXWWLQJ GLUHFWLRQ ,W LV
DVVXPHG WKDW WKH SLOHXS JHRPHWU\ FDQ EH GHILQHG E\ WZR
SDUDPHWHUV SLOHXS KHLJKW݄௣  DQG SLOHXS DQJOHߚ  ,Q RWKHU
ZRUGV WKH SLOHXS YROXPH LV HTXDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG RQ WKH ERWK
VLGHV RI WKH VFUDWFK ZKLFK IRUPV HTXLODWHUDO WULDQJOHV LQ WKH
SODQHVQRUPDOWRWKHFXWWLQJGLUHFWLRQ

)LJXUH9DULDWLRQVRIWDQJHQWLDOIRUFHZLWKFXWWLQJYHORFLW\DQGGHSWKRIFXW

7KHLQFUHDVLQJDQGGHFUHDVLQJEHKDYLRURIWKHUHODWLYHFKLSDUHD
ZLWK FXWWLQJ YHORFLW\ ZKLFK LV DOVR REVHUYHG LQ WKH IRUFH
GLDJUDPWRDVPDOOHUGHJUHHFDQEHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRXSOHG
 PDWHULDOPRGHO,QVPDOOVWUDLQUDWHYDOXHVWKHZRUNKDUGHQLQJ
)LJXUH6LQJOHJUDLQVFUDWFKFURVVVHFWLRQDUHDVDQGSDUDPHWHUV LVWKHGRPLQDQWSKHQRPHQRQZKHUHWKHFKLSUHPRYDOLVPRUH


Ali Zahedi and Bahman Azarhoushang / Procedia CIRP 46 (2016) 201 – 204 203
204 Ali Zahedi and Bahman Azarhoushang / Procedia CIRP 46 (2016) 201 – 204
7KLV YDULDWLRQ FRXOG EH GXH WR WKH IDFW WKDW LQ UHDO JULQGLQJ
FRQGLWLRQVWKHQXPEHURIFXWWLQJHGJHVJHWVQRUPDOO\VPDOOHU
RZLQJWRWKHJUDLQEUHDNDJHDQGSXOORXWZKLFKOHDGVWRIHZHU
DFWLYHJUDLQVDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\VPDOOHUIRUFHYDOXHV,QDGGLWLRQ
WRWKDWWKHDFWXDOJUDLQVDUHQRUPDOO\VKDUSHUWKDQSXUHVSKHUHV
RZLQJWRWKHSUHVHQFHRIQXPHURXVFXWWLQJHGJHVDQGFRUQHUV


)LJXUH([SHULPHQWDODQGVLPXODWHGQRUPDOJULQGLQJIRUFHYDOXHV
7KH VLPXODWHG JURXQG ZRUNSLHFH WRSRJUDSK\ LV SUHVHQWHG LQ
)LJXUH  7KH VLPXODWHG DYHUDJH URXJKQHVV Ra LV DERXW
—P ZKLFK LV VOLJKWO\ ODUJHU WKDQ WKH PHDVXUHG YDOXH RI
—P ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH ODFN RI JUDLQ EUHDNDJH LQ WKH
VLPXODWLRQWKLVGHYLDWLRQLQURXJKQHVVYDOXHVFDQEHDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWK QHJOHFWLQJ WKH UXEELQJ HIIHFW RI WKH ERQG ZKLFK
VPRRWKHQVWKHZRUNSLHFHVXUIDFH

)LJXUH*URXQGZRUNSLHFHVLPXODWHGZLWK‫ݒ‬௖ PVDQG‫ݒ‬௙ PPPLQ
&RQFOXVLRQ
,Q WKLV VWXG\ D FRXSOHG WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VWUDLQUDWH 
FRQVWLWXWLYHPDWHULDOPRGHOZDVXVHGLQWKH)(VLPXODWLRQRID
VLQJOH JUDLQ VFUDWFK RQ VWHHO 7KH PRGHO SUHGLFWV ZRUN
KDUGHQLQJ DQG WKHUPDO VRIWHQLQJ GRPDLQV IRU WKH FXWWLQJ
SURFHVV,WZDVVKRZQWKDWZLWKWKHVDPHGHSWKRIFXWVKDUSHU
JUDLQV H[KLELW VPDOOHU IRUFHV DQG PRUH HIILFLHQW PDWHULDO
UHPRYDO
$YLUWXDOJULQGLQJZKHHOPRGHOZDVJHQHUDWHGEDVHGRQWKH
DFWXDOZKHHOWRSRJUDSK\PHDVXUHPHQW FRQIRFDOPLFURVFRS\ 
DQGDSUREDELOLW\GHQVLW\IXQFWLRQIRUWKHVWRFKDVWLFGLVWULEXWLRQ
RIWKHF%1JUDLQV([WHQVLRQRIWKH)(0IRUFHFRPSRQHQWVDQG
PDWHULDO UHPRYDO SHUIRUPDQFH FKLS IRUPDWLRQ YV PDWHULDO
SLOHXS  WR WKH DJJUHJDWH DFWLRQ RI JUDLQV YLD WKH JULQGLQJ
NLQHPDWLFV OHG WR WKH SUHGLFWLRQ RI JULQGLQJ IRUFHV DQG
ZRUNSLHFHVXUIDFHWRSRJUDSK\7KHVLPXODWHGIRUFHUHVXOWVDUH
TXDOLWDWLYHO\ LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKH H[SHULPHQWV EXW WKHLU
YDOXHV DUH ODUJHU DV WKH DFWXDO JUDLQV LQFRUSRUDWH H[WUHPHO\
VKDUSHGJHV VPDOOHUIRUFHV LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKGHILQHGVKDSH
DVVXPSWLRQVIRUWKHFXWWLQJJUDLQV
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ '$ 'RPDQ $ :DUNHQWLQ 5 %DXHU )LQLWH HOHPHQW PRGHOLQJ
DSSURDFKHV LQ JULQGLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DFKLQH 7RROV DQG
0DQXIDFWXUH  ±
>@ (%ULQNVPHLHU-&$XULFK(*RYHNDU&+HLQ]HO+:+RIIPHLVWHU
) .ORFNH - 3HWHUV 5 5HQWVFK '- 6WHSKHQVRQ ( 8KOPDQQ .
:HLQHUW 0 :LWWPDQQ $GYDQFHV LQ 0RGHOLQJ DQG 6LPXODWLRQ RI
*ULQGLQJ3URFHVVHV&,53$QQDOV0DQXIDFWXULQJ7HFKQRORJ\  
±
>@ ).ORFNH (G 0RGHOOLQJDQGVLPXODWLRQLQJULQGLQJ
>@ $5DP-'DQFNHUW7)DXUKROGW)LQLWHHOHPHQWDQDO\VLVRIVWUHVVHVGXH
WRQRUPDODQGVOLGLQJFRQWDFWFRQGLWLRQVRQDQHODVWLFVXUIDFH  ±

>@ < <DR 0 6FKOHVLQJHU 'UDNH * : ) $ PXOWLVFDOH ILQLWHHOHPHQW
PHWKRG IRU VROYLQJ URXJKVXUIDFH HODVWLFFRQWDFW SUREOHPV &DQDGLDQ
-RXUQDORI3K\VLFV  ±
>@ '$ 'RPDQ 5XEELQJ DQG SORZLQJ SKDVHV LQ VLQJOH JUDLQ JULQGLQJ
'LVVHUWDWLRQ+DOLID[1RYD6FRWLD&DQDGD
>@ ).ORFNH7%HFN6+RSSH7.ULHJ10OOHU71|WKH+:5DHGW
.6ZHHQH\([DPSOHVRI)(0DSSOLFDWLRQLQPDQXIDFWXULQJWHFKQRORJ\
-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOV3URFHVVLQJ7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@ <2KEXFKL72ELNDZD)LQLWHHOHPHQW PRGHOLQJRIFKLSIRUPDWLRQLQ
WKH GRPDLQ RI QHJDWLYH UDNH DQJOH FXWWLQJ -RXUQDO RI (QJLQHHULQJ
0DWHULDOVDQG7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@ $ 6KURW 0 %lNHU 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI -RKQVRQ±&RRN SDUDPHWHUV IURP
PDFKLQLQJVLPXODWLRQV3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO:RUNVKRS
RQ&RPSXWDWLRQDO0HFKDQLFVRI0DWHULDOV,:&00  ±

>@$+RU)0RUHO-//HEUXQ**HUPDLQ0RGHOOLQJLGHQWLILFDWLRQDQG
DSSOLFDWLRQRISKHQRPHQRORJLFDOFRQVWLWXWLYHODZVRYHUDODUJHVWUDLQUDWH
DQGWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH0HFKDQLFVRI0DWHULDOV  ±
>@0&DODPD]D'&RXSDUGD)*LURWDE1XPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIWLWDQLXP
DOOR\GU\PDFKLQLQJZLWKDVWUDLQVRIWHQLQJFRQVWLWXWLYHODZ0DFKLQLQJ
6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@;&KHQ:5RZH$QDO\VLVDQGVLPXODWLRQRIWKHJULQGLQJSURFHVV3DUW
, *HQHUDWLRQ RI WKH JULQGLQJ ZKHHO VXUIDFH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI
0DFKLQH7RROVDQG0DQXIDFWXUH  ±
>@3 6WĊSLHĔ *ULQGLQJ IRUFHV LQ UHJXODU VXUIDFH WH[WXUH JHQHUDWLRQ
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0DFKLQH7RROVDQG0DQXIDFWXUH  ±

>@+& &KDQJ :DQJ - - -XQ] $ VWRFKDVWLF JULQGLQJ IRUFH PRGHO
FRQVLGHULQJ UDQGRP JULW GLVWULEXWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DFKLQH
7RROVDQG0DQXIDFWXUH  ±
>@6 $JDUZDO 3 9HQNDWHVZDUD 5DR 0RGHOLQJ DQG SUHGLFWLRQ RI VXUIDFH
URXJKQHVV LQ FHUDPLF JULQGLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DFKLQH 7RROV
DQG0DQXIDFWXUH  ±
>@ ): 3LQWR *( 9DUJDV . :HJHQHU 6LPXODWLRQ IRU RSWLPL]LQJ JUDLQ
SDWWHUQ RQ (QJLQHHUHG *ULQGLQJ 7RROV &,53 $QQDOV  0DQXIDFWXULQJ
7HFKQRORJ\  ±
>@$ +RU ) 0RUHO -/ /HEUXQ * *HUPDLQ $Q H[SHULPHQWDO
LQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHEHKDYLRXURIVWHHOVRYHUODUJHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVWUDLQ
UDWHUDQJHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI0HFKDQLFDO6FLHQFHV  ±

>@72]HO,/ODQRV-6RULDQR3-$UUD]ROD')LQLWH(OHPHQW0RGHOLQJ
RI&KLS)RUPDWLRQ3URFHVVIRU0DFKLQLQJ,QFRQHO&RPSDULVRQRI)(
6RIWZDUH3UHGLFWLRQV0DFKLQLQJ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\  ±

>@$=DKHGL77DZDNROL-$NEDUL(QHUJ\DVSHFWVDQGZRUNSLHFHVXUIDFH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LQ XOWUDVRQLFDVVLVWHG F\OLQGULFDO JULQGLQJ RI DOXPLQD±
]LUFRQLD FHUDPLFV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0DFKLQH 7RROV DQG
0DQXIDFWXUH  ±