Morphology in flowering

plants
 Modifications of adventitious roots

For Mechanical support For food storage For vital functions For other functions

1. Climbing roots 1. Tuberculated 1. Sucking roots 1. Contractile roots

2. Buttress roots 2. Fasciculated 2. Assimilatory roots 2. Epiphyllous root
3. Prop roots 3. Moniliform 3. Epiphytic roots 3. Leaf roots
4. Stilt roots 4. Nodulated 4. Floating roots 4. Reproductive roots
5. Palmate 5. Root thorn
6. Annulated

2
● For mechanical support

1. Prop / Pillar roots -

➔ These arise from branches of stem
➔ Provide support to main axis of tree or plants
➔ They grow “ vertically downwards” into soil
➔ Seen in dicots ( mostly )

Eg : Banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis)

3
● For mechanical support
2. Stilt roots / Brace roots
➔ Arise from lower nodes of stem
➔ Support to main axis
➔ Usually in monocots

Eg : Sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarium)

Maize ( Zea mays )
Pandamus ( screw pine )

4
● For mechanical support
3. Buttress root / Planck roots
➔ Arise from lower part of main trunk , show prolific
growth upto few kilometers
➔ Provide support to plant & draw water & minerals from soil

Eg : The giant Kapok

Terminalia catappa ( Desi badam )

Note : Peepal ( Ficus religiosa ) also has buttress root but they are modified tap roots

5
● For mechanical support
4. Climbing / clinging roots
➔ They arise from nodes or internodes
➔ Help in climbing

Eg : Betel leaf ( Piper beetle)

Black pepper ( Piper nigrum )
Long pepper ( Piper longum )
Pothos ( money plant )

6
 Modifications of adventitious roots

For Mechanical support

1. Climbing roots
2. Buttress roots
3. Prop roots
4. Stilt roots

7
● For Food storage

1. Tuberous root
➔ Occurs singly
➔ Root is swollen in irregular shape

Eg : Sweet potato ( Ipomea batata ) :

Also has adventitious root bud for vegetative propagation

8
● For Food storage
2. Fasciculated root
➔ Occurs Clusters
➔ Swell in irregular shape

Eg : Dahlia
Asparagus

9
● For Food storage
3. Nodulated root
➔ Root swells suddenly at apex

Eg : Turmeric ( Curcuma domestica )

Mango ginger ( Curcuma amada )
Arrowroot

10
● For Food storage
4. Moniliform root
➔ Root swells at regular intervals

Eg : Bitter gourd ( Momordica )

Portulaca

11
 Modifications of adventitious roots

For Mechanical support For food storage

1. Climbing roots 1. Tuberculated

2. Buttress roots 2. Fasciculated
3. Prop roots 3. Moniliform
4. Stilt roots 4. Nodulated
5. Palmate
6. Annulated

12
● For Vital function

1. Sucking / Haustoria / Parasitic root

➔ Occurs in parasitic plants ( non-green )
➔ These roots penetrate xylem & phloem of host
plant & draw nourishment

Eg : Cuscuta reflexa ( amarbel )

Stem parasite
Cassytha filiform
Orobanche indica ( root parasite )

13
● For Vital function
3. Epiphytic / Hygroscopic root
➔ Epiphytic plants which grow on other plants for
shelter only
➔ Green & synthesize food
➔ Grow in dense canopy forest
➔ They develop aerial hanging hygroscopic roots
which absorb water from atmosphere through
tissue calle velamen tissue

Eg : Vanda orchids

14
● For Vital function
4. Floating / Respiratory root
Eg : Jussiaea ( aquatic plants )
➔ These roots arise from branches of stem , above
water level
➔ They are soft light spongy
➔ They help in floating & respiration ( O2 intake )

15
 Modifications of adventitious roots

For Mechanical support For food storage For vital functions

1. Climbing roots 1. Tuberculated 1. Sucking roots

2. Buttress roots 2. Fasciculated 2. Epiphytic roots
3. Prop roots 3. Moniliform 3. Floating roots
4. Stilt roots 4. Nodulated

16
Shoot system : Stem
● Shoot system : stem
Stem + Leaves + Flowers + Fruit + seeds + buds
➔ Stem : It develops from plumule of embryo inside germinating seed
➔ It is ascending part of plant axis
➔ It is usually aerial i.e present above the ground
➔ It is generally green when young & later becomes woody & dark brown
➔ Stem bears branches leaves , flowers & fruits
➔ Stems has nodes & internodes
➔ Nodes : The part of stem from where leaf arises
➔ Internodes : The part of stem between 2 nodes
➔ Note : Axil : the space between the stem & leaf
➔ Negatively geotropic
➔ Negatively Hydrotropic
➔ Positively phototropic
➔ Active growing point : It is tip or apex of stem which grows continously
➔ Stem & its branches have buds

18
● Bud
◈ These are young , immature , underdeveloped , compact shoot
◈ It gives rise to branches / leaf flowers or both
◈ Largest bud is cabbage

19
 Buds
Basis : Position

Terminal bud Axillary bud Adventitious bud

At apex or tip of stem branch At axil of leaf Present at any position other
than terminal & axillary

Radical bud Folial bud Cauline bud

Present at roots Present at the Present on stem

leaf margins anywhere except
Eg : sweet potato , terminal Or auxiliary
dilbergia , dahlia Eg : Present at node but
Bryophyllum away from bud

Note : Additional axillary buds is called accessory bud

21
 Buds
Basis : structure it form

Floral / reproductive bud Leafy / vegetative bud Mixed Bud

It give rise to flower Give rise to branches & leaves Can give rise to both flowers
or branches & leaves
 Buds
Basis : structure it form

Winter / Dormant / Inactive/ Scaly bud Spring / Active / uncovered / naked bud

● Remain inactive or dormant in unfavourable ● Germinate or blooms as soon as it is formed

condition ( covered or protected by scaly ) ● Not covered by scales
● Germinate or blooms in favourable ● Eg : roses
condition
● Eg : Ficus , Ziziphus
● Modification of bud

1. Tendrils
● Long , thin wiry / spirally coiled structure
● Develops from axillary bud
● Helps in climbing
● Eg : passiflora , grapevine

24
● Modification of bud

2. Thorn
● Pointed , hard , woody structure
● Formed from axillary bud
● Protects plant from browsing animals
● Eg : citrus , bougainvillea

25
● Modification of bud

3. Bulbils
● These are fleshy buds
● It falls & gives rise to new plant
● Helps in vegetative propagation
● Organ of perennation
● Perennation : to tide over unfavourable condition
● Eg : Agave , oxalis

26
● Modification of bud

4. Turion
● Present in aquatic plants
● Fleshy , helps in vegetative propagation
● Organ of perennation
● Eg: Utricularia , potamogeton

27
● Functions of stem

➔ It bears branches , leaves , flower & fruits

➔ It transport water and minerals from root to other parts of plants
➔ It transport food from leaves to other plant parts
➔ Sometimes , food storage , support , protective , vegetative reproduction

28

Aerial stem
● Present above the ground
● Eg: Mango , peepal , citrus
Types of stem
Basis : location
Sub -aerial stem Underground stem
● Partly above & partly ● Present beneath or
below the ground underground
● Eg : mint , strawberry ● For food storage
● Organ of perennation
● Bears nodes , internodes ,
scaly leaves & buds
● Helps in vegtative
propagation ( in fav-
condition )
● Like roots , these are
non-green
● Unlike roots , nodes &
internodes are present
● Eg : potato , ginger ,
turmeric
 Underground stem modification

Tuber Rhizome Corm Bulb

● Underground stem modification

1. Tuber
● Terminal swollen portion of underground stem
● Storage of food
● Bears nodes , internodes , bud , scaly leaves
● Organ perennation
● Helps in vegetative propagation
● Eg : potato - ( Solanum tuberosum )

31
● Underground stem modification

2. Rhizome
● Prostate , fleshy / thickened underground stem
● Horizontally running underground
● Distinct nodes , internodes , bud , scaly leaves
● Food storage , perennating , vegetative propogation
● Eg: Ginger ( Zingiber officinale )
Turmeric ( Curcuma domestica )
Lotus

32
● Underground stem modification

3. Corm
● Grows vertically / longitudinal underground
● Fleshy , food storage , perennating , vegetative propagations
● Bear nodes , internodes , buds , scaly leaves
● Eg: Colocasia ( arbi ) , Alocasia . saffron ( crocus ) kesar , zaminkand

33
 ● Underground stem modification
4. Bulb
● Reduced stem with fleshy leaves ( edible )

Non-tunicated Tunicated bulb

Not protected by tunic

Simple tunicated Compound tunicated

Eg : Onion ( allium cepa ) Eg : garlic ( allium sativum )

● Tears & typical smell of onion & garlic is due to sulphur compound
● Food is stored in form of sugar

34
 Types of stem
Basis : location

Aerial stem Sub -aerial stem Underground stem

Tuber Rhizome Corm Bulb

 Sub-aerial stem modification

Runner Stolon Sucker Offset

● Sub-aerial stem modification

1. Runner
● It is elongated , prostrate lateral branch with multiple nodes &
internodes ( long internodes )
● There are rooting at nodes
● They spread to a new areas & on a specific interval the node give rise to
new plant
● Runners arise in all directions
● Eg : Grasses ( doob grass )
Oxalis

37
● Sub-aerial stem modification

2. Stolon
● Lateral branch arises from base of main axis
● Grows aerially for some distances , then arches downwards to
touch the ground & gives to new plant
● Eg : Jasmine , Peppermint ( Menta piperita ) , fragaria ( Wild
strawberry )

38
39
● Sub-aerial stem modification

3. Sucker
● Lateral branch arises from basal and underground portion of
stem , runs horizontally for sometime then , come out
obliquely , to give rise to leafy shoots
● Eg : Banana , Pineapple , Chrysanthemum , Mint ( Mentha
arvensis )

40
● Sub-aerial stem modification

4. Offset
● In aquatic plants a lateral branch with short internodes
● Each node give rise to new plant with tuft of roots below
& rosette of leaves above the water
● Also known as Aquatic runner
● Eg : Eichhornia ( water hyacinth )
Pistia ( water lettuce )

41
 Sub-aerial stem modification

Runner Stolon Sucker Offset

 Types of stem
Basis : location

Aerial stem Sub -aerial stem Underground stem

 Aerial stem modification

Tendril Thorn Phylloclade Cladode

● Aerial stem modification

1. Tendril
● Axillary bud is modified into thin , long , spirally- wired ,
sensitive , climbing organ structure
● Help in climbing of plant
● Eg : Grapevine , gourds , passiflora

45
● Aerial stem modification

2. Thorn
● Axillary bud is modified into long , hard , woody , straight ,
pointed structure known as thorn
● Its protects plant from browsing animals
● Eg : Bougainvillea , citrus , duranta

46
● Aerial stem modification

3. Phylloclade : Cladophyll
● It is green ( photosynthesis ) flattened stem of unlimited
growth ( multiple nodes & internodes )
● Found in xerophytic plants
● Eg : Euphorbia , Opuntia

47
● Aerial stem modification

3. Cladode :
● It is green ( photosynthesis ) flattened stem of limited
growth ( 1 & 2 nodes & internodes )
● Eg : Asparagus , Ruscus

48
 Aerial stem modification

Tendril Thorn Phylloclade Cladode

 Types of stem
Basis : location

Aerial stem Sub -aerial stem Underground stem

● Modification of bud

3. Bulbils
● These are fleshy buds
● It falls & gives rise to new plant
● Helps in vegetative propagation
● Organ of perennation
● Perennation : to tide over unfavourable condition
● Eg : Agave , oxalis

51
Shoot system : Leaves
● Shoot system : Leaves

➔ Lateral generally flattened , borne on stem

➔ It arise on node of stem
➔ It had axillary bud in its axil it gives rise to branch later on
➔ It arises from “ shoot apical meristem”
➔ These are “ Acropetal”
➔ Acropetal : Old larger leaves at base & new younger leaves at apex
➔ It is an important vegetative organ for photosynthesis
➔ Functions : 1) photosynthesis 2) Transpiration

53
● Leaf Structure

54
Leaf structures
1. Stipule : Lateral appendage ( leaf-like ) arising from leaf base
Present : Stipulated Absent : Exstipulate
2. Leaf base : ( Hypopodium ) Basal part of leaf attached to stem / node
Swollen leaf base in legumes eg : dicot
Sheathing leaf base eg : monocots
3. Petiole : ( Mesopodium ) Stalk of leaf
Connects leaf lamina to leaf base / stem / node
Present : petiolated Absent : Sessile
It holds the leaf high , so as to get maximum sunlight
Long , flexible , petiole causes “ Fluttering of leaf”
Cooling effect on leaf fresh breeze on leaf

4. Midrib : Prominent central vein

5. Veins : Provide strength & rigidity to leaf
Contains xylem & phloem ( vascular tissue )
6. Veinlets
7. Leaf lamina : ( epipodium )Green , flattened part of leaf
Performs photosynthesis ( chlorophyll)
Supported by veins & veinlets
8. Leaf margins
9. Leaf apex
55
56
57
58
Note : Shape , size , apex , margins , vein arrangement differs in different leaves

59
● Venation
◈ Arrangement of veins & veinlets in leaf lamina

Venation

Reticulate Parallel

1. Veins & veinlets form net- 1. Veins are parallel to each

like structure other
2. Common in dicots 2. Common in monocots

60
● Phyllotaxy
◈ Patterns of arrangement of leaves on stem / branch
◈ Aim : to get proper sunlight for photosynthesis

Alternate / spiral Opposite Whorled

One leaf arises at one One pair leaves arise at each /
one node , opp to each other More than 2 leaves arise at each
node , alternately ( one node ) forming a whole of
leaves
Eg : Mustard , chinarose , Eg Alstonia
sunflower Nerium
Superimposed Decussate
Successive pair of leaves Successive pair of leaves
lie one over the other are at right angle to each
Eg : Guava other at 90
Eg : Tulsi
Calotropis

61
62
 Types of leaves

Simple leaf Compound leaf

● Leaf lamina is entire ( without ● Incisions in leaf lamina reaches

incision ) midrib
● Incisions do not reach midrib ● Leaf is divided into many small
● A bud is present in axil of leaf segments called leaflets
● A bud is present in leaf but not
present in axil of leaflet
 Compound leaves

Pinnately compound leaf Palmately compound leaf

Leaflets are arranged on common ● Leaflets are attached at

axis “ Rachis” ( midrib ) common point of petiole
● Rachis absent

64
 Leaf modification

Leaf Tendril Leaf spine Leaf hook Phyllode

● Leaf modification
1. Leaf Tendril
➔ Leaf modified into long slender , wiry / spiral ,
sensitive structures : Tendril
➔ Eg: Whole leaf - Tendril eg: Wild Pea
➔ Leaflet - Tendril eg : Pea
➔ Stipule - Tendril eg : smilax
➔ Petiole - Tendril eg : Nepenthes
➔ Leaf apex - Tendril egc: Gloriosa
➔ Helps in climbing and support to the weak stem

66
67
● Leaf modification
2. Leaf Spine
➔ Leaf modified into small , sharp - pointed spines
➔ Protects plant from browsing animals
➔ Reduces transpiration eg : Opuntia , cactus ( whole
leaf converts in spines )
➔ Aloe vera and argemone ( only leaf margins gets
converted to spines )

68
● Leaf modification
3. Leaf hook
➔ Leaf modified into hook / claw-like eg : Begonia
climbing

69
● Leaf modification
6. Phyllode
➔ Leaves are small and short - lived
➔ Petiole becomes green , flat for photosynthesis
➔ Eg : Australia acacia , parkinsonia

70
Shoot system : Flowers
● Shoot system : Flower

➔ Flower is a modified shoot

➔ Shoot apical meristem is modified into floral meristem
➔ Changes : 1. Axis is shortened 2. Internodes do not
elongate
➔ Shoot bears flower
➔ Flowers may be present at apex or tip of shoot or arise
from nodes at axil of leaves
➔ Flower at tip of shoot is solitary

72
● Inflorescence
➔ The arrangement of flowers on floral axis
➔ The stalk of inflorescence is called
➔ Inflorescence axis
➔ Floral axis
➔ Peduncle
➔ Receptacle
➔ Torus
➔ Thalamus
➔ Pedicel : Stalk of flower

73
 Inflorescence
Basis : whether shoot apex terminates into flower or not

Racemose Cymose

● Indefinite / Indeterminate / Unlimited / open ● Definite / determinate / limited / closed

74
● Solitary Inflorescence
● Not a true inflorescence
● A single flowers occurs at shoot tip
● Eg; Poppy plant , hibiscus

75
● Racemose
● Shoot apex do not terminate into flower
● Shoot axis grows indefinitely / Unlimited growth
● Flowers are borne in Acropetal succession / arrangement
● Older flower towards base & younger flowers towards
apex
● Show centripetal arrangement ( Peduncle axis
compressed
● Older flowers towards periphery
● Younger flowers towards centre
● Axis is monopodial

76
77
● Cymose
● Shoot apex terminates into flower
● Shoot axis grows limited growth
● Flowers are borne in Basipetal succession / arrangement
● Older flower towards apex & younger flowers towards
base
● Show centrifugal arrangement ( Peduncle axis
compressed
● Older flowers towards centre
● Younger flowers towards periphery
● Axis is sympodial

78
79
 ● Flower
● Reproductive organ in angiosperm
● Modified shoot
● Stalk of flower eg : Pedicel / Thalamus / receptacle / Torus
● Whorls are modified leaves
● Pedicel / thalamus modified stem

Non- essential whorls / non-Reproductive whorl

Essential whorl / reproductive whorl

● Calyx ● Androecium
● Corolla ● Gynoecium

80
81
Some terms w.r.t flower

● Complete flower - all 4 whorls are present

● Incomplete flower - Any one whorl absent
● Bisexual / Monoclinous / perfect flower - Both ndroecium & gynoecium
present in same flower
● Unisexual / diclinous / Imperfect flower - Either androecium or gynoecium
present

Staminate flower Pistillate flower

Carpellate flower

82
● All perfect flowers are not necessarily complete flowers
● But all complete flowers are perfect flowers
● Eg : Bougainvillea

83
Some terms w.r.t flower

● Dioecious plant - A plant which has either staminate or pistillate flowers on it

● Eg : papaya

84
Some terms w.r.t flower

● Monoecious plant - A plant has both staminate & pistil flower

● Eg : Maize

85
Some terms w.r.t flower

● Bracteate flower - flower with bract

● Ebracteate flower - flower without bract

86
Some terms w.r.t flower

● Trimerous flower - a flower when all floral appendages / whorls are in

multiple of 3

● Tetramerous flower - when all floral appendages are in multiples of four

● Pentamerous flower - when all floral appendages are in multiple of 5

87
Trimerous
Tetramerous

Pentamerous

88

Actinomorphic flower
● Radial symmetry
● If it divides into 2 equal
radial halves by any radial
plane passing through
centre
● Eg : Mustard , chilli & datura
Types of flowers
Zygomorphic flower
● Bilateral symmetry
● A flower can be divided into
2 equal halves by only one
vertical plane passing
through centre
● Eg : Pea beans , gulmohar ,
cassia
Asymmetrical / Irregular flower
● Asymmetrical
● A flower cannot be divided
into 2 equal halves by any
vertical plane passing
through centre
● Eg : canna
Actinomorphic flower

Chilli
Datura
Mustard 90
Zygomorphic flower

Cassia
Gulmohar

Pea
91
Asymmetrical / Irregular flower

Canna
92
 Types of flowers
Basis = attachment of calyx , corolla , androecium w.r.t
Position of floral parts on thalamus
ovary ( gynoecium )

Hypogynous flower
Epigynous flower Perigynous flower

● All floral parts ( calyx , ● Thalamus enlarges & grows ● Calyx corolla & androecium
corolla , androecium ) are upwards to enclose ovary are attached on
below ovary completely , so calyx , rim/periphery of thalamus
● Superior ovary corolla, androecium lie at same level as that of ovary
● Eg : Mango above ovary ● Half inferior , half superior
Brinjal ● Inferior ovary ● Eg : Plum
China rose ● Eg: cucumber Rose
Mustard Guava Peach
Sunflower - ray
Apple
94
95
● Calyx
● Outermost whorl / 1st whorl
● Unit = sepal
● Green in color
● Function - protection of flower in bud stage , accessory whorl
● Polysepalous = free sepals
Eg : Mustard , radish
● Gamosepalous = fused / united sepals
Eg : Brinjal , cotton

96
 Types of calyx

Caducous Calyx Deciduous calyx Persistent calyx

● The sepals fall off as soon as ● The sepals fall off later , ● Sepals never falls , attached
buds open along with petals to fruit
● Eg : Poppy ● Eg : Brinjal
Argemone ● Eg: Mustard Tomato
Chilli
Modified Calyx

1. Spiny calyx : Calyx is modified into spine

Protection of fruit
Eg : Trapa
2. Leafy calyx : Advertising flag
One of the sepals enlarge & become leaf-like , brightly colored
Eg: Mussaenda
3. Pappus calyx : Sepals modified into hair - like pappus
Helps in fruit / seed dispersal by parachute mechanism

98
● Corolla
● Unit = petals
● 2nd whorl in a flower
● Brightly colored
● Attracts insects & animals for pollination

Polypetalous Gamopetalous

● Free petals ● Fused / united

petals

99
Types of corolla : Actinomorphic & Gamopetalous

1. Companulate / bell- shaped : 5 fused

petals , form bell shaped eg , tobacco ,
campanula

2. Tubular corolla : 5 fused petals form

tubular structure eg. Disc florets of
sunflower

100
 Campanula
Tobacco

101
Sunflower

102
Types of corolla : Actinomorphic & Gamopetalous

3. Funnel / infundibulum : 5 fused petals , form

Funnel like structure eg : Datura & petunia

4. Wheel/rotate corolla : 5 fused petals form small

Tube and petals are arranged in a whorl on this
Tube

103
Datura Petunia

104
Brinjal

105
Types of corolla : Actinomorphic & Polypetalous

1. Rosaceous corolla : 5 petals ,

Claw absent in petal
Eg : rose

2. Cruciform corolla : 4 free petals

arranged cruciferae family in a cross
Eg : Radish , mustard

Radish Mustard
106
Types of corolla : Actinomorphic & Polypetalous

3. Caryophyllaceous corolla : 5 petals

with serrated margins
Shorter claw at 90 degree to limb
Eg : Dianthes

Dianthes

107
Types of corolla : Zygomorphic & gamopetalous

1. Bilabiate / bilipped : Petals fused

divide to form 2 lips
Eg : Tulsi ( Ocimum sanctum )

Salvia

Tulsi 108
Types of corolla : Zygomorphic & gamopetalous

2. Ligulate : Upper part of corolla is

long flattened & tongue like
Eg : Ray florets of sunflower

Ray florets of sunflower

109
Types of corolla : Zygomorphic & polypetalous

1. Papilionaceous corolla / butterfly :

Eg : Papilionaceous family ( pea , bean , gram , arhar )

110
● Aestivation
● The mode of arrangement of petals & sepals in floral bud with respect to
members of same

1. Valvate : The adjacent petals or sepals

just touch each other but do not overlap
Eg : Calotropis , Solanacea , cruciferae ,
liliaceae

Calotropis

111
● Aestivation

2. Twisted : Margins overlap in particular direction

Eg : China rose , lady finger : malvaceae , cotton

112
China rose

Lady finger

Cotton

113
● Aestivation

3. Imbricate : Overlapping of margin but not in a

particular direction
Eg : Gulmohar ( delonix regia )
Cassia

114
Gulmohar
Cassia

115
● Aestivation

4. Descending Imbricate / Vexillary : Papilionaceous

Eg : Pea
Bean
Gram

116
117
● Aestivation

5. Quincuncial aestivation :
Eg : guava

118
Gauva

119
120
● Androecium
● Male reproductive organ
● 3rd whorl in a flower
● Unit - stamen

Filament Anther

● Has 2 lobes
● Dithecous anther
● Each lobes has 2 pollen sac ( Tetrasporangiate
anther )
● Exception Malvaceae - monothecous ,
Bisporangiate anther

● A sterile stamen is called staminate

121
Attachment of filament to anther lobe

1. Basifixed : Filament is attached to base of anther

Eg - Datura , radish , mustard

2. Dorsifixed : Filament is attached at centre to back of

Anther
Eg : chinarose , cotton , lady finger

3. Versatile : Filament is attached at a point to back of

Anther such that anther can swing freely
Eg : gramineae or poaceae family ( wheat , maize , rice )

4. Adnate : Filament runs through the whole length of

Anther from base to apex
Eg : Michelia ( champa ) , Magnolia

122
Adhesion : Union of stamen on other floral parts

1. Epipetalous : Stamen is attached to petals

Eg - Brinjal

2. Epiphyllous : Stamen is attached to perianth

Eg : lily

3. Gynandrous : Stamen is attached to gynoecium

Eg : orchid , calotropis

123
124
 Cohesion

Polyandrous United
● Stamen free

Adelphous Syngenesious Synandrous

Filament fuse to form Anthers fuse Anthers fuse
staminal tube Filament free Filament fuse
Compositae family Cucrbitaceae
Sunflower

Monadelphous Diadelphous Polyadelphous

All filaments fused to form All filaments fused to form All filaments fused to form
one bundle / 1 staminate 2 bundle more than 2 bundle
tube Eg : pea ( 9+1) Eg : citrus
Eg : chinarose , cotton ,
lady finger ( malvaceae )
 Stamen
Basis of difference in length of filament

Didynamous Tetradynamous

● Total 4 stamens
● 2 short & 2 longer filaments ● Total 6 stamens
/ stamen ● 2 shorter ( outside
● Labiates family ● 2 long ( inner)
● Eg : tulsi , salvia ● Radish , mustard
127
● Gynoecium
● Fourth and last whorl in a flower
● It is female reproductive organ / part
● Unit = carpel / pistil

Monocarpellary Polycarpellary
More than 1 carpel
1 carpel

Apocarpous Syncarpous
All carpels are free Carpel fused

Lotus , rose , michelia Papaver , mustard , tomatoes

128
lotus

Michelia ( champa )

rose

129
 mustard

papaver Tomato

130
Structure / parts of carpel

1. Stigma : Present at the tip of style

Reception site for pollen grain

2. Style : Long slender part

Connects ovary to stigma

Terminal style Lateral style Gynobasic

Most common Gall flowers in ficūs Aride from the base of ovary
Arise from the tip or apex Arise from the side of Tulsi & salvia
of ovary ovary

131
 Style

Hollow Solid
Open Closed

3. Ovary : Basal ,swollen part of carpel

● One ovary bears 1 or more than 1 ovule
● Ovules are attached to ovary by placenta ( a flattened
, cushion like structure )
● Ovule develops into seed mature
● Ovary matures into fruit
● Ovary wall forms fruit wall - Pericarp
Ovary

Unilocular Solid
1 locule / 1 chamber More than 1 locules / chamber

132
 ● Placentation
● Arrangement of ovules in ovary
● Arrangement of placenta in ovary ( which bears ovules)

Free central Basal Marginal Axile Parietal Superficial

133
● Placentation
1. Marginal placentation
● Eg - Papilionaceae family pea
● Placenta forms a ridge on ventral suture of ovary
● Ovules are borne in alternate rows on this ridge
● Monocarpellary ovary - unilocular ovary

134
135
● Placentation

2. Axile placentation
● Eg - China rose , tomato , lemon
● Placenta is axial in position
● Ovules are borne on placenta in multilocular ovary
● Multicarpellary , syncarpous - multilocular ovary

136
● Placentation

3. Free -central / Central placentation

● Eg - Primrose , dianthus
● Placenta is Central in position
● Ovules are borne on central axis placenta
● Multicarpellary , syncarpous - Unilocular ovary ( no
septa )

137
● Placentation

4. Parietal placentation
● Eg - Mustard , argemone , cucumber
● Ovary is unilocular but it becomes bilocular due to
formation of false septa known as replum
● Ovules develop on inner walls of ovary or on
periphery
● Multicarpellary , syncarpous - Unilocular ovary (
false septa )

138
● Placentation

5. Basal placentation
● Eg - characteristics feature of compositae /
asteraceae family
● Like sunflower , marigold
● Placenta is formed on base of ovary
● A single ovule is attached to placenta
● Monocarpellary / multicarpellary syncarpous
unilocular ovary

139
● Placentation

6. Superficial placentation
● Eg - water lily
● Ovules are borne on entire inner wall of ovary
● multicarpellary syncarpous Multilocular ovary

140
141
Fruits
● Fruit
● After fertilisation , mature / ripened ovary becomes
fruit
● Mature ripened ovules becomes seeds
● Ovary wall becomes fruit walls
● Eg : most of fruits ( mango , coconut )
● Sometimes ovary form fruit without fertilisation
seedless fruit - parthenocarpic fruit
● Eg : banana & grapes ( naturally parthenocarpic )

143
Parts of a fruit

1. Seed : Formed by fertilization

2. Pericarp : Fruit wall

Eg : chinarose , cotton , lady finger

Dry Fleshy
Not further differentiated ● If thick & fleshy
● Pericarp differentiates
into
● Epicarp ( outer layer )
● Mesocarp ( middle )
● Endocarp ( inner )

144
 Types of fruits

True fruit False fruit

● It develops only from ovary ● When any floral part , apart

● Eg : Mango , coconut from ovary develops into
fruit
● Calyx , thalamus ,
inflorescence
● Eg: strawberry , apple , pear
● Cashew nut , fig , mulberry
 Types of fruits

Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple / composite fruit

● Fruit develops from single ovary ● Fruit develops from ● Fruit develops from complete
of a single flower ( multicarpellary apocarpous inflorescence
monocarpellary , multicarpellary gynoecium of a flower ● Eg : Mulberry , fig , jackfruit
syncarpous ) ● Each carpel forms a fruitlet & ,pineapple
all the fruitlets together form
a fruit
● Eg : Custard apple
Dry Fleshy
Pericarp is dry & not
further differentiated ● Pericarp is fleshy &
into Epi/Meso / endo differentiates into
epi/meso/endo
 Dry simple fruit

Dry dehiscent Dry indehiscent Schizocarpic

● Pericarp ruptures on maturity to ● Pericarp do not rupture on it ● Splitting fruit

disperse seeds owns to disperse seeds ● Fruit ruptures in segment
● Seeds disperse when called mericarp
pericarp degrades or
accidentally destructed
 Dry indehiscent simple fruit

Caryopsis Achene Cypsela Samara Nuts

148
Caryopsis

● Eg : Gramineae / Poaceae family ( wheat , rice , Maize , oats )

● Seeds develops from monocarpellary , unilocular , superior ovary
● Fruit wall ( pericarp & seed coat fuse with each other completely )

Achene

● Develops from monocarpellary , unilocular ovary

● Fruit wall & seed coat do not fuse
● Eg : Mirabilis

149
Cypsela

● Eg : Compositae / Asteraceae family ( sunflower )

● Seeds develops from bicarpellary , syncarpous , inferior ovary
unilocular
● That presence of pappus modified calyx ( hair- like )
● Helps in fruit/seed dispersal by parachute mechanism

Samara

● Pericarp becomes winged / feathery

● Helps in seed dispersal
● Eg : Dioscorea , Holoptelea ( chilbil)
● Shorea

150
 Nuts

● Multicarpellary syncarpous , unilocular , superior ovary

● Pericarp becomes hard ( stony ) even woody
● Eg : Trapa ( water chestnut )
● Cashew nut
● Lychee

Note : pericarp is leathery

3rd integument - Edible part - Aril

151
 Dry simple fruit

Dry dehiscent Dry indehiscent Schizocarpic

● Caryopsis
● Achene
● Cypsela
● Samara
● Nuts
 Dry Dehiscent simple fruit

Legume Follicle Siliqua Silicula Capsule

153
Legume

● Develops from monocarpellary , unilocular , superior ovary with

marginal placentation
● Multi-seeded
● Dehiscence occurs from both ( Dorsal & ventral ) sutures from apex
to base
● Eg : Pea , Gram , Beans
Follicle

● Dehiscence occurs only through ventral suture

● Eg : Larkspur

155
Siliqua

● Brassicaceae / Cruciferae family eg - Mustard

● Develops from bicarpellary , syncarpous , ovary
● Initially unilocular ovary but becomes bilocular due to false septum
/ replum
● Parietal placentation
● Dehiscence occurs from both sutures ( base to apex )
Silicula

● A small , broad , flat , siliqua

● Eg : Capsella , candytuft ( Iberis amara )
Capsule

● Dehiscence occurs by
● a) pores - Poricidal eg - poppy
● b) Locules / Valve - Loculicidal / Valvular - Cotton , lady finger
● c) septa - Septicidal - Linseed
● d) Septa dividing into fragments - septi frugal - datura
 Poppy

Cotton

159
 Linseed -
septicidal

Datura - septa frugal

160
 Dry simple fruit

Dry dehiscent Dry indehiscent Schizocarpic

● Legume ● Caryopsis
● Follicle ● Achene
● Siliqua ● Cypsela
● Silicula ● Samara
● Capsule ● Nuts
Schizocarpic dry simple fruit

● Cumin ( jeera)
● Coriander ( dhania )
● Foeniculum ( sauf )
● Carrot ( Daucus carota )

162
 Types of fruits

Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple / composite fruit

Dry Simple fruit Fleshy

Dry dehiscent Dry indehiscent Schizocarpic

● Caryopsis ● Legume
● Achene ● Follicle
● Cypsela ● Siliqua
● Samara ● Silicula
● Nuts ● Capsule
 Fleshy simple fruit

Drupe Berries Pepo Pome Balausta Amphisarca Hesperidium

164
Drupe

● Eg : Mango , coconut , almond , walnut , plum

● One seeded
● Endocarp is hard & stony

Mesocarp when mature forms fibres hairy structure

Berries

● Eg : Tomato , brinjal , chillies , guava ,

grapes , banana
● Axile placentation
● One to many seeded ( Betel nut & Date
palm are single seeded berries
● When young seed attached to placenta
when ripen , seeds detaches & spread in
the pulp
● Epicarp thin , outer
● Mesocarp thick & fleshy
● Endocarp membranes
● Pericarp + Placenta + seed = Edible
● Banana - seedless ( epicarp ( non-
edible ))
● Mesocarp + endocarp = edible
Pepo

● Eg : Cucurbitaceae family , Cucumber ( kheera ) ,

Pumpkin , watermelon , muskmelon
● Parietal placentation but looks like axile due to swelling
of placenta
● Multicarpellary , syncarpous , unilocular , inferior ovary
● Also known as hard walled berry
● Epicarp is skin ( non-edible )
● Fleshy - Mesocarp & endocarp & seeds edibles
Pome

● Eg : Apple , pear
● Develops from inferior ovary ,
surrounded by fleshy thalamus
● Edible - Fleshy thalamus
● False fruits
Balausta

● Eg : pomegranate
● Inferior ovary
● Pericarp is hard & leathery ( non - edible )
● Succulent testa of seed
● Endocarp - white membranous
● Multicarpellary , syncarpous , multilocular
Amphisarca

● Eg : Kaith ( elephant apple)

● Ball ( wood apple )
● Multicarp , syncarpous , multilocular superior
● Epicarp , hard & woody ( non-edible)
● Mesocarp + endocarp + Placenta = edible
Hesperidium

● Citrus family ( orange , lemon )

● Multicarp , syncarpous , multilocular , superior
ovary
● Epicarp + mesocarp fuse to form skin ( rind)
non-edible
● Endocarp thin , divides into several chambers
juicy , glandular , hair (Unicellular ) projects
inwards from endocarp
● Edible
 Fleshy simple fruit

Drupe Berries Pepo Pome Balausta Amphisarca Hesperidium

172
 Types of fruits

Simple fruit Aggregate fruit Multiple / composite fruit

Dry Simple fruit Fleshy

● Drupe
● Berries
● Pepo
Dry dehiscent Dry indehiscent Schizocarpic ● Pome
● Balausta
● Caryopsis ● Legume ● Amphisarca
● Achene ● Follicle ● Hesperidium
● Cypsela ● Siliqua
● Samara ● Silicula
● Nuts ● Capsule
● Aggregate fruit
● Develops from multicarpellary apocarpous ovary of a flower
● Each carpels form a fruitlet
● All fruitlets together form a fruit ETARIO
● 1) Etaerio of achenes Eg : - Strawberry
● 2) Etaerio of Drupes Eg : Raspberry , Blackberry
● 3) Etaerio of berries Eg : Custard apple
● 4) Etaerio of follicle Eg : Michaelia ( champa ) , Delphinus

174
175
● Composite / multiple fruit
● The whole inflorescence develops into fruit

Composite fruit

Syconus Sorosis
Fruit develops from spike ,
Fruit develops from
spadix or catkin
Hypanthodium inflorescence
inflorescence
Ficus Carica
Mulberry = ( Morus alba )
Ficus benghalensis
Pineapple = ( Ananas)
Ficus religiosa
Jackfruit = ( Kathal)

176
177
Sr no Name Botanical name Type of fruit Edible part

1. Wheat Triticum aestivum Caryopsis Whole fruit

2. Maize Zea mays Caryopsis Whole fruit

3. Rice Oryza sativa Caryopsis Whole fruit

4. Litchi Litchi chinensis Nut Aril

5. Cashew nut Anacardium Nut Fleshy thalamus

occidentale ( false fruit ) + Cotyledon

6. Pea Pisum sativum Legume Seeds

7. Mango Mangifera indica Drupe Mesocarp

8. Coconut Cocos nucifera Drupe Endosperm

9. Tomato Lycopersicon Berry Pericarp +

esculentum Placenta

10. Grapes Vitis vinifera berry Pericarp +

Placenta

178
Sr no Name Botanical name Type of fruit Edible part

11. Banana Musa paradisiaca Berry Mesocarp +

Endocarp

12. Apple Pyrus malus Pome Fleshy thalamus

13. Pear Pyrus communis Pome Fleshy thalamus

14. Pomegranate Punica granatum Balausta Succulent testa

of seeds

15. Orange Citrus reticulata Hesperidium Juicy hair long

with endocarp

16. Custard apple Annona Squamosa Eatario of berries Inner pericarp +

Fleshy thalamus

17. Fig Ficus carica Syconus Fleshy thalamus

18. Mulberry Morus alba Sorosis Fleshy axis +

Perianth

179
Sr no Name Botanical name Type of fruit Edible part

19. Pineapple Ananas comosus Sorosis Fleshy axis +

Perianth + Bract
+ Pericarp

20. Jackfruit Artocarpus Sorosis Fleshy axis +

heterophyllus Perianth + bract
+ seed

180
Seed
● Seed
● After fertilisation , ovules becomes seeds
● Parts of seed -

1. Seed coat
● Protective covering of seed
● Develops from integuments
● Outer integuments - Testa ( outer seed coat )
● Inner integument - Tegmen ( Inner seed coat )
● Scar called hilum present ( where seed attaches to
fruit )
● Micropyle is a small pore above hilum ( absorbs H2O
& O2 during seed germination

182
● Seed
● After fertilisation , ovules becomes seeds
● Parts of seed -

2. Embryo
● It gives rise to new plant
● It maintains continuity of species
● In embryo ,
● a) Embryonal axis with radicle ( develops into roots ) &
plumule ( develops into shoot)
● b) Cotyledon : bulky & reserve food material in dicots
Papery , large , shield - shaped cotyledon
( single ) in monocots

183
● Seed
● After fertilisation , ovules becomes seeds
● Parts of seed -

3. Endosperm
● May or may not be present in the seed
● Formed by double fertilization / Triple fusion

184
Some terminology

● Study of fruit - Pomology

● Study of seed - Spermology
● National fruit of india - Mango ( Mangifera indica )

185
 Parts of seed

Seed coat Embryo Endosperm

● Testa ● Embryonal axis

● Tegmen ● Cotyledons
 Types of Seed

Dicot Monocot
● Structure of dicot seed
1. Seed coat
● Testa : Outer - thick
● Tegmen : Inner - thin
● Micropyle : Opening through which seeds absorbs
water and gas

2. Embryo
● Embryonal axis : At two ends Radicle and plumule
● Below the plumule there is presence of epicotyl
● Above the radicle there is presence of Hypocotyl
● Cotyledons : 2 in number
● Bulky & full of reserve food

188
● Structure of dicot seed
3. Endosperm
● Not present in seed
● Non- endospermic / Non- albuminous seed
● Except castor ( endospermic seed

189
● Structure of Monocot seed
1. Seed coat
● Seed coat is membranous & fuses with fruit wall (
caryopsis fruit )

2. Embryo
● Embryonal axis : Small
● At two ends Radicle and plumule
● Plumule is covered by a protective covering sheath
called coleoptile
● Radicle is covered by a protective covering sheath
called Coleorhiza

● Cotyledons : 1 in no.
● Large , papery & shield shaped
● Embryo is small and lies in a groove on one side of
endosperm

190
● Structure of monocot seed
3. Endosperm
● Present
● Full of reserve food & bulky ( endospermic /
Albuminous ) seed
● Except : Orchid ( non-endospermic seed )
● Below the covering of gran , the outer layer of
endosperm separates the embryo by a
proteinaceous Aleurone Layer

191
● Perispermic seed
● Normally , nucellus gets absorbed by endosperm &
embryo after fertilization
● If persistent , it is called PERISPERM
● Such a seed with persistent nucellus is known as
perispermic seed ( black pepper )

192
 Types of Seed

Dicot Monocot

Non-endospermic Endospermic Non-endospermic Endospermic

( most ) ( Exception ) ( exception) ( most )

Sunflower Castor Orchid Barley
Gram Maize
Bean Wheat
Pea Coconut
 Seed germination

Epigeal Germination Hypogeal

● Eg : most of dicot
● Due to initial elongation of ● Eg : most of monocot
hypocotyl , cotyledons are ● Due to initial elongation of
pushed epicotyl , cotyledons remain
inside the soil
Epigeal Germination

195
Hypogeal Germination

196
● Semi technical description of a typical flowering
plant
● Floral diagram & formula represents no. of parts of flower , their arrangement and their
relation with each other
● Br - Bracteate flower
● Ebr - Ebracteate ( bract absent )
● Actinomorphic -
● Zygomorphic -
● Bisexual
● Unisexual Male -
● Unisexual Female -
● Calyx - n=
●
●
● Corolla - n=
●
●

197
● Androecium = n=
● Infinite stamens
● Polyandrous
● Cohesion condition

● Perianth -
●
●
● Adhesion -
● Epipetalous
● Epitepalous
● Gynandrous

● Epicalyx -
● Gynoecium - n=
● Apocarpous
● Syncarpous
● Superior Ovary
● Inferior Ovary
● Half inferior / Half superior ovary
●
● Representation of mother axis of flower . It denotes posterior side
● Fabaceae ( Pea family )
1. Name : k/a as papilionoideae / Papilionaceae family , a sub family of legumminoceae
2. Habitat : Herbs , shrubs , large trees , climbers
3. Vegetative characters - Roots : Tap root system with root nodules & N2 fixing bacteria
rhizobium
4. Stem : Erect or climbers
5. Leaves : alternate , pinnately compound ( or simple sometimes ) , stipulate - foliaceous
stipule in pea , Reticulate - Venation , pulvinus leaf base
6. Inflorescence - Racemose
7. Bract - Bracteate ( mostly )
8. Symmetry - Zygomorphic
9. Sexulaiy - Bisexual
10. Flower - complete , hypogynous , pentamerous
11. Calyx - 5 sepals , gamosepalous , valvate / Imbricate asestivation
12. Corolla - 5 petals , polypetalous , vexillary / Imbricate / Papilionaceous aestivation
13. Androecium - 10 stamens , diadelphous , dithecous A ( 9 + 1)
14. Gynoecium - Monocarpellary , unilocular , superior ovary , many ovules
15. Placentation - Marginal
16. Fruit - Legume
17. Seed - Many , Non-endospermic ( dicot)
199
● Solanaceae ( Potato family )
1. About : Tropical ,subtropical & temperate regions
2. Habitat : Mostly herbs , shrubs , rarely small trees
3. Vegetative characters - Roots : tap roots
4. Stem : Aerial , underground ( solanum ) Herbaceous , woody erect , cylindrical , branched ,
solid or hollow , hair or glabrous
5. Leaves : Alternate , mostly simple ( sometimes pinnately compound ) ex-stipulate ,
reticulate venation
6. Inflorescence - Solitary , axillary or cymose ( potato)
7. Bract - Mostly
8. Symmetry - Actinomorphic
9. Sexulaiy - Bisexual
10. Flower - Complete , hypogynous , pentamerous
11. Calyx - 5 sepals , gamosepalous , valvate
12. Corolla - 5 sepals , gamosepalous , valvate
13. Androecium - 5 stamens , epipetalous , united C A , dithecous
14. Gynoecium - Bicarpellary , bilocular , superior ovary - many ovules
15. Placentation - axile
16. Fruit - Berry ( Tomato , brinjal ) or capsule ( datura )
17. Seed - One to many , non-endospermic ( though monocot )
200
● Liliaceae ( Lily family )
1. Name : all over the world
2. Habitat : Perennial herbs
3. Vegetative characters - Roots : Adventitious ( fibrous roots )
4. Stem : Aerial or underground , bulb - onion + garlic , corm - colchium , rhizome - Aloe
5. Leaves : Alternate , parallel venation ( smilax reticulate ) , linear , basal , exstipulate
6. Inflorescence - Solitary , cymose ( umbellate cymose)
7. Bract - Ebracteate
8. Symmetry - Actinomorphic
9. Sexulaiy - Bisexual
10. Flower - Hypogynous trimerous
11. Perianth - 6 tepals in 2 whorls of 3 each
12.
13. Androecium - 6 stamens in 2 whorls P A , dithecous
14. Gynoecium - Tricarpellary , trilocular , superior ovary , many ovules
15. Placentation - Axile
16. Fruit - Mostly capsule ( cotton & okra 9) & berries
17. Seed - many & endospermic ( monocot )

201
● Identifying features
● Fabaceae - L V D M
● Legume , vexillary , Diadelphous , Marginal

● Solanaceae - Ovary is slightly obliquely placed to flower axis though zygomorphic . Also
known as slightly zygomorphic, oblique septa , swollen placenta

202
● Floral formula

● Fabaceae -

● Solanaceae -

● Liliaceae

203
204
205
206
● Uses of fabaceae
● Lupin trifolium
● Sweet pea &

207