NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA (NOUN)

FACULTY OF LAW
(SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES)

MASTERS IN LAW (L.L.M) PROGRAMME

(2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION)

JIL806: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SEMINAR TOPIC:

EXAMINING THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

UP TO THE PRESENT DAY

BY

GROUP 1

OKEREKE CHINYEREM IFEOMA (NOU232140851)

TOLUFASE RONKE GRACE (NOU232138257)
ESSIENANWAN NSA BASSEY (NOU232009432)
ADELOWO RANTI GIDEON (NOU232137975)
MICHAEL ANYEBE (NOU232141297)
BAKWO ADEMU (NOU232137082)
OGUCHE OJONUGWA SOLOMON (NOU232137077)
OLAMIJI OGUN SAMSON (NOU232032568)
AGUNLEJIKA, SUNDAY ADEGOKE (NOU232139361)
ADOLE SUNDAY ECHOBU (NOU232137648)

PRESENTED TO:

PROF. MARTINS ISHAYA

Table of Contents
Pages
Cover Page - - - - - - - - - - - -1
Abstract . - - - - - - - - - -3
1. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - -4
2. Statement of Problem - - - - - - - - - -4
3. Methodology - - - - - - - - - - - 5
4. Background information on research methodology - - - - - 5
5. Importance of understanding the historical development of research
methodology- - - - - - - - - --------- - - 5-6
6. Early Beginnings of Research Methodology - - -- - - - - - - 6-8
7. Evolution of Research Methodology - - - - - - - - - - 8-9
8. Influence of Religious Institutions on Research Methods - - -- --- -- 9-11
9. Contributions of key figures to the Birth of Modern Research Methodology - - - 11-12
10. Development of the scientific method - - - - - - 12-13
11. Expansion and Refinement of Research Methodology in the 18th and 19th
Centuries - - - - - - - - - - 13-14
12. Introduction of statistical analysis and sampling techniques -- -- - - ------- - - -- 14-15
13. The Role of Legal Research Methodology in the historical development of Research
Methodology --- - - -- - - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - - - - - - 15-17
14. Advancements in Research Methodology in the 20th Century - - - ------ - - - 17
15. Development of Modern day statistical tools and research designs - - -------- -- 17-19
16. Recommendation - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 19
17. Conclusion -- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20-21
18. References - - - - - - -- - - - - - - ---- 22
ABSTRACT
This seminar paper investigates the historical development of research methodology, examining its
progression from ancient philosophical contemplations to the systematic experimentation of the
Scientific Revolution and its implications for current research practices, employing a multifaceted
methodology encompassing literature review, case studies, and comparative analysis to explore the
role of historical methodology in shaping modern research, addressing pivotal milestones
impacting quantitative and qualitative approaches, ethical considerations, and bias awareness,
ultimately empowering contemporary researchers with insights into the foundations of scientific
inquiry and emphasizing the significance of robust methodologies, ethics, and awareness of
limitations and biases for conducting more rigorous, ethical, and reliable research, thereby
enhancing the quality and impact of their work.
EXAMINING THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY UP TO THE PRESENT DAY

1. Introduction

The evolution of research methodology throughout history reflects a dynamic journey driven by
intellectual curiosity, scientific progress, and the quest for reliable knowledge. From the ancient
philosophical pondering of Greek scholars to the systematic experimentation of the Scientific
Revolution, the methods of inquiry have continuously transformed to meet the demands of
expanding knowledge. The development of quantitative and qualitative approaches, ethical
guidelines, and an awareness of biases, has profoundly shaped contemporary research practices.

Understanding this historical evolution and how it is pivotal for today's researchers, by offering
insights into the foundations of modern scientific inquiry and underscoring the importance of
robust methodologies, ethical considerations, and acknowledging inherent limitations and biases
is the focus of this seminar presentation.

2. Statement of Problem
The problem statement to be considered are as follows:
1. How has historical research methodology shaped modern practices in terms of quantitative and
qualitative approaches, ethics, and bias awareness?
2. What are the pivotal milestones in research methodology from ancient philosophy to the
Scientific Revolution?
3. How does understanding this historical evolution empower today's researchers in terms of
reliability and ethics?
4. What challenges and opportunities does historical methodology present in addressing modern
research limitations and biases?
5. How can insights from this history be integrated into researcher training for improved work
quality and impact?
3. Methodology
This research employs the Doctrinal Methodology in the following forms:
Literature Review: A comprehensive examination of scholarly articles and legal texts to
provide foundational knowledge and up-to-date insights necessary for a historical and
contemporary analysis of research methodology.
Case Studies: Real-world case studies and scenarios to illustrate the practical implications and
evolution of research methodology, demonstrating its relevance and complexities.
Comparative Analysis: Comparative analysis of research methodology across different eras of
human civilization, offers valuable insights into developments and variations to the approach
adopted by the various communities.

4. Background information on research methodology

Research methodology is used by researchers to gather, analyse, and interpret data in order to
answer research questions and advance knowledge in various fields. It serves as the foundation
for scientific inquiry, providing researchers with a framework to design studies, collect data, and
draw meaningful conclusions. Research methodology encompasses a wide range of approaches,
including quantitative and qualitative methods, experimental and observational designs, and
ethical considerations.1

5. Importance of understanding the historical development of research methodology

Understanding the historical development of research methodology is crucial for researchers to

appreciate the evolution of scientific inquiry and to navigate the complexities of contemporary
research. By examining the historical context, researchers can gain insights into the foundations
and principles that have shaped modern research methods. This knowledge helps researchers
develop a deeper understanding of the strengths and limitations of different approaches and
enables them to make informed decisions when designing their own studies.

Furthermore, an understanding of the historical development of research methodology allows

researchers to recognise the ethical considerations that have emerged over time. Ethical
guidelines and principles have evolved to protect human subjects, ensure the responsible use of
1
Research Methodology - Types, Examples and writing Guide." 07 Sept. 2023,
<https://researchmethod.net/methodology/.> accessed 2nd October 2023

5
animals, and promote integrity in research. By understanding the historical development of these
ethical considerations, researchers can uphold the highest standards of ethical practice in their
own work.2

Moreover, studying the historical development of research methodology helps researchers avoid
repeating past mistakes and build upon existing knowledge. By examining the successes and
failures of previous studies, researchers can identify gaps in knowledge, refine research designs,
and develop innovative approaches that push the boundaries of their respective fields.

Therefore, understanding the historical development of research methodology provides

researchers with a comprehensive perspective on the evolution of scientific inquiry, ethical
considerations, and the strengths and limitations of different research approaches. This
knowledge equips researchers with the tools and insights necessary to conduct rigorous and
impactful research in their respective fields.

6. Early Beginnings of Research Methodology

The historical development of research methodology can be traced back to ancient times,
although the systematic study and formalization of research methods as we know them today
emerged much later. Let’s explore the key milestones and advancements in the development of
research methodology throughout history:

i. Ancient Civilizations: Several ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and
Chinese, engaged in early forms of research. They conducted observations, collected data,
and developed rudimentary methods to study the natural world.

ii. Classical Period: During the classical period, scholars like Aristotle emphasized the
importance of empirical observation and logic in acquiring knowledge. They laid the
groundwork for systematic inquiry and established principles for conducting research.

iii. Islamic Golden Age: From the 18th to the 14th centuries, the Islamic world experienced a
period of significant scientific advancement. Scholars like Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn
Sina (Avicenna) emphasized the importance of experimentation, observation, and
2
METHODOLOGY: WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT."
<https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/Methodical-Issues-and-Strategies-in-Clinical-Research-Chapter-1-Sample.pdf.>
accessed 2nd October 2023

6
 systematic data collection. They developed methods for testing hypotheses and pioneered
the use of controlled experiments.

iv. Renaissance and Scientific Revolution: The Renaissance period in Europe witnessed a
resurgence of interest in empirical investigation and the scientific method. Figures such
as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, and Francis Bacon made substantial contributions
to research methodology. Galileo, for example, emphasized the use of quantitative
observation and mathematical analysis.

v. 18th and 19th Centuries: The Enlightenment and the rise of modern science brought
further advancements in research methodology. Philosophers like Rene Descartes and
Immanuel Kant emphasized rational inquiry, while scientists like Isaac Newton and
Charles Darwin developed systematic approaches to studying the natural world.

vi. 20th Century: The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in research
methodology across various disciplines. The development of statistical methods,
experimental design, and the establishment of research ethics became prominent. Figures
like Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and John Dewey contributed to the philosophy of
science, highlight the importance of falsifiability, paradigms, and the social context of
scientific inquiry.

vii. Quantitative and Qualitative Research: In the latter half of the 20th century, research
methodology diversified into quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative
research relies on numerical data, statistical analysis, and controlled experiments, while
qualitative research focuses on subjective experiences, interviews, and textual analysis.
Both approaches have contributed to expanding the toolkit of research methods.

viii. 21st Century: The 21st century has seen the rapid evolution of research methodology due
to technological advancements. The rise of big data, computational modeling, machine
learning, and interdisciplinary research has expanded the possibilities of data collection,
analysis, and interpretation.

Overall, the historical development of research methodology reflects a gradual refinements of

techniques, a growing emphasis on empirical evidence, and the recognition of the importance of

7
systematic inquiry in acquiring knowledge. Researchers continue to innovate and adapt their
methodologies to address the complexities of contemporary research questions and challenges.

7. Evolution of Research Methodology

The evolution of research methodology can be seen as a continuous process of refinement and
expansion building upon the early foundations laid by ancient civilizations. In this section, we
will explore the key sub-sections of this evolution, which include:

(a) The Scientific Revolution:

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th century marked a significant turning point in research
methodology. Influential figures like Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, and René Descartes
emphasised the importance of systematic observation, experimentation, and mathematical
analysis. This period saw the establishment of scientific societies and the publication of scientific
journals, which facilitated the dissemination of research findings and the development of
standardised methodologies.

(b) The Enlightenment and Empiricism:

The Enlightenment period, which emerged in the 18th century, further shaped research
methodology. Philosophers like John Locke and David Hume advocated for empiricism,
emphasising the importance of sensory experience and observation in acquiring knowledge. This
led to the development of more rigorous methods of data collection, such as surveys, interviews,
and controlled experiments.

(c) The Rise of Quantitative Research:

The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the rise of quantitative research methods, driven by
advancements in statistics and mathematics. Figures like Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher played
pivotal roles in developing statistical techniques for data analysis, hypothesis testing, and
sampling. This shift towards quantitative research allowed for more precise measurements
increased objectivity, and the ability to generalise findings to larger populations.3

3
Stigler, S. M and Karl Pearson’s, Theoretical Errors and the Advances They Inspired. Statistical Science
(2008), 23(2). <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1214/08-sts256> accessed 2nd October 2023

8
(d) The Development of Qualitative Research:

While quantitative research gained prominence, the 20th century also saw the development of
qualitative research methodologies. Scholars like Max Weber and Clifford Geertz advocated for
the use of in-depth interviews, participant observation, and textual analysis to explore the
complexities of human behaviour and society. Qualitative research methods provide a deeper
understanding of subjective experiences, social dynamics, and cultural contexts.

(e) Contemporary Methods and Interdisciplinary Approaches:

In recent decades, research methodology has continued to evolve, incorporating interdisciplinary

approaches and innovative techniques. The advent of technology, such as computer modeling,
big data analysis, and neuro-imaging, has expanded the possibilities for data collection and
analysis. Additionally, interdisciplinary research collaborations have emerged, bringing together
experts from various fields to tackle complex problems and provide comprehensive insights.

The evolution of research methodology reflects the ongoing quest for more systematic, rigorous,
and efficient ways of acquiring knowledge. As new technologies, theories, and societal
challenges arise, researchers continue to adapt and refine their methods, ensuring that the process
of inquiry remains dynamic and responsive to the changing needs of society.

8. Influence of Religious Institutions on Research Methods

Religious institutions have played a significant role in shaping research methodology throughout
history. The influence of religious beliefs, values, and practices on research methods can be
observed in various ways. In this sub-section, we will explore some key aspects of this influence:

(a) Early Research and Theological Frameworks:

In ancient times, religious institutions were often the primary patrons of knowledge and research.
Early scholars and researchers operated within theological frameworks, where the pursuit of
knowledge was closely intertwined with religious doctrines and beliefs. Research methods were
often guided by the aim of validating or supporting religious teachings, and findings were
interpreted through a religious lens.

9
 (b) Preservation and Transcription of Ancient Texts:

Religious institutions have played a crucial role in the preservation and transcription of ancient
texts, including religious scriptures and philosophical works. Monastic orders, for example,
dedicated themselves to the meticulous copying and translation of texts, ensuring their survival
and accessibility for future generations. This preservation effort provided a foundation for
research and scholarly inquiry in fields such as theology, philosophy, and history.

(c) Ethical Considerations and Moral Frameworks:

Religious institutions have also influenced research methods through the establishment of ethical
considerations and moral frameworks. Many religions have specific ethical guidelines that
researchers are expected to adhere to when conducting studies involving human subjects. These
guidelines often prioritise the protection of human dignity, confidentiality, and informed consent.
Researchers working within religious contexts are expected to align their methods with these
ethical principles.4

(d) Influence on Research Topics and Priorities:

Religious institutions have historically influenced the selection of research topics and priorities.
Research questions and areas of focus have often been driven by religious concerns, such as
understanding the nature of God, exploring moral principles, or investigating the relationship
between faith and science. This influence has shaped the direction and scope of research
endeavours, particularly in fields like theology, religious studies, and philosophy of religion.

(e) Conflict and Collaboration:

Throughout history, there have been instances of conflict between religious institutions and
researchers, particularly when scientific findings challenge established religious beliefs.
Examples include the Galileo affair, where Galileo's discoveries clashed with the prevailing

4
Knottnerus, J. A., and Tugwell, P. Ethics of research methodology requires a methodology of research ethics
(2018). Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 100, v–vi. <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.07.001>
accessed 2nd October 2023

10
religious doctrines of his time. However, it is important to note that religious institutions have
also collaborated with researchers, providing support and resources for investigations related to
areas of mutual interest, such as the study of religious rituals, practices, and their impact on
individuals and societies.

It is essential to recognise that the influence of religious institutions on research methods can
vary across different cultures, historical periods, and academic disciplines. While religious
beliefs and institutions have undoubtedly shaped research methodologies, contemporary research
is increasingly driven by secular principles of objectivity, evidence-based reasoning, and the
pursuit of knowledge for its own sake. Nonetheless, the legacy of religious influence on research
methods continues to shape and inform the broader landscape of scholarly inquiry.

9. Contributions of key figures to the Birth of Modern Research Methodology

The Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries brought forth a wave of transformative
ideas and discoveries that shaped the birth of modern research methodology. Several key figures
emerged during this period whose contributions paved the way for a new approach to scientific
inquiry. Notable among them are Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton.

(a) Francis Bacon:

Francis Bacon, an English philosopher and statesman, is often regarded as one of the founding
fathers of the scientific method. He argued for a systematic and empirical approach to knowledge
acquisition, emphasising the importance of observation, experimentation, and inductive
reasoning. In his influential work, "Novum Organum," Bacon outlined the need to set aside
preconceived notions and biases in order to gather reliable and objective data. His ideas laid the
groundwork for the development of the scientific method.

(b) Galileo Galilei:

Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist, mathematician, and astronomer, played a crucial role in the
advancement of empirical observation and experimentation. He challenged the prevailing
Aristotelian view that knowledge could be derived solely from philosophical reasoning and
authority. Galileo advocated for a more direct and empirical approach, using telescopes to
observe celestial bodies and conducting experiments to study motion. His work on the laws of

11
motion and the discovery of the moons of Jupiter challenged traditional beliefs and laid the
foundation for a more evidence-based approach to scientific investigation.

(c) Isaac Newton:

Isaac Newton, an English mathematician and physicist, is widely regarded as one of the greatest
scientific minds in history. His work on classical mechanics, published in his masterpiece
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," revolutionised the understanding of motion,
gravity, and the laws governing the physical world. Newton's approach combined rigorous
observation, experimentation, and mathematical analysis, setting a high standard for empirical
research. His laws of motion and universal gravitation provided a unified framework for
understanding the natural world and cemented the importance of empirical observation and
experimentation in scientific inquiry.

10. Development of the scientific method

The Scientific Revolution not only brought forth influential thinkers but also led to the
development of a formalised research methodology known as the scientific method. The
scientific method provided a systematic and logical approach to conducting research,
emphasising the importance of empirical observation, experimentation, and the formulation of
testable hypotheses. The key steps in the scientific method can be summarised as follows:

(a) Observation:

The scientific method begins with careful and systematic observation of natural phenomena or
events. This involves gathering data through sensory perception, measurement, and recording of
relevant information.

(b) Formulation of a Hypothesis:

Based on observations, a hypothesis is formulated as a tentative explanation or prediction that

can be tested through experimentation and further observation. The hypothesis should be specific,
testable, and based on prior knowledge and existing theories.

12
 (c) Experimentation:

Experiments are designed to test the hypothesis and gather empirical evidence. Variables are
manipulated and controlled to determine cause-and-effect relationships. Careful measurements
are taken, and data is collected to support or reject the hypothesis.

(d) Data Analysis:

Collected data is analysed using statistical methods or other appropriate techniques. This analysis
helps researchers identify patterns, trends, and relationships within the data.5

(e) Conclusion:

Based on the analysis of data, researchers draw conclusions regarding the validity of the
hypothesis. These conclusions are supported by empirical evidence and can lead to the
formulation of new theories or modifications of existing ones.

(f) Replication and Peer Review:

To ensure the reliability and validity of research findings, replication of experiments by other
researchers is encouraged. Peer review, where experts evaluate the scientific rigor and quality of
research before publication, plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the scientific
method.

The development of the scientific method during the Scientific Revolution provided a structured
and systematic approach to research, emphasising the importance of empirical evidence and
experimentation. This methodology not only revolutionised scientific inquiry but also laid the
foundation for modern research across various disciplines.

11. Expansion and Refinement of Research Methodology in the 18th and 19th Centuries
The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed a further expansion and refinement of research
methodology, building upon the foundations laid during the Scientific Revolution.
Enlightenment thinkers played a significant role in advancing scientific inquiry and developing
new approaches to research. Their contributions expanded the scope of research beyond the

5
The Scientific Revolution - Historic UK." <https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-
Scientific-Revolution/.> accessed 2nd October 2023

13
natural sciences and encompassed social sciences, philosophy, and political theory. Notable
among these thinkers are Rene Descartes, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant.

(a) Rene Descartes:

Rene Descartes, a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, made significant

contributions to the development of research methodology. His dualistic philosophy, which
emphasised the separation of mind and body, led to the prominence of deductive reasoning.
Descartes advocated for the use of rational thought, logic, and systematic doubt as a means of
acquiring knowledge. His method of doubt influenced subsequent thinkers and instigated a more
critical and systematic approach to research.

(b) John Locke:

John Locke, an English philosopher and physician, is known for his empiricist philosophy and
the idea of the tabula rasa, or blank slate. Locke argued that all knowledge is derived from
sensory experience, and the mind is a passive receiver of external impressions. His emphasis on
observation and the importance of empirical evidence had a profound impact on the development
of research methodology, particularly in the social sciences.

(c) Immanuel Kant:

Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, revolutionised the field of epistemology and contributed
to the development of research methodology. Kant proposed the idea of synthetic a priori
knowledge, suggesting that certain truths can be known independently of experience but require
the synthesis of concepts and empirical data. His work laid the groundwork for a more nuanced
understanding of the relationship between reason and experience, influencing subsequent
philosophers and researchers.

12. Introduction of statistical analysis and sampling techniques

The 18th and 19th centuries saw the introduction of statistical analysis and sampling techniques,
which further enhanced research methodology. These developments allowed for more rigorous
data analysis, generalisation of findings, and the establishment of a more scientific approach to
research. Two key advancements during this period were the introduction of statistical analysis
by Carl Friedrich Gauss and the development of sampling techniques by Pierre-Simon Laplace.

14
 (a) Statistical Analysis:

Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician, is often credited with the development of
modern statistical analysis. Gauss introduced the method of least squares, which allows for the
estimation of unknown parameters based on observed data. His work laid the foundation for
statistical inference, hypothesis testing, and the analysis of variance. Gauss's contributions
enabled researchers to make more accurate predictions and draw conclusions based on
quantitative data.

(b) Sampling Techniques:

Pierre-Simon Laplace, a French mathematician and astronomer, made significant contributions to

the development of sampling techniques. Laplace introduced the concept of random sampling,
which involves selecting a subset of individuals or observations from a larger population. He
recognised the importance of representative samples in making generalisations and drawing valid
conclusions. Laplace's contributions to sampling techniques revolutionised survey research and
provided a framework for conducting studies across various disciplines.

The expansion and refinement of research methodology in the 18th and 19th centuries were
marked by the contributions of Enlightenment thinkers and advancements in statistical analysis
and sampling techniques. These developments further strengthened the scientific approach to
research, allowing for more rigorous data analysis, generalisation of findings, and the
establishment of a solid foundation for research in various fields.

13. The Role of Legal Research Methodology in the historical development of Research
Methodology
Legal research methodology is a systematic process of finding and analyzing legal information to
address a specific legal issue or question. It is a crucial skill for lawyers, paralegals, law students,
and anyone involved in the legal profession. Legal research methodology is a structured
approach to conducting this research, ensuring that it is thorough, efficient, and reliable.

Legal research methodology has played a significant role in the historical development of
research methodology as a broader concept. While research methodology has evolved across

15
various disciplines over time, legal research methodology especially in the last two decades6, has
contributed in several ways:

(a) Early Codification of Methodology: Legal scholars and practitioners have a long history of
codifying and systematizing their research methods. Legal systems, even in ancient civilizations
like Rome and Greece, established rules for legal research, documentation, and argumentation.
These early efforts laid the groundwork for the development of more general research
methodologies.

(b) Preservation of Legal Texts: Legal professionals have been instrumental in preserving and
cataloging legal texts, judgments, statutes, and commentaries. This dedication to documenting
legal knowledge has demonstrated the importance of systematic record-keeping and the
organization of research materials.

(c) Precedent and Case-Based Reasoning: Legal research relies heavily on precedent and case-
based reasoning. Legal scholars and practitioners have long studied and cited previous legal
decisions to build arguments and establish principles. This practice of drawing on historical cases
for guidance has influenced research methodologies in other fields that emphasize the
importance of historical data and precedent.

(d) Logical Analysis and Argumentation: Legal research often involves rigorous logical
analysis and argumentation, which are fundamental components of research methodology.
Lawyers and legal scholars are trained to construct persuasive arguments based on evidence and
legal principles, an approach that has influenced the development of reasoning and
argumentation in research.

(e) Interdisciplinary Influence: Legal research frequently intersects with other disciplines, such
as philosophy, history, and sociology. This interdisciplinary approach has contributed to the
development of broader research methodologies that integrate various methods and perspectives.

(f) Legal Scholarship: Legal scholars have contributed to research methodologies through their
own academic work. They have engaged in research on jurisprudence, legal theory, and legal
history, which has broader implications for research methodologies in other fields.

6
<https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/blog/the-evolution-of-legal-research/> accessed 8th October 2023.

16
(g) Documentation and Citation Standards: Legal research has established standards for
citation and documentation (e.g., Nigerian Association of Law Teachers Uniform Citation which
is the standard applied by NOUN for the purpose of our presentation). These standards have
influenced the development of citation and referencing practices in other academic disciplines.

14. Advancements in Research Methodology in the 20th Century

The 20th century witnessed significant advancements in research methodology, particularly with
the introduction and popularisation of qualitative research methods. Previously, research had
primarily relied on quantitative data and statistical analysis, but qualitative methods provided a
more in-depth understanding of complex phenomena by focusing on subjective experiences,
meanings, and social contexts. This shift in methodology was influenced by various disciplines,
including anthropology, sociology, and psychology.

(a) Anthropological Influence:

Anthropologists played a crucial role in introducing qualitative research methods. Ethnography,

a method commonly used in anthropology, involves immersion in a cultural group or community
to understand their social practices, beliefs, and behaviors. Ethnographic research brought
attention to the importance of context, cultural meanings, and the subjective experiences of
individuals, highlighting the limitations of purely quantitative approaches.

(b) Sociological and Psychological Perspectives:

Sociologists and psychologists also contributed to the development of qualitative research

methods. They emphasised the importance of understanding social interactions, identities, and
power dynamics. Techniques such as interviews, focus groups, and participant observation
became widely used in these disciplines, allowing researchers to explore subjective experiences,
emotions, and social phenomena in greater depth.

15. Development of Modern day statistical tools and research designs

In addition to the introduction of qualitative research methods, the 20th century witnessed the
development of new statistical tools and research designs, further enhancing research

17
methodology. These advancements allowed for more sophisticated data analysis, improved
experimental designs, and better control of confounding variables.

(a) Multivariate Analysis:

Multivariate analysis techniques, such as multiple regression analysis, factor analysis, and cluster
analysis, were developed in the 20th century. These methods enabled researchers to analyse the
relationships between multiple variables simultaneously, uncover underlying dimensions in data,
and identify groups or patterns within large datasets. Multivariate analysis expanded the
possibilities for statistical inference and helped researchers uncover more complex associations.

(b) Experimental Design:

Experimental design also underwent advancements in the 20th century. Randomised controlled
trials (RCTs) gained prominence as the gold standard for evaluating the effectiveness of
interventions or treatments. RCTs involve randomly assigning participants to either an
experimental group receiving the intervention or a control group. This design allows researchers
to establish cause-and-effect relationships and minimise bias. Additionally, quasi-experimental
designs, which approximate the rigor of RCTs without randomization, were developed to address
ethical or practical constraints in certain research contexts.

(c) Mixed Methods Research:

The 20th century also saw the emergence of mixed methods research, which combines
qualitative and quantitative approaches in a single study. This approach recognised the
complementary nature of both methods and aimed to provide a more comprehensive
understanding of research questions. Mixed methods research allows researchers to triangulate
findings, validate results, and gain a deeper understanding of complex phenomena by integrating
multiple types of data and analysis.

The advancements in research methodology in the 20th century, including the introduction of
qualitative research methods and the development of new statistical tools and research designs,
significantly expanded the possibilities for conducting rigorous and comprehensive studies.
These advancements paved the way for interdisciplinary research, increased methodological

18
diversity, and a more nuanced understanding of complex social, psychological, and cultural
phenomena.

16. Recommendation

In light of our exploration of the historical development of research methodology and its pivotal
role in shaping contemporary research practices, we propose the following recommendations:

1. Curricular Integration: We recommend the integration of the study of research methodology

into existing academic disciplines across all levels of education. This integration should be
tailored to the specific needs and requirements of each field of study to foster a deeper
understanding of the historical and modern contexts of research methods.

2. Digital Literacy: By acknowledging the influence of digital tools and technologies on

contemporary research methodologies, we will be able to better advocate for the inclusion of
digital literacy skills in research methodology curricula to prepare students for the modern
research landscape.

3. Educator Training: We recommend the development of specialized courses in research

methodology for educators. These courses should equip educators with the knowledge and skills
required to teach research methods effectively while incorporating historical perspectives.

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17. Conclusion

Throughout history, research methodology has evolved significantly, driven by advancements in

various disciplines and the need for rigorous and reliable scientific inquiry. From the early
philosophical times of ancient Greek thinkers to the emergence of systematic observation and
experimentation during the Scientific Revolution, research methods have continually evolved to
meet the demands of an ever-expanding knowledge acquisition. The development of quantitative
and qualitative research approaches, the establishment of ethical guidelines, and the recognition
of limitations and biases, have shaped the way we conduct research today.

Understanding the evolution of research methods is crucial for contemporary researchers. By

studying the historical development of research methodology, researchers can gain valuable
insights into the foundations and principles that underpin modern scientific inquiry. This
understanding helps researchers appreciate the significance of robust methodologies, ethical
considerations, and the limitations and biases inherent in their work.7

Moreover, recognising the historical context allows researchers to build upon the existing
knowledge and avoid reinventing the wheel. By learning from the successes and failures of past
research, researchers can refine their methodologies, address ethical concerns, and develop
innovative approaches that push the boundaries of knowledge further.

Furthermore, an understanding of research methodology's evolution enables researchers to

critically evaluate and interpret existing literature. They can discern the strengths and
weaknesses of different research designs, identify potential biases, and appropriately apply
research findings to inform their own studies. This knowledge empowers researchers to make
informed decisions, contributing to the advancement of their respective fields.8

In the words of Kurt Lewin, a German-American social psychologist (1890-1947), while

research can never be without an action, there, also, cannot be an action without research. The

7
Lushey, C., and Munro, E. R, Participatory peer research methodology: An effective method for obtaining young
people’s perspectives on transitions from care to adulthood? Qualitative Social Work (2015), 14(4), 522–537.
<https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325014559282> accessed 2nd October 2023
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(N. 4)

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historical development of research methodology highlights the importance of ethical
considerations, the need to address limitations and biases, and the continuous pursuit of rigorous
scientific inquiry. By recognising and appreciating this evolution, contemporary researchers can
conduct research that is more robust, ethical, and reliable, ultimately enhancing the quality and
impact of their work.9

9
Park, Y. S., Zaidi, Z. and O’Brien, B. J: RIME Foreword: What Constitutes Science in Educational Research?
Applying Rigor in Our Research Approaches. Academic Medicine (2020), 95(11S), Si-Sv.
<https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000003636> accessed 2nd October 2023

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18. REFERENCES

TEXTS
1. The March of Civilization – George Guest, B.A. Bell and Sons Ltd (1939)
2. Introduction to Legal Research Methodology - Aboki. Y. (2008)
3. Law and Research Methodology – Ayua I.A and Guobadia D.A. (2001)
4. Historical Method of Research – Anil Kumar Prasanna (2014)
5. Research and Brief Writing – Unpublished – George Abang Ekpungu Esq
(Being text of a paper delivered to Law Students of NOUN on Saturday, 25th June,
2011)

ONLINE SOURCES
1. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/research> accessed 2nd October 2023
2. Evolution of Research Methodology <http://www.jstor.org>stable> accessed 2nd
October 2023
3. Research Methodology - Types, Examples and writing Guide." 07 Sept. 2023,
<https://researchmethod.net/methodology/.> accessed 2nd October 2023
4. METHODOLOGY: WHAT IT IS AND WHY IT IS SO IMPORTANT."
<https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/Methodical-Issues-and-Strategies-in-Clinical-
Research-Chapter-1-Sample.pdf.> accessed 2nd October 2023
5. Stigler, S. M. (2008). Karl Pearson’s Theoretical Errors and the Advances They
Inspired. Statistical Science, 23(2). <https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1214/08-
sts256> accessed 2nd October 2023
6. <https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/blog/the-evolution-of-legal-research/> accessed
8th October 2023.
7. Knottnerus, J. A., & Tugwell, P. (2018). Ethics of research methodology requires a
methodology of research ethics. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 100, v–vi.
<https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.07.001> accessed 2nd October
2023
8. The Scientific Revolution - Historic UK." <https://www.historic
uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Scientific-Revolution/.> accessed 2nd
October 2023
9. Lushey, C., & Munro, E. R. (2015). Participatory peer research methodology: An
effective method for obtaining young people’s perspectives on transitions from care
to adulthood? Qualitative Social Work, 14(4), 522–537.
<https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325014559282> accessed 2nd October
2023

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