Target Major

Endocrine Hormone Chemical

Tissue/Orga Function of
Gland Released Class
n Hormone
Hypothala
mic Regulate
releasing Anterior anterior
Hypothalamus Peptide
and pituitary pituitary
inhibiting hormone
hormones
Stimulates
Posterior Antidiureti water
Peptide Kidneys
Pituitary c (ADH) reabsorption
by kidneys
Stimulates
uterine
muscle
Uterus,
contractions
Oxytocin Peptide mammary
and release
glands
of milk by
mammary
glands
 Major
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Target
Function of
Gland Released Class Tissue/Organ
Hormone
Thyroid
Anterior Stimulates
stimulating Glycoprotein Thyroid
Pituitary thyroid
(TSH)

Adrenocorticotr Stimulates
Peptide Adrenal cortex
opic (ACTH) adrenal cortex

Egg and sperm

production, sex
hormone
Gonadotropic production
Glycoprotein Gonads
(FSH, LH,ICSH) Testo sterone
secrection from
interstitial
cells.

Prolactin Mammary Milk

Protein
(PRL,LTH) glands production

Cell division,
Soft tissue, protein
Growth (GH) Protein
bones synthesis and
bone growth
 SECRETION:

 Somatotrophin relesing factor (SRF) is secreted

from hypothalamus throughout the life.

FUNCTIONS:

 When growth has mostly ceased after

adolescence, the hormons continues to promote

protein synthesis throughout the body.

 Gigantism: if produced in excess
during early life leads to gigantism in
the abnormal development of hands,
feet, jaw, etc.
 Dwarfism: if there is under-secretion,
dwarfism results, as well as other
symptoms associated with lack of
thyroid and adrenal hormone.
1. Melanophore stimulating hormone
 Secretion: It causes inhibition of secretion
controlled by hypothalamus. External light
governs its secretion.
 Function: More secretion’.in pregnancy
stimulates melanocytes in skin to produce
brown pigment, melanin, which darkens
the skin. Excess MSH is secreted in
Addison's disease. One of the symptoms of
which is darkening of the skin.
 Major
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Target
Function of
Gland Released Class Tissue/Organ
Hormone

Increase
Thyroxine metabolic
(T4) and Iodinated rate,
Thyroid All tissue
Triiodothyroni amino acid regulates
e (T3) growth and
development

Bones,
Lowers blood
Calcitonin Peptide kidneys and
calcium level
intestine
 Effect of over-secretion:
Excess thyroxine produces a condition
called Graves’ disease, with
exophthalmic goiter and increase in
the basal metabolic rate. This can lead
to cardiac failure if prolonged. The
cause of Graves’ disease is the
production of an .abnormal body
protein which continuously stimulates
the thyroid to excessive secretion.
Effect of under-secretion:
 The lack of thyroxin causes:
 Cretinism, In infants, the deficiency of thyroxine
causes a dwarfed condition called cretinism. The
individual are small, have coarse scanty hair,
thick yellowish scaly skin and mentally retarded.
They do not develop sexually.
 Goiter and myxedema: Deficiency in adults,
perhaps due to iodine shortage in diet, produces
a swelling of the neck (goiter) and may lead to
laying down of excess fat and weight is
increased. The condition is known as myxedema,
and it is characterized by
 , puffiness (enlargement) of hands and skin,
produced due to thickness of skin. Reduced
metabolism, body temperature and < pulse rate
results. All bodily and mental processes are
retarded.
 High Ca2+ concentration in the blood
causes stimulation of the synthesis
and release of calcitonin; low levels of
Ca2+ suppress its manufacture.
 Excess or deficiency leads to a
disturbance of calcium metabolism
with its associated effects on nerve,
skeleton, muscle, blood etc.
 Table salt with iodine is recommended so
that there is no deficiency of iodine and
thus of thyroxin in the body.
 Major
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Target
Function of
Gland Released Class Tissue/Organ
Hormone

Bones,
Parathyroid Raises blood
Parathyroids Peptide kidneys and
(PTH) calcium level
intestine
 Effect of under-secretion:
Under-activity causes a drop in
blood Ca2+ which in turn leads to
muscular tetany.
 Effect of over-secretion:
Over-activity would lead to a
progressive demineralization of
the bones similar to rickets, as
well as to the formation of
massive kidney stones. Both
conditions may be fatal.
 Target
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Major Function
Tissue/Orga
Gland Released Class of Hormone
n
Raise blood
glucose level,
Adrenal Glucocorticoids
Steroid All tissue stimulates
Cortex (cortisol)
breakdown of
protein
Mineralocortico Reabsorb sodium
ids Steroid Kidneys and excrete
(aldosterone) potassium
Stimulates
Gonads, skin, reproductive
Sex Hormones Steroid muscles and organs and
bones brings on sex
characteristics
Released in
emergency
Epinephrine
Adrenal Modified Cardiac and situations, raises
and
Medulla amino acid other muscles blood glucose
norepinephrine
level, “fight or
flight” response
 Effect of destruction of the
adrenal cortex:
 The destruction of the adrenal
cortex, such as occurs in
Addison’s disease, will lead to
general metabolic disturbance,
in particular weakness of muscle
action and loss of salts. Stress
situations, such as cold, which
would normally be overcome,
lead to collapse and death.
Cushing’s disease:
 In Cushing’s disease too much
cortical hormone is produced.
Symptoms are an excessive protein
breakdown resulting Muscular and
bone weakness. The high blood
sugar disturbs the metabolism as in
diabetes.
 Target
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Major Function
Tissue/Orga
Gland Released Class of Hormone
n

Lowers blood
Liver,
glucose levels,
muscles,
Pancreas Insulin Protein promotes
adipose
formation of
tissue
glycogen

Liver,
muscles, Raises blood
Glucagon Protein
adipose glucose levels
tissue
 Failure to produce insulin leads to a
condition called diabetes mellitus.
 The symptoms of this disease are:
 High level of blood sugar
 Sugar in the urine
 A disturbance of the body’s osmotic
equilibrium
 De-arrangement (disorganized) of the
nervous system
 Toxic metabolites from fat (which need
'glucose energy' for their oxidation) also
accumulate and are only lost from the
kidney with valuable metal.cations. The
body becomes dehydrated.
 If
excess insulin is produced the
utilization of sugar is too great
and its level falls in the blood
(hypoglycaemia) which upsets
nerve and muscle functioning.
Glucagon abnormalities:
 Glucagon abnormalities seem rare as
endocrine disorders. Tumors on the p
cells will cause excess glucagon
secretions and consequent high blood
glucose levels; this in turn damages the a
cells.
 Target
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Major Function
Tissue/Orga
Gland Released Class of Hormone
n

Gonads,
Stimulates male
Androgens skin,
Testes Steroid sex
(testosterone) muscles and
characteristics
bone
 Target
Endocrine Hormone Chemical Major Function
Tissue/Orga
Gland Released Class of Hormone
n

Gonads,
Stimulates
Estrogen and skin,
Ovaries Steroid female sex
progesterone muscles and
characteristics
bones

Stimulates
T production and
Thymus Thymosins Peptide
lymphocytes maturation of T
lymphocytes

Controls
circadian and
circannual
Modified rhythms,
Pineal Gland Melatonin Brain
amino acid possibly
involved in
maturation of
sexual organs
 GUT (Alimentary Canal)
 Many parts of the gut function as
endocrine tissue. The important hormones
produced are:
 Gastrin: Gastrin is the hormone produced
by mucosa of the pyloric region of the
stomach. It stimulates the secretion of
gastric juice. It is produced under the
influence of protein food in the stomach
after it is partially digested.
 Secretin: It is produced from the
du6denum when acid food touches its
lining. It affects the pancreas to produce
and release pancreatic juice and also
affects the rate of bile production, in the
liver.
Major endocrine
glands.
1. Pineal gland
2. Pituitary gland
3. Thyroid gland
4. Thymus
5. Adrenal gland
6. Pancreas
7. Ovary
8. Testis