Lecture in

GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Leo A Lumaque, EdD, PhD

Physical States of Matter
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
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State Shape V olume Characteristic of Particles

Solid Definite Definite

Rigidly cohering; tightly packed
Liquid Indefinite Definite
Mobile, cohering
Gas Indefinite Indefinite
Independent of each other;
relatively far apart
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Solid
1. Crystalline - materials having regular, repeating and three-dimensional
geometric pattern (diamond, table salt, aluminum)

2. Amorphous - materials that do not have particular regular internal geometric

pattern

Liquids can move freely in spite that they are held together by strong
attractive forces

Liquid fluidity – characteristic of the liquid to assume the shape of the

container

On the other hand, the particles of gases are practically independent of one
another, this is because the attractive forces between and among the gaseous
particles are very weak.
Matter
 Pure Substance Mixture

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

(Solutions)

Metals Acids

Nonmetals Bases

Metalloids Salts

Oxides

Metallic oxide

Nonmetallic oxide
Properties of metals

1. Metallic elements are solid at room temperature except mercury,

2. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity,
3. Metals are lustrous or shiny,
4. Metals are malleable. They can be rolled and hammered inn into sheets,
5. Metals are ductile. They can be drawn into wires.
6. Most metals have high melting point and high density.

Properties of nonmetals

1. Nonmetals have relatively low melting points and densities,

2. Nonmetals are not lustrous,
3. Nonmetals are generally poor conductors of heat and electricity,
4. Most nonmetals are gases; solid nonmetals include carbon, phosphorus,
sulfur, selenium, and iodine; while bromine is a liquid nonmetal.
When two or more elements chemically combined with each other, in definite
proportion by mass, a compound is formed.

Compounds can be decomposed into simpler substances, either as elements or

simpler compounds

Acids Formula Acids Formula

Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Hydrochloric acid HCl Carbonic acid H2CO3

Hydrobromic acid HBr Phosphoric acid H3PO4

Nitric acid HNO3 Hydroiodic acid HI

Base Formula Base Formula

Ammonium hydroxide
NH4OH Aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Ferric hydroxide Fe(OH)3

Potassium hydroxide KOH Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3

Sodium hydroxide NaOH Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2