A Social Community Sensor for Natural Disaster Monitoring in

Indonesia Using Hybrid 2D CNN LSTM

Mohammad Reza Faisal Dodon Turianto Nugrahadi Irwan Budiman
Computer Science Department, Computer Science Department, Computer Science Department,
Lambung Mangkurat University Lambung Mangkurat University Lambung Mangkurat University
reza.faisal@ulm.ac.id dodonturianto@ulm.ac.id irwan.budiman@ulm.ac.id

Muliadi Mera Kartika Delimayanti Septyan Eka Prastya

Computer Science Department, Computer and Informatics Department of Information
Lambung Mangkurat University Engineering Department, Politeknik Technology, Sari Mulia University
muliadi@ulm.ac.id Negeri Jakarta septyan.e.prastya@unism.ac.id
mera.kartika@tik.pnj.ac.id

Muhammad Khairie
Computer Science Department,
Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
muhammadkhairie26@gmail.com

ABSTRACT CCS CONCEPTS

One of the most notable advantages of utilizing social media is its
ability to aid communication during natural disasters, specifically
in regards to disseminating information. Social media users serve
as community monitors by collecting public messages from a mul-
titude of social media platforms. The implementation of artificial
intelligence can facilitate the automatic recognition of messages
concerning natural disasters. Deep learning-based artificial intelli-
gence models for text classification, such as Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory networks (LSTM),
each possess their own unique strengths and weaknesses. Neverthe-
less, the utilization of word padding techniques presents a further
challenge to accurately classify texts, as its implementation may
negatively impact classification performance. In this study, feature
extraction based on word embedding and word padding techniques
were employed, utilizing a maximum number of words to be pro-
cessed by a hybrid 2D CNN LSTM model. The results indicate the
highest level of accuracy in cases of floods, with an 81.27% accuracy
rate, forest fires with an 86.14% accuracy rate, and earthquakes
with an 80.16% accuracy rate. This outcome represents a significant
advancement over the accuracy attained by the classification model
constructed with feature extraction based on word embedding and
word padding based on mean and using solely 2D CNN.
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SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
© 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM.
ACM ISBN 979-8-4007-0850-3/23/10. . . $15.00
https://doi.org/10.1145/3626641.3626932
• Computing methodologies; • Artificial intelligence; • Natu-
ral language processing;
KEYWORDS
natural disaster, social media, text classification, hybrid 2D CNN
LSTM
ACM Reference Format:
Mohammad Reza Faisal, Dodon Turianto Nugrahadi, Irwan Budiman, Mu-
liadi, Mera Kartika Delimayanti, Septyan Eka Prastya, and Muhammad
Khairie. 2023. A Social Community Sensor for Natural Disaster Monitoring
in Indonesia Using Hybrid 2D CNN LSTM. In International Conference on
Sustainable Information Engineering and Technology (SIET 2023), October
24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 9 pages.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3626641.3626932
1 INTRODUCTION
In contemporary times, social media has become an intrinsic com-
ponent for the masses. This trend is notably reinforced by the ad-
vancement of internet technology in the current era. During times
of natural calamities, social media proves to be highly advantageous
in terms of information dissemination, which has been identified
as a critical utility of social media. This scenario has instigated
scholars to undertake research endeavours about message classifi-
cation and identification on social media, particularly Twitter[1].
Social media users have assumed the role of community censors by
amassing public messages from social media, which are henceforth
acknowledged as social community censors.
Using sophisticated Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, schol-
ars have demonstrated the ability to process social media messages
and detect dynamic events such as pandemics[2], traffic congestion
and accidents[3], terrorist events [4], and natural disasters[5]. In
previous works, the Support Vector Machine was employed after to-
kenizing words and applying term frequency and inverse document
frequency (TF-IDF) weighting to classify flood disaster reports [6],
SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
[7]. Similarly, the Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier was utilized
on n-gram tokens and TF-IDF weighting for flood and forest fire
disaster reports[8]. In contrast, the Random Forest classifier pro-
cessed the average vector of Word2Vec vectors of words to obtain
fewer features than structured data based on n-grams [9]. In our
most recent endeavor, we employed a deep learning-based classifier,
specifically the Convolutional Neutral Network (CNN) and Long
short-term memory (LSTM), to process structured data from three
word embedding techniques, namely Word2Vec, fastText, and Glove
[10].
The current state of research on using Twitter for natural disaster
intelligence, as outlined in [6]–[10], faces several challenges. Firstly,
structured data from research [6]–[8] yields data with high dimen-
sions, regardless of meaning and word order. Secondly, while the
structured data generated in [9] has succeeded in generating low-
dimensional data through the calculation of average word vectors
based on Word2Vec, the calculation of the average makes the word
order information disappear. Thirdly, research [10] has employed
word vector arrangement from word embedding, namely Word2Vec,
fastText, Glove, and their combinations, to produce structured data
that provides word meanings and word order information but with
high dimensions. In these studies, the effect of determining the
number of words based on simple statistical calculations such as
the mean, mode, and median [10] has been carried out. The struc-
tured data is processed by the CNN algorithm, which can extract
local features to improve classification performance [11]. From
these studies, it has been concluded that the best classification per-
formance is achieved when using the number of words based on
the calculation of the mean. However, it is worth noting that the
CNN-based classifier cannot comprehend the order and context of
sentences, thereby potentially limiting its maximum classification
performance [12]. In research [10], the maximum number of words
in sentences was not used due to the formation of sparse data [13],
[14]. Research [10] also employs 1-dimensional data as input to the
CNN classifier, also known as 1D CNN.
This research endeavours to enhance the identification of natural
disaster reports on Twitter by utilizing a diverse range of techniques
distinct from the ones employed in preceding research. Specifically,
the study employs 2-dimensional structured data through the word
embedding technique Word2Vec, fastText, Glove, and their com-
binations. The 2D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is then
used to process each structured data generated to extract local fea-
tures in sentences. Additionally, the output is subjected to the Long
Short-Term Memory (LSTM) classifier, which can comprehend the
sequence and context of sentences. The study also adopts the maxi-
mum number of words in a sentence when generating structured
data through word embedding. Based on the focus of this study, sev-
eral research questions have been formulated, including: (1) What
is the optimal accuracy of the 2D CNN + LSTM hybrid classifica-
tion model in identifying reports of floods, earthquakes, and forest
fires? (2) Which word embedding-based feature extraction tech-
nique yields the highest accuracy? (3) Does applying word padding
with the maximum number of words affect improving accuracy?
Mohammad Reza Faisal et al.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Text Normalization
Text normalization is a critical task targeted toward the purification
of text data from Twitter, with the primary objective of eliminating
extraneous words or characters that only detract from the overall
coherence and clarity of the text. This is done concertedly to obtain
more cogent, meaningful sentences that are both informative and
elucidating [15].
In order to accomplish this, a number of preparatory measures
must be taken, including removing extraneous elements such as
usernames, RT designations, double spaces, punctuation marks,
numbers, and non-alphanumeric characters, among other things.
These measures are essential to the overall text normalization pro-
cess and are critical to ensuring that the final output is of the highest
possible quality and value [10].
2.2 Word Padding
The process of word padding is employed in order to standardize
the number of words present in sentences within natural disaster
reports. This approach aims to yield input that is suitable for fea-
ture extraction, resulting in data that is structured and uniform in
dimensions. Past scholarship has relied upon statistical calculations
of the mean, mode, and median to determine the number of words
to utilize [9], [10]. These studies did not incorporate a maximum
word count, as the structured data generated by the feature ex-
traction process would contain either a value of 0 or sparse data.
However, in this current investigation, word padding utilizing the
maximum number of words is employed to obtain complete and
comprehensive information.
2.3 Word Embedding
Word embedding is distinguished from conventional embedding in
that it encompasses phrases and words in numeric value vectors
that are non-binary. It pertains to a compact representation of words
in a low-dimensional vector space. For instance, the words "Boy",
"grapes", and "man" are dispersed in an n-dimensional vector space.
The proximity between the words "boy" and "man" is smaller than
that between "boy" and "grapes," signifying a similarity between
the two former words. This embedding offers a veiled semantic
relationship among the words [16].
Word embeddings represent one of the successful applications
of unsupervised learning due to their ability to operate without
costly annotation. These embeddings are structured to encode sim-
ilar words in a similar manner, making them valuable tools for
feature generation and a variety of Natural Language Processing
(NLP) tasks, including text classification, document clustering, and
sentiment classification. Among the popular techniques for word
embeddings are Word2Vec, GloVe, and fastText [17].
Word2vec comprises two neural network layers that are respon-
sible for processing textual data. The input to the system is a corpus,
and its output is a collection of vectors [17]. Two distinct archi-
tectures are associated with word2vec: the CBOW and Skip-gram
models. The CBOW approach aims to predict the words based on
their surrounding context, whereas the Skip-gram model focuses
on predicting a single word’s context. Both these models employ
A Social Community Sensor for Natural Disaster Monitoring in Indonesia Using Hybrid 2D CNN LSTM
artificial neural networks as their algorithmic framework. At the
outset, each word within the vocabulary is represented as an N-
dimensional random vector. Subsequently, the algorithm learns
the optimal vector for each word using the CBOW or Skip-gram
methodology.
The glove algorithm is classified as an unsupervised learning
method. Its primary function involves the generation of vector
representations for various words. Notably, the glove approach
leverages the advantages of the Skip-gram method and matrix fac-
torisation. Specifically, the glove technique entails the creation of
a co-occurrence matrix (words X context), which supersedes the
actual corpus in facilitating predictions and calculations [17].
The Facebook AI Research Lab has developed an open-source
project known as FastText. This project amalgamates the most
successful concepts from Natural Language Processing (NLP) and
Machine Learning (ML). Unlike traditional Word2Vec models, Fast-
Text model implementation enriches word vectors with vectors of
substrings of characters in each word (n-grams). Therefore, fastText
model has the ability to produce vectors for any word, including
misspelt words or concatenation of words [18].
2.4 2D Convolutional Neural Network (2D CNN)
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have predominantly been
utilized for image processing but have also exhibited applicability
in NLP tasks [19]. In image processing, utilising multiple convolu-
tional layers allows for extracting features at varying degrees of
abstraction from raw input data consisting of 2D arrays of pixel
intensities. Specifically, a discrete convolution entails multiplying
a filter matrix’s values with those of the original matrix on an
element-wise basis, followed by a summation of the results. To
obtain the complete convolution, this process is repeated for each
element as the filter is slid across the entire matrix [20].
The feature map that has undergone convolution operations,
along with ReLU activation, Pooling and Softmax layers, is referred
to as the convolved map feature, representing a certain level of
abstraction. The underlying property exploited by CNN is that
natural signals often comprise compositional hierarchies, where
higher-level features are composed of lower-level ones. In the case
of images, local combinations of edges form motifs, which assemble
into parts, eventually resulting in objects. All of this representation
learning is accomplished in an unsupervised manner. The number
of filters and convolutional layers determines the degree of richness
in the features and levels of abstraction that are to be derived from
images [20].
Several modifications are required to employ convolutional neu-
ral networks (CNNs) in natural language tasks. Firstly, textual data
must undergo tokenization and encoding as numerical variables,
as is customary in neural network algorithms. Secondly, word-
embedding representations have gained preference over character
and paragraph representations over the past half-decade. This is
attributed to the fact that semantical and syntactical similarities are
better conveyed in a distributed manner, as evidenced in literature
[19].
A matrix can serve as the representation of a sentence. The num-
ber of rows in the matrix corresponds to the sentence length, while
the number of columns represents the word embedding dimension.
SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
This affords us the opportunity to conduct discrete convolutions
akin to those performed in the image case (2D input matrix). How-
ever, it is imperative to exercise caution when specifying filter sizes,
which typically match the width of word embeddings [19].
2.5 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
LSTM, or Long Short-Term Memory networks, are a type of re-
current neural network structure specifically designed to model
long-range time series. They have been observed to operate with
greater precision than standard RNNs. The neural architecture of
LSTM networks is composed of specialized gate units. These gates
enable the network to control the flow of inputs that contribute
to the final output. As a result, the number of inputs participating
in the output is limited, reducing the error rate. In addition, LSTM
networks feature memory blocks that are located in the hidden
layer. These blocks contain self-connections in their memory cells,
which enable them to record the time status of the network during
operation.
Furthermore, the memory blocks have units called gates that
regulate the flow of inputs and outputs. The input gates control the
activation process for entering information into the memory, while
the output port controls the output after the activation process
occurs at the entry gate. To address the issue of determining flows
for specific units, a portal known as the forget gate has been added
to the LSTM network [21].
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Dataset
The initial step in the classification procedure of natural disaster
reports sourced from social media entails collecting training data.
This training data comprises Twitter-generated natural disaster
report data sifted through keywords relating to natural disasters,
such as floods, high tides, flash floods, earthquakes, vibrations,
volcanic eruptions, forest fires, fire, smoke, and others.
Moreover, the analysis of textual data involves human compre-
hension, wherein the collected data is scrutinized and segregated
into distinct categories or classes, specifically designated as "eye-
witness", "non-eyewitness", and "don’t know". The "eyewitness"
category encompasses data that pertains to accounts of natural
catastrophes as directly witnessed by individuals. Conversely, the
"non-eyewitness" category comprises data that is contributed by
individuals who are not eyewitnesses. Lastly, the "don’t know" cate-
gory refers to data that contains relevant keywords associated with
natural disasters but lacks the essential context to categorize it as
such[10], [22].
In the present investigation, the utilization of three textual
datasets sourced from Twitter is demonstrated in Table 1. The
datasets encompassed a total of 3000 tweets which were method-
ically categorized into three distinct class labels, namely "eyewit-
ness", "non-eyewitness", and "don’t know". Each class label consisted
of precisely 1,000 tweets.
Instances of data from Twitter, which are present in the three
datasets, can be visually observed in Table 2.
SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia Mohammad Reza Faisal et al.

Table 1: Dataset

Dataset Class Label

eyewitness non-eyewitness don’t know
Earthquakes[10] 1000 1000 1000
Floods[6], [7] 1000 1000 1000
Forest Fires[10] 1000 1000 1000

Table 2: Example of natural disaster tweets

Dataset Tweet Class Label

Earthquakes Kuat sekali kali ini, yg kmrn2 juga kuat tpi barusan lebih kuat lgi eyewitness
guncangannya
Gempa Terjang Sukabumi, Ridwan Kamil: Sudah Kirimkan Bantuan non-eyewitness
https://t.co/6L8rIy5KzH https://t.co/NPmRoDEA2u
Tiap hari ngerasanya kek gempa, taunya darah rendah. don’t know
Floods Nah kalo kosan banjir gini kan enak Jadi ada kerjaan gitu daripada eyewitness
tidur
BNPB imbau semua pihak waspadai dampak susulan banjir Bengkulu non-eyewitness
Dijual tanah di pondok kelapa bebas banjir terbukti sabarr yaaa don’t know
Forest Fires Ini tu ada kebakaran hutan/lahan deket sini apa ya? Bau asap eyewitness
dimana-mana
kebakaran hutan yg menyebabkan kabut asap di kalbar kemaren udah non-eyewitness
sampe ke Bontang, Kaltim. stay safe warga Kalimantan :(
pic.twitter.com/qmdNh9BHjU
ini bukan asap kebakaran hutan..ini kabut di lembah sindang..#brrr don’t know
#dinginsampaiketulang
http://ift.tt/1NELF1E pic.twitter.com/gxsHDDvvBy

3.2 Methods
Figure 1 depicts the experimental plot, which is a detailed represen-
tation of the various techniques and procedures employed during
this investigation.
The initial phase of the study involves text normalization of
the three datasets. Subsequently, the quantity of words in every
natural calamity report is ascertained to determine each dataset’s
greatest quantity of words. The maximum number of words in
a sentence is then employed for carrying out word padding and
feature extraction.
In Figure 2, the processing of each dataset at the feature ex-
traction stage using three distinct word embedding techniques is
illustrated in sections a, b, and c. As a result, the output takes the
form of three 2-dimensional structured data with dimensions of N x
m, where N represents the maximum number of words generated by
word padding calculations, and m represents the number of values
in the word embedding vector, specifically 100. To execute feature
extraction using a combined word embedding technique, the three
structured data are concatenated as demonstrated in Figure 2 part
d. The dimensions of the merged structured data are N x 3m.
The process of feature extraction results in structured data that
possesses uniform dimensions, which is crucial for enabling ef-
fective processing by the data classifier. The technique of word
padding plays a pivotal role in ensuring that the output data also
conforms to the same dimensions. Specifically, when the maximum
number of words is N, and a sentence contains N-2 words, two
additional vector lines with a value of 0 are appended, as depicted
in Figure 3 part a. Similarly when a sentence comprises N words,
the corresponding illustration is presented in Figure 3 part b.
After completing the feature extraction procedure, the struc-
tured data is partitioned into two distinct sets: the training data,
which constitutes 80% of the data, and the testing data, which com-
prises the remaining 20%. The training data is then subjected to the
CNN + LSTM Hybrid 2D classifier, which generates a classification
model. The efficacy of the resulting model is assessed using the
testing data, and its classification performance can be measured
by calculating the prediction accuracy. This research has produced
numerous classification models for different structured data sets
that have undergone feature extraction. The performance of each
classification model has been evaluated and compared to identify
the embedding technique that offers the most optimal performance.
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result
From the outcome of conducting a rigorous calculation of the total
count of words present in every individual sentence within the
given dataset, the maximum numerical value of words is derived
from sentences (N) as meticulously depicted in the comprehensive
Table 3.
Moreover, the utilization of the N value facilitates the generation
of well-organized data through the implementation of a feature
A Social Community Sensor for Natural Disaster Monitoring in Indonesia Using Hybrid 2D CNN LSTM SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia

Figure 1: Experiment procedure

Figure 2: Feature extraction using word embedding

Table 3: Number of maximum word in the dataset

Dataset N
Floods 47
Forest Fires 57
Earthquakes 52
SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia Mohammad Reza Faisal et al.

Figure 3: Feature extraction with word padding N

Table 4: Output of feature extraction process

Dataset Word Embedding Dimension

Floods fastText 47 x 100
Glove 47 x 100
Word2Vec 47 x 100
All 141 x 100
Forest Fires fastText 57 x 100
Glove 57 x 100
Word2Vec 57 x 100
All 171 x 100
Earthquakes fastText 52 x 100
Glove 52 x 100
Word2Vec 52 x 100
All 156 x 100

Table 5: Hybrid 2D CNN + LSTM architecture configuration and params

Layer (type) Output Shape Param #

embedding_67 (Embedding) (None, 57, 100) 896800
reshape (Reshape) (None, 57, 100, 1) 0
conv2d (Conv2D) (None, 57, 100, 128) 3328
max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 25, 128) 0
flatten (Flatten) (None, 44800) 0
reshape_1 (Reshape) (None, 1, 44800) 0
lstm_1 (LSTM) (None, 64) 11485440
dropout_1 (Dropout) (None, 64) 0
dense_4 (Dense (None, 3) 195
Total params: 12,385,763
Trainable params: 11,488,963
Non-trainable params: 896,800

extraction methodology that draws upon three distinct word em-
bedding techniques, as well as a combined approach, ultimately
resulting in the production of a total of 12 structured data points,
as delineated in Table 4.
Twelve classification models were generated utilizing the archi-
tecture of hybrid 2D CNN + LSTM, as illustrated in Figure 4. The
configuration and parameters employed in this architecture are
discernible in Table 5.
By employing testing data to assess the 12 models, the efficacy
of each model can be discerned, as presented in Table 6.
A Social Community Sensor for Natural Disaster Monitoring in Indonesia Using Hybrid 2D CNN LSTM SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia

Table 6: Performance of classification models

Dataset Accuracy (%)

fastText Glove Word2Vec All
Floods 80.77 78.83 80.61 81.27
Forest Fires 86.14 85.23 85.76 85.07
Earthquakes 79.66 77.83 80.16 79.72

Figure 5: Comparison of classification models’ performance

Figure 6: Comparison of average performance based on word

embedding technique.
Figure 4: architecture of hybrid 2D CNN + LSTM

4.2 Discussion level. Such an outcome may be attributed to the supplementary

From the results of the classification model, as delineated in Table
6, a comparison can be observed, as depicted in Figure 5.
Generally speaking, the classification models generated through
the utilization of structured data based on fastText and Word2Vec
demonstrate superior and consistent performance, as illustrated
in Figure 6. In contrast, models constructed using Glove-based
feature extraction exhibit a slightly reduced level of performance.
Additionally, Figure 6 reveals that the amalgamation of structured
data derived from the three-word embedding techniques yields
comparable performance to fastText and Word2Vec, albeit at a lower
features provided by the Glove-based feature extraction output.
The present study compares the optimal outcomes with those of
prior studies utilizing 2D CNN [23], which are depicted in Table 7.
In [23], word padding values were employed based on statistical
computations, specifically the mean, mode, and median, and the
most favourable outcomes were achieved by utilizing word padding
based on mean calculations.
The present results demonstrate the significance of two factors.
Firstly, the utilization of word padding, contingent upon the highest
number of words (maximum), can offer crucial insights without
SIET 2023, October 24, 25, 2023, Badung, Bali, Indonesia
Table 7: Comparison of models’ performance with previous research
Dataset
Hybrid 2D CNN+LSTM
Floods
Forest Fires
Earthquakes
truncation, thereby enhancing classification performance. In con-
trast to earlier investigations, truncation of words occurred during
the feature extraction process, leading to the loss of information
that the classifier could have utilized to construct the optimal clas-
sification model. Secondly, despite the potential of word padding to
generate sparse data, the proficiency of CNN to handle structured
data is a salient attribute, facilitating the provision of important
information to be processed by the LSTM classifier to construct
a superior model when compared to the utilization of a 2D CNN
classifier alone. These findings illustrate that LSTM can effectively
acquire and exploit long-term information in sequential data, thus
enabling better comprehension of the context and relationships
between words in sentences.
Using the t-test, a comparison of the results above reveals an
attained two-tailed P value of 0.0478. This noteworthy value denotes
a significant enhancement in the performance of the classification
model in this study when juxtaposed with former studies.
5 CONCLUSION
The findings of this investigation demonstrate that the most opti-
mal precision of the hybrid 2D CNN LSTM categorization model is
81.27% in flood disasters. This figure was attained by utilising struc-
tured data derived from the outcomes of feature extraction based
on a fusion of three-word embedding techniques. In forest fires,
the supreme accuracy was 86.14%, which was procured from the
outcomes of feature extraction based on fastText. Moreover, for the
instance of earthquakes, the highest precision was 80.16%, which
was obtained from feature extraction results based on Word2Vec.
The feature extraction approach that relied on fastText had the
highest mean compared to other word embedding techniques.
Nevertheless, the variance was not substantial, as it differed
only 0.01% with Word2Vec and 0.17% with a combination of all
word embedding techniques. This investigation also indicates that
the utilization of the maximal number of words for word padding
positively affects classification performance. In general, the classifi-
cation method utilized in this analysis can outperform the classifi-
cation method in prior studies, which only employed 2D CNN and
mean-based truncation of text in the word padding process. The
enhancement in classification performance that resulted from this
study was significant, as demonstrated by a paired t-test with a P
value of 0.0478.
The present study is limited in that the amalgamation of three-
word embedding techniques during the feature extraction process
fails to surpass the efficacy of a solitary-word embedding tech-
nique. This inadequacy may be attributed to the impact of the word
embedding technique, which diminishes the classification model’s
Mohammad Reza Faisal et al.
Accuracy (%)
2D CNN
81.27 78.33
86.14 81.97
80.16 78.33
performance. Additionally, the study employs the most basic 2D
CNN and LSTM architectures.
In future investigations, there is a need for additional explo-
rations aimed at the amalgamation of two distinct word embedding
techniques. Furthermore, a subsequent inquiry will be conducted
to examine the optimal utilization of both CNN and LSTM archi-
tectures. This subsequent research endeavor aims to enhance the
classification accuracy, thereby obtaining an effective social com-
munity sensor for monitoring natural disasters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research was supported by funding from the DRTPM Research
Program of Indonesia’s Ministry of Education, Culture, Research,
and Technology. Main Contract Number: 130/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2023,
Derivative Contract Number: 576/UN8.2/PG/2023.
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