ITE101 Prelim Reviewer

Week 1

Information Technology
- the use of technology to create, process, store, retrieve and exchange all kinds
of data and information

Impacts of Technology in Daily Lives

● Better Information Access
● Improved Communication
● Decreased Privacy
● Flexible Working
● Accessible Shopping from anywhere

Week 2

Science
- as it is the systematic investigation of the structure and behavior of the natural
and physical worlds via observations and experiments.

Technology
- as defined is an art, skill, or ability used to create and develop products as well
as to acquire knowledge.
Culture
- a broad term that includes both social behavior and human society's norms,
such as knowledge, beliefs, and arts laws, customs, skills, and habits of the
individuals in these groups &, etc.

8 Elements of Culture:
● Language
● Religion
● Daily Life
● Economy
● Government
● Arts
● History
● Social Groups

Technology Shapes Culture

five ways that technology has altered the way we work.
- Mobility
- The Cloud
- AR/VR Innovation
- Customer Data
- Social Impact

Ethics
- are defined as moral principles that govern a person’s behavior or conduct of a
certain activity.

Morality - refers to social conventions about what is right and wrong that are so
widely shared that they form the foundation of an established consensus.
Law - is a set of rules that govern what we are and are not allowed to do.

Virtues - Addictions that lead people to do what is acceptable

Vices - Habits of unacceptable behavior

Integrity - The quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral
uprightness. A person who acts with integrity follows a personal set of principles

Ethics in IT
Profession - is a calling that necessitates specialized knowledge and, in many
cases, extensive academic training.

Professional employee - is defined in the United States Code of Federal

Regulations as someone who is engaged in the performance of work

A professional code of ethics outlines the fundamental principles and core

values of a specific occupational group's work.

Certification indicates that a professional possesses a specific set of skills,

knowledge, or abilities.

Negligence is defined as doing something that a reasonable person would not

do or not doing something that a reasonable person would do.

The obligation to protect people from unreasonable harm or risk is referred to as

the duty of care.

Common Ethical Issues for IT Users

Software Piracy
Software piracy in the workplace can sometimes be traced back to IT
professionals, who may either allow it to happen or actively participate in it.

Inappropriate Use of Computing Resources

Some employees use their computers to visit popular Web sites unrelated to their
jobs, chat in chat rooms, view pornographic sites, and play computer games.

Inappropriate Sharing of Information

Every organization stores vast amounts of data that can be classified as private
or confidential.

SUPPORTING ETHICAL PRACTICES OF IT USERS

● Establishing Guidelines for the Use of Company Software
● Defining and Limiting the Appropriate Use of IT Resources
● Structuring Information Systems to Protect Data and Information
● Installing and Maintaining a Corporate Firewall

Week 3

Definition of Computer
● is a programmable machine.
● is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
● is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions
(program).
● is any device that aids humans in performing various kinds of computations
or calculations.
● a fast-electronic calculating machine that accepts digitized input
information, processes it according to a list of internally stored instructions,
and produces the resulting output information.

3 Principal Characteristics
● It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
● It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
● It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.
Basic Operation of a Computer
1. The computer accepts information in the form of programs and data through
an input unit and stores it in memory.
2. Information stored in the memory is fetched, under program control, into an
arithmetic and logic unit, where it is processed.
3. Processing of information is directed by the control unit in the microprocessor.
4. Resulting information leaves the computer through an output unit

Parts of a Computer (According to function)

1. Processing unit - is the "brain" of the computer where processing occurs.
- The central processing unit (CPU), contained in the system unit box,
manipulates (calculates, compares) data supplied by input and storage
devices. While "thinking," it temporarily stores results in its internal
memory, called RAM. Feedback is returned to the user via output devices.
2. Input devices allow the user to send information to the computer.
- include keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touch-sensitive monitor, and
voice input.
3. Output devices receive information from the CPU and return feedback to the
user.
- These include monitor, printer, speakers
4. Storage units permanent disk storage, using floppy, hard disks, CD-ROMs,
memory cards, memory sticks.

PARTS OF COMPUTER ACCORDING TO THEIR LOCATION

External parts – computer devices and peripherals that are connected to but are
outside the system unit.
● mouse, keyboard, monitor, speakers, webcam, printer, scanner, AVR, etc.

Internal parts - computer parts and peripherals that are inside the system unit.
● power supply, hard disk drive, floppy disk dive, CD drive, RAM, CPU,
motherboard, sound card, video card, network card, etc.
Computer Parts Definition
● Monitor - screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seen;
The most common output device.
● Printer - prints whatever is on the monitor onto paper - words, numbers, or
pictures.
● Headphones - give sound output from the computer. Unlike speakers,
except they are worn on the ears so only one person can hear the output
at a time.
● Speaker - gives you sound output from your computer. Some are built into
the computer, and some are separate.
● Disk Drives - used to record information from the computer onto a floppy
disk or CD.
● Floppy Disk - is used to record information on. The information is stored
and can be used later or used on another computer.
● Compact Disk - can be used to put information called burning information
on a CD.
● Hard Disk Drive. This is a non-volatile storage medium; A magnetic disk
that stores data; Usually a fixed disk, permanently sealed in the drive,
though possibly a removable hard disk; can store a huge amount of data
up to 400GB on one disk.
● Keyboard - a primary input device; has letter and number keys, and what
are called function keys, computer-specific task keys, that allow you, the
user, to use an English-like language to issue instructions to an electronic
environment.
● Mouse - a handheld device that lets you point to and select items on your
screen. In a PC mouse there are mostly 2-3 buttons and on a Mac, there is
one. A ball under the mouse senses movement. To ensure smooth motion
you should remove the ball and clean it regularly.
● CPU - is the actual brain of a computer, responsible for processing
instructions and carrying out users' commands.
● Read-only memory (ROM) contains the commands your computer needs
to activate itself. It lets the computer start when the power is turned on,
and, unlike RAM, its contents are retained even when the power is turned
off.
● RAM (random-access memory) - provides the "working space" for open
applications. The CPU uses RAM to access instructions and data more
quickly than could be done from a storage device.
● Motherboard (also called a system board or circuit board) - is the most
important part of the system. Acting as the foundation of a computer, the
motherboard supplies all of the electrical connections among various
components of the computer, including the CPU, ROM, and RAM. interface
between the network medium (cable, radio waves, etc.) and your PC.
● Expansion card is a circuit board that slides into a slot on the
motherboard. These cards add functions such as sound, video, or
communications to your computer.
● A video adapter (alternate terms include graphics card, display adapter,
video card, video board and almost any combination of the words in these
terms) is an integrated circuit card in a computer or, in some cases, a
 monitor that provides digital-to- analog conversion, video RAM, and a
video controller so that data can be sent to a computer's display.
● A sound card is an expansion card that enables a computer to produce
sound.
● A network card allows you to connect your PC to a network A network
card is also called network adapter, network interface controller (NIC),
network interface card, or LAN adapter it is a computer hardware
component designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer
network.

History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

● Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans,
whose job title was computers.
● These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a
mathematical expression.
● The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring
years of training in mathematics.
● The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a
person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word
continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century

Four Stages of Information Technology Development in Era

a) Premechanical – The pre mechanical age is the earliest age of information
technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D.
b) Mechanical – The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections
between our current technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be
defined as the time between 1450 and 1840.
c) Electromechanical – Some technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840
and 1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication.
d) Electronic – The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined
as the time between 1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed,
digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of
computing problems. (1st Gen - 5th Gen Computers)

Computing Devices History

Past - Mechanical Era

- A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document
numbers, quantities, or even messages.
- Abacus - is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing
mathematical calculations; invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C; first used in
China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
- Napier’s Bone - Invented by John Napier in 1614; Allowed the operator to
multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods
around and placing them in specially constructed boards.
- Slide Rule - Invented by William Oughtred in 1622. Is based on Napier's
ideas about logarithms. Used primarily for - multiplication - division - roots -
logarithms – Trigonometry. Not normally used for addition or subtraction
- Pascaline - Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Mechanical calculator
using gears. It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too
expensive.
- Stepped Reckoner - Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The
machine that can add subtract multiply and divide automatically
- Jacquard loom - The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by
Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1804, together with punch card which control
the loom
- 1812 – Charles P. Babbage, “the father of computer”, designed a machine,
the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and
commanded by a fixed instruction program.
- 1833 – Babbage concentrate on doing the analytical engine.
- Arithmometer - A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in
1820; The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating
machine; could perform the four basic mathematical functions; The first
mass-produced calculating machine.
- 1840 – Emerge of Augusta Ada Byron, “the first programmer”, which
suggested that a binary system should be used for storage rather than a
decimal system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
 - 1890 – Dr. Herman Hollerith introduced the first electromechanical,
punched-card data-processing machine (TABULATOR) which was used to
compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. It became so successful that
he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually
become International Business Machines (IBM).
- 1906 – the vacuum tube was invented by American physicist Lee De
Forest.

1st Gen
- 1939: Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) which provided the foundation for
the advances in electronic digital computers. (by Dr. John V. Atanasoff)
- 1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developed the Turing machine
which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and
write.
- 1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed
a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard
Mark I.
- 1947: The ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine
was developed by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the
University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input,
weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space.
- 1947: Transistor was invented at Bell lab by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain
& William Shockley
- 1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second
stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann.
An Wang developed magnetic-core memory.

2nd Gen: Transistors

● 1950 - Turing built the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine), considered by
some to be the first programmable digital computer.
● 1951 - Mauchly and Eckert built the UNIVAC I, the first computer designed
and sold commercially, specifically for business data-processing
 applications, while Dr. Grace Murray Hopper developed the UNIVAC I
compiler.
● 1959 - Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce of Texas Instruments
manufactured the first integrated circuit, or chip, which is a collection of tiny
little transistors.

3rd Gen: IC
● 1960s - Gene Amdahl designed the IBM System/360 series of mainframe
(G) computers, the first general-purpose digital computers to use
integrated circuits.
● 1965 - BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
programming language developed by Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John
Kemeny.
● 1969 - The Internet started.

4th generation: Microprocessor

● 1970 - Dr. Ted Hoff developed the famous Intel 4004 microprocessor (G)
chip.
● 1975 - Ed Roberts, the "father of the microcomputer" designed the first
microcomputer, the Altair 8800, which was produced by Micro
Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS). Also, two young hackers,
William Gates and Paul Allen approached MITS and promised to deliver a
BASIC compiler. So they did and from the sale, Microsoft was born.
● 1976 - Cray developed the Cray-I supercomputer (G). Apple Computer, Inc
was founded by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak.
● 1977 - Jobs and Wozniak designed and built the first Apple II
microcomputer.
● 1981 - The IBM PC was introduced with a 16-bit microprocessor.
● 1984 - Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, the first successful
mouse-driven computer with GUI.
● 1984 – IBM released the first commercial implementation of 80286 called
PC/AT (PC Advanced Technology). It is three times faster than original
PCs and based on the Intel 286 chip.
● 1988 - A nondestructive worm was introduced into the Internet network
bringing thousands of computers to a halt.
 ● 1989 - The Intel 486 became the world's first 1,000,000 transistor
microprocessor.

Components of a Computer System

Hardware – computer parts that you can touch, like disks, disk drives, display
screens, keyboards, printers, boards, and chips. In contrast, software is
untouchable.

Software – Computer instructions or data. Anything that can be stored

electronically is software. It exists as ideas, concepts, and symbols, but it has no
substance. Software is often divided into two categories:
- systems software : Includes the operating system and all the utilities that
enable the computer to function.
- applications software : Includes programs that do real work for users.

Data – Distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a special way. All

software is divided into two general categories: data and programs. Programs
are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can exist in a variety of
forms -- as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in
electronic memory, or as facts stored in a person's mind.

Peopleware – user, programmer, technician and other people involve in the

computer system.

Computer Category
Supercomputer – The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense
amounts of mathematical calculations.
- For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of
supercomputers include animated Living in the Information Technology Era
13 graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum exploration.
Mainframe computer – A very large and expensive computer capable of
supporting hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the
hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor at the bottom and moves to
supercomputers at the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers. In some
ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because they support
more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers can execute a single program
faster than a mainframe. The distinction between small mainframes and
minicomputers is vague, depending really on how the manufacturer wants to
market its machines. The chief difference between a supercomputer and a
mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few
programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute
many programs concurrently.

Minicomputer – A midsized computer. In size and power, minicomputers lie

between workstations and mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction
between large minicomputers and small mainframes has blurred, however, as
has the distinction between small minicomputers and workstations. But in
general, a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting from
4 to about 200 users simultaneously.

Microcomputers – is generally synonymous with a personal computer (PC), or a

computer that depends on a microprocessor. Microcomputers are designed to be
used by individuals, whether in the form of PCs, workstations or notebook
computers. A microcomputer contains a central processing unit (CPU) on a
microchip (the microprocessor), a memory system Living in the Information
Technology Era 14 (typically read-only memory and random access memory), a
bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a motherboard.
- Desktop - usually on the table.
- Workstation - used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, software development, and other types of applications that
require a moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality
graphics capabilities.
- Notebook/Laptop - portable microcomputer small enough to use in your
lap or small as a notebook
- PDA, Palmtop - Short for personal digital assistant, a handheld device that
combines computing, telephone/fax, Internet, and networking features.
Computer Terminologies
● Data – the symbols that represent people, events, things, and ideas
● Information – data presented in a format that people can understand and
use
● Bit–binary codes used by computers consisting of either 1 or 0
● Byte – eight bits and are used to represent one character
● Character – may be a letter, number, or punctuation mark
● File – a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium, such as
a hard disk, floppy disk or CD
● Data File – files that are regarded as passive, the data does not instruct
the computer to do anything
● Executable file – files that are considered as active, the instructions
stored in the file cause the computer to carry out some action.

Information Size Measurement

● Kilobyte (KB) o 1KB = 1,024 bytes o 1KB = 140 words
● Megabyte (MB) o 1MB = 1,000 KB o 1MB = 1, 000,000 bytes o 1MB =
500 pages of text or one large book
● Gigabyte(GB) o 1GB = 1,000 MB o 1GB = 1,000,000 KB o 1GB =
1,000,000,000 bytes o 1GB = 1,000 books of text

SOFTWARE GENERATION
1. First generation: Machine language.
2. Second generation: Low-level programming languages such as Assembly
language.
3. Third generation: Structured high-level programming languages such as C,
COBOL and FORTRAN.
4. Fourth generation: Domain-specific high-level programming languages such
as SQL (for database access) and TeX (for text formatting)
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
● Business – they use computers to store information, easily interface with
customers, and facilitate the processing and presentation of data
● Mathematics and Science – Watson and Crick’s discovery of the structure
of the DNA
● Engineering - degrees of miniaturization and integration have multiplied
n-fold.
● Medicine – more reliable artificial hearts are being offered to those with
heart problems
● Education – ease of use in the creation of presentation materials and
documents
● Entertainment – interactive games and virtual simulations,
computer-generated effect

Week 4

SOFTWARE
- set of programs that provides a computer with the instructions and data to
carry out a specific type of task.
- comprises computer programs, support modules, and data modules.

Program - a set of instructions that solves a problem or carries out a task

Support Module - provides an auxiliary set of instructions used in conjunction
with the main software program; not designed to be run by the computer user
Data modules - are source objects that contain data from data servers, or
uploaded files.

TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. Systems software or System programs
- type of software that is the interface between application software and the
system.
 - maintains the system resources and gives the path for application software
to run.

2. Application software or Application programs

● is the type of software that runs as per user request.
● built for specific tasks.
● It runs on the platform which is provided by system software.

SOFTWARE’s NATURE OF EXECUTION

● Desktop applications
● JavaScript scripts
● Server software
● Plugins and extensions
● Embedded software
● Microcode

OPERATING SYSTEM
● An operating system is a collection of software that coordinates the
working of the different components of the system and gets the user’s job
done.
● instructs the device drivers, which instruct the hardware to do the work.

BASIC FUNCTIONS
● Process Management – handles multi-programs that are simultaneously
running.
● Memory Management – manage memory according to priority.
● Storage Management – Managing the permanent Storage of data on disks.
● I/O Management – Manage and schedule the input and output operations
● Device / Resource Management – Managing devices and resources and
allowing the users to share the resources
 ● Security and Protection – Securing the system against possible
unauthorized access to data or any other entity. Protecting the parts of the
system against damage.
● Booting the System and getting it ready to work.
● Data communications – Providing an interface to connect to other
computers or allowing others to connect.

SERVICES
● Program Development – utilities such as Editors and debuggers are
usually referred to as application program development tools.
● Program Execution – involves steps, such as loading Instruction and data
in the main memory, initialization of I/O devices and files, and other
resources to be allocated. OS handles the scheduling.
● Access to I/O devices – Each I/O device has its own set of Instructions and
control signals. O.S. hides these details to provide a common interface to
the user/programmer.
● Controlled access to files - In the case of multiple users accessing the
processor concurrently, proper protection mechanisms have to be used.
● System access - For shared or public systems, the O.S. controls access to
the system as a whole and to specific system resources. Access system
provides protection of resources, and data from unauthorized users, and
resolves resource conflicts
● Error detection and response – Variety of errors may occur in computer
system. Responses may range from program termination, retrial of the
same operation, or reporting error to the application.
● Accounting – collecting usage statistics, CPU usages, monitor
performance, etc.

Structure of OS
● User
● Application and System Software
● Hardware
● Shell - interprets the commands or requests given by the user
● Kernel - The core of the operating system

TYPES OF OS
- Single-user
 - Multi-user
- Network
- Multitasking
- Desktop

SOFTWARE COPYRIGHT
- an a form of legal protection that grants the author of an original ”work”

License Agreement - a legal contract that defines the way in which a computer
program may be used.

Types of Software License

● Public Domain Software
● Commercial Software
● Freeware
● Shareware
● Open Source Software

Week 5

Computer Network
It is a bunch of computers linked together.

Uses:
● Access to remote information
● Person-to-person communication
● Interactive entertainment
Communication Channels
● a pathway over which information can be transferred
● information sent over a channel has a source (transmitter), from which the
information originates, and destination (receiver), to which the information
is delivered

Types of Communication Transmission

● Simplex
● Half-Duplex
● Full-Duplex

Types of Transmission Technologies

Point-to-point Networks
● composed of many connections in individual pairs of machines
Broadcast Networks
● all the machines on the network share a single channel
Types of Network Topologies

● Bus
● Star
● Ring
● Mesh
● Tree
● Hybrid
● Daisy Chain

Types of Network
● LAN (Local Area Network): within a building or organization
● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - Cities
● WAN (Wide Area Network) - Largest
● PAN (Personal Area Network) - Individual
● CAN (Campus Area Network) - Schools/Campus