KEY ANSWER FOR PUC - I YEAR MODEL QUESTION PAPER – 2023-2024

Time: 3 Hrs. 15 Minutes Sub: PHYSICS (33) Max. Marks: 70

General Instructions:
1. All parts are compulsory.
2. For Part – A questions, first written-answer will be considered for awarding marks.
3. Answers without relevant diagram / figure / circuit wherever necessary will not carry any marks.
4. Direct answers to numerical problems without detailed solutions will not carry any marks.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION Date:31-08-2023
Q.No. PART-A Marks
I Pick the correct option among the four given options for ALL of the following questions:
15 X 1 = 15
1. The number of significant figures in 3.500 is .
(A) 2 (B) (C) 4 (D) 1
(C) 4 1
2. A If 𝒗𝑨 𝒗𝑩 and 𝒗𝑪 are the magnitudes of instantaneous velocities
corresponding to the points A, B and C of the given position-time
graph of a particle respectively, then
(A) 𝒗𝑨 = 𝒗𝑩 = 𝒗𝑪 (B) 𝒗𝑨 > 𝒗𝑩 > 𝒗𝑪
(C) 𝒗𝑨 < 𝒗𝑩 < 𝒗𝑪 (D) 𝒗𝑨 < 𝒗𝑩 = 𝒗𝑪

(C) 𝒗𝑨 < 𝒗𝑩 < 𝒗𝑪 1

3. A vector is multiplied with a positive integer. The direction of the resultant vector is
(A) same as the initial vector (B) opposite to the initial vector
(C) perpendicular to the initial vector (D) not specified
(A) same as the initial vector 1
4. ‘An external force is required to keep a body in motion’. This is the statement of
(A) Newton’s first law of motion (B) Newton’s second law of motion
(C) Aristotelian law of motion (D) Newton’s third law of motion
(C) Aristotelian law of motion 1
5. The non-contact force encountered in mechanics is
(A) normal reaction (B) frictional force (C) tension in a spring (D) gravitational force
(D) gravitational force 1
6. 1 calorie is equal to
(A) 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝑱 (B) 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝑱 (C) 𝟑. 𝟔 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑱 (D) 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝑱
(A) 4.186 𝐽 1
7. A girl is sitting with folded hands on a swivel chair rotating with considerable angular
speed. ‘I’ and ‘ω’ are the moment of inertia and angular speed of the chair along with girl
about the axis of rotation. She stretches her arms horizontally while the chair is rotating.
(A) I decreases and ω increases (B) I increases and ω decreases
(C) both I and ω increase (D) both I and ω decrease
(B) I increases and ω decreases 1
8. The SI unit of universal gravitational constant (G) is:
(A) 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈−𝟏 (B) 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈−𝟐 (C) 𝑵 𝒎 𝒌𝒈−𝟐 (D) 𝑵 𝒎𝟐 𝒌𝒈−𝟑
2 −2
(B) 𝑁 𝑚 𝑘𝑔 1
9. The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain in a stretched wire is called
(A) shear strain (B) compressibility (C) Poisson’s ratio (D) Young’s modulus
(C) Poisson’s ratio 1
10. The angle of contact is acute in case of
(A) water-lotus leaf interface (B) water-waxy surface interface
(C) water-oily surface interface (D) water-glass interface

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 1
 (D) water-glass interface 1
11. The change from solid state to vapour state without passing through the liquid state is
called
(A) vaporisation (B) melting (C) regelation (D) sublimation
(D) sublimation 1
12. Below are two statements:
(I) In a cyclic process, the total heat absorbed equals the work done by the system.
(II) The change in internal energy of the system is zero during cyclic process.
(A) Statement I is wrong but the statement II is correct.
(B) Statement I is correct but the statement II is wrong.
(C) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is the correct explanation for I.
(D) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is not the correct explanation for I.
(C) Both the statements I and II are correct and II is the correct explanation for I. 1
13. The mean free path for gas molecules is given by the expression (with symbols having their
usual meaning)
𝝅 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟐
(A) 𝒍 = (B) 𝒍 = (C) 𝒍 = (D) 𝒍 = 𝝅𝒏𝒅𝟐
√𝟐𝒏𝒅𝟐 √𝟐𝒏𝒅𝟐 √𝟐 𝝅𝒏𝒅𝟐
1
(C) 𝑙 = 1
√2 𝜋𝑛𝑑2
14. The function of time which is not periodic among the following is
(A) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 (B) 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕 (C) 𝒆−𝝎𝒕 (D) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕
−𝜔𝑡
(C) 𝑒 1
15. Air column present in an open pipe is vibrating in fundamental mode. It contains
(A) a node and an antinode. (B) a node and two antinodes.
(C) two nodes and an antinode. (D) two nodes and two antinodes.
(B) a node and two antinodes. 1
II Fill in the blanks by choosing appropriate answer given in the brackets for ALL the
following questions: 5 X 1 = 05
(decrease, elastic, elliptical, beats, increase, speed)
16. During uniform circular motion, an object moves in circular path with
constant___________.
speed 1
17. According to Kepler, all planets move in ______________ orbits around the Sun.
elliptical 1
18. The viscosity of liquids decreases with _____________in temperature.
increase 1
19. According to kinetic theory of gases, collisions between the molecules of a gas are
______________.
elastic 1
20. The phenomenon often used by artists to tune their musical instruments is
______________.
beats 1
PART - B
III. Answer any FIVE of the following question: 5 X 2 = 10
21. Mention any two applications of dimensional analysis.
❖ To checking the dimensional correctness (consistency) of equations.
1
❖ Deducing the relation among the physical quantities. 1
❖ To convert unit of one system into unit of another system. (Any Two)

22. Two vectors of same units have magnitude of 8 unit and 5 unit. What are the maximum
and minimum magnitude of resultant that can be obtained with the two vectors?

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 2
 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝐴 = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = 5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ? 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ?
W.K.T. Maximum magnitude of two vector is
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8 + 5
𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 13 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 1
W.K.T. Minimum magnitude of two vector is
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴 − 𝐵
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 8 − 5
1
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 3 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
23. Give any two methods of reducing friction.
Friction can be reduced by
❖ using ball bearings 1
❖ using lubricants like oil, grease etc. 1
❖ polishing the surface.
❖ by streamlining the shape.
❖ using air cushion. (Any Two)
24. State and explain work-energy theorem for a constant force.
Statement: The work done by net force acting on a body is equal to the change in kinetic 1
energy of the body.
If 𝐾𝑖 and 𝐾𝑓 are the initial and final kinetic energies of a body of mass 𝑚 and 𝑊 is the work
done by a constant force then
According to work energy theorem 1
𝐾𝑓 − 𝐾𝑖 = 𝑊
Thus, change in kinetic energy of a body is always equal to work done on the body by the net
force.
25. Mention the two conditions required for the mechanical equilibrium of a rigid body.
The vector sum of the forces acting on the rigid body is zero.
1
𝐹⃗1 + 𝐹⃗2 + ⋯ + 𝐹⃗𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝐹⃗𝑖 = 0
The vector sum of the torques on the rigid body is zero.
1
𝜏⃗1 + 𝜏⃗2 + ⋯ + 𝜏⃗𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝜏⃗𝑖 = 0
26. Why does moon has no atmosphere? Explain.
Due to small value of acceleration due to gravity (𝑔) on the surface of the moon, the escape 1
velocity is 2.3 𝑘𝑚𝑠 −1 . Since the air molecules have thermal velocities greater then escape
velocity of moon so the air molecules escape away and cannot form atmosphere on the moon. 1
27. What is meant by thermal expansion? Give relation between coefficient of volume
expansion and coefficient of linear expansion of a material
The phenomenon of change in dimension of a body due to heat supplied is known as thermal 1
expansion.
𝛼𝑣 = 3𝛼𝑙 1
28. What is a Carnot engine? Name the working substance used in it.
An ideal reversible heat engine that operates between source and sink temperatures is known as
Carnot heat engine. 1
Cylinder containing one mole of an ideal gas. 1

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 3
29. Give the positions at which the potential energy of a particle executing SHM will be (i)
maximum and (ii) zero.
1 1
(i) Potential energy is maximum at extreme position. (𝑥 = 𝐴) 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2
(ii) Potential energy is minimum at mean position. (𝑥 = 0) 𝑈𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0 1
PART-C
IV. Answer any FIVE of the following questions: 5 x 3 = 15
30. What is meant by range of a projectile? Give the expression for the same. What is the
angle of projection for which the range of a projectile maximum?
The horizontal distance covered by the projectile during its time of flight is called horizontal 1
range of a projectile.
1
𝑣0 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅=
𝑔
When projectile is projected at an angle 𝜃 = 450 1
31. State and explain Newton’s second law of motion. Define SI unit of force.
Statement: The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the applied
force and takes place in the direction of force. 1
Explanation:
If 𝐹⃗ is the force acting on a body of mass 𝑚 and 𝑑𝑝⃗ is change in momentum in time 𝑑𝑡
Then from Newton’s second law,
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ ∝
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ = 𝐾 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) ……. (1)
𝑑𝑝⃗
∵ 𝐾 = 1 and = 𝑚𝑎⃗ Then Eqn. (1) becomes 1
𝑑𝑡
𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗ …… (2)
Definition of S I unit of force:
One newton is that force which acts on a body of mass one 𝑘𝑔 produces an acceleration of one 1
𝑚𝑠 −2.
32. Define work done by a force. Mention two cases in which work done by a force on an
object is zero.
Work is said to be done when applied force causes a displacement. 1
❖ Work done by centripetal force. 1
❖ Work done in pushing an immovable stone. 1
❖ Work done by tension force acting on the string of a simple pendulum. (Any Two)
33. The angular speed of a motor wheel is increased from 1200 rpm to 3120 rpm in 16 s.
Calculate the angular acceleration of the wheel assuming the acceleration to be uniform.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝜔0 = 1200 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝜔 = 3120 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑡 = 16 𝑠 𝛼 =?
1200 𝑋 2 𝑋 3.14
Initial angular velocity 𝜔0 = 1200 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = = 125.6 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
60
3120 𝑋 2 𝑋 3.14 1
Final angular velocity 𝜔 = 3120 𝑟𝑝𝑚 = = 326.6 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
60
W.K.T. Angular acceleration in case of rotational motion is
𝜔 − 𝜔0 326.6 − 125.6 1
𝛼= =
𝑡 16
𝛼 = 12.56 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −2 1
34. Distinguish between the three different moduli of elasticity of a material.

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 4
 1) Young’s modulus: (Y) With in elastic limit, the ratio of longitudinal stress to longitudinal 1
strain is called Young’s modulus.
2) Shear Modulus or rigidity modulus: (G) With in elastic limit, the ratio of shearing stress to
1
the corresponding shearing strain is called shear modulus.
3) Bulk Modulus: (B) With in elastic limit, bulk modulus is the ratio of volume stress to volume 1
strain.
35. State Bernoulli’s principle. Give Bernoulli’s equation in fluid dynamics. What is Magnus
effect?
Statement: For an incompressible, non-viscous fluid in streamline flow, the sum of pressure
energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit volume at any part remains constant. 1
Bernoulli’s equation:
1 1
𝑃 + ( ) 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2
Magnus effect: The difference in lateral pressure, which causes a spinning ball to take a curved 1
path which is curved towards the greater pressure side is called magnus effect.
36. Explain briefly the land breeze.
During night, the land cools faster than sea water. 1
Due to this water surface is warmer at night than the land. 1
As a result, air from the land (high pressure region) moves towards the sea (low pressure
region). This is called land breeze. 1
37. Using the expression of total internal energy of one mole of monatomic gas, obtain the
expression for the molar specific heat of a monatomic gas at constant volume.
W.K.T.
According to law of equipartition of energy, the average energy associated with 3 degree of
1 3
freedom per molecule is 〈𝐸〉 = 3 (2 𝐾𝐵 𝑇) = (2) 𝐾𝐵 𝑇 1
3
∴ Total internal energy of one mole of a monoatomic gas is 𝑈 = (2 𝐾𝐵 𝑇) 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 ……. (1)

But, 𝐾𝐵 𝑋 𝑁𝐴 = 𝑅 Universal gas constant

3
∴ 𝑈 = 2 𝑅𝑇 ……… (2)
1
𝑑𝑈
W.K.T. The molar specific heat at constant volume is 𝐶𝑉 = 𝑑𝑇

𝑑 3
𝐶𝑉 = ( 𝑅𝑇 )
𝑑𝑇 2
3 1
𝐶𝑉 = 2 𝑅 …… (3)

38. Define (i) frequency and (ii) wavelength of a wave. Give an example for non-mechanical
wave.
(i) Frequency: The number of waves set up in a medium in one second is called wave 1
frequency.
(ii) Wavelength: Wavelength of a wave is the distance between any two constructive crests or
1
troughs of a transverse wave.
Example: Light waves, Radio waves, 𝑋-rays, 𝛾 −rays etc. (Any One) 1
PART-D
V Answer any THREE of the following questions: 3 x 5 = 15

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39. 𝟏
Derive the equation 𝒙 = 𝒗𝟎 𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 using v-t graph.
Velocity time graph is graph obtained by plotting velocity of a body along 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and time
along 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
Consider a body moving with initial velocity 𝑣𝑜 and later
subjected to uniform acceleration 𝑎 as shown in 𝑣 − 𝑡 graph.

𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 →
W.K. T 1
Area under 𝑣 – 𝑡 graph gives displacement of a body.

∴ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐷 1

Or 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐷 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐶

1 1
𝑥 = 𝑂𝐴 𝑋 𝐴𝐶 + 2 𝑋 𝐴𝐶 𝑋 𝐵𝐶 ….. (1)

From fig. 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑣𝑜 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵𝐶 = (𝑣 − 𝑣0 ) = 𝑎𝑡

1
Then eqn. (1) becomes
1
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑡 𝑋 𝑎𝑡
2
1
𝑂𝑟 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 ……….. (2) 1
40. Show that the trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.
Consider a projectile which is
projected with an initial
velocity 𝒗𝟎 at an angle 𝜃 as 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1
𝑣0
shown in figure.
Let 𝑥 be the horizontal
distance travelled by the
projectile in time 𝑡 than 1
𝑥 = (𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑋 𝑡
𝑥
𝑡=𝑣 ……….. (1)
0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Let 𝑦 be the vertical distance travelled by the projectile in same time 𝑡 then
1
𝑦 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑋 𝑡 + (−𝑔) 𝑋 𝑡 2
2
Or
1
𝑦 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 ………. (2) 1
2
Put Eqn. (1) in Eqn. (2)
𝑥 1 𝑥 2
𝑦 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) ( )− 𝑔( )
𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 𝑣0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑔
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − (2 𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
) 𝑥 2 ……… (3)
0

This equation is in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑥 2 ……….. (4) 1

𝑔
Eqn. (4) represents an equation of parabola with 𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 and 𝑏 = (2 𝑣 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
)
0

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 6
 Thus, the trajectory of a projectile is parabola. 1
41. Obtain the expressions for final velocities of two particles undergoing completely elastic
collision in one-dimension considering second body to be initially at rest.
Consider a body of mass 𝑚1 moving initially with velocities 𝑢1 collide elastically with a body
of mass 𝑚2 which is at rest (𝑢2 = 0) and move with final velocities 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 in same
direction as shown in fig.
Since collision is elastic both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

From law of conservation of momentum

𝑚1 𝑢1 + 0 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 …….. (1)
Or 𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 𝑣2 ………. (2) 1

From law of conservation of energy

1 1 1
𝑚1 𝑢12 + 0 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
2 2 2
1
Or 𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 𝑣22 …….. (3)
Divide Eqn. (3) By Eqn. (2)
𝑚1 (𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) 𝑚2 𝑣22
=
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) 𝑚2 𝑣2
(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )
= 𝑣2 1
(𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )
Or 𝑣2 = 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 …… (4)
Put Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (1)
𝑚1 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 (𝑢1 + 𝑣1 )
𝑚1 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1
𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚2 𝑢1 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣1
( 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑢1 = ( 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣1
𝑚 −𝑚 1
Or 𝑣1 = ( 𝑚1 +𝑚2 ) 𝑢1 …… (5)
1 2

2𝑚1
Similarly, 𝑣2 = ( 𝑚 ) 𝑢1 …… (6) 1
1 +𝑚2

42. a) What is a rigid body? What type of motion is observed in a rigid body which is pivoted
at the centre of mass? (2)
b) Prove that the time rate of change of the angular momentum of a particle is equal to the
torque acting on it. (3)

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 7
 a) A rigid body is one in which the distance between all pairs of particles do not change during the 1
motion of the body.
Rotational motion 1

b) W.K.T angular momentum of a particle having linear momentum 𝑃⃗⃗ and position vector 𝑟⃗ is
given by
𝑙⃗ = 𝑟⃗ 𝑋 𝑝⃗ ……… (1)
Differentiate Eqn. (1) with respect to time 1
𝑑 𝑙⃗ 𝑑
i.e., = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑟⃗ 𝑋 𝑝⃗)
𝑑𝑡

On differentiating we get
𝑑 𝑙⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑 𝑝⃗
= 𝑋 𝑝⃗ + 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 …... (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑟⃗
Since 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣⃗ and 𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ then Eqn. (2) becomes
1
𝑑 𝑙⃗ 𝑑 𝑝⃗
= 𝑣⃗ 𝑋 𝑚 𝑣⃗ + 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 Since 𝑣⃗ 𝑋 𝑣⃗ = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑙⃗ 𝑑 𝑝⃗
∴ = 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 …… (3)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑃⃗⃗
Since = 𝐹⃗ Rate of change of linear momentum represents force.
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑙⃗
Then = 𝑟⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐹⃗ = 𝜏⃗
𝑑𝑡

𝑑 𝑙⃗
∴ = 𝜏⃗ ……… (4) 1
𝑑𝑡
Thus, rate of change of angular momentum of a particle is equal to the torque acting on it.
43. a) State and explain first law of thermodynamics. (2)
b) Mention any three differences between isothermal and adiabatic processes. (3)
a) Statement: The quantity of heat which is capable of doing work absorbed by the system will be
1
equal the sum of the increase in its internal energy and the work done by the system on the
surroundings.
Explanation: If ∆𝑄 is the amount of heat supplied to the system by the surrounding, ∆𝑊 is the
work done by the system on the surrounding and ∆𝑈 is change in internal energy of the system
then
According to first law of thermodynamics, ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 1
b) Isothermal Process Adiabatic Process
• In isothermal process temperature of the • In adiabatic process there is no exchange
system remain constant. of heat between the system and the 1
surrounding.
• Equation of state is 𝑃𝑉 = Constant. • Equation of state is 𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = Constant. 1
• It is a slow process. • It is a fast process. (Any Three)
• Pressure is more at a given volume. • Pressure is less at a given volume. 1
Example: Freezing of water, Melting of ice • Example: Bursting of tyre, rapid
etc. compression, Filling of air to a bicycle
tube etc.

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 8
44. Write Newton’s formula for speed of sound in air. Explain why and how Laplace modified
Newton’s formula for speed of sound.
Newton’s formula of velocity of sound in air
𝑃
𝑣 = √𝜌 1
Explanation: According to Laplace, changes in pressure during the propagation of sound wave
through a gas take place under adiabatic conditions because air is bad conductor of heat and
changes are very rapid and there is no time for equalization of temperature.
For adiabatic process, 1
𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ….. (1)
Differentiating on both sides with respect to V we get
𝑑(𝑃𝑉 𝛾 ) 𝑑𝑃 1
= 0 => 𝑃𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 + 𝑉 𝛾 =0
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉

𝑃𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃 = 0

Or 𝑃𝛾𝑉 𝛾−1 𝑑𝑉 = −𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃

𝑉 𝛾 𝑑𝑃 𝑉𝑑𝑃
𝛾𝑃 = − 𝛾−1 =−
𝑉 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑉

𝑑𝑃
𝛾𝑃 = − 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 (𝐵) ……….. (2) 1
( )
𝑉
Hence under adiabatic process 𝐵 = 𝛾𝑃
∴Newton-Laplace formula for velocity of sound in air is
𝛾𝑃
𝑣 = √𝜌
At STP and for air

𝛾𝑃 1.41 𝑋 1.013 𝑋 105

𝑣 = √𝜌 = √ = 332 𝑚𝑠 −1
1.293
1
This value agrees with the experimental value.
I. Answer any TWO of the following questions: 2 x 5 = 10
45. A body of mass of 8 kg is suspended by a rope of length 2.5 m from the ceiling. A force of
60 N is applied on the body in the horizontal direction. Find the angle that the rope makes
with the vertical in equilibrium. (Take 𝒈 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒔−𝟐 ). Neglect the mass of the rope.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑚 = 8 𝑘𝑔 𝑙 = 2.5 𝑚 𝐹 = 60 𝑁 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 𝜃 = ?

𝑇2
𝜃
𝑇1
𝜃 1
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑃 60 𝑁
𝑇2 𝑊 𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 60 𝑁
𝑃

𝑇2
80 𝑁 80 𝑁

From free body diagram of W

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 9
 𝑇2 = 𝑚𝑔
1
𝑇2 = 8 𝑋 10 = 80 𝑁
From Free body diagram of P
𝑇1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑇2 = 80 𝑁 …. (1) 1
𝑇1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐹 = 60 𝑁 …… (2)
From Eqn. (1) and Eqn. (2)
6 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = 0.7500
8
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.7500)
𝜃 = 36.870 1

46. Assuming the earth to be a sphere of uniform mass density, how much would a body weigh
at a depth equal to half the radius of the earth if it weighs 250 N on the surface of earth?
What will the weight of the same body at the centre of the earth?
𝑅
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑊 = mg = 250 N 𝑑 = 2 𝑊𝑑 = ? 𝑊𝐶 = ?

W.K T. Acceleration due to gravity at a depth below the earth’s surface is

𝑑
𝑔′ = 𝑔 (1 − ) 1
𝑅
𝑅
∵ 𝑑=
2
𝑅⁄ 1
2
𝑔′ = 𝑔 (1 − ) = 𝑔 (2)
𝑅
1
′
𝑔
𝑔 =
2
∴ New weight 𝑊𝑑 = 𝑚𝑔′
𝑚𝑔
𝑊𝑑 = 1
2
250
𝑊𝑑 = = 125
2 1
𝑊𝑑 = 125 𝑁
Weight of a body at the centre of the earth is zero ∴ 𝑔 = 0
1
𝑊𝐶 = 0
47. A copper plate of mass 2 kg is heated to a temperature of 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑪 and then placed on large
ice block at 𝟎𝟎 𝑪. Calculate (i) the maximum quantity of heat that the copper plate can
transfer to ice block and ii) the maximum amount of ice it can melt. Given: Specific heat of
capacity of copper = 𝟑𝟗𝟎 𝑱 𝒌𝒈−𝟏 𝑲−𝟏 and latent heat fusion of water = 𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝑱 𝒌𝒈−𝟏 .
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑚𝐶 = 2 𝑘𝑔 𝜃1 = 6000 𝐶 𝜃2 = 00 𝐶 ∆𝑇 = (𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = 6000 𝐶 𝑆𝐶 = 390 𝐽 𝑘𝑔−1 𝐾 −1
3 −1
𝐿𝑊 = 333 𝑋 10 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 𝑄𝑖 =? 𝑚𝑖 =?
W.K.T. Heat lost by copper plate 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑋 𝑆𝐶 𝑋 ∆𝑇 1
3
𝑄𝐶 = 2 𝑋 390 𝑋 600 = 468 𝑋 10 𝐽

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 10
 From principle of calorimetry
Heat lost by copper = heat gained by ice.
1
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝑖
3
𝑄𝑖 = 468 𝑋 10 𝐽 1
Let 𝑚𝑖 be mass of ice melted then
𝑄𝑖
𝑚𝑖 =
𝐿𝑊 1
3
468 𝑋 10
𝑚𝑖 =
333 𝑋 103
𝑚𝑖 = 1.405 𝑘𝑔 1
−𝟏
48. A block of mass 1 kg is fastened to a spring. The spring has a spring constant of 𝟓𝟎 𝑵𝒎 .
The block is pulled to a distance x = 10 cm from its equilibrium position at x = 0 on a
frictionless surface from rest at t = 0 and is released. Calculate (i) angular frequency of
oscillations of the block and (ii) the maximum speed with which the block crosses the mean
position.
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 𝐾 = 50 𝑁𝑚−1 𝐴 = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚 𝜔 = ? 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 =?
W.K. T.
(i) Angular frequency of oscillation of a spring is
1
𝐾
𝜔 = √𝑚

50
𝜔 = √1 1
𝜔 = 7.07 𝑟𝑎𝑑 −1
1
(ii) The maximum velocity of the spring is
1
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔𝐴
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1 𝑋 7.07
1
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.707 𝑚𝑠 −1
Note: Any other alternate correct method /answer should be considered

*******

Prof: Venugopal H. R. MSc, MPhil, B.Ed; Lecturer in Physics K.L.E. P C Jabin PU College of Science, Hubballi Ph:9886739600 Page 11