Internal Combustion Engine

Chapter one
Introduction
 Outline

1. Introduction

1.1 Historical Development of an Engine

1.2 4stroke SI Engine
1.3 4stroke CI Engine
1.4 2 stroke Engine
1.5 Wankel engine
1.6 Cylinder Arrangement of IC Engine
 Introduction
Motor Vehicle
(Automobile )

Chassis Body

IC Engine Power Train Running Gear Ride Control Electrical Accessories

(Power Unit) Systems Systems

Body

Chassis

2
 Engine
• An engine is a Device which transforms one form of
energy into another form.
• However, while transforming energy from one form to
another, the efficiency of conversion plays an important
role.
Heat Engine
• Is a device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel
into thermal energy and utilizes this thermal energy to
perform useful work.
 Introduction
IC Engine
• It is the motor vehicle source of power. The power produced by
the engine is transmitted to the wheels through various systems.
• It is a device that converts the chemical energy (fuel) into heat
energy by burning.
• The burning of fuel creates an explosion that pushes the piston
downward which finally converts the heat energy into mechanical
energy used to propel the wheels of the vehicle.
The conversion of energy is:
Chemical Energy (Fuel)

Heat Energy (By Burning)

Mechanical Energy (Piston movement)

 1.1 Historical Development of an Engine
• The distinctive feature of our civilization today, one that
makes it different from all others, is wide use of
mechanical power.
• At one time , the primary source of power for the work
was chiefly man’s muscles. Later , animals were trained to
help and afterwards the wind and the running stream were
harnessed.
• But, the great step was taken in this direction when man
learned the art of energy conversion from one form to
another. The machine which does this job of energy
conversion is called an Engine.
 Historical Development of an Engine

1860 The Frenchman J.J.E. Lenoir constructs the first internal

combustion engine capable of driving itself, with coal gas as a
fuel. Efficiency: approx. 3%
• The credit of inventing the Spark Ignition (SI)Engine goes to
Nicolaus Otto(1876) whereas Compression Ignition (CI) Engine
was invented by Rudolf Diesel (1892).
• Dugald Clerk (1878) builds the first two stroke gas engine.
 1.2 4 Stroke Spark Ignition (SI) Engine
• It requires four stroke of the piston to complete one cycle of
operation in an engine cylinder.
• The four stroke of SI Engine sucking fuel- air mixture in the
carburetor known as charge are described below:
1. Suction or Charging stroke( Intake Stroke)- in this stroke the
inlet valve opens and charged is sucked into the cylinder as the
piston moves downward form Top Dead Center (TDC) to Bottom
Dead Center (BDC).
2. Compression Stroke– in this stroke both inlet and exhaust valves
are closed and the charged is compressed as the piston moves
upwards from BDC to TDC. As a result of Compression, the
pressure and temperature of charge increases considerably this
completes one revolution of the crankshaft.
 4 Stroke SI Engine
3. Expansion or Working Stroke ( Power Stroke) - Shortly before
the piston reaches the TDC (during compression stroke). The
charge is ignited with the help of Spark plug. It suddenly
increases the pressure and temperature of the products of
combustion. Due to the rise in pressure the piston pushed down
with great force.
4. Exhaust stroke – In this stroke, the Exhaust valve is open as the
piston moves upward from BDC to TDC. This movements of
piston pushes out the product of combustion from the cylinder
and are exhausted through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere
this complete the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck
the charge again.
4 stroke SI Engine
 1.3 4 Stroke Compression Ignition (CI)
Engine
• It is known to be Compression Ignition Engine because the
ignition takes place due to the heat produced in the engine
cylinder at the end of compression stroke.
• The four stroke of Diesel Engine sucking pure air are described
below:
1. Suction or Charging stroke( Intake Stroke) - in this stroke the
inlet valve opens and pure air is sucked into the cylinder as the
piston moves downwards from TDC to BDC.
2. Compression Stroke – in this stroke both inlet and exhaust
valves are closed and the air is compressed as the piston moves
upwards from BDC to TDC. As a result of Compression, the
pressure and temperature of air increases considerably this
completes one revolution of the crankshaft.
 4 Stroke CI Engine
3. Expansion or Working Stroke ( Power Stroke) - Shortly before
the piston reaches the TDC (during compression stroke) fuel is
injected in the form of very fine spray into the engine cylinder
through the nozzle known as fuel injection valve. At this
moment the temperature of compressed air is sufficiently high to
ignite the fuel. It suddenly increases the pressure and temperature
of the product of combustion . Due to the increase of the pressure
the piston is pushed down in great force.
4. Exhaust stroke – In this stroke, the Exhaust valve is open as the
piston moves from BDC to TDC . This movements of piston
pushes out the product of combustion from the cylinder and are
exhausted through the exhaust valve into the atmosphere this
complete the cycle and the engine cylinder is ready to suck the
air again .
4 Stroke CI Engine
 1.4 2 Stroke IC Engine
• In the two stroke engine the cycle is completed in one
revolution of crankshaft. ( Invented by Dugald Clark ,1878)
• The main difference between two stroke and four stroke is in the
method of filling the fresh charge and removing the burnt gases
from the cylinder.
• In the four stroke engine these operations are performed by the
engine piston during the suction and exhaust strokes
respectively.
• In the two stroke engine, the filling process is accomplished by
the charge compressed in crankcase or a blower. The Induction
of the compressed charge moves out the product of combustion
through exhaust ports.
• Therefore two strokes are sufficient to complete the cycle one
for compressing fresh charge and the other for power stroke.
 2 Stroke IC Engine
Piston moves only twice in a two stroke engine. The first
movement is called the compression stroke and the second
stroke is called the power stroke.
1. Compression stroke: Compression stroke is an act of
compressing fuel. During compression stroke piston goes
up compressing the fuel in to the engine.
2. Power stroke: Compression stroke is followed by power
stroke. During a power stroke the fuel is ignited, which
pushes the piston down producing a lot of power and
torque. It also involves in taking new fuel and air to start
compression again.
 Comparison of Four Stroke and Two stroke Engines
• As a 2 stroke engine receives power stroke twice than that of four
stroke engines they generate more power and torque.
• 2 stroke engines does all the act of exhausting and taking
fuel in at a single stroke i.e. power stroke, it is more
polluting.
• 2 stroke engines want more lubrication when compared to
four stroke engines. One will have to keep the engine
lubricated frequently (oiling) for smooth riding experience.
• 2 stroke engines are not suitable for long term as they tend
to produce more noise and pollution simultaneously.
• 4 stroke engines are fuel efficient, smoother riding
experience, less polluting and least noisy.
• 4 stroke engines do not emit as much smoke as 2 stroke
ones do. They also have a long term life.
 Conclusion

• Though a two stroke engine emits more power and torque,

they are not suited for the day to day activity.
• Moreover, they are not fuel efficient, have a short life,
polluting agent and also noisier than 4 stroke ones.
• Therefore, 4 stoke engines should be preferred as they are
more fuel efficient, less polluting, and affordable.
 1.5 Wankel Engine
• The Wankel engine is a type of internal combustion
engine using an eccentric rotary design to convert
pressure into rotating motion. Over the commonly used
reciprocating piston designs the Wankel engine delivers
advantages of: simplicity, smoothness, compactness, high
revolutions per minute and a high power to weight ratio.
• The engine was invented by German engineer Felix
Wankel. He received his first patent for the engine in
1929, began development in the early 1950s at NSU and
completed a working prototype in 1957.
 Wankel Engine
Prime advantages of the Wankel engine are:
• A far higher power to weight ratio than a piston engine.
• No reciprocating parts.
• Runs with almost no vibration.
• Far fewer parts than a piston engine.
• Cheaper to mass-produce as contains few parts.
• Supplies torques for about two thirds of the combustion
cycle rather than one quarter for a piston engine.
• Wider speed range gives greater adaptability.
• It can use fuel of wider octane ratings.
 Wankel Engine
The Parts of a Rotary Engine
• A rotary engine has an ignition system and a fuel-delivery system that are
similar to the ones on piston engines.
1. Rotor
• The rotor has three convex faces, each of which acts like a piston. Each
face of the rotor has a pocket in it, which increases the displacement of
the engine, allowing more space for air/fuel mixture.
• At the apex of each face is a metal blade that forms a seal to the outside
of the combustion chamber. There are also metal rings on each side of the
rotor that seal to the sides of the combustion chamber.
• The rotor has a set of internal gear teeth cut into the center of one side.
These teeth mate with a gear that is fixed to the housing. This gear
mating determines the path and direction the rotor takes through the
housing.
 Wankel Engine

Rotor
 Wankel Engine
2. Housing
• The housing is roughly oval in shape (it's actually an epitrochoid).
The shape of the combustion chamber is designed so that the three
tips of the rotor will always stay in contact with the wall of the
chamber, forming three sealed volumes of gas.
• Each part of the housing is dedicated to one part of the combustion
process. The four sections are:
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Combustion
4. Exhaust
• The intake and exhaust ports are located in the housing. There are no
valves in these ports. The exhaust port connects directly to the
exhaust, and the intake port connects directly to the throttle.
 Wankel Engine
Housing
 Wankel Engine
3. Output Shaft
• The output shaft has round lobes mounted eccentrically, meaning that
they are offset from the centerline of the shaft. Each rotor fits over one
of these lobes. The lobe acts sort of like the crankshaft in a piston
engine. As the rotor follows its path around the housing, it pushes on
the lobes. Since the lobes are mounted eccentric to the output shaft, the
force that the rotor applies to the lobes creates torque in the shaft,
causing it to spin.
Wankel Engine
 A Rotary engine cycle
The rotor in this type of engine replaces the piston and crank of the
reciprocating engine. The housing in which the rotor moves has a shape
which is called an epitrochoid and it permits the four steps of the Otto
cycle to be completed in one revolution of the rotor. On the inside of the
rotor is a gear that engages with a smaller gear on the output shaft and this
is the medium through which the energy from combustion is transmitted to
the engine flywheel.
Spark plug
Rotor

Housing
Epitrochoid
shape
 1.6 Cylinder Arrangement
1. In- line
2. U- Cylinder
3. V- Cylinder
4. X- cylinder
5. Radial
6. H- Type
7. Opposed Cylinder
8. Opposed Piston
9. Delta Type

Engine classification by cylinder arrangement

 Cylinder Arrangement
In- line
 Cylinder Arrangement
V- Cylinder
 Cylinder Arrangement
Radial cylinder
 Cylinder Arrangement
Opposed Cylinder
 Cylinder Arrangement
Opposed Piston
 Cylinder Arrangement
Delta Type
Cylinder arrangement
Related terminology
 FOUR STROKE CYCLE

• Intake
• Compression
• Power
• Exhaust
 Cycle Chart
Stroke Piston Intake Exhaust A/F Crank
name Moveme Valve Valve mixture rotation
nt
 INTAKE STROKE
• Intake valve open
• Exhaust valve closed
• piston traveling down from
TDC to BDC
• Air is being force into the
cylinder by the difference
between atmospheric and
cylinder pressure
 Cycle Chart
Stroke Piston Intake Exhaust A/F Crank
name Movemen Valve Valve mixture rotation
t
TDC to open closed Sucked 180
Intake BDC into
cylinder
COMPRESSION STROKE
• Both valves closed
• Piston traveling up BDC to
TDC
• Compressing the air-fuel
mixture
 Cycle Chart
Stroke Piston Intake Exhaust A/F Crank
name Movemen Valve Valve mixture rotation
t
Intake TDC to open closed Sucked into 180
BDC cylinder

Compressio BDC to closed closed compresse 180

n TDC d
POWER STROKE
• Both valves closed
• Spark plug ignites the air
fuel mixture
• Piston is being pushed
down by the expanding
gases from TDC to BDC
 Cycle Chart
Stroke Piston Intake Exhaust A/F Crank
name Movemen Valve Valve mixture rotation
t
Intake TDC to open closed Sucked into 180
BDC cylinder

Compressio BDC to closed closed compresse 180

n TDC d

TDC to closed closed Combustio 180

Power BDC n
expansion
EXHAUST STROKE
• Exhaust valve open
• Intake valve closed
• Piston traveling up from
BDC to TDC forcing the
burnt exhaust gases from
the cylinder
 Cycle Chart
Stroke name Piston Intake Exhaust A/F mixture Crank
Movement Valve Valve rotation

Intake TDC to open closed Sucked into 180

BDC cylinder

Compression BDC to closed closed compressed 180

TDC

TDC to closed closed Combustion 180

Power BDC expansion

BDC to closed open Burned gases 180

Exhaust TDC push out of
cylinder
 2 Stroke Engine Cycle

Let’s make a chart

Stroke Piston A/F/O Mixture
Intake/Compression BTC-TDC Sucked into crankcase, another squeezed in cylinder
Power/Exhaust TDC-BDC Blows-up and leaves, another squeezed in crankcase

46
 2 Stroke Engine Cycle

Stroke Piston A/F/O Mixture

Intake/Compression BTC-TDC Sucked into crankcase, another squeezed in cylinder
Power/Exhaust TDC-BDC Blows-up and leaves, another squeezed in crankcase
 Basic Engine Components
• Cylinder Block- The Cylinder block is the main supporting structure for the
various component.
• Cylinder – It is a cylindrical vessel or space in which the piston makes
reciprocating motion.
• Piston – It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder.
• Combustion chamber – It is the space enclosed in the upper part
of the cylinder, by the cylinder head and the piston top during
combustion process.
• Intake Manifold – It is the pipe which connects the intake system
to the inlet valve and through which air fuel mixture is drawn to
the cylinder.
• Exhaust Manifold – It is the pipe which connects the exhaust
system to the exhaust valve of the engine and through which the
product of combustion escape into the atmosphere.
• Spark Plug – It is the component that initiates the combustion
process in Spark Ignition (SI) Engines.
• Connecting Rods – It interconnects the piston and the crankshaft .
• Crankshaft – It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston
into useful rotary motion of the output shaft.
 • Piston Rings – It provide a tight seal between piston and the
cylinder wall thus preventing leakage of combustion gases.
• Gudgeon Pin – It forms the link between the small end of the
connecting rod and the piston.
• Camshaft – Its associated parts control the opening and closing of
the two valves.
• Cams – It is made as integral parts of the camshaft and are
designed in such away to open the valves in correct timing.
• Flywheel – It is attached to the output shaft in order to achieve a
uniform torque.

Assembly of parts