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Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Network Models
2.1 A protocol
- It is a set of rules that govern data communications.
- It determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
- The key elements of protocol are syntax, semantics and timing
Elements of a Protocol
◼ syntax
◼ Format of the data:(how to read the bits - field delineation)
◼ Semantics
◼ Interprets the meaning of the fields/bits
◼ Timing
◼ When data should be sent
❖ First Scenario
As example:
• consider two friends
communicate
through postal mail.
• The process of
sending a letter is
complex if there were
no services available
from the post office.
2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Second Scenario
2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Principles of Protocol Layering
1) First Principle
The first principle dictates that if we want bidirectional
communication, we need to make each layer so that it is
able to perform two opposite tasks, one in each direction.
➢ The third layer task is to listen (in one direction) and
talk (in the other direction).
➢ The second layer needs to be able to encrypt and
decrypt. The first layer needs to send and receive mail.
2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Principles of Protocol Layering
2) Second Principle
Two objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical.
➢ The object under layer 3 at both sites should be a
plaintext letter.
➢ The object under layer 2 at both sites should be a
ciphertext letter.
➢ The object under layer 1 at both sites should be a piece
of mail.
2-3 THE OSI MODEL
Note
Figure 2.2
Seven layers of the OSI model
Standardization Framework of OSI
the functions at each layer are
developed independently and
simultaneously
change in standards in
one layer need not
affect existing software in
another layer
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.18 Communication at application layer
A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network
Physical Physical
D5 D5
Message
D5 D5
TCP/IP Message
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.19 Communication at transport layer
A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network
Physical Physical
D4 H4
Segment
D4 H4
Segment
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.20 Communication at the network layer
Legend Source Destination D Data H Header
A R1 R3 R4 B
Network Network
Physical Physical
D3 H3
Datagram
D3 H3
Datagram
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.21 Communication at the data link layer
Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6
D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr
H2
D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.22 Communication at the physical layer
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite