Chapter 7:

Entropy Analysis for a

Control Volume
BITS Pilani Prof. Vikranth Kumar Surasani
Hyderabad Campus
Outline

• The Entropy Equation for the control Volume

• The Steady State Process and The Transient Flow Process

• The Steady State Single Flow Process and the Shaft Work

• The Entropy Generation

• Device Efficiency

• General Analysis and Formulation

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The Entropy Equation

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The Entropy Equation Steady State

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The Entropy Equation, Transient Process

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THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS

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THE STEADY-STATE SINGLE-FLOW PROCESS

1. Max work out in a reversible process(last term zero)

2. If flow comes in with more & leaves with less KE, work can come out
3. If flow comes in with more & leaves with less PE, work can come out
4. First term is the important for turbines, compressors, pumps, dP give sign
of work and v influences the magnitude
5. If there is no shaft work (w=0), the RHS 4 terms summed to zero. A drop in
pressure (dP<0) generates KE( nozzle), inverse is the diffuser

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If the flow is incompressible and reversible

and if w=0 the equation become Bernoulli equation

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THE STEADY-STATE MULTIPLE-FLOW PROCESS

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Problem 7.71
A 10 m tall 0.1 m diameter pipe is filled with liquid water at 20 °C. It is
open at the top to the atmosphere, 100 kPa, and a small nozzle is
mounted in the bottom. The water is now let out through the nozzle
splashing out to the ground until the pipe is empty. Find the water initial
exit velocity, the average kinetic energy in the exit flow and the total
entropy generation for the process.

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Solution
For this system, the mass of water present in the pipe is given as

= = × × × = 998 × × 0.1 × 10 = 78.383

4 4
From the Bernouli’s eqn, we have

1
= ⇒ = 2 = 2 × 9.807 × 10 = 14 /
2
The average kinetic energy is generated at half the elevation of the pipe, which gives,

1 1
= = = 9.807 × 5 = 49 .
2 2
All of this average kinetic energy is dissipated at the ambient temperature of 20°C, which gives

1
78.383 × 49
= =2 = = 13.1 .
293.15

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Problem 7.77
Consider the reversible adiabatic air compressor, where the air is
compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to a certain pressure. How much is
the reduction in specific work if the inlet T is reduced to 280 K? Assume
constant specific heats.

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Solution
The control volume here is the compressor. As the compressor is adiabatic, =0
Energy Eqn: =ℎ −ℎ ≈ −

Entropy Eqn: = +∫ + = +0+0

Thus, using the relation for adiabatic process, we have the temperature relation as

Thus, the work done from the energy relation gives

= − = 1−

Thus, the work for the same pressure ratio is directly proportional to the temperature. Thus,
if the temperature is reduced to 280 K from 300 K, the reduction in the work requirement is
6.7% reduction.
Thus,
Δ = 0.067 × = 0.067 × 300 × 1.004 = 20.2 .

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Problem 7.79
A two-stage compressor takes nitrogen in at 300 K, 100 kPa and
compresses it to 600 kPa, 500 K. Then it flows through an intercooler,
where it cools to 350 K, and the second stage compresses it to 3000
kPa, 600 K. If the compressors are insulated, find the specific entropy
generation in each of the two compressor stages.

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Solution
Taking the stage 1 of the compressor as the control volume, we have for the insulated compressor
Energy Eqn: =ℎ −ℎ
Entropy Eqn: + = ⇒ = −
From table B.6.2., for the nitrogen,
= 6.8457 . . (100 , 300 ) = 6.8471 . . (600 , 500 )
Thus, the entropy generation in the first stage is equal to
= 6.8471 − 6.8457 = 0.0014 . .
Taking the stage 2 of the compressor as the control volume, we have for the insulated compressor
Energy Eqn: =ℎ −ℎ
Entropy Eqn: + = ⇒ = −
From table B.6.2., for the nitrogen,
= 6.4722 . . (600 , 350 ) = 6.5609 . . (3000 , 600 )
Thus, the entropy generation in the second stage is equal to
= 6.5609 − 6.5609 = 0.0887 . .

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Problem 7.84
A steam turbine inlet is at 1200 kPa, 500 °C. The exit is at 200 kPa.
What is the lowest possible exit temperature? Which efficiency does
that correspond to? Represent the process on T-s diagram.

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Solution
For a steam turbine, the lowest possible exit temperature is possible only when the maximum
possible work is extracted from the steam.
The maximum work can only be extracted when the process is reversible, and for a turbine, a
reversible process is adiabatic and thereby isentropic.
At the inlet state, the entropy from the steam tables is equal to
= 7.6758 . .
For an isentropic turbine process, at the exit pressure of 200 kPa, interpolating from table B.1.3.,
we have the exit temperature as
= 241.9°
The efficiency of a turbine compares it to an isentropic turbine, so in this case, the efficiency is
equal to 100%.

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