Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor

SNSPA – RISE Democratice

ANUL III

Is Denmark next in line for democratic decline?

1. Introduction and historical context
At the southern border with Germany, Denmark lost the three duchies of Slesvig, Holsten,
and Lauenborg in 1864. Nevertheless, following a vote in 1920, the Northern region of
Slesvig was reintegrated into Denmark.
In the year 1849, King Frederik VII affixed his signature to the first Constitution, therefore
effectuating the transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
Through this action, he implemented a democratic system characterized by the conduct of
unrestricted elections inside the Danish Parliament, which was comprised of two legislative
bodies known as Landstinget and Folketinget at that period. In 1901, a shift in the political
system occurred, when the King recognized parliamentarianism, resulting in a situation
where the administration is supported by a majority of the members of Folketinget. Since
1953, the composition of the Danish Parliament has been characterized by a single chamber
known as Folketinget, including a total of 179 members. Notably, within this membership,
two representatives are allocated to the Faroe Islands, while an additional two
representatives are designated for Greenland.
Denmark maintained a policy of neutrality throughout the duration of World War I. In the
year 1915, a constitutional reform was enacted, so granting women the privilege of suffrage.
Denmark was under to German Nazi occupation from April 9, 1940, to May 5, 1945, during
the course of World War II. i

Equal political rights refer to the principle that all individuals within a nation possess equal
opportunity to exert influence over political choices, as well as the assurance of adequate
safeguards for the rights of minority groups in respect to the majority. In practical terms, the
influence exerted by the general populace is mediated, since they elect representatives to
the Folketing or local councils, who thereafter possess the authority to make decisions. In
the Danish political system, representative democracy is complemented with additional
components of direct democracy, such as the utilization of referenda. The Constitution, last
amended in 1953, outlines the fundamental principles governing the political rights of the
citizens. Nevertheless, significant alterations occurred in this domain over the latter part of
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

the 20th century. As stipulated in the Constitution, Danish nationals who have attained the
electoral age established via a referendum and are currently resident within the borders of
Denmark possess the right to participate in parliamentary elections. The minimum age
requirement for participating in elections was established in the year 1953, with the age
threshold set at 23. Following a series of successive referenda, the minimum age for
electoral participation was reduced in 1978 to the present threshold of 18 years. The
determination of suffrage in municipal elections is contingent upon the provisions outlined
in the election statute, which first granted this right only to Danish nationals. The expansion
of suffrage in municipal elections has occurred on many occasions. Initially, in 1977, Nordic
nationals were granted the right to vote after residing in Denmark for three years.
Subsequently, in 1981, this right was extended to all foreign citizens who had maintained
uninterrupted residency in Denmark for three years. Finally, the topic of democracy and
power in Denmark was addressed in the context of suffrage expansion. The conclusions of
1995 apply to all members of the European Union as well as Nordic people who possess
permanent residency in Denmark.ii These expansions should be considered within the
framework of an increasing population of non-native individuals throughout the
corresponding timeframe, resulting in a larger demographic of people who are ineligible to
participate in legislative elections.
The Danish Constitution of 1849 serves as the foundational framework for Danish
democracy, rendering it one of the most ancient constitutions globally. The Grundlov, also
known as the basic legislation, encompasses a collection of fundamental principles and
regulations that serve as a framework for society, establishing criteria that subsequent laws
must adhere to. These principles include the safeguarding of freedom of expression and
freedom of assembly.

2. Evolution after the 2000’s

The annual observance of Constitution Day takes place on the 5th of June. Denmark stands
out among a limited number of nations globally that do not own a designated national day.
However, it is worth noting that Constitution Day in Denmark has a striking resemblance to
such an occasion. Constitution Day in Denmark is commemorated as a celebration of
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

democratic principles, encompassing fundamental values such as freedom of speech,

individual rights, and freedom of assembly. iii

The Danish constitution further delineates the structure of the Danish judicial system and
the entitlements afforded to those facing criminal charges. For instance, an individual who is
apprehended must have a grundlovsforhør, often referred to as a constitutional hearing,
within a span of 24 hours. During this hearing, a judge is tasked with determining the
sufficiency of evidence to warrant the continued detention of the individual.

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Denmark consistently achieves

commendable ratings in terms of the election process quality.

 The electoral process is characterized by the absence of coercion or undue influence,

ensuring a fair and equitable representation of the will of the citizens, who actively
engage in the electoral activities.
 Political and civil liberties: According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU),
Denmark consistently achieves commendable ratings in terms of the election
process quality. The electoral process is characterized by the absence of coercion or
undue influence, ensuring a fair and equitable representation of the will of the
citizens, who actively engage in the electoral activities.
 Level of freedom of the press/civil society: Denmark's press and civil society exhibit a
substantial degree of independence. Transparency and information accessibility are
prevalent, with non-governmental organizations actively participating in the public
sphere.
 Level of participation: The level of citizens' engagement in political and civic activities
is often substantial. Denmark actively promotes public engagement in decision-
making processes and the advancement of community development.

The fundamental regulation governing the procedures for candidacy is delineated in section
30 of the Danish constitution. According to this provision, individuals who possess the right
to participate in general elections are deemed eligible for membership in the Folketinget,
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

unless they have been found guilty of an offense that is perceived by the public as rendering
them unsuitable to hold a position in the Folketinget. The ultimate determination of
whether a conviction renders an individual ineligible for membership lies with the
unicameral parliament, known as the Folketinget. Political parties have a significant
influence in the practical process of candidate selection for elections. Running in an election
in a personal capacity is a feasible endeavor, but one that presents significant challenges in
terms of securing electoral success. With the presence of a considerable number of political
parties, the process of becoming a candidate for a party is quite accessible. Additionally,
there exists the potential for the establishment of a novel political party. In order to
participate in elections, newly formed political parties are required to gather a specific
number of signatures. This figure is determined as 1/175 of the total votes cast in the
previous election, currently estimated to be around 22,000 signatures. 1

Everything seemed to work for the Denmark’s democracy until we dig a little
further and we reveal the truth about the new coalition formed in 2000: The
center-right coalition won control of Parliament with a platform that featured

increasingly harsh immigration legislation. In the early 2000s, Denmark did

implement policies aimed at regulating immigration and asylum. Some of these measures
included tightening asylum regulations, restricting family reunification, and emphasizing
integration requirements for immigrants. The rights of immigrants, particularly
Muslim immigrants, are being impinged upon through programs such as
mandatory schooling in "Danish Values" for children, who are required to be
separated from their parents for at least 25 hours a week.

In response to an increase in immigration starting in 2002, politics and

politicians have become increasingly more anti-immigrant and populistic, and
Prime Minister Lars Rasmussen gave a speech about immigrant
neighborhoods reaching "out their tentacles onto the streets" and that
because of ghettos of immigrant populations, “cracks have appeared on the
map of Denmark."2

1
https://www.democratic-erosion.com/event-dataset/raw-data/
2
Togeby et al., 2003: Chap. 3.
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

The Danish People's Party (Dansk Folkeparti or DF) is indeed a right-wing populist political
party in Denmark known for its anti-immigration stance, Euro-skepticism, and nationalist
policies. Founded in 1995 by Pia Kjærsgaard and Kristian Thulesen Dahl, the party gained
prominence in Danish politics and became a significant force in subsequent elections. One of
DF's defining features is its strong opposition to immigration, particularly from non-Western
countries. The party has advocated for stricter immigration controls, limits on family
reunification, and measures to preserve Danish cultural identity. Those things can easily
become a reason for such a great country to increase its democratic erosion.

3 . Evolution 2017 – present

The Scandinavian nations have experienced shifts in power distribution, with a particular
emphasis on individualized politics and a transition from collective to more individualized
modes of engagement. Historically, the region had a notable presence of robust political
and commerce entities, which conferred authority and influence upon marginalized
segments of society. Nevertheless, there has been a noticeable fall in collective organization
in recent decades, as seen by the declining number of political party memberships and shifts
in voter bases. The role of the union movement in facilitating social change has significantly
declined, leading to a lower effectiveness of social movements. 3

The emergence of alternative forms of activism, namely "individualized collective activism,"

has become increasingly prevalent due to the decrease of conventional modes of activism.
This includes activities such as signing petitions and engaging in political consumerism. The
aforementioned transition has resulted in a decline in associational engagement in several
nations, but Denmark has managed to sustain a high level of associational activity, albeit
with a diminishing rate of involvement among the youth demographic. The aims of activists
have also undergone a transition, focusing more on matters that directly impact people and
their families as opposed to wider community concerns.
To sum up, it may be said that the age characterized by significant popular movements has
reached its conclusion, since unions and social movements are no longer able to mobilize to
the extent observed in previous periods. A discernible shift may be observed in political
engagement, wherein communal forms of participation are gradually giving way to a greater
3
https://www.democratic-erosion.com/2020/05/09/how-denmark-remains-above-the-fray/
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

emphasis on individual agency, hence elevating the importance of individual resources. The
expansion of political participation among citizens may lead to a concomitant rise in political
inequality, hence incurring significant costs.
For example, The Danish People's Party, a prominent right-wing political party with
significant representation in parliament, has formed a bond/coalition with the Social
Democrats. The candidate for prime minister from the Social Democrats has expressed her
willingness to accept parliamentary support from the DPP. This alliance has resulted in a
shift towards the right for the Social Democrats, making it challenging for more socially
liberal parties to achieve success.
In 2015, Denmark was on the verge of emulating the course taken by several other
European states during the peak of the refugee crisis. France was becoming increasingly
receptive to the ultra-nationalist Marine Le Pen. The United Kingdom has recently made the
decision to depart the European Union, commonly referred to as Brexit. In Denmark, the
scenario mirrored those of other countries, and the election outcomes followed suit. The
Danish People's Party, a far-right political party, saw significant electoral success, resulting in
the decline of several smaller parties. It appears that the Danish population is inclined to
align with these prevailing political tendencies. The Danish People's Party, a far-right
political party, secured the second highest number of seats in Parliament and joined the
ruling coalition, but its leader did not assume the position of prime minister. 4
Denmark has traditionally maintained a notable degree of economic and social equality.
Despite experiencing a decline in strength, political parties have managed to establish a
renewed sense of stability through a reduction in their membership base. The media has
assumed a more influential role in the realm of political communication, exerting
considerable influence over the discourse, yet without achieving absolute dominance. The
Danish Parliament, also known as the Folketing, has experienced a strengthening of its
powers. However, this trend does not extend to the European Union (EU), since the EU has
gradually assumed a larger role in the legislative process. 5
4
https://perma.cc/W38U-4HQD

5
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/report/denmark/september-2023
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

The assessment challenges the notion that economic globalization has led to a rise in
inequality or has had detrimental effects on the welfare state. Although there have been
societal changes, it is important to note that not all of them can be seen as losses to
democracy. In fact, certain developments have actually led to improvements in democratic
circumstances. One of the challenges that arises is the widening disparity between the
aspirations of politicians and the actual feasible outcomes, which may result in a perception
of ineffective government.
The study accepts the notion that Denmark's good growth is not inherently certain,
highlighting the significance of previous political decisions and the possibility for
transformative outcomes through the adoption of novel alternatives. Persistent social
cleavages are observed, namely between socioeconomically advantaged individuals and
underprivileged populations, as well as between the majority and ethnic minority groups.
The concerns encompassed in this discourse are to the issue of educational disparity in
relation to political engagement, the transfer of authority from politics to the legal domain,
inadequacies in terms of transparency, and the impact of media on political communication.
Denmark is among a distinguished group of 21 nations worldwide that achieve high marks in
all five essential democratic traits outlined in the Global State of Democracy report by
International IDEA. Denmark outperforms the other Nordic nations in Direct Democracy and
surpasses the other countries to some extent in terms of Freedom of Expression, Access to
Justice, and Social Group Equality (with Norway). Nevertheless, the aspect of Denmark's
democracy that has experienced the most significant deterioration in recent years is the
protection of Freedom of Religion. Denmark's score has decreased from 0.96 (which was
formerly in the top 25 percent globally) in 2014 to 0.79 in 2018.
In summary, it can be observed that Denmark has had favorable outcomes. However, it is
crucial to acknowledge the existence of obstacles that need to be addressed. The
aforementioned analysis highlights the significance of continuous political decision-making
processes in molding the democratic framework of the nation. 6

6
The Constitutional Act of Denmark of June 5, 1953,
http://www.eu-oplysningen.dk/upload/application/pdf/0172b719/Constitution%20of
%20Denmark.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

Additionally, there is current evidence indicating that democracy in Denmark is experiencing

growth, without any discernible indications of decline or erosion. I have found some news
regarding this matter7:
On September 21st, the Presidium of the Parliament made an announcement stating that
the use of Greenlandic and Faroese languages is now permissible during parliamentary
sessions, provided that the remarks are subsequently translated into Danish. In order to
streamline the translation process, financial resources will be allocated to MPs to enable
them to engage the services of interpreters. Additionally, the Parliament website will
undergo translation, and archives of pertinent debates will be made available in both areas.
Furthermore, comprehensive training will be provided to all legislative personnel, focusing
on the histories, cultures, and political landscapes of the two regions. The decision was
made subsequent to the occurrence in which Danish-Greenlandic politician Aki-Matilda
Høegh-Dam delivered a speech in Greenlandic during a parliamentary debate in May. This
event prompted deliberation over the language policy implemented inside the Parliament.
Greenland and the Faroe Islands are self-governing regions that fall under the jurisdiction of
the Kingdom of Denmark. These territories recognize Danish, Greenlandic, and Faroese as
their official languages. The move has garnered significant support from legislators, while
several individuals expressed a desire for the implementation of simultaneous
interpretation, a practice observed in the Greenlandic parliament.iv8
So, Denmark is often seen as a society characterized by a limited amount of political
polarization, comparatively low levels of economic inequality, a government that effectively
upholds a separation of powers, and a generally elevated level of institutional confidence.
Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge that any substantial alteration in these
domains has the potential to impact the stability and democratic processes inside the
nation. Monitoring and engaging in public debates over these matters is vital for the
preservation and enhancement of the Danish democratic system's well-being.

7
Jørgen Goul Andersen, Peter Munk Christiansen, Torben Beck Jørgensen, Lise
Togeby & Signild Vallgårda (1999). Den demokratiske udfordring.
8
https://www.sgi-network.org/2020/Denmark/Quality_of_Democracy
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

The level of polarization: Denmark exhibits a somewhat lower degree of political

polarization in comparison to other nations. The multi-party political system promotes the
facilitation of talks and collaboration among political parties. Nevertheless, it is important to
acknowledge that ideological and political disparities may exist across political parties.
Nonetheless, it is crucial to highlight that these divergences are effectively addressed and
resolved within the confines of a democratic system.

The degree of economic inequality: Denmark possesses an economic system that is widely
recognized for its high degree of equity. Social and fiscal policies have a significant role in
mitigating social differences and fostering a society characterized by a comparatively
diminished level of inequality. Nevertheless, there exist apprehensions regarding the
escalating expenditure on social welfare and the possible strains it may exert on the system
in the forthcoming period.

The Phenomenon of Executive Aggrandisement: The political system of Denmark is

characterized by a parliamentary structure, wherein the executive branch is held
accountable to the legislative branch. Nevertheless, several instances raise apprehensions
over the expansion of executive authority to the detriment of the legislative branch. It is
noteworthy to acknowledge that the afore mentioned advancements may potentially be
susceptible to political discourse. However, on the whole, the Danish system effectively
upholds a state of equilibrium among the several departments of authority.

The Erosion of Trust: Trust in political institutions and the media in Denmark is typically
strong, however there may be variations over time. Monitoring patterns that may signal a
decrease in trust is of significant importance. Various factors, such as political scandals,
economic fluctuations, and foreign events, have the potential to exert an impact on the
public's view and levels of confidence in institutions.

In the context of Denmark, there exists a wide range of expressions and players that oppose
the erosion of democracy. These various entities are indicative of a shared concern for the
preservation and sustenance of a robust democratic system. The following are examples of
the various manifestations and actors engaged in this oppositionv:

Civic organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs):

Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

Numerous non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civic groups engage in the

surveillance and implementation of measures aimed at safeguarding democratic principles.
These groups have the capacity to execute awareness campaigns, disseminate information
on dangers to democratic systems, and foster active participation in civic affairs.

The concept of independent media refers to media outlets that operate without being
influenced or controlled by other entities, such as governments, corporations:

Journalists and independent media organizations are essential actors in the disclosure of
democratic erosions. By conducting thorough investigations and providing unbiased reports,
these organizations play a crucial role in upholding transparency and increasing public
consciousness regarding the threats faced by democratic systems.

The topic of discussion pertains to political parties and their representatives in the political
arena:

Political parties that defend democratic principles play a crucial role in countering any
inclinations that may undermine the integrity of democracy. Political representatives have
the ability to raise these problems during legislative discussions, suggest reforms, and
engage individuals in expressing their perspectives.

The number of individuals who are currently engaged in gainful employment within a given
population:

The active participation and engagement of citizens are of paramount importance in

countering the process of democratic decay. Individuals have the ability to engage in
protests, affix their signatures to petitions, advocate for open dialogue in the public sphere,
and exercise their voting rights in accordance with democratic principles in order to exert
influence over political determinations.

Scholars and specialists:

Scholars and specialists in the disciplines of political science, human rights, and governance
has the ability to provide valuable insights and impartial evaluations of any potential
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

alterations that may pose risks to democratic systems. They have the ability to disseminate
scholarly research and comprehensive analyses that emphasize the potential hazards.

Democratic institutions, such as the Ombudsman and election monitoring agencies, are
crucial in upholding democratic norms. These institutions has the capacity to examine any
infringements on democratic principles and suggest appropriate courses of action.

The topic of public debates is of significant interest and relevance in academic discourse:

Public discussions, such as those facilitated by academic institutions and public forums, offer
an avenue for engaging in critical discourse and assessing the potential effects of policies
that may have implications for democratic processes. These initiatives have the potential to
enhance civic consciousness and facilitate increased civic engagement.

It is noteworthy to acknowledge that Denmark is often regarded as possessing a stable and

robust democratic system. Nonetheless, the ongoing involvement of individuals and other
stakeholders in upholding democracy serves to preserve and enhance democratic principles
within a given community.

P.S. I have come across a website that offers interactive maps depicting the historical
fluctuations in democratic regimes throughout various regions globally. I highly recommend
visiting it due to its accessibility and significant utility.
https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/interactive-map
Kiss Maria Timea Erodarea Sistemelor
SNSPA – RISE Democratice
ANUL III

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEBGRAPHY

 Borre, Ö. (1995). Old and new politics in Denmark. Scandinavian Political Studies,
18(3), 187-205
 Christiansen, P. M., & Togeby, L. (2006). Power and democracy in Denmark: Still a
viable democracy. Scandinavian Political Studies, 29(1), 1-24.
 Green-Pedersen, C., & Van Kersbergen, K. (2002). The Politics of theThird Way' The
Transformation of Social Democracy in Denmark and the Netherlands. Party Politics,
8(5), 507-524.
 Greven, M. T. (2009). The Erosion of Democracy-The Beginning of the End?.
Redescriptions, 13(1), 83.
 Harmel, R., & Svåsand, L. (1997). The influence of new parties on old parties'
platforms: The cases of the Progress Parties and Conservative Parties of Denmark
and Norway. Party Politics, 3(3), 315-340.
 Jørgen Goul Andersen, Peter Munk Christiansen, Torben Beck Jørgensen, Lise
 Togeby & Signild Vallgårda (red.) (1999). Den demokratiske udfordring.
 København: Hans Reitzels Forlag.
 The Constitutional Act of Denmark of June 5, 1953,
http://www.eu-oplysningen.dk/upload/application/pdf/0172b719/Constitution
%20of%20Denmark.pdf (accessed 15 April 2013).
 Togeby et al., 2003: Chap. 3.
 Torben Pedersen (2004). Dansk erhvervslivs placering i den globale landsby. Århus:
Magtudredningen.
 https://www.idea.int/democracytracker/report/denmark/september-2023
 https://www.sgi-network.org/2020/Denmark/Quality_of_Democracy
 https://chat.openai.com/
 https://www.democratic-erosion.com/event-dataset/raw-data/
 https://www.v-dem.net/data/dataset-archive/

i
Borre, Ö. (1995). Old and new politics in Denmark. Scandinavian Political Studies
ii
https://perma.cc/W38U-4HQD

iii
Harmel, R., & Svåsand, L. (1997). The influence of new parties on old parties' platforms
iv
https://denmark.dk/society-and-business/government-and-politics
v
Greven, M. T. (2009). The Erosion of Democracy-The Beginning of the End?