OCTOBER 2023 Volume : 3 | Issue : 2
Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting is the
simple process or technology used
to conserve rainwater by
collecting, storing, conveying, and
purifying of rainwater that runs off
from rooftops, parks, roads, open
grounds, etc. for later use. Here,
let us have a look at the diagram
of rainwater harvesting system. All
living things including plants,
animals and human beings need
water to live and to carry out
different cellular activities.
Different uses of water?
We all use water for different
kinds of day-to-day activities, such
as cleaning, washing, bathing,
cooking, drinking and
other domestic and industrial
uses. Water is a precious, essential
and the non-living components of
the environment. Today, we all
are heading toward the scarcity of
water, and this is mainly because
of the lack of water conservation
and pollution of water bodies. So,
let us not waste a drop of water
OCTOBER 2023
and start conserving water for
further use. There are different
methods used for conserving
water; this article explains the
rainwater harvesting system.
How to Harvest the Rainwater?
Rainwater harvesting systems
consists of the following
components:
O Catchment – Used to collect
and store the captured
rainwater.
O Conveyance system – It is
used to transport the harvested
water from the catchment to
the recharge zone.
O Flush – It is used to flush out
the first spell of rain.
O Filter – Used for filtering the
collected rainwater and
removing pollutants.
O Tanks and the recharge
structures – Used to store the
filtered water which is ready
to use.
The process of rainwater
harvesting involves the collection
Editorial...
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HAPPY DASARA
1
 and the storage of rainwater with
the help of artificially designed
systems that run off naturally or
man-made catchment areas like-
the rooftop, compounds, rock
surface, hill slopes, artificially
repaired impervious or semi-
pervious land surface.
Several factors play a vital
role in the amount of water
harvested. Some of these factors
are:
O The quantum of runoff.
O Features of the catchments.
O Impact on the environment.
O Availability of the technology.
O The capacity of the storage
tanks.
O Types of the roof, its slope,
and its materials.
O The frequency, quantity, and
the quality of the rainfall.
O The speed and ease with which
the rainwater penetrates
through the subsoil to recharge
the groundwater.
Why do we Harvest Rainwater?
The rainwater harvesting
system is one of the best methods
practised and followed to support
the conservation of water. Today,
scarcity of good quality water has
become a significant cause of
concern. However, rainwater,
which is pure and of good quality,
can be used for irrigation,
washing, cleaning, bathing,
cooking and for other livestock
requirements.
2 OCTOBER 2023
Advantages of Rainwater
Harvesting
The benefits of the rainwater
harvesting system are listed below.
O Less cost.
O Helps in reducing the water
bill.
O Decreases the demand for
water.
O Reduces the need for imported
water.
O Promotes both water and
energy conservation.
O Improves the quality and
quantity of groundwater.
O Does not require a filtration
system for landscape
irrigation.
O This technology is relatively
simple, easy to install and
operate.
O It reduces soil erosion,
stormwater runoff, flooding,
and pollution of surface water
with fertilizers, pesticides,
metals, and other sediments.
O It is an excellent source of
water for landscape irrigation
with no chemicals, dissolved
salts and free from all
minerals.
O The combination of urban
‘green’ rooftops with rainwater
catchments have been found to
reduce building temperatures
by more than 1.3 degrees
Celsius.
O When drought occurs,
rainwater harvested in past
months can be used. If rain is
scarce but also unpredictable,
the use of a rainwater
harvesting system can be
critical to capturing the rain
when it does fall. Many
countries with arid
environments, use rainwater
harvesting as a cheap and
reliable source of clean water.
To enhance irrigation in arid
environments, ridges of soil
are constructed to trap and
prevent rainwater from
running downhills. Even in
periods of low rainfall,
enough water is collected for
crops to grow. Water collected
from roofs and tanks can be
constructed to hold large
quantities of rainwater. In
addition, rainwater harvesting
decreases the demand for
water from wells, enabling
groundwater levels to be
further sustained rather than
depleted.
What are the different methods
of rainwater harvesting?
Broadly there are two ways of
harvesting rainwater,
namely; surface runoff harvesting
and rooftop rainwater harvesting.
Instead of using the roof for
catchment, the Rain Saucer, which
looks like an upside-down
umbrella, collects rain straight from the sky. This
decreases the potential for contamination and makes
Rain Saucer a potential application for potable water.
Many countries in the World have adopted
Rainwater Harvesting for various uses. Kenya has
already been successfully harvesting rainwater for
toilets, laundry, and irrigation. Frankfurt Airport has
the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany.
The system helps save approximately 1 million cubic
meters of water per year. This system collects water
from the roofs of the new terminal which has an area
of 26,800 square meters. The water is collected in the
basement of the airport in six tanks with a storage
capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used
for toilet flushing, watering plants, and cleaning the air
conditioning system. Rainwater harvesting was adopted
at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park – in
order to increase the sustainability of the facility. Areas
in Australia use harvested rainwater for cooking and
drinking. Recently cost-effective rainwater collection in
the already dug wells found to be highly effective in
bringing groundwater level up in India.
In the early 21st century, India began heavily
investing in rainwater harvesting infrastructure and
policy as an urgent response to water scarcity. In
2001, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to make
rainwater harvesting compulsory in every building to
avoid groundwater depletion. In Rajasthan, rainwater
harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the
people of the Thar Desert. In Maharashtra, the cities
like Mumbai and Pune also practice Rain water
Harvesting on a large scale. Bengaluru also contributes
to RHW to a large extent. Many other countries like
UK, USA, Uganda, Thailand, Bermuda, New Zealand,
Sri Lanka etc. have opted RWH and have been investing
in the Research on a regular basis.
Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting
In addition to the great advantages, the rainwater
harvesting system has a few disadvantages like
unpredictable rainfall, unavailability of the proper
storage system, etc.
O Regular maintenance is required.
O Requires some technical skills for installation.
O Limited and no rainfall can limit the supply of
rainwater.
O If not installed correctly, it may attract mosquitoes
and other waterborne diseases.
O One of the significant drawbacks of the rainwater
harvesting system is storage limits.
But these limitations can be overcomed through
continuous Research and Developments.
To sum up, we may reinstate the importance of
Rainwater Harvesting and strive hard to save water for
our future generations.
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OCTOBER 2023
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