Chapter 4: Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors We will cover sections: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3Prght? amarty of | ai abeobe. Fuhet ns! 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Find the eigenvalue corresponding to x, where fellExample e Show that 5 is an eigenvalue of A and find all the eigenvectors corresponding to 5. we (Shou A iS Ay “ye aAUL Wwe sw AIL) x = Was Ow Nuretw a \.(isto Sho niki se hot OD wll Nullety 40) Bo Tk FTP IM Nullety (=O v5 eave dat Hh Cos GA ald lin. [nap f\=- Show S\s Ave Ke eg dnyalva 7 Fd Ha J penveds rs [A-SI ST\XY=0 “rT sey= falePY t}x=0 Uke rous are lin dap: by tu PUI M Wt ar that 4s nullity £0. Nuttive| Solns 2. 515 GA eigenvaly) eb pate e Fe ‘ea lalbCw! CyaanvedyS Ovt Geakat mnmttipls [2Definition: Eigenspace e Let A be an nxn matrix and let be an eignevalue for A. e The set of all eigenvectors for 4, together with the zero vector is called the eigenspace of i. \as* Donat “ E, Ey Es = Lely {etyExample e Show that -1 is an eigenvalue of A. Find the eigenspace. fb Gh BST] Show (A- WD Y= 0 SHES ERE _ vQgulu =( 15 an CignvallExample e Find the eigenvalues of A geometrically.Example e Find the eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors for the matrix A. 4-1 A= [P| we hackleSection 4.2: Determinants e We saw earlier that for a 2x2 matrix, we can compute that determinant. e We will now learn how to compute determinants for nxn matrices for n>2.3x3 Matrices e For a 3x3 matrix A, the determinant of A is a scalar, denoted as det A or |A| and is calculated in the following way: Fo G3 Ay By _ Gre Ars —On. Gry Oir5 \Al= A ier Gx Cai Gay Aw AW Ay G3 LO3x3 Matrices e For a 3x3 matrix A, the determinant of A is a scalar, denoted as det A or |A]. It can also be expressed as: 4, Ay Us A=|@, a a; G3 Ay By Ast A = Ay AAA, “An det A wt e det A, is called the (i,j)-minor of A Q i) ive \ V3Example 4=|2 3 ] e Find det A 3 1 0 tech = (Veet 3.) —Co) wet 5 | +! = &Y -~O+ EW) =a -VhThe 3x3 Matrix Determinant Shortcut mull - alt mn it C- \ ma Mt C+) Mul nt a0Oo ~L —A-\4(D=-\LDeterminants of nxn Matrices e Let A=[a,] be an nxn matrix, where n>2. Then the determinant of A is the scalar ded A =O detAy ~Gn det Ay CN On, {| het HAs W I+ = 3 Ou dk (Avs J J=lDefinition: cofactor e The (i,j)-cofactor of a matrix A is Crys 1 dt Ay e This means we can express the determinant of A as akA=F dis C,, j=)Theorem 1: Laplace Expansion Theorem e The determinant of an nxn matrix A=[a,]. where n>2 can be computed as dt A= HC e This is called the cofactor expansion along the i-th rowTheorem 1: Laplace Expansion Theorem (continued) e The determinant of A can also be computed as n daa A =o y Q., Ce, Le \ e This is called the cofactor expansion along the j-th columnExample e Use cofactor expansion to compute the determinant of 2301) Colac EEL Rector - par Ls aling 30 det A= oe ely) | “LioExample e Use cofactor expansion to compute the determinant of= C0") di =(-9)(-%) is 0 Oye Ou-\Another Short Cut! e The determinant of a triangular matrix is the product of its entries on the main diagonal! 12499 4 0-19 9 1 e Ex: 0477 779 21 003-7 -9 1 47 8 98 56 ooo1n 4 HT 9 wooo ass 757 0000 011987 0000 002 10 2 0000 000223 0000 0 00 03 10 0000 00000 4 AGH = 126Theorem 3: Properties of Determinants e Let A be a square matrix. a) IfA has a zero row or column det A=0 >) IfB is obtained by interchanging two rows (column) of A then det B=—det A c) IfA has two identical rows (columns) det A=0 d) IfB is obtained by multiplying a row (column) of A by a scalar k then det B=k det A e) IfB is obtained by adding a multiple of one row (column) of A to another then det B= det A| can use that Theorem to find determinants? e Now we can take a matrix A, turn it into a triangular matrix and using Theorem 3, easily compute the determinant! e Example: Find det A | WY 1 -1 0)@*Hf\-0 A=|0 2 2|— Jortl 02 2None TPO aot 7 oman 4 ( H C 4 Wore 7 = Cnr 1772 Tres 2aQo> owt — 09° —aln LL __J Zee 8 ~ f= ah ss He Be » Oo, we i asin . 1 Ee Bonry o yz modu qm? wo A \A\Invertible Matrices e A square matrix is invertible if and only if baAA +0 e IfA is invertible then the following holds ao (8 \= VeenSome Interesting Determinant Facts e IfA is an nxn matrix and ka scalar then did eA) = B dUACA) e If A and B are nxn matrices and AB their product, then OLA CAR) = Ata (AY dtt(8 ) e For any square matrix A, det A= det ATExample e Suppose for a 3x3 square matrix A we know that det A =-3 e Compute the followin, . det 2A = Dada? EB2- LT o det AT= 7 3 edettAt= 4 134 e det AB where ale 1 / 0 06 tor AB Addl )=9C-L=AYNow for Something Completely Different e Okay, we can compute determinants. Awesome. e All term we have been trying to solve And now tl has Ax=b for somethi systems such as AX™D. completely different... e Lets put this determinant stuff to good use!Cramer’s Rule e Let A be an invertible nxn matrix and let b be a vector in R” e Then the unique solution x of the system Ax=b is given by: det A (bo — re placin column cof A Pe ) ° wih 1Example e Use Cramer’s Rule to solve e xt2y=2 \= \ L b - e -x+4y=1 E Uy ~ (DF ind AAA = 4 — Enis 6 O Find det A, L2)) da[e | =Find AACA, U2) dur (TN) =4 . _ dud Alb) Gel (5) + k= ire oO “Y= ber(A,' | 6) OA Lb)Definition: adjoint e The adjoint of a matrix A is Cu Ca, . Cry buhwmo Cu Cay Cav Cy Gee ah Cn Gan - Can Cofactor HAExample 27 e Find the adjoint of the matrix a 8 ; an = 0 0 C2) or ~ (s) 2 20 Gud (Br ]42 Guy Qa-4\ yo = _ 1324) leg | 0 &3= Ib Gy. = -my-fe@7) ab Gut mes x “| Gs: 0 ew co STheorem 12 e Let A be an nxn matrix, then 4 oa \_ ool A dothExample e Find the inverse of A using the adjoint method. 27 A=|0 8 0 0 1 meSection 4.3: Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors of MatricesEigenvalues of Matrices e The eigenvalues of a square matrix are the solutions 4 of the equation det (A-%L)= 0 e The characteristic polynomial of A is oles (A - XI ) and the characteristic equation is AeHA-WN=OExample e Find the ry polynomial for a 2x2 ~ SP ETES hak M= (a-®\ 4-0) ~ (bier) == (abd\Y + ad-6CProcedure for finding Eigenspace e Let A be an nxn matrix 1) Compute the characteristic polynomial of A 2) Find the eigenvalues ofA (so find the roots of the characteristic polynomial) 3) For each eigenvalue A, find the null space of the matrix A- XI. This is the eigenspace E, , the non-zero vectors of which are the eigenvectors ofA corresponding to d. 4) Find a basis for each eigenspace. ~Example e Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenspaces of 10 00 A= ail- Als 0 3 ou | 0 aei([lo%as r |) = (LW) 0 QO 3-% 2 Evqinvralues.(1-®\ 61-7 W)=U el Pet A=> (3) Ei genVspaces® iy ay¥eg 4 Eto T ataa nie, EB | Ly - WM 0 Path SONS OUr~|O & ete Oot me reyes mae etE., :@-tt\y-0 ~% LO O Ry STL re EEE! QU + O ovo 0 Who =D BME UWA+L=X) Xz=0 ones es real] les)—2xXi4¥, 50 X12 aX -S4R=0 > Kas YX =X Lem = (0X reefs] 2sen((4]) a)Definition: Multiplicity e The algebraic multiplicity of an eigenvalue is its multiplicity as a root of the characteristic equation. e The geometric multiplicity of an eigenvalue is the dimension of its corresponding eigenspace.Example e Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenspaces of A. State the algebraic and geometric multiplicity of each eigenvalue. -1 0 1 A=|3 0 -3 1 0 -1Triangular Matrices are so Nice! e We saw that for triangular matrices we can multiply the entries on the diagonal to get the determinant. e To find the eignevalues of a triangular matrix, we can obtain them from the main diagonal also! e Theorem 15: The eigenvalues of a triangular matrix are the entries on its main diagonal.Theorem 16: Invertible Matrices & Eigenvalues e A square matrix A is invertible if and only if 0 is not an eigenvalue of A. e Proof: seo (VY p90 ICTheorem 18: e Let A be a square matrix with eigenvalue ) and eigenvector x. a) For any positive integer, n, 4” is an eigenvalue of A” with corresponding eigenvector x b) IfA is intertible then 1/A is an eigenvalue of A“with eigenvector x c) IfA is javertiExample e Compute A!°x where a-| 01 x 12Theorem 20 e Let A be an nxn matrix and },, 4,,.., 0, be distinct p Ag» eigenvalues of A with corresponding eigenvectors v,,V,,-. V_. Then v,, v,,.., V_ are linearly independent. m m vp Vor vp VorProblem Solving Time e Let A be a 3x3 matrix with eigenvectors 1 1 1 v= v,=|l]}v;= 0 0 1 and corresponding eigenvalues -1/3, 1/3, and 1, respectively. e Can we write v, as a linear combination of v, and v,?