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CH 3
CH 3
(a) 2:3
(b) 3:2
(c) 8:27
(d) 27:8
7. A lead-acid battery of a car has an emf of 12 V. If in the the internal resistance of the
battery is 0.5 ohm, the rmaximum current that can be drawn from the battery will be
the
(a) 30 A
(b) 20 A
(c) 6 A
(d) 24 A
8. A constant voltage is applied between the two ends of a uniform metallic wire, heat
'H' is developed in it. If another wire of the same material, double the radius and
twice the length as compared to original wire is used, then the heat developed in it
will be
(a) H/2
(b) H
(c) 2 H
(d) 4 H
9. Resistances in the two gaps of a metre bridge are 10 ohm and 30 ohm respectively. If
the resistances are interchanged, the balance point shifts by
(a) 33.3 cm
(b) 66.67 cm
(c) 25 cm
(d) 50 cm
10. Kirchhoff's first law for the electric junction is based on
a) 2V,0.5ohm
b) 2V,0.4ohm
c) >2V,0.5 ohm
d) >2V,0.4 ohm
13. For a fixed potential difference applied across a conductor, the drift speed of free electrons does not
depend upon
a) R=(R2−R1)R2×(R1+R2)
b) R=R2−R1
c) R=(R2+R1)R1R2
d) R=(R2−R1)R1R2
15. If a potential difference V is applied across the conductor is increased to 2V, with its temperature
kept constant. The drift velocity of the free electrons in a conductor will be-
a) remain same
b) become half of its initial value
c) Become doubles of its initial value.
d) Become 0.
16. A battery is connected to the conductor of a non-uniform cross section area. The quantities or
quantity which will remain constant-
a) Electric field only
b) drift speed and electric field only
c) electric field and current
d) current only
17. 7. A current of 0.8A flows in a conductor of 40 ohm for 1 minute. The heat produced in the conductor
will be
1 1 1 1
(a) 9 A, 9V (b) 12 A, 12V (c) 3 A, 3V (d) 6 A, 4V
33. Figure shows a balanced Wheatstone bridge. Seema by mistake has changed the resistor P to 11 Ω.
Then she tried to bring the bridge back to balanced condition. Which of the following steps will not
bring the bridge to balance again?
37. If the potential difference V applied across a conductor is increased to 2V with its temperature kept
constant, the drift velocity of the free electrons in the conductor will
(a) Silver
(b) Copper
(c)Manganin
(d) Iron.
39. The value of current I in the given circuit is
41. A voltmeter having a resistance of 1800 Ω is employed to measure the potential difference
across a 200 Ω resistor which is connected to the terminals of a DC power supply having an emf
of 50 V and an internal resistance of 20 Ω. What is the percentage decrease in the potential
difference across the 200 Ω resistor as a result of connecting the voltmeter across it?
(a)1% (b) 5% (c) 10% (d) 25%
42. A galvanometer of resistance 10 Ω gives full-scale deflection when 1 mA current passes through
it. The resistance required to convert it into a voltmeter reading up to 2.5 V is
(a) 24.9 Ω (b) 249 Ω (c) 2490 Ω (d) 24900 Ω
43. A coil is embedded in a block of ice placed in an insulated box. If a current of 1.0 A is passed
through the coil by applying a potential difference of 210 V across it, the amount of ice melted in one
hour is
(a) 2.00 kg (b) 2.25 kg (c) 2.50 kg (d) 2.75 kg
44. A battery of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable external resistance R.
Which of the graphs shown in the figure depicts the variation of power P consumed with increase in
R?
45. The current I in the circuit shown in figure is
(a) 1A (b)2A (c)3A (d) 4A
46. The current density J through a plane area has a magnitude 6 Am-2. If J makes a angle of 600 with the
area vector of magnitude 3 m2, the magnitude of the current through the area is
(a) 9A (b) 9√3 A (c) 12 A (d) zero
47. A battery of emf 12 V and internal resistance 0.5 Ω is charged by a battery of charger which
supplies a 132 V dc supply using a series resistance of 11.5 Ω. What is the terminal voltage of
the battery during charging?
(a) 15V (b) 16V (c) 17V (d) 18 V
48. A voltmeter reads 3 V at full-scale deflection and is graded as 6000 Ω/V. What resistance should be
connected in series with it so that it reads 12 V at full-scale deflection?
(a) 1.8 x 104 Ω (b) 3.6 x 104 Ω (c) 5.4 x 104 Ω
(d) 7.2 x 104 Ω
49. In 1942, a German physicist Kirchhoff extended Ohm's law to complicated circuits and gave two
laws, which enable us to determine current in any part of such a circuit. According to Kirchhoff's
first rule, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at a junction in a closed electric circuit is zero.
The current flowing in a conductor towards the junction is taken as positive and the current flowing
away from the junction is taken as negative. According to Kirchhoff's second rule, in a closed loop,
the algebraic sum of the emf's and algebraic sum of the products of current and resistance in the
various arms of the loop is zero. While traversing a loop, if negative pole of the cell is encountered
first, then its emf is negative, otherwise positive.
If the coil of a heater is cut to half, what would happen to heat produced?
(a) Doubled
(b) Halved
(c) Remains same
(d) Becomes four times.
51. A cell having an emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable external resistance
R. As the resistance R is increased, the plot of potential difference V across R is given by
52. If n cells each of emf e and internal resistance r are connected in parallel, then the total emf and
internal resistance will be
53. Which of the following I-V graph represents ohmic conductors?
Assertion : In a simple battery circuit, the point of the lowest potential is positive terminal of the
battery.
Reason : The current flows towards the point of the higher potential, as it does in such a circuit
from the negative to the positive terminal.
57. Assertion : Voltmeter is connected in parallel with the circuit.
Reason : Resistance of a voltmeter is very large.
58. Assertion : An electric bulb becomes dim, when the electric heater in parallel circuit is switched on.
Reason : Dimness decreases after sometime.
59. Case study questions: Q no 9 and 10
Whenever an electric current is passed through a conductor, it becomes hot after some time. The
phenomenon of the production of heat in a resistor by the flow of an electric current through it is called
heating effect of current or Joule heating. Thus, the electrical energy supplied by the source of emf is
converted into heat. In purely resistive circuit, the energy expended by the source entirely appears as
heat. But if the circuit has an active element like a motor, then a part of energy supplied by the source
goes to do useful work and the rest appears as heat. Joule’s law of heating forms the basis of various
electrical appliances such as electric bulb, electric furnace, electric press etc.
(i) If the coil of a heater is cut to half, what would happen to heat produced?
(a) Doubled
(b) Halved
(c) Remains same
(d) Becomes four times.
60. (ii) A 25 W and 100 W are joined in series and connected to the mains. Which bulb will glow
brighter?
(a) 100 W
(b) 25 W
(c) Both bulbs will glow brighter
(d) None will glow brighter
61.
VSA 2 MARKS EACH
1. Define the term ‘Mobility’ of charge carriers in a conductor. Write its S.I. unit.
2. Show variation of resistivity of copper as a function of temperature in a graph.
3. A storage battery of emf 8.0 V and internal resistance 0.5 is being charged by a 120 V
dc supply using a series resistor of 15.5 ohm. What is the current during charging?
4. For household electrical wiring, one uses Copper or Aluminum. What considerations are kept in mind?
5. Two wires one of manganin and the other of copper have equal length & equal resistance. Which one
of these wires will be thicker? Justify your answer.
6. The emf of a cell is always greater than the terminal voltage of that cell. Why?
7. Two electric bulbs A and B are marked 220V, 40 W and 220V, 60 W respectively. Which one has
greater resistance?
8. Whenever current flows through any electrical network,voltage drops across each electrical elements.
Arun found the voltage drop across the resistor R1 in the circuit given below with E= 60V,
, and as 40 volts? Is he correct? Justify
9. A single cell provides a feeble current. In order to get a higher current in a circuit, we often use a
combination of cells A combination of cells is called a battery, Cells can be joined in series, parallel
or in a mixed way.
Two cells are said to be connected in series when negative terminal of one cell is connected to
positive terminal of the other cell and so on. Two cells are said to be connected in parallel if positive
terminal of each cell is connected to one point and negative terminal of each cell connected to the
other point. In mixed grouping of cells, a certains number of identical cells are joined in series, and all
such rows are then connected in parallel with each other.
To draw the maximum current from a combination of cells, how should the cells be grouped?
(a) Parallel (b) Series (c) Mixed grouping
(d) Depends upon the relative values of internal and external resistances
10. Metals have a large number of free electrons nearly 1028 per cubic metre. In the absence of electric
field, average terminal speed of the electrons in random motion at room temperature is of the order
of 105m s-1When a potential difference V is applied across the two ends of a given conductor, the free
electrons in the conductor experiences a force and are accelerated towards the positive end of the
conductor. On their way, they suffer frequent collisions with the ions/atoms of the conductor and lose
their gained kinetic energy. After each collision, the free electrons are again accelerated due to electric
field, towards the positive end of the conductor and lose their gained kinetic energy in the next
collision with the ions/atoms of the conductor. The average speed of the free electrons with which
they drift towards the positive end of the conductor under the effect of applied electric field is called
drift speed of the electrons.
For a metallic wire, the ratio V/I (V = applied potential difference and I = current flowing) is
(a) independent of temperature
(b) increases as the temperature rises
(c) decreases as the temperature rises
(d) increases or decreases as temperature rises depending upon the metal
12. The plot of the variation of potential difference across a combination of three identical cells in series,
versus current is as shown in the figure. What is the emf of each cell? (Delhi 2008)
13. A wire of resistance 8R is bent in the form of a circle. What is the effective resistance between the
ends of a A diameter 2AB?
14. Two metallic wires of the same material have the same length but cross-sectional area is in the ratio
1 : 2. They are connected
(i) in series and
(ii) in parallel. Compare the drift velocities of electrons in the two wires in both the cases (i) and (ii).
SA 3 MARKS EACH
1. a. Define emf of a cell.
b. Under what condition emf is equal to terminal potential difference.
c. A 5 V battery of negligible internal resistance is connected across a 200 V
battery and a resistance of 39 Ω as shown in the figure. Find the value of the
current.
2. The network PQRS, shown in the circuit diagram, has the batteries of 4 V and 5 V and
negligible internal resistance. A milliammeter of 20 Ω resistance is connected between P and
R. Calculate the reading in the milliammeter.
3. 1. Define current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Increasing the current
sensitivity may not necessarily increase the voltage sensitivity of a galvanometer. Justify.
9. Potential Difference V is applied across the ends of the copper wire of length l and diameter D.What
is the effect on drift velocity of electrons if
a)V is doubled? b) l is doubled? c) Dis doubled?
10. The variation of resistance of a metallic conductor with temperature is given in figure.
(a) Calculate the temperature coefficient of resistance from the graph.
(b) State why the resistance of the conductor increases with the rise in temperature.
11. At room temperature 27.0ºC the resistance of a heating element is 100 Ω. What is the temperature of
the element if the resistance is found to be 117 Ω, given that the temperature coefficient of the
material of the resistor is 1.70 x 10-4℃ .
12. Calculate the current drawn from the battery in the given network.
13. A wire of 15 Ω resistance is gradually stretched to double its original length. It is then cut into two
equal parts. These parts are then connected in parallel across a 3.0 volt battery. Find the current
drawn from the battery.
14. A battery of emf 6 V and internal resistance 2Ω is connected to a resistor. If the current in the circuit
is 0.25 A, find
(i) the resistance of the resistors;
(ii) the terminal voltage of the battery.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS 4 MARKS
1. Any source of emf has some internal resistance itself, called internal or source
resistance. When we connect the terminals of a cell, a current flows in the wire from
positive terminal of the cell towards the negative terminal. But inside the electrolyte
of the cell, the positive ions flow from the lower to the higher potential (or negative
ions from the higher to the lower potential) against the background of other ions and
neutral atoms of the electrolyte. So the electrolyte offers some resistance to the flow
of current inside the cell.
The resistance offered by the electrolyte to the flow of current between its
electrodes is called the internal resistance of the cell. It depends on nature and
concentration of electrolyte, separation and common area of the electrodes dipped
in the electrolyte, and temperature of the electrolyte. Internal resistance causes
energy loss which occurs inside a battery when a current is driven round an external
circuit. The greater the current, the greater the energy loss and the small is the
terminal p.d. of the battery. The internal resistance of a battery increases with age
and so reduces the current it can drive. The knowledge of internal resistance
becomes important when we consider how a source of emf can deliver maximum
power to an appliance connected to it. According to maximum power theorem this
occurs when the internal resistance of the source equals the resistance of the
appliance.
(i) Define internal resistance
(ii) Define emf of a cell
(iii) A variable resistor R is connected across a cell of emf and internal resistance
r as shown in the figure.
Draw a plot showing the variation of (i) terminal voltage V and (ii) the
current I, as a function of R.
2. Wheatstone bridge. It is an arrangement of four resistances used to determine one
of these resistances quickly and accurately in terms of the remaining three
resistances. This method was first suggested by a British physicist Sir Charles F.
Wheatstone in 1843.
A Wheatstone bridge consists of four resistances P, Q,R and S; connected to form the
arms of a quadrilateral ABCD. A battery of emf & is connected between point A and C
called cell arm and a sensitive galvanometer between Band D called galvanometer
arm,
3. If n cells each of emf E & internal resistance r are connected in series and an external resistance R is
connected to combination. If the polarity of m cells is reversed, Find the current in external resistance.
4. At room temperature, the resistance of the heating element is 100 ohm. At what temperature does
the resistance of the element change to 117 ohm?
( The temperature coefficient of the given material is 1.7*10-4/⁰C )
5. When the electric cell (source of EMF) is in a closed circuit, the current flows through the circuit.
There is a fall of potential across the internal resistance of the cell. The terminal potential difference
between the two electrodes of the cell becomes less than the EMF of the cell by an amount equal to
potential drop across the internal resistance of the cell. Thus, in a closed circuit the terminal potential
difference of a cell is always less than the EMF of the cell.
(i) EMF of a cell is independent of:
(a) size of the electrodes
(b) quantity of electrolyte presents in the cell
(c) distance between the electrodes
(d) all of these
(ii)Three cells of EMF, 2.0 V,2.5 V and 3.0 V are connected in series. Their internal resistances are
0.20 Ω, 0.20Ω and 0.15Ω respectively. The battery is connected to an external resistor of
6.5 Ω wire through a very low resistance ammeter, what would be the reading of ammeter?
(iii) A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected in series with an external resistance nr. Then
ratio of terminal potential difference to emf is:
(a)1/n (b) 1/(n+1) (c) n/(n+1) (d) (n+1)/n
(iv) For a cell, the terminal potential difference is 3.6 V, when the circuit is open. If the potential
difference reduces to 3V, when the cell is connected to 5 Ω resistance, the internal resistance of the
cell is:
(a)1 Ω (b) 2 Ω (c) 4 Ω (d) 8 Ω
6. Consider a resistor connected to a source of emf. The energy gets dissipated entirely in the form of
heat. This phenomenon of production of heat in a resistor by the flow of current through it is called
heating effect of current.
When potential difference is applied across the ends of conductor, its free electrons get accelerated in
the opposite direction of the applied field. The kinetic energy gained by the free electrons is
transferred to the metal ions at the time of collisions. According to Joule’s law of heating, the amount
of heat produced is H = I2Rt
(i)If two identical heaters each rated as (1000W,220V) are connected in parallel to 220V, then power
consumed is
(a) 200 W (b) 2500 W (c) 250 W (d) 2000 W
(ii)Two wires having resistances R and 2R are connected in parallel then ratio of heat generated is R
and 2R is
(iii)When 4 equal resistors are connected in series with a battery, they dissipate a power of 10W.What
will be the power dissipated through any of them if it is individually connected across the same battery?
(a) 40 W (b) 10/3 W (c) 90 W (d) 10 W
(iv)Bulb B1(100W-250V) and Bulb B2(100W-200V) are connected across 250V.What is the potential
drop across B2 ?
(a) 200 V (b) 250 V (c) 98 V (d) 48 V
A single cell provides a feeble current. In order to get a higher current in a circuit, we often use a
combination of cells A combination of cells is called a battery, Cells can be joined in series, parallel
or in a mixed way.
Two cells are said to be connected in series when negative terminal of one cell is connected to
positive terminal of the other cell and so on. Two cells are said to be connected in parallel if positive
terminal of each cell is connected to one point and negative terminal of each cell connected to the
other point. In mixed grouping of cells, a certains number of identical cells are joined in series, and
all such rows are then connected in parallel with each other.
i)To draw the maximum power from a cell of emf E and internal resisrance r connected to an
external resistance R what should be the value of R?
(a) R = r (b) R = r/2 (c) R = 0 (d) R = 2r
(ii) The total emf of the cells when n identical cells each of emf E are connected in parallel is
(a) nε
(b) n2ε
(c) E
d) εn
(iii) 4 cells each of emf 2 V and internal resistance of 1Ω
are connected in parallel to a load resistor of 2Ω
. Then the current through the load resistor is
(a) 2 A (b) 1.5 A (c) 1 A (d) 0.888 A
(iv) If two cells out of n number of cells each of internal resistance 'r' are wrongly connected in
series, then total resistance of the cell is
(a) 2nr (b) nr - 4r (c) nr (d) r
(b) Define 'drift velocity' and obtain an expression for the current flowing in a wire, in
terms of the 'drift velocity' of the free electrons.
(c) Use the above expression to show that the 'resistivity', of the material of a wire, is
inversely proportional to the 'relaxation time' for the 'free electrons' in the metal.
2 19.a) Find the current through 1 ohm
3 Use Kirchhoff’s rules to obtain conditions for the balance condition in a Wheatstone bridge.
Calculate the current drawn from the battery by the network of resistors shown in the figure.
4 (i)Two cells of emfs E1 and E2 and internal resistances r1 and r2
are connected in parallel. Derive the expression for the net
emf and net resistance for this combination.
(ii)A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a
variable resistance R. Plot graphs showing variation of
(a)E and R and
(b)Terminal potential difference V and R.
Examine the second graph to predict under which V
becomes equal to E.
5 i)The figure shows a plot of terminal voltage ‘V’ versus the current ‘i’ of a given cell. Calculate from
the graph
(a) emf of the cell and
(b) internal resistance of the cell.
ii)A cell of emf 4 V and internal resistance 1 Ω is connected to a d.c. source of 10 V through a
resistor of 5 Ω. Calculate the terminal voltage across the cell during charging
ANSWERS FOR MCQs
1. (b) 24 C
2. (a) 1.1 m
3. (d) current only
4. B
5. (c) increases for a conductor and decreases for a
semiconductor
6. (c) 8:27
7. (d) 24 A
8. (c) 2 H
9. (d) 50 cm
10. (a) Law of conservation of charge
11. A
12. D
13. A
14. B
15. C
16. D
17. B
18. A
19. D
20. D
21. (c)
Explanation:
In a current carrying conductor, the net charge is zero.
22. (d)
23. a)
Explanation:
J =σE ⇒ Jρ=E
J is current density, E is electric field
so B = ρ = resistivity.
24. (b)
Explanation:
Because as temperature increases, the resistivity increases and hence the relaxation time decreases
for conductors
25. b)
Explanation:
In conductor when electrons move between two collisions, their paths are straight lines when external
fields are absent and paths are curved in general when external field is present.
26. a)
27. d)
28. (b) The power dissipated in the transmission cables is inversely proportional to the square of voltage
at which current is transmitted through the cables. Therefore to minimize the power loss the
transmission cables carry current at a very high voltage.
29. a)
30. c) n/(n+1)
31. (a) T1 > T2
32. 1
(c) 3 A, 3V
33. (c) increasing S by 20Ω
34. (a) 0.7 Ω
35. (b) Material A is germanium. and material B is copper.
36. (b)
37. (c) be double of its initial value.
38. (c)Manganin
39. c) 2.0 A
40. b) 2 V
41. a) 1%
42. c) 2490 Ω
43. b) 2.25 kg
44. d)
45. c) 3A
46. a) 9A
47. c) 17V
48. c) 5.4 x 104 Ω
49. b) law of conservation of charge
50. b) Halved
51. b
52. a
53. a
54. a
55. b
56. d
57. b
58. b
59. a
ANSWERS FOR VSA ( 2 MARKS)
1 Mobility of charge carriers is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity per unit electric field E.
Mobility=Vd/E =eτ/m
2 Graph showing resistivity increasing with temperature
3 net emf in the circuit will be
= 120-8.0=112 V
I= E' / R+r =112/ {15.5+0.5}. = 7A
4 i) Cost of metal.
ii)Good conductivity of metal.
5 Copper wire R=ρc/Ac ,
We know
For Bulb A,
For Bulb B
Bulb A has higher resistance because its power is less.
8
are in series
= = 15
Now are parallel
= =6
Now are series
Rnet =
Rnet = 6+18 = 24
I= =
Now voltage drop across
9 a) Parallel
10 b) number density of free electrons in the conductor
11 b) increases as the temperature rises
12 Total emf of three cells in series = P.D corresponding to zero current = 6V
∴ The emf of each cell = 63 = 2V
13 The effective resistance between A and BO
3. Current sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when unit current is passed
through its coil. Current Sensitivity = θ/I = nBA/K,n – number of turns in galvanometer,K- restoring
cofficient
Voltage sensitivity is defined as the deflection produced in the galvanometer when unit voltage is applied
across the coil of the galvanometer.
Voltage Sentivity = θ /V= nBA/KR ,R- Resistance of galvanometer coil
4. From the equation if we increase the temperature
then relaxation time will decrease. So for conductor
the resistivity will increase.
For semi-conductor the relaxation time will decrease
as like conductors, but along with that the no. of
conducting ions (electrons and holes) will also
increase rapidly. So, the resistivity will decrease for
semiconductors.
5. P=V2/R, Here in series connection V is constant
So, P is inversely proportional to R2
For P then R will be less and vice versa. For small value of R, more current will flow through that
bulb. So, 100W bulb will glow brightly.
6. a)
b)
c) We have, V = IR or, I = V/R When R = 0, Current will be maximum. Hence, Maximum current drawn will be
at R =0
7. (i)E1 =V/l, E2 =V/2l, E3 =2V/3l ∴ E2 < E3< E1
(ii)As vd ∝ E,∴ vd2 < vd3< vd1
(iii) j = ne vd, ∴ j2 < j3< j1
8. (i) As soon as the circuit is closed, electric field is set up throughout the circuit instantly. Electrons in
every part begins to drift and current starts to flow instantly.
(ii) As the electron accelerates it collides with positive ion of the metal. It loses its drift speed after
collision but starts to accelerates and increase its speed again only to suffer a collision again and
so
on. On average, therefore an electron acquires a steady average drift speed.
(iii) As I = neAvd, even if e and vd are very small, we obtain a large current because the electron
density (n) is very large (of the order of 1029 m-3).
9. Since
Where R is the resistance of the conductor and θ is the temperature corresponding to pt.A
(b) Since R =
When temperature increases, no of collisions increases average relaxation time decreases, hence
resistance Increases.
11. Room temperature, T=27
Resistance of the heating element at
Temperature co-efficient of the material of the filament,
I= 0.2 A
14. i)R =22 Ohm ii)V= 5.5 V
ANSWERS FOR CBQ ( 4 MARKS)
1. (i) Definition 1mark
(ii) Definition 1mark
(iii) Graph 2 mark
2. (i) No change 1 mark
(ii) Metre bridge 1 mark
(iii) 25 ohm 2 mark
3. For n no of cells total emf nE
If polarity of m cells reversed then emf will be (nE-mE)
Total resistance (nr+R)
So the current will be I= (nE-mE)/(nr+R)
4. Temperature coefficient = (Rt-R27)/R27(t-27)
From calculation, t=1027οC
5. (i) (d) all of these
(ii) (a) 1.06 Ω
(iii) (c) n/(n+1)
(iv) (a)1 Ω
6. (i) (d) 2000 W
(ii) (d) 4:1
(iii) (a) 40 W
(iv) (c) 98 V
10.
KEY 5 MARKS
1 While flowing themselves, the free electrons have random motion in a metal. There in no net flow of charge
across any section of the wire. So no current flows in the wire.
(b) Drift velocity. Force exerted on a free electron by the external field E is
F=-eE or ma =-eE a= -eE/m Average thermal velocity of free electrons in a conductor is zero, u = 0
The average time elapsed between two successive collisions of a drifting electron is relaxation time (t). The
average velocity gained by a free electron during this time is the drift velocity given by
2 )By applying KVL in both of the loops
We will get the current 0.13A through 1 ohm resistance.
b) By applying KVL in the loop of Wheatstone bridge, in balanced condition when the current through
galvanometer will be 0 then P/Q=R/S
It is the condition of null point when no current flows through BD arm, i.e. 5 Ω.
Resistances P = (1 Ω) and R = (2 Ω) are in series;
Similarly, Resistances Q = (2 Ω) and S in series,
4 (i)Correct derivation -------------------- (3)
Enet = E1r2 + E2r1/r1 + r2
rnet = r1r2/ r1 + r2
(ii)
1 1
---------------------------- (2+2)
5 i)
ii)