Kháng Oxy Hoá

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
Krupanidhi et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

SJIF Impact Factor 8.084
Volume 11, Issue 4, 758-779. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
ANTI- OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CONSIDERABLE MEDICINAL

PLANTS: A REVIEW ARTICLE
A. M. Krupanidhi1*, Prakash Dabadi2, Sameera H. R.3, Anusha M. M.3, Deepika B. V.3,

Srinivas G.3 and Soundarya R.3
1,2
Department of Pharmacology, Bapuji Pharmacy College, Shamanur Road, S. S. Layout,
Davanagere-577004, Karnataka, India.
3
Bapuji Pharmacy College, Shamanur Road, S. S. Layout, Davanagere-577004, Karnataka,
India.
ABSTRACT
Article Received on
08 Feb. 2022, Recently, there has been increasing interest in medicinal plant, due to
Revised on 28 Feb. 2022,
Accepted on 18 March 2022
their content of health promoting compounds. Hence the aim of this
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20224-23612 work was to study the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from the
following medicinal plants: Amalaki (Emblica officinalis),
*Corresponding Author Broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. italic), Caesalpinia sappan (Biancaea

A. M. Krupanidhi sappan), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa),
Department of Orange, Blueberry (Cyanococcus), Peppermint (Mentha piperita),
Pharmacology, Bapuji
Mango (Mangifera indica), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Red
Pharmacy College,
chilli (Capsicum annum), shows antioxidant activity under invitro
Shamanur Road, S. S.
Layout, Davanagere- condition by using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate),
577004, Karnataka, India. ABTS (2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid,
TFC(total flavonoid content), TPC (total phenolic content).
Antioxidants counteract the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and aid in the
prevention of diseases like cancer. Antioxidants are available in both natural and synthetic
forms. Natural antioxidants can be found in fruits, species, and vegetables, among other
foods. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene and
butylatedhydrooxyanisole reduce oxidation as well, but they have been shown to be
hazardous to humans; as a result, research into nontoxic antioxidant has grown in recent
years. Therapeutic plants have antioxidant properties because they must protect themselves
from toxic substances that induce stress. Plants have no harmful side effects and protect us
from free radicals, which keeps us healthy. As a result, its critical to test medicinal plants for
www.wjpr.net │ Vol 11, Issue 4, 2022. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 758
antioxidant properties. A number of in-vitro tests for determining antioxidant capacity have
been published.
INTRODUCTION
Food and medicinal plants, such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, mushrooms, drinks, flowers,
spices, and traditional medicinal and herbs, provide the majority of exogenous antioxidants.
Furthermore, enterprises that process agricultural by-products could be key sources of natural
antioxidants. Polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, lignans, and stilbenes),
carotenoids (xanthophylls and carotenes), and vitamins (vitamin E and C) are the most
common natural antioxidants found in plant materials. These natural antioxidants, particularly
polyphenols and carotenoids, have a variety of biological effects, including anti-
inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-aging, and anticancer properties.[1] Oxidation is a
chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from a material to an oxidizer. Free
radicals are produced by oxidation events, which start chain reactions that damage cells.[2]
Free radicals and other oxidants are countered by a complex system of endogenous enzymatic
and non enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the human body. A high intake of dietary
antioxidants can help to protect against free radicals. Over production of free radicals can
result in oxidative damage to biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and DNA) which can lead to
variety of chronic diseases in humans including Atherosclerosis, cancer, diabetes,
rheumatoid, arthritis, post-ischemic perfusion injury, myocardial infraction, cardiovascular
diseases, chronic inflammation, stroke and septic shock as well as ageing and other
degenerative diseases. Excess nitrogen oxide is harmful either by interacting with tyrosine
which is required for the enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase to function properly.
Hypertension and vasospasm may be caused by excessive vascular O2 production.[3]
Antioxidants may help to improve one‘s quality of life by preventing or delaying the onset of
degenerative diseases.[4] Antioxidants are chemicals that stop or slow the oxidation of other
molecules by preventing the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reactions. Natural
compounds' anti-oxidant properties are based on their ability to donate hydrogen atoms to
free radicals. Plants are recognized to be a good source of anti-oxidants. Plant antioxidant
activity is primarily governed by their ability to scavenge free radicals, which is determined
by their reducing characteristics as hydrogen- or electron-donating agents. Flavonoids and
phenolic substances found in plants are powerful scavengers of hydroxyl and peroxyl
radicals.[5] Chemicals extracted from plants are known as phytochemicals. Depending on
their involvement in plant metabolism, these compounds are classed as primary or secondary
constituents. Sugar, aminoacids, proteins, nucleic acid, purines, pyra, midines, chlorophyll
and other primary ingredients are among them. The remaining plant compounds, such as
alkaloids, terpenes and phenolics are secondary ingredients. Phytochemicals are a potential
source of novel antioxidant molecules, and several of them have been identified by many
researchers. Antioxidants such as Vitamin C, Vitamin E and phenolic compounds are
abundant in many plants.[6]
Phytochemistry of some antioxidant plants

Medicinal plants have been used to treat human disease for thousands of years because they
contain a wide range of chemical components that have a specific physiological effect on the
human body. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and phenolic compounds
are the most important of these chemicals.[7]
Fig. 1: Amalaki.
Synonym: Dhatriphala, Amalaka (Sanskrit), Amla (hindi)

Family: Phyllanthus emblica.
Chemical constituents: Hydrolysable tannins (Emblicanin A and B, Punigluconin,
Pedunculagin, Chebulinic acid, Chebulagic acid, Corilagin, Geranine, Ellagotannin), Vitamin
C, 0.5% Fat, Alkaloids (Phyllantine, Phyllembein, Phyllantidine), 5% Tannins, Phosphorus,
calcium, Iron, Carbohydrates (Pectin), Organic acids (citric acid), Flavonoids (Quercetin,
Kaempferol), Amino Acids (Glutamic acid, Proline, Aspartic acid, Alanine, cystine, Lysine),
Phenolic compounds(Galic acid, Methyl gallate, Ellagic acid, Trigallayl glucose).[8]
Plant introduction: The amalaki tree is a small to medium –sized decidious tree with a thin
light grey bark that exfoliates in little thin uneven flakes and grows to a height of 8-18
metres. The main stem has an average girth of 70 cm. Near the base, the main stem is divided
into 2 to 7 scaffolds.The leaves are 10-13 mm long and 3 mm wide, and they are tightly set in
pinnate fashion, giving the branches a fluffy appearance. Flowers are unisexual, 4 to 5 mm
long, pale green in colour, and borne in clusters of 6 to 10 in leaf axils. Fruits are fleshy,
almost globose in shape, with a diameter of 2.1-2.4 cm. It is grown commercially in Uttar
Pradesh, India. Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh are among the states that grow
it.[9]
Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Amal is a good antioxidant since it is one of the richest sources of vitamin C and low
molecular weight hydrolysable tannins. The tannins in amla, such as emblicanin-A,
emblicanin-B, Punigluconin, and pedunculagin, have been shown to provide protection
against oxygen radicals in rat peripheral blood erythrocytes. The recycling of the sugar
moiety and conversion of polyphenol into medium to high molecular weight tannins are the
mechanisms driving antioxidant action. Amla contain the potent antioxidant Ellagic acid,
which can prevent gene mutations and repair chromosomal defects.[10] Emblica officinalis is
also used as antipyretic, analgesic, cytoprotective, antitussive and Gastroprotective.
Additionally, it is useful in memory enhancing, ophthalmic disorders and lowering
cholesterol level.[11]
Fig. 2: Broccoli.
Synonym: Cabbage, asparagus, spinach

Family: Brassicaceae, genus Brassica.
Chemical constituents: The typical broccoli phytochemicals are sulphur containing
compounds, including glucosinolates, hydroxycinnamic acids (sinapic and caffeoyl-quinic
acid derivatives), minerals (Calcium, phosphoprus, potassium, sodium), vitamins(B,C,E,K),
Fibers, indoles, Flavonoids (kaempferol), glucoraphanin, S-methyl cysteine, sulfoxide,
isothiocyanates, and indole-3-carbinol etc.[12]
Plant introduction: Broccoli produces edible flower buds (florets) in dense green clusters.
Although the florets and upper stems of the head are the most typically consumed organs in
broccoli, the leaves and stalks are considered byproducts. New processed foods containing
broccoli byproducts have recently gained popularity.[13] Sprouting broccoli originated in the
eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor, and was first planted in Italy during the Roman era,
before being transported to England and America in the 1700s.[14]

Broccoli is a nutrient dense vegetable that is high in vitamins and minerals. Certain types of
cancer, diabetes, heart disease, jointly inflammation, and high blood pressure are all
prevented by it. Broccoli has been found to have a high antioxidant capacity by researchers
from all over the world. Per 100g of fresh broccoli, the blossom and stem contain
42,200,263mg and 1200.254 mg of ascorbic acid, respectively. Among the methanol extract
of broccoli had a highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. The strongest DPPH radical
scavenging activity was discovered in indigenous broccoli, which was similar to conventional
ascorbic acid and BHA.[15] Broccoli florets, which make approximately 30% of the whole
broccoli, are the most commonly consumed component. Currently, broccoli by-products like
leaves and stems are only used for flour and fiber, but their potential key sources of phyto-
chemicals is garnering more attention in the scientific community.[16]
Fig. 3: Caesalpinia sappan.
Synonym: Pathimugam, Sappan wood, Brazilwood Tree.

Family: Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family)
Chemical constituents: Nine compounds were isolated from the heartwood of Caesalpinia
sappan. On the basis of spectral data, they were identified as brazilein, brazilin, lyoniresinol,
steric acid, stigmasterol, 3-dimethoxy-4, 4-dihydroxystilbene, syfingaresinol, protosappanin
A, brazilide, Protosappanin, chalcone.[17]
Plant introduction: C. sappan is a thorny, shrubby small to medium-sized tree that grows to
a height of 4-8(-10) m. It has a few thorny branches and big bipennate compound leaves that
are 20–45 cm long and 10–20 cm wide. The compound leaves are lanceolate, alternating, and
have 8-16 pairs of pinnae, each measuring up to 20 cm in length. Each pinnae is made up of
10-20 pairs of subsessile oblong leaflets measuring 10-20 mm × 6-10 mm in length. The base
of the leaflet is oblique, while the apex is round or emarginated. Tamilnadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal are among the Indian states where the tree can
be found.[18]

Sappanwood (Secang) is an Indonesian herbal drink that has been consumed for centuries.
1.74-4.4 g/ml brazilin was found in 20g/ml Caesalpinia sappan extract. Brazilin showed a
dose dependent DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Caesalpinia sappan extract had
equivalent radical scavenging activity to l- ascorbic acid, which was utilized as a positive
control. UVA- induced H2O2 secretion were scavenged by Caesalpinia sappan and its main
components, brazilin, which increased antioxidant enzyme expression.[19] Antioxidant

activity from heartwood, antihelmintic activity from leaves, and antibacterial activity from
barks, to name a few biological activities described from various parts of C. sappan.[20]
Fig. 4: Turmeric.
Synonym: Curcuma longa, Yellow ginger, Saffron Indian, Haldi.

Family: Zingiberaceae.
Chemical Constituents: It contains Curcuminoids (5%), Essential oils(6%), Volatile oils like
Mono and sesquiterpenes [zingiberene (25%), turmerone, borneol, cineole, β-curcumene, γ-
curcumene, α- and β- turmerones, camphor, eugenol, curlone, terpinene, camphene,
terpinolene, caryophyllene ] etc.[21]
Plant introduction: Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant in the

ginger family Zingiberaceae that produces turmeric. Temperatures between 20°C to 30°C are
required for the turmeric plant to thrive, as well as a significant amount of annual rainfall.
Long, oblong leaves grow to a height of 1 m on individual plants. Plants are harvested for
their rhizomes once a year. In the ground, the rhizomes mature beneath the leaf. They have a
dull orange interior and are yellowish brown on the outside.[22] India is the world's biggest
producer and exporter of turmeric. Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Karnataka, West
Bengal, Gujarat, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, and Assam are some of the major states that grow
turmeric, with Andhra Pradesh alone accounting for 35.0 percent of area and 47.0 percent of
production.[23]

Turmeric has been used as main component in Bangladesh and Indian dishes from ancient
times for its color, flavor, and taste. It is also used in social and religious ceremonies, as well
as in ayurvedic and traditional remedies to treat a variety of maladies, such as gastric, hepatic,
gynecological, and infectious disease. The DPPH radical-scavenging activity and FRAP (Free
Radical-Scavenging Activity) values were used to measure the antioxidant activity of
turmeric samples.[24] Although the turmeric flower‘s antioxidants activity is not as strong as
that of synthetic antioxidants like ascorbic acid, it can be employed as a natural antioxidant.
The amount of phenolic chemicals in the plant determines the compound‘s antioxidant
action.[25]
Fig. 5: Kiwi.
Synonym: Chinese gooseberry, Actinidia chinensis, Actinidia delicious.

Family: Actinidiaceae
Chemical constituents: The major chemical compositions of phenolics detected in young
―Zespri SunGold Kiwi fruit‖ are epicatechin, rutin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid
and vanillic acid.[26]
Plant introduction: The plant is a robust deciduous climber that can reach a height of around
9 metres and tolerates full sun or partial shade. Kiwi plants were first grown in China's
mountainous and wild regions. It's a little, 3-inch-long fruit with a brown hairypeel, green
flesh, and white pulp in the centre, and many tiny black edible seeds.[27] China‘s national fruit
is the kiwifruit. Because kiwifruit was historically harvested from the wild, china was not a
big producer of the fruit until recently. It is primarily grown in china‘s hilly region upstream
of the Yaqngtze River. In New Zealand, around 2,500 farmers woprk in the Kiwifruit
industry, harvesting approximately 3.7 billion Kiwifruits each year. New Zealand, around
2,500 farmers work in the kiwifruit industry, harvesting approximately 3.7 billion kiwifruits
each year.[28]

The kiwi fruit is an edible berry produced by a cultivar group of woody vines belonging to
the Actinidia genus. The ‗Hayward‘ cultivar, which belongs to the Actinidia deliciosa
species, is the most common commercially available green fleshed kiwifruit. Even in the
prevention of coronary atherosclerosis, kiwi fruit has been demonstrated to be helpful. In
2009, an orchard in Heanam country, Jeonnam province, Korea, collected all kiwifruit
varities that had achieved commercially maturity.[29] Vitamin C is the most important vitamin
because it has significant antioxidant activity; for example, it protects cell from oxidative
stress and plays a key role in cardiovascular disease prevention.[30] Antioxidant have become
increasingly important in the protection of Organisms, tissues, and non-living systems against
oxidative stress in recent years.[31] Furthermore, phenolics, flavonoids, vitamin
C, carotenoids, chlorophylls, proteins, and minerals are rich in kiwi berries. Many chronic
diseases are reduced by phenolics. Fruits have diverse phenolic profiles and antioxidant
activities, and fruits with strong antioxidant activity typically contain more antioxidants.[32]
Fig. 6: Orange:
Synonym: Bitter sweet, salmon, apricot.

Family: Rutaceae.
Chemical constituents: Specially, for oranges, known important volatiles include limonene,
ethyl butanoate, octanal, decanal, hexanal, (S)-linalool, and many other hydrocarbons,
alcohol, aldehydes, esters and it also a good source of Vitamin C, Vitamin B (thiamine), folic
acid, potassium, phosphorus, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Sulphur.[33]
Plant introduction: The orange is a good source of vitamin C and polyphenolic chemicals,
and it‘s popular all around the world. Since the implementation of the South Korea-United
States Free Trade Agreement, the importation of oranges into South Korea, an increase of
39,900 tonne over the previous year.[34] Young stems are glabrous and greenish white, and
the tree or shrub is rarely seen. Leaflets are 7.5-15 cm long and foliate. Long, elliptic or
ovate, obtuse, acute or acumilate; petioles naked or winged, the wing often obovate and
nearly as large as the blade. Pure white bisexual flower. 20-30 stamens the fruit is globose,
oblate, not mamillate, and usually orange in colour; the rind is loose or adhering, and the pulp
is sweet, yellow, and sometimes red.[35]

Five sweet orange (citrus sinensis Osbeck)types grown in Huelva, Spain, were tested for
antioxidant activity (free radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and lipid per oxidation
inhibition) and vitamin content in two seasons over two years (vitamins E and vitamin C).
The impacts of sweet orange variety and maturation stage were compared extensively using
2-way ANOVA and linear discrimination analysis. Citrus fruits are high in antioxidant
chemicals, which help to avoid oxidative stress. Sweet orange fruits, in particular, are
thought to be high in antioxidants such as vitamin C, phenolic compound, and carotenoids.
Because the human body cannot generate ascorbic acid (vitamin C), it is essential to consume
it.[36] The seeds of such as oranges are shown to be promising sources of oils, rich in
caretenoids, phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and phytosterols.[37]
Fig. 7: Blue berry.
Synonym: Raspberry, Black current, Swamp blueberry.

Family: Ericaceae.
Chemical constituents: The bioactive principles contained in blueberries are various kind of
anthocyanins (anthocyanidins, or phenolic aglycone, conjugated with sugar), chlorogenic
acid, flavonids, alpha-linolenic acid, pterostilbene, resveratrol, and vitamins.[38]
Plant introduction: The lowbush blueberry is commercially produced in North America's

Atlantic Provinces, Quebec, and Maine, where blueberry forms are normally controlled and
formed with naturally growing plants. One of the richest sources of antioxidant activity is the
wild blueberry. Blueberry fruits have high content of phyto-chemicals such as polyphenolics,
particularly flavonoids and anthocyanins. The leaves of the wild blueberry, which are by-
products of blueberry harvesting and processing, exhibit higher levels of polyphenolics and
proanthocyanidins than the fruits.[39] The genus Vaccinium has over 450 species, the majority
of which are found on tropical mountain slopes, with the remainder found in the northern
hemisphere's subtropical, temperate, and boreal regions.[40]

Blueberries are good source of antioxidants, commercial blueberry cultivation has been a
viable industry for 95 years all over the world. Anthocyanin, a flavonoid with strong
antioxidant properties, is abundant in blueberries. The goal of this study was to evaluate the
phenolic amount, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin, sugar, and phenolic compounds of
blueberry cultivars grown in Turkey with those grown in other countries. Because it is quick,
simple, and independent of sample polarity, DPPH antioxidant activity has become a
common test method for determining the ability of plant extracts to scavenge free radicals. A
previously established approach was used to test the extract‘s DPPH free radical scavenging
activity. The radical scavenging activity of the methanolic blue berry sample was determined
using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method.[41]
Fig. 8: Mentha piperita.
Family: Labiatae, mint, Lamiaceae.

Chemical constituents: The chemical composition of the essential oil from the Mentha
piperita was analysed by GC/FID and GC-MS. The main constituents were menthol (46.32%)
and methone (7.42%). Further components were (+/-) methyl acetate (12.10%), 1, 8-cineole
(6.06%), limonene, menthofuron (13.18%), beta- pinene and beta-caryophyllene.[42]
Plant introduction: Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), an aromatic plant of the Lamiaceae
family, produces an essential oil rich in menthone (14- 32%) and menthol (30- 50%). 11
Mentha grows to a height of 50–90 cm. This herb is used to treat a variety of ailments.
Peppermint leaves are often used for tea and flavouring. The essential oil of the plant is
employed in a variety of industries. Antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-aging
activities have also been documented.[43] Peppermint is a perennial aromatic plant originally
to Europe that is now grown in the northern United States, Canada, Asia, and a variety of
other places.[44]

Mentha piperita, a medicinally important plant in Lamiaceae family, is hybrid of Mentha
spicata and Mentha aquatic. It was grown by the ancient Egyptians and documented in the
thirteenth-century Icelandic pharmacopoeia. It is commonly grown in temperature section of
the world, especially in Europe, North America and North Africa, but it is now grown in
other parts of the globe. In comparison to the examined commercial antibiotic, essential oil
demonstrated a wider spectrum of efficacy but less severe inhibitory. The bacterial species‘
minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.4 percent to 0.7 percent v/v. The
oil and extracts both had significant antioxidant action, with the oil having about half the
efficacy of standard BHT. These findings suggested that peppermint oil has strong
antibacterial and antioxidant properties, although more research is needed to confirm the
safety of these concentration (MIC) For human ingestion.[45]
Fig. 9: Mangifera indica.
Synonym: Mango, Plum, Mangifera indica.

Family: Anacardiaceae
Chemical constituents: The major amino acids include lysine, leucine, cysteine, valine,
arginine, phenylalanine, and methionine. The lipid composition increases during ripening,
particularly the omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. The most important pigments of mango
fruit include chlorophyllus and carotenoids.[46]
Plant introduction: Due to appoloidy, out breeding, constant grafting, and phenotypic
varience deriving from varying agro-climitic conditions in different growing zones, mango
has been documented to have vast diversity. The most major production restrictions in
mangoes are pre and post-haevest anthracnose, irregular bearing, limited shelf life, and
internal breakdown. The reasons of these issues are hereditary, and genetic variety is required
to solve them. Plant characteristics like yield are quantitatively inherited and are affected by
both genetic and genotype/environmental interactions. Open pollination, continual grafting,
and the use of seeds for propagation, as well as mutations and changing environmental
conditions, may allhelp to produce novel features in mango germplasm.[47]

In vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of peels from five locally available
cultivators of ripe mango (mangifera indica) fruit (Alphonso, Malgua, Rumani, Sindhura, and
Banisha) fruit was compared, and antioxidant properties, total phenolics content(TPC), and
total flavonids content(TFC) were found to differ significantly among selected cultivars. In in
vitro antioxidant activity the following methods were used to evaluate the antioxidant
activities such as DPPH, ABTS, TPC and TFC.[48] Various parts of plant are used as
dentifrices, antiseptic, astringent, tonic, laxative, and diuretic anaemia, asthma, bronchitis,
cough, hypertension, insomnia and toothache.[49]
Fig. 10: Withania somnifera.
Synonym: Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry.

Family: Solanaceae.
Chemical constituents: The biologically active chemical constituents of Withania somnifera
(WS) include alkaloid (isopelletierine, anaferine, cuseohygrine, anahygrine, etc.), steroidal
lactones (withanolides, withaferins) and saponins. Sitoindosides and acylsterylglucosides in
Ashwagandha are anti-stress agents.[50]
Plant introduction: The plant is usually an erect, branching, unarmed shrub that grows to a
height of 1.25 metres. A sparsely hairy tomentum covers the sections of the plant above
ground, particularly the stem, veins, and calyx. Branches can be found all throughout.
Simple, petiolate, ovate, whole, exstipulate, acute, glabrous leaves up to 10 cm in length. The
leaves on vegetative shoots are alternate and big, whilst those on floral branches are opposite
and arranged in pairs of one large and one little leaf, somewhat laterally, with a cymose
cluster of 5 to 25 inch inconspicuous pale green flowers in their axil. Fruit is a berry wrapped
in a green persistent calyx that is green when unripe and orange when mature.[51]
Medicinal and Antioxidant properties

Withania somnifera is a small, woody shrubs of 60-200 cm height in Solanaceae family. It is
locally known as Ginseng and Ashwagandha. Invitro antioxidant activities the following
methods were use to evaluate the antioxidant activities such as ABTS.+ radical cation de-
colourisation assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging
activity, Fe2+ chelating activity assay, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide radical
scavenging activity and ferrous reducing power were studied. Finally the indigenous root
extract showed high antioxidant potential compared to the imported root extract. Present
study of antioxidant activities of Withania somnifera root is first ever reported in
Bangladesh.[52] and it is used in treating a wide variety of diseases like asthma, hypertension,
diabetes, arthritic diseases and cancer.[53]
Fig. 11: Capsicum annuum
Synonym: Chilli pepper, Bell pepper, Cayenne pepper.

Family: Solanaceae
Chemical constituents: It contains a variety of Carotenoids, including Capsanthin,
Capsorubin, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, lutein, phytofluene, xanthophylls and steroids,
including capsicoside in that the main constituents is Capsaicin.[54]
Plant introduction: Capsicum annuum L. is a domesticated species of the Capsicum genus

in the Solanaceae family, native to southern North and northern South America. When ripe,
the fruit is a berry that can be green, yellow, or red. This species is known by more than 200
different names. Chilli peppers and paprika (sweet types); bell peppers, cayenne, jalapenos,
and chiltepin (hot varieties); and Christmas peppers (ornamental). Some woody variants of
this species were previously referred to as C. frutescens, however the characteristics that were
used to distinguish those forms may now be found in many populations of C. annuum, and
there is no reliably recognised C.frutescens species.[55] Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an
important vegetable and spice crop in the world [1]. chillies are grown over 1776 thousand
hectares of land around the world, producing roughly 7182 thousand tonnes. China is the
world's second-largest producer of chillies, after India. Pakistan, Ethiopia, Myanmar, Mexico,
Vietnam, Peru, Ghana, and Bangladesh are all notable chilli producers.[56]
Medicinal and Antioxidant properties

Peppers are employed as a colourant, flavouring, and pungency source. Fresh, dried,
fermented, or as an oleoresin extract, peppers can be used in a variety of ways. It‘s important
for both nutrition and neutraceuticals. It contains an anticoagulant which aids in the
prevention of blood clots which can lead to Heart attacks. Vitamin C is abundant in bell
peppers.
Polyphenols, which are antioxidant phytochemicals with free radical scavenging activities,
warrant special mention among antioxidant phytochemicals. Antioxidant chemicals and
antioxidant activity in sweet bell peppers of four distinct colours (green, yellow, orange and
red) were examined. The 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) technique was used to test the
ability of peppers to scavenge the free.[57]
Summary of the article in a table

Medicinal
SI. No. Plant name Family Part’s used
property
Fruit, Seeds, Antioxidant
Phyllanthus Leaves, Root, Antipyretic
I. Amalaki
emblica Bark and Cytoprotective
Flower Gastroprotective
Antioxidant
Flower, Bud, Prevent cancer of
II. Broccoli Brassicaceae
Stalk the stomach, breast,
bladder, etc
Antioxidant
Caesalpinia Wood, Leaves,
III. Caesalpiniaceae Antihelminthic
sappan Pods and Seeds
Antibacterial
Antioxidant
Skin cancer
IV. Tuemeric Zingiberaceae Root
Wound healing
Conjunctivitis
Antioxidant
V. Kiwi Actinidiaceae Fruit Asthma
Aids digestion
Antioxidant
VI. Orange Rutaaceae Fruit, Anti-Allergetic
Anti-Inflammatory
Antioxidant
VII. Blueberry Ericaceae Fruit
Muscle relaxant
Antioxidant
Leaves and Toothpastes
VIII. Mentha piperita Labiatae
Flowers Mouthwashes
Aromatherapy
IX. Mangifera Anacardiaceae Roots, Bark, Antioxidant
indica Leaves, Fruits, Antiseptic

Seeds, Flower, Astringent
and Kernels Laxative
Leaves, Stem, Antioxidant
Withania
X. Solanaceae Flower, Root, Hypertension
somnifera
Seeds, Bark Diabetes
Antioxidant
Capsicum Osteoarthritis
XI. Solanaceae Fruit
annuum Post-herpetic
neuralgia
CONCLUSION
Antioxidants derived from the medicinal plants have been increasingly investigated for their
various medicinal values and health benefits. Almost all plants or their phytochemicals
exhibit some antioxidant activity under invitro conditions. Therefore, the results of the in
vitro antioxidant potential assessment studies are often contradictory to those of in vivo
studies. Natural products from dietary components such as Indian species and medicinal
plants are known to posses antioxidant activity. Increasing intake of dietary antioxidant may
help to maintain an adequate antioxidant status and therefore normal physiological function
of a living system. The current review reveals the different potential application of
antioxidant/free radical manipulations in prevention or control of diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to thank our principal and faculties of Bapuji Pharmacy College, Shamanur
Road, S.S. Lay-out, Davanagere-577004, Karnataka, India.
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World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Krupanidhi et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Volume 11, Issue 4, 758-779. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

ANTI- OXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CONSIDERABLE MEDICINAL

A. M. Krupanidhi1*, Prakash Dabadi2, Sameera H. R.3, Anusha M. M.3, Deepika B. V.3,

*Corresponding Author Broccoli(Brassica oleracea var. italic), Caesalpinia sappan (Biancaea

Phytochemistry of some antioxidant plants

Synonym: Dhatriphala, Amalaka (Sanskrit), Amla (hindi)

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Synonym: Cabbage, asparagus, spinach

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Fig. 3: Caesalpinia sappan.

Synonym: Pathimugam, Sappan wood, Brazilwood Tree.

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

components, brazilin, which increased antioxidant enzyme expression.[19] Antioxidant

Synonym: Curcuma longa, Yellow ginger, Saffron Indian, Haldi.

Plant introduction: Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant in the

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Synonym: Chinese gooseberry, Actinidia chinensis, Actinidia delicious.

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Synonym: Bitter sweet, salmon, apricot.

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Fig. 7: Blue berry.

Synonym: Raspberry, Black current, Swamp blueberry.

Plant introduction: The lowbush blueberry is commercially produced in North America's

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Fig. 8: Mentha piperita.

Family: Labiatae, mint, Lamiaceae.

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Fig. 9: Mangifera indica.

Synonym: Mango, Plum, Mangifera indica.

Medicinal and Antioxidant property

Fig. 10: Withania somnifera.

Synonym: Ashwagandha, Indian ginseng, poison gooseberry.

Medicinal and Antioxidant properties

Fig. 11: Capsicum annuum

Synonym: Chilli pepper, Bell pepper, Cayenne pepper.

Plant introduction: Capsicum annuum L. is a domesticated species of the Capsicum genus

Medicinal and Antioxidant properties

Summary of the article in a table

indica Leaves, Fruits, Antiseptic

44. Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz A, Okoń S, Ociepa T, Król B. Morphological and genetic diversity

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