Tnqulao nomentum

Jike the classical physics anqulan murmenturn plays

Vehy innpuntant xale In quantum mechanics
will obtan theia eiqen uulues by expluitina
tehniques thut USe cUmmututn s

wwe knuwthat

to obtun he cobaespoadung opeaatax just Teplace p2-h2

lets conapute th Conmmu uto8

U52 ldenihes
4 ACBiC] t (Ac]s

it haeakschalnJike distabutiue muitplication

lets talke Ist team use is law_unt

thut in urmmututo qet all the ossible combing=

mote
exept 1 to
hons all wil berume 2ead
4 CPx
acanding
bz)=0 4
et
we yx
on othet tex ms twe notemiddle
Sinilað loyic ((ormbinahum )

teams dont haye Viun 2eo0 taton hence

CLay -ihyba t aliplby
 hene (Laily]:inlz
note the
yli behuvioy cyie
get a negative an S
cammutatoas ot L )

than
noul

ylglatlylalytiizblhiu
Lyihl) Hinlz)Lytin Lay Aih lyi
Cancels
hence
and hence

now

<Lz>
dont commute wwe cannot find an eigen Stute Simutaneusl
AS - y needs to te hasitiue
but we Lummgn Qiaen funtian tax24 Lz
et 4be (0mmgn
L f: Af 4 L2 f= uf iv
We wul daddex opedatoa tehnique
lL =Lx tilyl

(LaLa)tillzly] ikLy ti(cihle)

tnLt
foom

mow clainn hatittis eiqea stute sf e9 Le thn

Lttis also an. eiqen state
(Ltf)= L t ' f
4 Le (Lf)
using

(uth)LIÀ
 -lto then CADe and h
diteoevt
ai-vafes debtn the inaease eivalgcenue. with
hence hence hence LI we Jtesent
Valuesgct
ualye Sepenated get
wil
xeysesented
is
hene
LiClatily)
ot
eigen decseuses
hence azeateo eigycn
LS tind utedby h
Stcpsin(onclude
inteqaal (Ltl- yi opeato
n'ili-) is Jecaease Value Qigen
ualue
+
LzL - walue t
tox by
Jcan -AtI
han which t
LËtLz
-hLe Lt
change
yaldotue
than Lt-hlz)to
top hQeti)
=Ltl-for ot
d
eithex equaing hence andJiffesent
mh) L-iLy): ( 4
the
Lt
theio hence
be hene we l-lt andtop
inteqco uwhee this
)hi tais fb0 L-ucalues
eigenbottom incoeases
aungs
it fos
Jitteoent
iateaex
ualues ahsua to yalueg
hltytt becones
2-2
uat Lx-L bollom
Sung Burg
sungtop a
eiState
gen
Sa of the
manyeiqen
values chuase
ualeKnd b ohehution -L2'
hait dunt ilaly Lunnnt withtb JakJeathe tixedAÀ
as eiqen
it l'- +hL ft
integen change L tilylzty
ot
tels follows value wit h
tram lt^ funeves
an - b
yit
f
 the Know lt This.
inõeased
onstant lShoud whih
thatncn-2
ay.
cesutos
baause HS
-) Similazy oil
<Lfluf)= contains Ihe
we it thalel
be Cancebtulsois
ets hene
can be inco3Tect
Li onside0ed
epxesents
and eigen
nomuized. Said
hu we
no5malize is
wate lornponents
Smeared 3 L infosmation
well
to
witecanWe funtions.
it
aS deine qive
t)-
)2 m both Qt =
hexmitkun
alsa
qxe find achng dlang d hm
haveall hexe illustaated
diugaumby
Sides exat chatatesisedcSe Components
mt
la4 la fM ot these
Ual:uesmomentas
on
ot
lyledizetion
HmntbothSo Ly
ltitude m Same andd
ltfd we ques ase
cun foML+
Simuttaneau
not ot len, m in
say new
line tae whih is the
nowL-is
heamithan a wwhexe th-L Repsesent
canwite
heneule cuxis 2
itis State hene height bas by
J(At) unts
o
L-fa Anti Shuu sly Since aum
simple ot t
enesgt
with of n
because et we
tne canngt
indeteöminyuectox bezndthe giuesthe possible
cangulu
fopantion. dadden in
units theix
Same
luddes
t
ad
Sim hene hene we Cl2,xJ= ind
hence Just
ike case
nouzalso
kno

Scme
that get n't)
get
psaess
t
-
xLpxJ mimt) Cuse

also n)A-m(m)
Ah Am
Ji)-
mimtl) Ln

haw

Ist (Amt
nd egl:-ih)Sim team
Ist noBmulizad
añe
m(m-)
tebm teom is
0, |
is 0
eomes ind
o
becone
O
s
 henceeq
deziyahue
apexat because
nouw Comauta
hene
H
apexaton
hence Corp2)f: Rm Same
3ad
So commiesuih
become te%m
Rm happenstox
iñ takelet + is
dot
z O
f ae
acthually as
-intaqih both byi
all
comanents
chane Lx
Sane PLx- VL

tne ot
this
tunchon as
it
constant
naidd
Make le Vdepends
next
(ome
to only
it
out
teXm ixc ot
ableon l=inzSinîlos¢î t

Lt -ih Eigpatunchions
Sphexical
System in
find
main
e -i&-Sind = (Cos
4
um Lxtily
tesms we is lae
to
sea
- thiswe
indL tilos)d adding (ot Sing

Sinp
-
Siailas dls) ((ec¢it
test to0tht - -(
capunerts
(ote
ntion
ote(os4
teoms
(es¢i
(ios4ri
fi Jsing-
ezuse
Sin (tasin ue Se
u)l these
()à
)d in
i
 eguation,(which
thisin equahion
putiag and
-htidf
Soliionot
wiit
loak
bach
twe get Jsing a
hence CAnd siffesertiate
+
nonathes
he (oto| i
airauthal we (osec'
eauahan get-i"-it9zf\+eibt
qet e
Cancdudethat is - also
satisfied ahile (otBe)
t:
than Congesout
e
Soluing hich -h +
i cot tiíote
whih Sin O e
-Spheical
hasmonics exatly
Sphesial t
ei is also Cote
qen we t
(ote
tunctions thatY eaqual Can ohex (Sine le 1.-i(
1R Schaadinaei
sha) aathes
ia à\t t '+
tn
Y hook CotLe
the
is that of
cuathan the Dl
iít9£
also is
azimuthal
-i
this anauax (ote
_and saistied
the
s
f
 he-
Sol
ltegaation techaique
gnd Sal.ing
MouUSe what is 2eO0 be Vules,
ntegnalhalf
clyebai
L2 fand Know
lsing
otdaddea unsidea
tunaout
Means
in3=lhth)7,1:-ih
eg ithfJa yield.
a find
end he
heory
get mignt
hence m=l
poesslon halt
Solution
cuntain, inteqct
t d
be
than
angulus
=0
Y,
L+
but

Sin@) ih- hene

can we
tind paotound
salutions
onlu the
lntegatin on we noz momentum
Fa=h dont Img malisation Sepesation
yutigble
totur ot
el#0
he
inpun imegaul
impuntAne hene
tis
Knouwhct paxt baacket spu~iouihutbe
the pormis
Fa to constant
zcaa hence tob
tRZn
isIand most
hhavL
Shautd by
 da

| ulsi last
teomi
etei
Sion-(-osx)
de dA Sind
t(n-) itue
Sinx 0sinq ae
Jg ) de
Sinnx
n-l Sin (n-4) Sinxt teams +wewillput
dinity
in
(n-)-..
Sin°x
d0 Sin'
11Sin0 Sin
m-3
(m-1).(n-3)
). 3.1
Sin*(I- (n-z Aast
Cn-).3
n.cn-).
dx m. m...
but
forjSinse 3.|
(2)..
1:3
2n- 4 SinI
\m J Sin?s isSinilun anly
inexpressian I.3.34--R
(n)
Sna4
D-(osx
Sin^xdx=-Casz
ms hene
nelution
(osal la n3
Sin
Cosx
Seoiesn-l.
Sinn-t
n.cn-).
(n4).(n-G)
Sin fotmu m.
n
n-3

(n-s) m.
n-2 n
Sin(- Cosx at (aAtI)!
the m-
(n-i)n-3) S i n t out
Sineiti
-
Know JSixdx= Sir *(-)
24424-2)..3
(24t)....,
3.
n
is
Sin
tusk
isto t
we de X the
Seaies
So S
J(osx i d -
helntegral losx
4 Sin alled
case
dlfesend
- IstSeKIes
tonomalize SSinn z
the n=eren
san
Sat
taisis thaa
hene

fus
 lassial lessfuntion alsonqulazmnam
cunstant
ation
no8malis the and
Spin
L
ngulat stai
angular cm, Spin Staututr mel)>
Spia
is
ackally Stot
about ot opesatas oa
ot ang
Cm Spin Sum deqatded vecto
ot aaound caibedy (
n(unstumt
possesstupes
bady asound
patthle Ya
hasmnic
anqular eqen ls, tum
is
m
t into is
cnalaqus the Vaxiable
t m(mt)
the
xotutionat
cm xatutian
becawse
(onsituent
down as eigenuecr the
toexlude
duesnt Sz m) Is
des lSim)
ih his(st)lS,
withS
betten pantides has.
hencepasthan as hJscst)-
basiele to cleaa
baeaken
te
qm analogg d same
SyJ= 4

due
distneion paxthde
extainsic nh
is haue (Sx,
that hke tanngt oeason
no.
Queay mumentum
anquka SS,m)=
a which
be
euesy S S2S,
m)
ai is
due
o
2isnot this
Cannot
eletoun
vaxiable
posihan
dependsin
adithËon
to ot we
theuzy
24)1.3 pin mechmics qyantum
ln
mechanics
fundamental Suy hese St<Sm have
Spia Spin
qm
n
betuween hut
pastie
CAs
alebaic
One state
Qisen but uhidh
Incassical
isand momenm hene
" hesehence
nementumof
Sum
dishatidn ehys
a entom
the
af
 ysten thziz Koturna
roth
on
mSumn e n e t s

X-=o
J2 onentun
depercs oadinagysaler is values
the hna
haue
4 Stmfox
muttipicution
electzon atusirg
doesnt 3elemnent na
asst
iaportant
case with
s s'x
hasa2 ot kutina
have
guuiton fiaed assspin
op yalues debend
qen
Spin by tae bX is
Eucypabtile
0
ungulas
is uk funciont
it
uih
ust Kep
Stati
atnex
tohanyed t~orn
,doesrn
tnase
apenatons
huve makes Repzeseted thateliaibie
chunged panhle
otmugnitude eleraents han
mesans diffexent
matsix yalue
hooksmis
Sot matoixStudy
Lauli tae that
be eiaen
be A 3hae
uxyans Stute
State
Shin
gen saatainRx\ to 2x2 matoi
to that
habpens it hantiles
is
a opgKaton s
indKnguw
unable An Ccnhe
eletoons.
o the called
Jyst
ike spinoxs
many is
sebsesettation
tantast cutuse Soa
spin
-
WewL(onsittes X
immituble now
n whih an henc
H have
L in dont let
X be
 b=o
a|2 + to
X linted
mm-)
Represert
mataix obs
les

S (0 nt
-
X-=t]s(s41)
llL TCmaing theyaxe
hesmitan
m= they

neuning
oSiaiaaly
- as
S
t l2Sine heamith
S St
then3n Raulis
Spin
mutaies
up
sbin
asnt
-2 4 St-
S
with fsom
Preuious
discusion
sis aþesataa Sf
but
axeali
a[soLiutod
Sasys2
as
of
4 as
obsesua
bes.
obeato is the
than hens hene texne
d
Xt
aou)
fiad kodieg Sinse
hence
lets
 Jown
Stutes
ane
valuc Spinaxs
stale a spin
])
b/Sz
a-b(S
nake eiqen
einen und d_X = these bat
qctJ2A=
at
we its Sume
as
4AL0Àth 2d equaius tSx
Spin
uk-n
the lal!
WCait) t had at A
ot Szsoin ze tesms
'l
one up ngänali uwe making
tosspn equal2
State
to
Collupses <onveated okebatos,fiost in
measubement from.
his
we
tu be X
Spinuss Shouldpousibte State q-b
x
al qzmalisatian
again
gives
gcnex þoobubilit mutaix
Stute
tfteo gcnexal
eonstants be
comes X
atb , t
a eiqen SpinoNs Sa
in justcoumn
thespin multiyicatun
tos hence
nomalisation (A-S
ahoays he SofmeasudeYient expiess (AtO)S
place eiyen CAnd
2nd
çandition Stale
qcnezad
hene
fo hence S7änoss be J2
is B X
paotile obtane3
Simitaoiy [thexis als0Aund
takes
lble
is
the lets
can
( here
the
Xt
foo and
themert hence
we
Since
 Ist tethchahie
hence ith t=Ihtanand
anatnexhdis and
e Sx
find
Spinas
eigtn aze thene
eiatnuabes
be enea
Stute
the
at Koctteients
eiqen
{Sx
X* hexe
Sptnaz
S,
hence
an
higuch X t
tox also=(itis
tnis in
case Xe
uf
and hauea at
Iatbi:
l3+ii
ndzmali
them
lets
i5íO aaeauesue
doun 6.2
ludues
3 6.2
State atnadx
Sx
ataac

A
 Ist
Xanathe
hence
eiln hafndw to duun
Spin
SoltuaS ot
Aet Find ith andh:Jatax
and aetic
t
eigenualaefind s Coxxeapodiig in
hiihiwhen
ne
the be thod avedua (aabailit Studeis
aencsal
spinass
aTe
is
ciqen at
ot (octteicnts X*
t
KSx)
agingues
ouhìch hexe S
(9): Spinoa Sy
AX
meususig
hence
tox alsa
this in
case
a-bl
uf hx -
and haue at S2
Iatbi-l
i|S 3+
agc
Aets dan Gine 6.2 73 )
aueaae henie
uelues
nad 6.2 fiosnthbde
Stute anto
d
mali at
agcaas
Sx 6
e
them Art-.
-
 ab +bat = Re ( ab *)

nouw uewmitegenenalSpintute n teoms

we equute it to
J2
(AtS)/
(A-6)i/s.
whih queshe value of A96hence
in teo ns ot
X = q-ib t(atib)WSa
X
Jz Jz

we cancalculate S,) Sxis gbtuin

Sx matixwih itscf
-by mutiplyny
ambute 65x=<Sx)-<Sx) 4 See that theysuh
we can qlso
the neetuinity
by Sirailax nethad we cun caeate eigen Spinax tax s=l itulL
have 3 States -l,o,l hence then
we opasute Se on 3 state (-l,ot to qet -ho,ñ as eienyalu
Solwsng thenm qives a 3x3 mataix ot Si opeNatax.

eleetson in a magnetic fied

Sfinning-chaag pastide consitutes amuynehie dipale uwhich i

pnapos ianul to its Spin
uY S
for elktoone
3ybumagneti ouho
Y=Clmn uuhicn is tuice as that at classicaluadue
when it is pla(ed in a nagnetic ieldhe eneo
dipolk.
Y8.S

the apes utax

than.
H=-YGo S2 --tecandeduce
ot H as H:-Gah
 ciln Stute ot H is bume As clynsate Xr9 ot
wtth
hamiltumiu ii ine indeperudent boluionut chsa din
(an be waiten

-lion tanaby

6e
þooabiih depeds only
hene can det -
tu hnow Ywhat
he Signifiune of is

Sx X
henee 4eive.,
((os e Sin4e

yet
Sauing Ihis

Sin
in ophenital y ystem Ihen
it we\y similao lo thes hence
Lumune nts look
hcis wich

nd

with dere cketoonc

uton
huve
Suppose ) uniton no he ayula
(or unpaised une non
oniwnutin wihi diffcoent þaojecio
hay R
Jtenet
omenturr Ruh tate
bot in
poadu ei| pos
Should thectao
nd this with
ilves
 onifotm fetd only changes ozienttion , mon unif Held exents farce

now. neans ue should ony gat I spat

butinstead weobtuin
2Spotsindiceting the pxescae
anothe intoincis called
becauseot
anguluI mornertum
we obtuin 3Sputs
Sipin
onlg R possibleSz
Spin ue
Sllvev ov e bean
Spin down

\et the mon unitoam field be

hcoeates Small deuiation txom hasnsgeneit motV
Vis heeneg hence Sine S is not
Lafunionf pasition kiaiables we ge
f
becauseof pse ceision about 2 axis Sx gscillates apid l cnd it
ffet can be conidened

Spliting fance have tand -ive Vawe

dependicg 4n Swhkh
Csetes 2Spots

AJiton at Anqulas momenton

Suljgose ue haue fpaxtides wita Sipin Sig S and 2 ComponenT
than 1S152 mim is the composite State ot
both SCI)Sis1 m1mi) S(St) \SiS. ..)

angulas_ homentum
ist
S lS,s mymi) mh lsS, S e - t mii liis..)
S 1s,--)
thiis. means the total 2component is Sunn otindivida
tott

but findingSisnnoe Subti<

 the
Sim fhey S.Sa:2 he example
Suplpose -
middle
thes State
((oabined)
State
witn. i1= S. appeass
se are
wh
Stte
eiSx
genX and wih
theig
byt
Xt S1.S2 with
heioASe
S=o is
thut
10) dounStates Spinoas CSit
electzon
2nealue dnd
is sl wehave
Si). |o07
giues called
Sztt gece
t ar Iwuystae
X ofS fox
abe
Sy4-Sz Sit andpAotone Singlet combine2
states
is
Jz electyoneandþrotoneithSin
get
Sa
) Singlet toip Sine
caed middie das
= SiElet
can
) StateSaae tapic
caet Ca fox
Si4 is
exist
Sst mtoivial
we t
() S e aes State
motox a
hunciun togataen
t tron Stale is
S's,tS RSiS2 aing
qat hence wrth -Sto
igen ts hih trom
S" O
e
uale
 one
is
Luxitten momenm
angula
ynit a und coef Similuy
tnis.
in t hence
Sz SS34 fecient
each me the Spinwii met weSaquaze Coefiients
BeasonClebsch
Cacsdan
me
cornbined hawe hese
giues
decsement
mþosne
ea- tuo ot ftos -) Buates
(onabination
combination
lineao Coet WS7
m)= S State will
ine1nticles
State hydoogenValueshaye shootd
caetfecient
uwith
\sim)
the ot cve is
ctom bhin linked
l A
on i_n
fxam adition the
the S to
and paob Stute
electoon's
total
Composite
Stutes SitSa Sa ot
System. th
tonabine
theis at
Can

theiz
ala is Substate that is
 alags
hbie hnbabilitythe
adigriing
-3232
to does
Neadel
can be
Squxe buisc
tuble
|312
xot Suystg
aalunn Stute octteitnt
absalute oceecient
pasbutiit at
ot
meusu&e
otthle2
oouS to ile detuçnc
tableto
atsy the ulues
alue in
combined posisuity the
in ot
the acalumn Cembinutiun
2S m) lingan
LCamainatien
2umpanent and thewctt mlnonly
ttle tuke

l4ree
tux S:l these
Sat
witth
cumbinutionsCeqi) yau the
mi i a
measuxe tacntu uctteients Latled
m na's
be
cotll )
o
huue gnd
they
Mi is
23 let
ulue mz
 ASol 4
h'nvalies
sst)which foan
xdo pastile An anduSe
hence |a) s abplying opesate 31R)
|34 on
lets
combined
goumeasuse not table
electzone
an
BHS
Compute
with tae lwill
Spin
h|-u2 = RHs
Sgin i5 identty cumpaxing
statein
etqpasedvalue naomentum
Jhgulag
|
ist f
i
Wsite

and
which anqulas
tutal upstal and > only
down
Shin that coeffecients
Some at
cürmbined
theiseqse t)S 27
ase 2 casand
Sum ea
th
wi
opeaate
ot
mentunnmo ihan
nd3 h whatwllbe
Sauaxe
stutes
hese l Cumpone ntcan we fox
S.
oton
on 73 Soy h312a) J3
availabk
States Cueffecient (312 Simplification
above possible
values
haewe
Scncue 102)
R
glves Stuts S
hauid stt