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THERMODYNAMICS-1

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Meaning of thermodynamics:- Learn Practically

THERMODYNAMICS is field concerned with the study of

the interconversion of heat, work, and various other kinds
of energy

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Thermodynamics system:-
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An assembly of a very large number of particles having a

certain value of pressure, volume and temperature is called
a thermodynamics system.

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Surrounding:- Learn Practically

Everything outside the system which can have a direct

effect on the system is called its surrounding.

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TYPES OF SYSTEM :- Learn Practically

1. Open system
2. Closed system
3. Isolated system

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Open system:-
A system which can exchange matter as well as energy Learn Practically

with the surrounding is called open system.

Example:-
(1) Hot coffee in an open flask, because it can gain or lose
matter as well as energy (HEAT).
(2) Sodium reacting with water in an open beaker is an
example of open system as hydrogen escapes and heat of
the reaction is transferred to the surrounding.

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Closed system:-
A system which can exchange energy but not matter with it Learn Practically

surrounding is called Closed system.

Example:-
(1) Hot coffee in stainless steel flask because energy can be
gained or lost through steel walls but not matter.
(2) A gas filled in a cylinder fitted with movable piston. As the
piston is raised, the gas expands transfer heat in the form of
work to the surrounding.

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Isolated system:-
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This type of system has no interaction with its surroundings.

The boundary is sealed and insulated. Neither matter nor
energy can be exchanged with surroundings.

Example:-
(1) Hot coffee in a corked thermo-flask because it can neither
gain or lose energy nor gain or lose matter & all chemical
reaction carried out in close container insulated from the
surrounding.
(2) A substance contained in an ideal thermos flask.

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Macroscopic properties of the system:-
The properties of the system which arise from the Learn Practically

bulk behavior of matter called Macroscopic

properties.

MACROSCOPIC PROPERTIES ARE OF TWO TYPES:

1. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES.
2. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES.

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EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES:-
The properties whose magnitude depends upon the Learn Practically

quantity of matter present in system are called Extensive

properties.

Example:-
Mass, volume, surface area, internal energy, enthalpy,
entropy, free energy, heat capacity etc.

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INTENSIVE PROPERTIES:- Learn Practically
The properties whose magnitude does not depend upon the
quantity of matter present in a system or size of system are
called intensive properties.

Example:-
Temperature, pressure, viscosity surface tension dielectric
constant, specific heat capacity, vapour pressure, refractive
index etc

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The properties used to describe the state of thermodynamics
system are:-
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1. Pressure (P)
2. Temperature (T)
3. Volume (V)
4. Internal energy (E or U)
5. Enthalpy (H)
6. Entropy (S)
7. Free energy (G)
8. Number of mole (n)

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Thermodynamic process:-
When the thermodynamic system change from one state to Learn Practically

another, the operation is called a process. –

The various types of processes are:

a)Adiabatic process:
If a process is carried out under such a condition that no
exchange of the heat takes place between the system and
surroundings, the process is termed as Adiabatic.
The system is thermally isolated, i.e., q = 0. This can be done
by keeping the system in an insulated container, i.e., thermo
flask. In adiabatic process the temp. of the system varies.

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b) Isothermic process:- Learn Practically
The process is termed isothermal if temperature remain
fixed i.e., operation is done at constant temperature. This
can be achieved by placing the system in a constant
temperature bath i.e., thermostat.
For an isothermal process dT = 0.

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c) Isochoric process:- Learn Practically
Volume of the system remain constant.
d) Isobaric process:- Pressure of the system remain
constant.
e) Reversible process:- A process in which the direction
may be reversed at any stage small changes in a variable
like temperature, pressure etc.
f) Irreversible process:- A process which is not reversible
is called irreversible process.

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Cyclic process:- When a system undergoes a no. of Learn Practically
different process and finally returns to its initial state, it
is termed cyclic process. For a cyclic process dU = 0 and
dH = 0.

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Internal energy:- Every substance have definite quantity of
energy which depends upon factor such as chemical nature Learn Practically

of the substance, temperature and pressure. This is known

as intrinsic energy or internal energy. It is represented by
‘U’.
- The sum of all forms of energies stored in atoms or
molecules is called its internal energy.
- Let UA and UB are the internal energies in states A and B
respectively. Then the difference between the internal
energies in the two state will be

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Modes of transference of energy between system and Learn Practically
surroundings.
- Two important modes of transference of energy between
the system and the surrounding are as heat and work.
1. Heat passed into or out of the system.
2. Work is done or out of the system

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Heat (Q) : Learn Practically
Energy is exchanged between the system and the
surrounding due to temperature difference is called
heat.

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Exchange of heat between system and surroundings and sign
Conventions :
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2. Work (W) and sign conventions : Learn Practically

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- Pressure – volume work :-
It is the work done when the gas expands or contracts Learn Practically

against the external pressure .

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Work done by isothermal process :
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First law of thermodynamics:
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Enthalpy :
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a) Standard enthalpy of reactions:- Learn Practically
The standard enthalpy of reaction is the enthalpy change
for a reaction when all the participating substances are in
their standard states.
Eg.

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b) Enthalpy changes during phase transformations: Learn Practically

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c) Standard enthalpy of formation:- Learn Practically

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d) Thermo chemical equation : Learn Practically

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Hess’s law of constant heat summation: Learn Practically

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