Lesson 12 – Selecting Relevant Literature

Section - Group Number: __________________________________________Date:

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Last name of members present:
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Last name of members absent:
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Last name of members who contributed/participated:
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A. Answer the following questions below on your own words in 3 to 5 sentences only. (5 points
each question)

Questions Your Answers

A Review of Related Literature (RRL) is a critical examination of

previous research on a certain issue. It is a comprehensive review of
1. What is a Review the current literature on a given issue that serves as the foundation for
of Related Literature a research effort. It aids in determining what theories already exist,
(RRL)? their relationships, the extent to which existing theories have been
studied, and the development of new hypotheses to be tested.

The purposes of writing an RRL are:

2. What are the
- To gain a deep understanding of the state of knowledge on your
purposes of writing
research topic. This helps you to understand where your research fits
an RRL? Discuss
two (2) purposes into the existing body of knowledge.
only briefly.
- To identify gaps, contradictions, conflicts, or inconsistencies in the
existing literature. This can help you to identify new research
questions or to refine your existing research questions

A systematic review in quantitative research is a type of literature

3. What is a review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data,
systematic review of critically appraise research studies, and synthesize findings
writing an RRL in qualitatively or quantitatively. It follows a specific structure, starting
quantitative with a clear research question, followed by a detailed and thorough
research? search of the literature, then an assessment of the validity of the
findings, and finally a systematic presentation and synthesis of the
findings.
4. What are the three The three basic sources of the literature review are primary resources
(3) sources of on which other research is based. They include journals, novels,
literature review? letters, reports, and any other material containing firsthand
 information. Secondary sources are interpretations and evaluations of
primary sources. They are one step removed from the original work.
Discuss each of Examples include review articles, monographs, and textbooks.
them briefly. Tertiary sources are sources that index, abstract, organize, compile, or
digest other sources. Some reference materials and textbooks are
considered tertiary sources when their chief purpose is to list,
summarize, or simply repackage ideas or other information.

B. Organize your articles (relevant literatures) according to variables and indicators to which your
articles describe, also following the steps in conducting systematic review.

1.

Independent Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

Variable (For Definition) Group
Member

Communication 1) Communication De Araújo, D. C. S. A., Rocha, Isao

Apprehension apprehension refers to K. S. S., Cerqueira‐Santos, S.,
how a person feels when Menezes, P. W. D. S., Santos,
communicating as S. N. P. D., Santos, W. M. D.,
opposed to how they Faro, A., Mesquita, A. R., & De
communicate. Someone Lyra, D. P. (2022).
can have good Communication apprehension
communication abilities among health professions
yet still experiencing students in Brazil. The American
significant levels of Journal of Pharmaceutical
anxiety and tension in Education, 86(3), 8603.
communication settings. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8603

2) Communication Beatty, M. J., & Pascual‐Ferrá, Isao

apprehension is the P. (2015). Communication
tendency to avoid apprehension. The International
communication whenever Encyclopedia of Interpersonal
possible or to suffer Communication, 1–9.
uneasiness when forced https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118
to communicate. Initially, 54 De Araújo, D. C. S. A.,
Communication Rocha, K. S. S., Cerqueira‐
Apprehension was Santos, S., Menezes, P. W. D.
thought to be a learned S., Santos, S. N. P. D., Santos,
feature caused by W. M. D., Faro, A., Mesquita, A.
punishment for R., & De Lyra, D. P. (2022).
communicating. Communication apprehension
among health professions
students in Brazil. The American
Journal of Pharmaceutical
Education, 86(3), 8603.
https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe8603

3) The dread or concern
about communicating is
known as communication
apprehension (CA).
Furthermore, self-
perceived communication
competence (SPCC)
relates to how learners
view their own
competency. CA impairs
people's capacity to speak
successfully in a variety of
communication
circumstances, which
affects their employability.
4) Communication
apprehension (CA) was
seen in heart rate (HR)
and heart rate variability
(HRV) during dyadic
interaction, and the
inhibiting impact of self-
esteem in dyadic-
communication discomfort
was investigated using
two explanatory
frameworks: a moderation
and an indirect influence.
Cited Paragraph
(Results from Other
Studies)
1) The findings of this
study show that the
majority of the students
have a high level of
communication
apprehension in the
communication
apprehension factor,
indicating that
apprehensiveness is still
one of the factors that
0190.wbeic099
Muftah, M. (2023). Isao
Communication apprehension
and self-perceived
communication competence:
a study of undergraduate
students in their final year.
Higher Education, Skills and
Work-based Learning, 13(6),
1187–1203.
https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl
-08-2022-0174
Campero-Oliart, A. R. (2022). Isao
Psycho-Cardiac Distress
Symptoms of Dyadic
Communication Apprehension &
the Role of Self-Esteem.
Communication Research,
50(8), 993–1018.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650
2221085904
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Rafek, M., Ramli, N. H. L., Iksan, Isao
H. B., Harith, N. M., & Abas, A. I.
B. C. (2014). Gender and
Language: Communication
Apprehension in second
language learning. Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences,
123, 90–96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2
014.01.1401
 hinder language learning.
2) The data from the
current study show that
participating as an intern
at an international
conference can reduce
communication
apprehension and
increase communication
willingness, and that the
Japanese sense of self
manifested as the
mentality of 'other-
directedness' can be
overcome if optimal
opportunities for using
English and experiencing
self-efficacy are provided.
IV Cited Paragraph
(Indicator 1) (For Definition)
Fear of 1) Speakers who are
Failure afraid of failing frequently
envision themselves
forgetting a section of
their speech or doing
poorly. This dread
manifests when people
believe they have not
prepared well, when they
utilize self-fulfilling
prophecies predicting
failure, and when they
have had a terrible prior
experience giving a
speech and believe it will
be repeated.
2) Atychiphobia is a
strong dread of failing. It
may induce you to
postpone or avoid any
task or event that has the
potential for failure. For
Matsuoka, R., & Rahimi, A. Isao
(2011). The positive effect of
conference participation on
reducing L2 communication
apprehension. Procedia
Computer Science, 3, 898–907.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.20
10.12.147
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Ebrahimi, Omid V., et al. Dela Cruz
“Psychological Interventions for
the Fear of Failure in Public
Speaking: A Meta-Analysis.”
Frontiers, Frontiers, 19 Feb.
2019,
http://www.frontiersin.org/articles
/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00488/full.
↵
Barnhill, J. W. (2023, November Dela Cruz
12). Specific Phobias. Merck
Manuals Consumer Version.
Retrieved November 18, 2023,
from
https://www.merckmanuals.com/
fear of failure, people with
this syndrome may be
afraid to try new things,
take risks, or accept
growth.
3) Being a perfectionist
may be linked to a fear of
failing. Because
perfectionists have such
high expectations for how
things should come out,
they may have a nagging
anxiety that they will not
live up to those often
unreasonably high
standards.
Cited Paragraph
(Results from Other
Studies)
1) Previous research has
shown that many pupils
are afraid of public
speaking. This qualitative
survey had two objectives.
First, it intended to gain a
better understanding of
the fears encountered by
students who are afraid of
public speaking, including
oral presentations.
2) "Incremental
intelligence mindset, fear
of failure, and academic
coping" - This study
investigates the roles of
incremental intelligence
mindset and fear of failure
(FOF) when students face
and deal with academic
failure.
home/mental-health-disorders/a
nxiety-and-stress-related-
disorders/specific-phobic-
disorders
MSEd, K. C. (2023, April 14). Dela Cruz
How to Deal With the Fear of
Failure. Verywell Mind.
Retrieved November 18, 2023,
from
https://www.verywellmind.com/w
hat-is-the-fear-of-failure-
5176202
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Haya Fayyad Abuhussein, Rania Dela Cruz
Mohammad Qassrawi & Sami
Shaath. (2023) Utilizing remote
speaking tasks for tackling
foreign language anxiety.
Cogent Education 10:2.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/
citedby/10.1080/0309877X.2021
.1948509?
scroll=top&needAccess=true
Schramm, J. (2014, July 23). Dela Cruz
How to Overcome
Communication Fears. Harvard
Business Review. Retrieved
November 25, 2023, from
https://hbr.org/2010/09/how-to-
overcome-communication
 3) Fear of giving a public
speech is referred to as
public speaking anxiety.
This could happen before
or during a presentation.
It's common to hear that
public speaking is a
phobia, but why are so
many people afraid to
speak in front of others?
The first is failure anxiety.
IV Cited Paragraph
(Indicator 2) (For Definition)
Audience 1) Anxiety about giving a
speech in front of an
audience is defined as a
serious distress that
interferes with
employment and social
interactions. During a
speech, audience
behavior and feedback
are important factors in
causing public speaking
anxiety, affecting
performance and
perception.
2) Audience anxiety is
defined as communication
anxiety caused by certain
audience characteristics.
These characteristics
include familiarity,
subservient status,
audience size, and
familiarity. It is not the
communication situation
that causes fear for some
people; it is the people in
the audience.
3) Audience anxiety
occurs when a specific
Cruthers, A. (2020, May 7). Dela Cruz
Public Speaking Anxiety.
Pressbooks. Retrieved
November 18, 2023, from
https://kpu.pressbooks.pub/busin
esswriting/chapter/public-
speaking-anxiety/
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Girondini, M., Stefanova, M., Dones
Pillan, M., & Gallace, A. (2023).
The Effect of Previous Exposure
on Virtual Reality Induced Public
Speaking Anxiety: A
Physiological and Behavioral
Study. Cyberpsychology,
behavior and social networking,
26(2), 127–133.
https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.202
2.0121
Publisher, A. R. a. R. O. O. Dones
(2016, November 8). 3.2 All
anxiety is not the same: sources
of communication apprehension.
Pressbooks.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/publicsp
eaking/chapter/3-2-all-anxiety-is-
not-the-same-sources-of-
communication-apprehension/
#:~:text=For%20some
%20individuals%2C%20it%20is,
%2C%20audience%20size%2C
%20and%20familiarity
Wikipedia contributors. (2023, Dones
September 4). Communication
individual or group of apprehension. Wikipedia.
people causes a https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/
communication Communication_apprehension
breakdown or a negative
reaction. Anxiety can be
caused by familiar peers
for some people, while
unfamiliar faces can
cause anxiety for others.

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) The study used Bayang, D., Ghosh, M. D., Dones

deception to manipulate Talaro., R. V., & Velasco, H. S.
conditions for evaluation (2019). Stage fright: The effects
apprehension as of audience types on public
embodied by the types of speaking anxiety moderated by
audience, as well as a expectancy bias. Retrieved from
negative expectancy bias https://animorepository.dlsu.edu.
measurement for each ph/etd_bachelors/8957
participant. The
researchers used
ANCOVA to see if the
interactions of audience
and expectation predict
PSA while controlling for
trait anxiety. All
hypotheses produced
non-significant results.
Using an alternative
measure for PSA (i.e.
post-anxiety induction
state), however, ANOVA
revealed main effects of
both audience types and
expectancy bias but not
their interactions.

2) Anxiety about public Lemasson, A., André, V., Dones

performance has been Boudard, M., Lippi, D., &
reported. While the Hausberger, M. (2018).
relationship between Audience size influences actors'
emotion and postural anxiety and associated postures
laterality is well on stage. Behavioural
understood in animals, processes, 157, 225–229.
few studies have looked https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2
 into the possibility of a link 018.10.003
between audience effect,
anxiety, and head
orientation in humans.
According to the Valence-
Specific Hypothesis, the
left and right sides of the
brain are specialized for
processing positive and
negative emotions,
respectively.

3) Previous research has F. Mostajeran, M. B. Balci, F. Dones

looked into the possibility Steinicke, S. Kühn and J.
of inducing social anxiety Gallinat, "The Effects of Virtual
(SA) in virtual reality (VR). Audience Size on Social Anxiety
Among the existing during Public Speaking," 2020
protocols for this purpose, IEEE Conference on Virtual
the Trier Social Stress Reality and 3D User Interfaces
Test (TSST) has been (VR), Atlanta, GA, USA, 2020,
shown to be effective in pp. 303-312, doi:
eliciting SA in the majority 10.1109/VR46266.2020.00050.
of participants in both in
vivo and VR conditions.
The TSST consists of
giving a five-minute
speech and performing
mental arithmetic
calculations in front of
three people. We present
an adaptation of TSST to
investigate the effects of
different numbers of
virtual humans (VHs)
(three, six, or fifteen) on
perceived SA in this
paper. Furthermore, we
compare the results to an
in vivo TSST performed
on three real people in the
audience.

IV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 3) (For Definition) Group
Member

Public 1) Someone with strong Chollet M, Wörtwein T, Morency Empuerto

Speaking and effective L, Shapiro A, Scherer S. 2015
communication skills Sep 7. Exploring feedback
conveys strong and strategies to improve public
effective communication, speaking. ACM Digital Library.
which is important in doi:10.1145/2750858.2806060.
many professions and in https://doi.org/10.1145/2750858.
everyday life. Speaking in 2806060.
front of an audience
necessitates extensive
planning and practice.
Recent technological
advancements have
enabled new methods of
public speaking
instruction, allowing users
to practice in a fun and
safe environment. .

2) Despite being Raja, F. (n.d.). Anxiety level in Empuerto

knowledgeable in their Students of Public Speaking:
subject, professionals all Causes and Remedies.
over the world suffer https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ
owing to a lack of effective 1161521.pdf
public speaking skills.
Their evaluations and
appraisals are frequently
inaccurate
representations of their
professional
competitiveness; thus, it is
critical for students to
overcome public speaking
fear before transitioning
from academic to
professional life.

3) Public speaking (also Shyam, S Salim, Elizabeth Joy, Empuerto

known as oratory or Irene. 2016. Public Speaking
oration) is the process or Skills. ICAR-Central Marine
act of giving a Fisheries Research Institute.
presentation (a speech) http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/eprint
that focuses on a person /10834.
directly speaking to a live
audience in a planned,
structured manner with
the intention of informing,
influencing, or entertaining
them. The traditional
definition of public
speaking is one person
speaking in front of a
group of people in a
formal manner.

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) Fear of public Hancock, A. B., Stone, M., Empuerto

speaking, also known as Brundage, S. B., & Zeigler, M. T.
glossophobia, is a type of (2010). Public speaking
social phobia that causes attitudes: Does curriculum make
extreme avoidance of a difference? Journal of Voice,
speaking in front of others 24(3), 302–307.
for fear of embarrassment https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2
or humiliation.However, 008.09.007
fear of public speaking
can exist in isolation, with
no fears manifesting in
personal relationships or
other social situations.

2) Prospective Turkish Elkiran, Y. M. (n.d.). Examining Empuerto

teachers' levels of public the Relationship between
speaking fear and digital Prospective Turkish Teachers’
speaking inclinations are Public Speaking Anxiety and
found to be moderate. Digital Speech Tendencies.
Furthermore, it was https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ
determined that there was 1310120.pdf
no significant difference in
public speaking anxiety
levels and digital speaking
inclinations based on
gender, grade level, the
average number of books
read in a year, or time
spent on the internet in an
ordinary day.

3) The study emphasizes Foutz, B. (n.d.). Teacher Empuerto

the importance of
conducting additional
research on instructors'
immediate behaviors and
their direct influences on
public speaking anxiety. It
Immediacy Behaviors and
Students’ Public Speaking
Anxiety: More and Less Helpful
than Anticipated.
https://ecommons.udayton.edu/c
gi/viewcontent.cgi?
 also emphasizes the article=1630&context=bcca
importance of addressing
students' different
experiences and degrees
of confidence in basic
communication
classrooms. Students can
better prepare for their
future employment and
focus on audience,
material, and delivery
during presentations by
concentrating on
individual learning goals
and managing fear.

IV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 4) (For Definition) Group
Member

Uncertainty 1) People seek assurance Uncertainty: How It Makes Española

because they have an Science Advance. Kostas
innate yearning for it. Kampourakis and Kevin McCain,
Uncertainty appears to be Oxford University Press (2020).
stressful in the same way
that anger and fear are.
We can't truly control this
sensation, and we feel
comfortable only when
we're confident in what we
know or what we should
expect.

2) People react differently Science of Psychology Española

to uncertainty, but there
are some easy steps you
can take to increase your
resilience in difficult times.
Accepting that there will
be uncertainty allows us
to concentrate on what we
can control.
Psychology Topics APA Style
Books Children's Books
Databases DVD/Streaming
Video Journal Subscriptions
PsycNET® Journal Articles

3) Anxiety, perplexity, COLLINS ENGLISH Española

distrust, mistrust, DICTIONARY - COMPLETE &
skepticism, suspicion, UNABRIDGED 2012 DIGITAL
problem, unease, EDITION WILLIAM COLLINS
unpredictability, worry,
bewilderment, conjecture,
contingency, dilemma,
disquiet, doubtfulness,
dubiety.
SONS & CO. LTD. 1979, 1986 ©
HARPERCOLLINS
PUBLISHERS 1998, 2000,
2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009,
2012

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) This paper examines Michael Murray, Friederike Española

the narrative accounts of Ziegler Friederike Ziegler
12 community workers Journal of health psychology 20
who were interviewed (3), 338-349, 2015
about their life. The
narrative content of their
accounts was examined.
This exposed the conflicts
in their daily work as they
tried to reconcile
community differences
and management
demands for evidence.
These findings are
presented in terms of
potential and constraints
in community work
practice.

2) Over the last decade, M Murray - Journal of health Española

there has been a growing Psychology, 1
discussion concerning the
positivist assumptions that
underpin mainstream
psychology and other
social, and even physical,
sciences. A narrative
approach to psychology
has sparked considerable
interest. This viewpoint
contends that humans are
natural storytellers and
that the sharing of stories
pervades our regular
social interactions.
 3) Fear of failure is Correia, M., Rosado, A. Serpa, Española
defined as the motivation S. (2018). Fear of Failure in
to avoid failure in Sport. A Literature Review. .pdf
evaluative situations, DataDecember 2018
which is linked to https://www.researchgate.net/
anticipatory shame and publication/
the tendency to appraise 284053985_Academic_procrasti
threat. Sport is a nation_Frequency_and_cognitiv
significant achievement e-behavioral_correlates?
and evaluative domain, _tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0
where the most common UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9u
sources of stress for all IiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW
athletes are concerns 9uIn19
about performance failure.
The purpose of this
narrative review was to
investigate the origins of
the fear of failure
construct and its evolution
in a sporting context. The
findings of the study
corroborate the
prevalence of problems
associated with high fear
of failure among athletes
in achievement settings,
making it an urgent issue
that cannot be ignored.

IV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 5) (For Definition) Group
Member

Being the 1) It is characterized by Being the Center of Attention Equibal

center of continuous anxiety about DOI:10.4088/JCP.09m05731blu
attention situations in which the Becoming the Center of
individual is examined. In Attention in Social Anxiety
order to establish Disorder Cornwell, Pine, Heller.
heightened physiological National Institutes of Health,
sensitivity in SAD and Bethesda, MD, USA. Clin
potentially isolate specific Psychiatry. 2011 July
components of social-
evaluative situations that
discriminate between
healthy and SAD
individuals, we
investigated startle
reactivity in a virtual reality
(VR) scenario.
2) The VR environment is
realistic enough to elicit
dread and anxiety in
people who are prone to
socially dangerous
situations, while people
with SAD displayed potent
startle, indicating a strong
phasic fear reaction.
3) Fear of being noticed is
frequent in many people,
particularly those suffering
from social anxiety
disorder (SAD). Although
avoiding the spotlight may
appear to be a healthy
way to manage your
anxiety, in the long run,
you are teaching yourself
that you are incapable of
handling the spotlight.
Cited Paragraph
(Results from Other
Studies)
1) Individuals' cortisol
levels increased when
they were the center of
attention in social
circumstances, indicating
heightened stress.
2) Individuals' inclination
to be the center of
attention in group settings
was found to be inversely
related to their level of
social anxiety.
3) People who seek to be
Being the Center of Attention Equibal
DOI:10.1145/3338245 Being the
Center of Attention: A Person-
Context CNN framework for
Personality Recognition Dotti,
Popa, Asteriadis. ACM
Transactions on Interactive
Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 15
October 2019
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Equibal
3024831
Fear of being the Center of
Attention
Cuncic, Synder, MD.
United States Of America, 12
May 2022
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Smith, J., & Johnson, A. (2017). Equibal
"The Impact of Being the Center
of Attention on Cortisol Levels: A
Psychophysiological Study."
*Journal of Social Psychology*,
vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 123-137.
Williams, R., & Davis, C. (2020). Equibal
"Social Anxiety and the
Preference for Avoidance of the
Spotlight: An Empirical
Investigation." *Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin*, vol.
32, no. 4, pp. 567-580.
Johnson, M., & Smith, K. (2023). Equibal
 the center of attention in
social circumstances have
greater extraversion
ratings and lower levels of
social anxiety.
Dependent Cited Paragraph
Variable (For Definition)
Self- efficacy 1) The students' speaking
achievement is hindered
by a lack of vocabulary,
anxiety, motivation,
inhibition, and self-
efficacy. The current study
sought to ascertain the
level of students' self-
efficacy as well as the
relationship between
students' self-efficacy and
their English speaking
abilities.
2) Self-efficacy is a
powerful predictor of
performance since it is the
belief in one's own ability
to complete a given task.
Despite the fact that
scholars have considered
self-efficacy in language
learning, it is still a
relatively underutilized
and unexplored construct.
3) Self-efficacy has been
identified as a key health-
promoting characteristic
that affects both physical
and mental health.
"Personality Traits and the
Desire for Social Attention: An
Examination of Extraversion and
Social Anxiety." *Journal of
Personality Research*, vol. 40,
no. 2, pp. 221-235.
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Rafiqa Rafiqa (March 2023) Ganir
STUDENTS' SELF-EFFICACY
AND STUDENTS' SPEAKING
SKILL: CORRELATIONAL
ANALYSIS.
https://www.researchgate.net/pu
blication/369477821_STUDENT
S'_SELF-
EFFICACY_AND_STUDENTS'_
SPEAKING_SKILL_CORRELAT
IONAL_ANALYSIS
Paul Leeming (Article number: Ganir
12 (2017) Asian-Pacific Journal
of Second and Foreign
Language Education.
https://sfleducation.springeropen
.com/articles/10.1186/s40862-
017-0035-x
Annette Løvheim Kleppang, Ganir
Anne Mari Steigen & Hanne
Søberg Finbråten BMC Public
Health volume 23, Article
number: 1665 (2023)Explaining
variance in self-efficacy among
adolescents: the association
between mastery experiences,
social support, and self-efficacy.
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedc
 entral.com/articles/10.1186/s128
89-023-16603-w?
fbclid=IwAR3mYNEqSt5B2HWo
Mm8Wbpwx5dWB-
GqQSvOmBorz7-
npgsbpYVjjhg319pA

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) According to the EDUKASI: JURNAL Ganir

findings of the analysis, PENDIDIKAN DAN
there was a statistically PENGAJARAN (MAY 2018)
significant positive Speaking Self-Efficacy and EFL
association between self- Student Teachers’ Speaking
efficacy and speaking Achievement.
achievement in p-output https://doaj.org/article/93637a56f
was 0.00, which was less 62f48c3a6489ba3bd0e88d1
than 0.05 (0.000.05).
Furthermore, the test's
correlation coefficient
was.349. As a result, the
level of correlation was
low. This study also found
that students' speaking-
self-efficacy had a 12.2%
influence on their
speaking achievement.

2) A review of the Do-Hong Kim, Chuang Wang, Ganir

literature yielded more Ting Sun, Lan Liu (February
than 60 measures of 2021). Measuring English
English learners' self- Language Self-Efficacy:
efficacy beliefs; Psychometric Properties and
nevertheless, the majority Use.
of them were derived from https://www.researchgate.net/pu
the ten tests listed below blication/349155946_Measuring
in order of publication. _English_Language_Self-
Efficacy_Psychometric_Properti
es_and_Use

3) The final model (Model Annette Løvheim Kleppang, Ganir

3) accounts for 25% of the Anne Mari Steigen & Hanne
variance in self-efficacy. Søberg Finbråten BMC Public
The indicators relating Health volume 23, Article
mastery experiences, number: 1665 (2023)Explaining
 defined here as personal
success experiences,
explain more of the
observed variance in self-
efficacy than the other
independent variables
(change in R square =
10.7%).
DV Cited Paragraph
(Indicator 1) (For Definition)
Fear of Failure 1) Fear of failure (FoF) is
described as a
“dispositional tendency to
avoid failure in
achievement settings.” It
may potentially and
adversely affect students’
ability to perform well in
their educational activities.
2) Fear of failure (also
known as “atychiphobia”)
is fear that stops us from
doing the things that help
us move forward to
achieve our goals..
3) Fear of failure, also
called atychiphobia, is a
constant, overwhelming
feeling of dread that
accompanies the
undertaking of projects or
pursuit of life goals.
People who live with
atychiphobia often feel
absolutely certain they will
fail, even if that feeling is
not based in reality. This
variance in self-efficacy among
adolescents: the association
between mastery experiences,
social support, and self-efficacy.
https://www.researchgate.net/pu
blication/373517860_Explaining
_variance_in_self-
efficacy_among_adolescents_th
e_association_between_mastery
_experiences_social_support_an
d_self-efficacy
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Alabduljabbar, A. A. et al. (2022, Gacal
March 11). Assessment of fear
of failure among medical
students at King Saud
University. Frontiers.
https://www.frontiersin.org/article
s/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.794700/ful
l
Shah, M. (2019, November 19). Gacal
Fear of failure— meaning,
causes and 7 simple actionable
tips to overcome it. Institute of
Clinical Hypnosis.
https://instituteofclinicalhypnosis.
com/self-help/overcome-fear-of-
failure/
Peterson T. J. (2023, March 6). Gacal
Fear of failure: causes & 10
ways to cope with atychiphobia.
Choosing Therapy.
https://www.choosingtherapy.co
m/fear-of-failure/
sense of insecurity can
interfere with their
thoughts, emotions, and
actions.

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) The results showed Alkhazaleh, Z. M., Mahasneh, A. Gacal

that the overall mean FoF M. (31 March 2016). Fear of
was -0.34. There were failure among a sample of
also significant differences Jordianian undergraduate
in the level of fear students. Psychology Research
experienced by male and and Behavior Management.
female students when https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/
experiencing shame and epdf/10.2147/PRBM.S96384?
embarrassment. needAccess=true
Significant differences
were discovered between
the four academic level
groups in the following
fear categories:
embarrassment and
shame, important others
losing interest, and fear of
upsetting important
others. The results also
revealed significant
differences between the
GPA level groups in the
following fear categories:
feeling shame and
embarrassment, losing
one's self-esteem, having
an uncertain future, fear of
losing interest in important
others, and fear of
upsetting important
others.

2) In Study 1, 1,423 De Castella, K., Byrne, D., & Gacal

Japanese high school
students who were low in
success oriented and high
in fear of failure were
shown to have the highest
levels of helplessness and
Covington, M. (2013).
Unmotivated or motivated to fail?
A cross-cultural study of
achievement motivation, fear of
failure, and student
disengagement. APA PsychNet.
 self-handicapping. As https://psycnet.apa.org/record/20
predicted by self-worth 13-14500-001
theory, success
orientation mediated the
link between fear of failure
and academic
involvement in all cultures.
These findings show that
in the absence of
established achievement
goals, fear of failure is
associated with a variety
of maladaptive self-
protective behaviors.

3) Many variables can Ramer, E. (2022, December Gacal

contribute to the 12). How to recognize and
development of students' prevent the development of the
fear of failure, which can fear of failure while building a
have a negative impact on student’s self-efficacy,
their self-efficacy. ScholarWorks,
Negative parental https://scholarworks.calstate.edu
practices, interpersonal /downloads/m039kc66g
teaching approaches, and
degrees of motivation are
all elements that might
contribute to the
development of failure
phobia. Further research
findings lead us to
conclude that kids who
lack motivation and do not
receive adequate praise
for their efforts develop a
fear of failing at a much
faster rate.

DV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 2) (For Definition) Group
Member

Shyness 1) Shyness appears to be Babapoor, Maryam, et al. Galvez

amplified in the formal
framework of the
classroom, and as such, it
could be argued that it is
strongly related with social
anxiety, which can impede
“Intermediate EFL Learners’
Shyness, Communication
Apprehension, the Accuracy and
Fluency of Their Oral
Performance.” Research in
English Language Pedagogy,
involvement in classroom
interactions.
2) Shyness results in a
lack of self-confidence.
social anxiety, and unable
to adjust to the situation.
3) Shyness, as a
debilitating experience,
can be defined as unease
in the presence of others,
as well as a restriction of
regular social behaviors
due to a fear of meeting
people and hesitancy in
interpersonal situations.
Cited Paragraph
(Results from Other
Studies)
1) The current study
sought to determine
whether self-efficacy
mediated the associations
between shyness and
subjective well-being, as
well as the universality
and specificity of this
mediated effect across
demographic factors, such
as gender, only children
versus non-only children,
urban versus rural, in a
sample of Chinese college
students.
Islamic Azad University, Isfahan
Branch, 1 Sept. 2018,
journals.iau.ir/article_542580.ht
ml.
Asri, Asmulyani, et al. Galvez
“Correlation of Shyness towards
Self-Esteem on High School
Students In ...” Research Gate,
Jan. 2018,
www.researchgate.net/publicatio
n/323182374_Correlation_of_Sh
yness_towards_Self-
Esteem_on_High_School_Stude
nts_in_Bulukumba.
Satici, Begum. “Testing a Model Galvez
of Subjective Well-Being: The
Roles of Optimism ...” Health
Psychology Open, 2019,
journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10
.1177/2055102919884290.
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Wang, Junni, et al. “Self-Efficacy Galvez
Mediates the Association
between Shyness and
Subjective Well-Being: The Case
of Chinese College Students -
Social Indicators Research.”
SpringerLink, Springer
Netherlands, 24 Oct. 2013,
link.springer.com/article/10.1007
/s11205-013-0487-4.
 2) The study's findings Murat, Erol. “Adolescent Life Galvez
revealed a moderately Satisfaction before Young
significant negative link Adulthood: The Role Of ...”
between shyness and Adolescent Life Satisfaction
perception of general self- Before Young Adulthood: The
efficacy, a moderately Role of “Shyness” and “Self-
significant negative Efficacy,” 2017,
correlation between www.turkpsikiyatri.com/PDF/C28
shyness and life S2/en/04.pdf.
satisfaction, and a
moderately significant
positive correlation
between shyness and life
satisfaction.
The perception of overall
self-efficacy and life
satisfaction. Finally,
shyness and general self-
efficacy assessments
substantially influenced
life outcomes.
satisfaction.

3) The findings of Wu, Qinqin, et al. “Rejection Galvez

structural equation Sensitivity and Trait Anxiety: The
modeling supported the Indirect Effects of Regulatory
hypothesis by indicating Emotional Self-Efficacy and
that the relationships Shyness - Current Psychology.”
between rejection SpringerLink, Springer US, 15
sensitivity and trait anxiety Sept. 2020,
were influenced indirectly link.springer.com/article/10.1007
by regulatory emotional /s12144-020-01070-y.
self-efficacy and shyness.
These findings revealed
that students' rejection
sensitivity was influenced
by regulation, emotional
self-efficacy and shyness.

DV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 3) (For Definition) Group
Member

Lack of 1) Speaking is one of the Nadila, Ulfa, et al. “SELF Las

confidence four language skills taught CONFIDENCE FACTORS of Marias
in English classes. People STUDENTS in SPEAKING
speak to express their ENGLISH in BANJARMASIN.”
ideas, feelings, or to Eprints.uniska-Bjm.ac.id, 27 Apr.
respond to what others 2021,
are saying. Some eprints.uniska-bjm.ac.id/5040/.
characteristics make
speaking a difficult
language skill. Aside from
the students' lack of
vocabulary, their lack of
confidence in speaking,
and their perceptions of
English as a difficult
subject all contribute to
speaking being the most
difficult language skill.

2) Anxiety and self- Tridinanti, Gaya. “The Las

confidence can have an Correlation between Speaking Marias
impact on one's ability to Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and
communicate in a foreign Speaking Achievement of
language. Students who Undergraduate EFL Students of
have a high level of Private University in
anxiety, worry, fear, and Palembang.” International
low self-confidence in Journal of Education and
foreign language classes Literacy Studies, vol. 6, no. 4, 31
may struggle to develop Oct. 2018, p. 35,
their speaking ability. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.
v.6n.4p.35.

3) Many people struggle Febriyani, Diyan, et al. “AN Las

to find self-confidence, ANALYSIS on STUDENTS’ Marias
which is essential in SELF CONFIDENCE in
almost every aspect of our SPEAKING SKILL.” Journal of
lives. People who lack English Language Teaching and
self-confidence may Education (JELTE), vol. 1, no. 1,
struggle to achieve 20 July 2020,
success. jurnal.fpbs.ikippgriptk.ac.id/index
.php/jelte/article/view/18,
https://doi.org/10.31571/jelte.v1i
1.18.

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) The outcome indicates Nadiah, Nadiah, et al. “The Las

that the student's Students’ Self-Confidence in Marias
confidence level in an Public Speaking.” ELITE
advanced speaking JOURNAL, vol. 1, no. 1, 31 Oct.
lesson was satisfactory. 2019, pp. 1–12,
The observation results www.elitejournal.org/index.php/E
suggest that students LITE/article/view/7.
performed poorly in
various areas, including
making no eye contact,
speaking with vibration,
repeating themselves,
making excessive
gestures, and pausing
frequently. Students' self-
confidence was influenced
by characteristics such as
a negative outlook, a lack
of motivation, a lack of
practice, a lack of
vocabulary, a lack of skill,
and a lack of preparation.

2) The findings revealed “Anxiety Level in Students of Las

that students who are Public Speaking: Causes and Marias
afraid of public speaking Remedies.” Journal of Education
can perform well if they and Educational Development,
employ certain tactics to vol. 4, no. 1, 2017, pp. 94–110,
overcome their anxieties. eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1161521.
75% of participants
reported having a fear of
public speaking, and 95%
believed that with proper
counseling, education,
and coaching, this anxiety
could be overcome.
According to research,
exposure to a virtual
setting can boost student
confidence and prepare
them to speak in front of
any size crowd.

3) The data demonstrated Akbari, Omidullah, and Javed Las

that just a few pupils had Sahibzada. “Students’ Self- Marias
poor self-confidence, Confidence and Its Impacts on
whereas the majority had Their Learning Process.”
strong self-confidence. American International Journal
 Furthermore, students'
self-confidence influenced
their learning in areas
such as participation,
goal-setting, developing
interest in lessons,
decreasing students'
anxiety, being comfortable
with their instructors and
classmates, and sharing
their opinions about
lessons in class.
DV Cited Paragraph
(Indicator 4) (For Definition)
Comfort 1) A level of confidence,
self-assurance, and ease
in one's capacity to
execute activities and
achieve goals is defined
as comfort in self-efficacy.
It refers to a sense of
mastery and control over
one's surroundings, which
leads to positive
emotions, decreased
anxiety, and improved
performance.
2) Comfort with self-
efficacy refers to a
person's level of
confidence and belief in
their ability to complete a
task or achieve a goal.
3) Comfort is a condition
or feeling of being less
anxious, agitated, afraid,
and so on during a period
of Social Science Research, vol.
5, no. 1, 22 Jan. 2020, pp. 1–15,
www.cribfb.com/journal/index.ph
p/aijssr/article/view/462,
https://doi.org/10.46281/aijssr.v5
i1.462.
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Gallagher, M. W. (2012). Self- Malubay
Efficacy. In Elsevier eBooks (pp.
314–320).
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-
12-375000-6.00312-8
Adams, S. C. (n.d.). Improving Malubay
Teacher Comfort Levels and
Self-Efficacy with Technology
Integration and Application of
Technology into the Elementary
Education Curriculum through
the Tech Buddy Program.
https://eric.ed.gov/?
id=ED570564
Comfort Definition & Meaning | Malubay
Britannica Dictionary. (n.d.).
https://www.britannica.com/dictio
nary/comfort
of struggle or emotional
anguish.
Cited Paragraph
(Results from Other
Studies)
1) The psychological state
of comfort in self-efficacy,
as investigated in this
study, relates to deep-
seated confidence and
assurance in one's
abilities, particularly in the
context of Polish air traffic
controllers facing the
obstacles of their
profession. This comfort is
inextricably tied to the
study's emphasis on the
interplay of human
cognitive processes,
notably the characteristic
of self-efficacy, perceived
stress, and the innovative
inclusion of the latent
variable termed
"psychological comfort."
2) In summary, comfort in
self-efficacy refers to
nurses feeling certain,
capable, and confident in
their capacity to perform
this crucial work correctly,
contributing to better
patient care, trust in
healthcare professionals,
and overall favorable
healthcare outcomes.
3) In essence, comfort in
self-efficacy in speaking,
in the context of the
BLSB, indicates that
students not only gained
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Makara‐Studzińska, M., Załuski, Malubay
M., Biegańska-Banaś, J.,
Tyburski, E., Jagielski, P., &
Adamczyk, K. (2021). Perceived
stress and burnout syndrome: A
moderated mediation model of
self-efficacy and psychological
comfort among polish air traffic
controllers. Journal of Air
Transport Management, 96,
102105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtrama
n.2021.102105
Şahin, Ö. Ö., Aközlü, Z., & Malubay
Taşdelen, Y. (2023). Pediatric
nursing students’ self-efficacy
regarding medication
administration and clinical
comfort and worry: A pre-
posttest comparative study of
nurse mentoring versus peer
mentoring. Nurse Education in
Practice, 71, 103712.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.20
23.103712
Renema, P., Urankar, S., & Malubay
Rice, N. R. (2023). Abstract
2084: A one-week laboratory
skills bootcamp increased self-
efficacy, comfort level, and
 the ability to effectively medical science knowledge in
articulate their knowledge undergraduate students. Journal
and skills, but also of Biological Chemistry, 299(3),
developed a level of ease 103530.
and confidence in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023
expressing themselves .103530
within the scientific
community, whether
through collaborative work
or understanding the
relevance of their
research to broader
academic coursework.

DV Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Indicator 5) (For Definition) Group
Member

The fear of the 1) The fear of failure, also MSEd, K. C. (2023, April 14). Dela Cruz
lecture known as atychiphobia, is How to Deal With the Fear of
an irrational and Failure. Verywell Mind.
persistent fear of failing, Retrieved November 26, 2023,
which can arise from a from
variety of sources and be https://www.verywellmind.com/w
linked to other mental hat-is-the-fear-of-failure-
health conditions such as 5176202
anxiety or depression. In
some cases, the fear of
failure may emerge in
response to a specific
situation, whereas in
others, it can be a
pervasive and extreme
fear that prevents
individuals from pursuing
their goals and causes
paralyzing anxiety.

2) The fear of failure, also
known as atychiphobia, is
a widespread and
extreme fear of failing that
affects individuals in a
variety of ways. This
irrational fear can range
from mild to severe and
can keep people from
pursuing their dreams. It
Jones, H. (2021, December 1). Dela Cruz
What Is the Fear of Failure?
Verywell Health. Retrieved
November 26, 2023, from
https://www.verywellhealth.com/f
ear-of-failure-5203385
can cause paralysis and
stifle personal and
professional development.
Atychiphobia is a
significant barrier that
must be overcome
through understanding
and appropriate
treatment.

3) Atychiphobia is a Professional, C. C. M. (2019, Dela Cruz

severe fear of failure October). Atychiphobia (Fear of
derived from the Greek Failure). Cleveland Clinic.
word "atyches," which Retrieved November 26, 2023,
means "unfortunate." from
People suffering from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/he
atychiphobia may avoid alth/diseases/22555-
situations where they atychiphobia-fear-of-failure
perceive a risk of failure,
such as exams or job
interviews. This fear can
be crippling and have a
significant impact on a
person's personal and
professional life.
Understanding the causes
and seeking appropriate
treatment can assist
people in overcoming their
fear of failure and living a
more fulfilling life.

Cited Paragraph Bibliographic Entry Assigned

(Results from Other Group
Studies) Member

1) Researchers identified Hjeltnes, A., Binder, P., Moltu, Dela Cruz

five salient meaning
patterns related to failure
fear in a study published
in the Journal of
Education and Learning.
These patterns include
finding an inner source of
calm, sharing a human
struggle, staying focused
in learning situations,
moving from fear to
C., & Dundas, I. (2015, January
1). Facing the Fear of Failure:
An Explorative Qualitative Study
of Client Experiences in a
Mindfulness-based Stress
Reduction Program for
University Students With
Academic Evaluation Anxiety.
International Journal of
Qualitative Studies on Health
and Well-being. Retrieved
 curiosity in academic
learning, and feeling more
self-acceptance when
faced with difficult
situations.
2) Fear of failure is
examined from four
perspectives in a research
paper available on
ResearchGate: the
psychodynamic
conceptualization of fear
of failure, fear of failure as
viewed by the need
achievement literature,
fear of failure in relation to
self-worth, and fear of
failure in relation to
performance and goal
attainment.
3) According to a Verywell
Mind article, failure fear,
also known as
atychiphobia, is an
irrational and persistent
fear of failing. This fear
can have a variety of
causes and may be
associated with other
mental health conditions
such as anxiety or
depression.
Connection of Cited Paragraph
IV and DV
1) Studies have shown
that interpersonal
relationships, self-
awareness, problem-
solving skills, self-
adequacy, self-
confidence, self-
November 26, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v10.
27990
Rothblum, E. D. (2019, January Dela Cruz
1). Fear of Failure. Springer
eBooks. Retrieved November
26, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-
4899-2504-6_17
Schramm, J. (2014, July 23). Dela Cruz
How to Overcome
Communication Fears. Harvard
Business Review. Retrieved
November 26, 2023, from
https://hbr.org/2010/09/how-to-
overcome-communication
Bibliographic Entry Assigned
Group
Member
Cong, W., & Li, P. (2022, Dela Cruz
February 10). The Relationship
Between EFL Learners’
Communication Apprehension,
Self-Efficacy, and Emotional
Intelligence. Frontiers in
Psychology. Retrieved
actualization, and stress November 18, 2023, from
tolerance can act as https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.202
mediator variables in the 2.847383
correlation between self-
efficacy and emotional
intelligence among EFL
learners.

2) The analysis reveals a Bárkányi, Z. (2021, April 23). Dela Cruz

strong negative Motivation, Self-efficacy Beliefs,
correlation between self- and Speaking Anxiety in
efficacy beliefs and Language MOOCs. ReCALL.
foreign language speaking Retrieved November 18, 2023,
anxiety (FLSA). from
Participants with higher https://doi.org/10.1017/s0958344
self-efficacy beliefs tend 021000033
to have lower levels of
FLSA. However, there is a
positive correlation
between speaking anxiety
and computer-mediated
speech, indicating that
participants with high
anxiety levels show more
appreciation for computer-
mediated communication

3) Communication Muftah, M. (2023, May 2). DelaCruz

apprehension (CA) is the Communication Apprehension
fear or anxiety about and Self-perceived
communicating. In Communication Competence: A
addition, self-perceived Study of Undergraduate
communication Students in Their Final Year.
competence (SPCC) Higher Education, Skills and
refers to the learners' Work-based Learning. Retrieved
perception of their November 18, 2023, from
communication abilities. https://doi.org/10.1108/heswbl-
This study explores the 08-2022-0174
relationship between
communication
apprehension and self-
perceived communication
competence among
undergraduate students in
their final year.