Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Police Administration Structures Processes and Behavior 9th Edition Ebook PDF
Police Administration Structures Processes and Behavior 9th Edition Ebook PDF
PART 1 Foundations 2
Chapter 1 The Evolution of Police Administration 3
Introduction 4
The Urbanization of American Policing 4
Politics and Administration in the 19th Century: ILLs of the
Patronage System/Spoils System 8
The Reformation Period 10
Arousing the Public from Its Apathy: The Muckrakers 10
The Conceptual Cornerstone 11
Police Professionalization 12
Profession and Professional 12
The Pendleton Act of 1883 to the Military Model 14
Prohibition to the 1930s 14
The Roaring ’20s and Prohibition 14
The Lawless Years: Late 1920s to 1930s 16
The Ku Klux Klan: Formation to the 1930s 18
The 1940s and 1950s: War, Fear of Communism, and the Professional
Model Reasserted 19
The 1940s: World War II and Some Progress for Women in Policing 20
The 1950s: The Korean War, Fear of Communism, and the Professional
Model Reasserted 20
The Turbulent 1960s: Riots, Political Protests, Assassinations,
and the Isolation of the Rank and File 23
The 1970s: Research, Experimentation, and Rising Terrorism 25
1980s to The 9/11 Attacks: The Community-Oriented Policing Era 27
The New Operating Environment: Post-9/11 to 2016 27
Chapter Summary 32 Chapter Review Questions 33
Critical Thinking Exercises 34 Key Terms 34 Endnotes 34
vii
Churches 124
News Media 124
Alleged Police Misconduct in Baltimore, Maryland and
the Political Fallout 125
Statement of the Charges 125
The Rioting Starts 126
The Decision to Prosecute 127
Charges Filed Against the Six Officers 127
The Political Divide 128
The Use of Police Body-Worn Cameras and Politics 128
The Catalyst for Accelerated Change 128
Body-Worn Cameras (BWCs) and Privacy Issues 129
Redaction Capabilities 129
Storage of Recordings 129
Costs 130
Racial and Ethnic Profiling 130
Media Accounts of Profiling on Local and National Politics 130
Other Recent Significant Deadly Encounters between the Police
and African-American Males 133
The Police Operational Backlash 135
Illegal Immigration: The Police and Local Politics 135
Chapter Summary 136 Chapter Review Questions 137
Critical Thinking Exercises 138 Key Terms 138 Endnotes 138
Case 3 456
The Stress of Small Town Policing 456
The Impact of Shift Length on Performance, Health, Quality of Life, Sleep,
Fatigue, and Extra-Duty Employment 457
Sleep Deprivation as a Stress Inducer 457
Sleep Deprivation Is Comparable to Excessive Drinking 458
Sleep Deprivation Can Cause Work-Related Accidents 458
Stress Reduction Management Techniques 458
The Police Psychologist’s Role in a Psychological Health
Wellness Initiative 458
Employee Assistance Programs 459
Chapter Summary 462 Chapter Review Questions 463 Critical Thinking
Exercises 463 Key Terms 464 Endnotes 464
xxiii
• New material on improving police-community • Investigation of the police rank and file backlash
relations in light of President Barak Obama’s Crime from the firing, indicting, and arresting of police
Reduction and Prevention Initiative in 2014. officers on criminal charges.
• New box item on “Youth Outreach Programs”
Chapter 5:
Chapter 3: Intelligence, Organizational Theory
Terrorism, and • New Sections on mechanistic and organic
Homeland Security organizations and the Reformatted Bureaucracy
• Significant discussion of sanctuary cities
• New box item on “Ten Simple Steps that Assist Indi- • Additional Box Items, Quick Facts, and
vidual Police Agencies Become Part of the National photographs
Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan
• New material highlighting the Nation Fusion Center
Association (NFCA) and the National Counterterror- Chapter 6:
ism Center (NCTC)
• New box item on the USA Freedom Act Organizational Design
• Updated material on the U.S. Department of Home- • New box items on how organizational structure
land Security impact police misconduct and how bottom-up
• Revised and updated material on Radical Islamic approaches improves officer performance and moral
Terrorism, with a special focus on Al-Qaeda and • Updated material on the factors that influence orga-
the Islamic State, including an analysis of the Char- nizational design
lie Hebdo attack in Paris, France in 2015 • New material on organizational design and the
• Updated information relating to radical Islamic investigative function with pointed discussion on
groups operating throughout the world crime and police factors that impact investigation
• Revised information on ‘homegrown’ Islamic terror- • New focused discussion on investigative styles
ists, including an analysis of the Boston Marathon commonly observed within police organizations
bombing in 2013
• Revised material on the unique structure of sheriffs’
• New material on terrorist groups and the use of the offices in the United States
“deep web” for recruiting, propaganda and opera-
tional planning
• New section devoted to the analysis of recent Chapter 7: Leadership
terrorist attacks: “Crude Devises and Non-Sophisti-
cated Weapons aimed at Mass Casualty” • New section on effective senior police leadership
• New and updated research on other international • Rewritten section on managers and leaders
threats posed by terrorists, including discussion on • New section “The Fall of Police Leaders,” an exami-
Boko Harem, “El Chapo” Guzman and the Mexican nation of failed police leaders
Cartels, and an extensive addition on Outlaw • New content on sense making and other work skills
Motorcycle Gangs • New content on the Warrior Servant Leader
• Updated and revised material on right-wing terror- • New Box Items, Quick Facts, and photographs
ism, with a focused box item on the Charleston,
South Carolina Church Massacre in 2015
Chapter 8: Planning and
Chapter 4: Politics and Police Decision Making
Administration • Synoptic, Incremental, Transactive, Advocacy, and
Radical (SITAR) Approaches to Planning
• New discussion of the call for and use of police
• Planning and Time Orientations
body-worn cameras
• Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
• Examination of some highly controversial shootings
(SWOT) Analysis
of African-American males by police officers and
the political and institutional response in investigat- • The Pugh Decision Making Matrix
ing allegations of police profiling. • Paired Comparisons of Planning Alternatives
• Case Study 1: The After Action Report, Navy Ship • Additional information on Citizen Centric Reports
Yard, Washington D.C. Navy in 2014 (Including Les- • New content: Five Budget Tips
sons Learned in Active Shooter Situation) • Major New Section on Budget Adjustments
• Case Study 2: Tampa Quick Look Analysis of Host- • New information on Program Budgets
ing the 2012 National Republication Convention
• Major rewrite of Asset Forfeiture section
• New Box Items, Quick Facts, and photographs
• New information on Performance Budgets
• New content on Black Asphalt
Chapter 9: Human Resource • Major new section on the use of volunteers
• New Box Items, Quick Facts, and photographs
Management
• Updated all major federal laws pertaining to Human
Resource Management Chapter 13: Stress
• New summaries of key federal court decisions
on/;p= Human Resource Management, and Police Personnel
• New content on legal aspects of police officer preg-
• Police officers homicide and suicide.
nancies
• The stress of small-town policing.
• Additional information on the use of lie detectors in
police applicant screening • The impact of shift length on performance, health,
quality of life, fatigue and extra-duty employment.
• New content on internal affairs investigations
• The police psychologist’s role in a psychological
• New content on police use of force
health/wellness initiative.
• New Box Items, Quick Facts, and photographs
• New Box Items, Quick Facts, and photographs
because those lessons are often more illuminating than traditional and resist change has been dismissed by a
content about what leaders “should” do. Remember the newer reality: The pace of change in law enforcement
failed leadership section as “Thou shalt nots” to be rigor- is brisk, if not bordering on continuous. Candidates for
ously avoided. Chapter 8, “Planning and Decision Mak- police chief positions in departments of roughly 30 or
ing,” covers two related skills law enforcement leaders more are frequently specifically probed about how they
use to help create and sustain improvements. Chapter 9, would go about changing a police agency, the subject of
Human Resource Management, provides the knowledge Chapter 15, “Organizational Change.”
necessary to direct the HR program, including the maze
of federal laws regulating it, as well as the numerous
moving parts HR has including recruitment, testing, selec-
Pedagogical Features
tion, training, and promotional testing. Law enforcement This book is rich with pedagogical or teaching tools
leaders need to be well versed in HR because so much is which were selected based on research on what tools
spent on it and so many things can go wrong and create were helpful. The teaching tools included in this book
liabilities. are as follows:
• Learning Objectives
Part Three: The Management At the beginning of each chapter there are behav-
of Police Organizations iorally stated learning objectives which can be used
Part Three focuses on a trio of key, organization-wide to focus students on what they should learn in the
management processes. Chapter 10, “Organizational chapter. In this regard learning objectives provide
and Interpersonal Communication,” is included because an important study guide. The objectives are stated
nothing can be started, guided, receive corrective action, in specific terms so that the learning outcome is
or be terminated without communication. Chapter 11, clearly understood and students will know what
“Labor Relations,” provides information regarding labor they should be able to do when finished with the
relations, including establishing the collective bargain- chapter. The learning objectives also serve as the
ing relationship, bargaining, and contract administra- basis for the chapter summary.
tion. While some law enforcement executives chafe at • Key Terms and Definitions
the existence of a union in their agency as a restriction The key terms in each chapter are in bold and at
on executive actions, others hold that a carefully nego- the end of each chapter there is an alphabetized
tiated contract make administration easier because so list of key terms. At the end of the book there is
many aspects of the management-union membership an alphabetized glossary of all key terms and their
relationship is regulated in clear terms. Police Chiefs definitions. This feature eliminates the need to
and Sheriffs know that their agencies run on three search several previous chapters looking for the
things: staff, information, and money. When b udgets definition of a term
are slashed, the result is fewer officers and deputies • Photographs, Tables, and Figures
to protect the same area and fewer dollars to ana-
The book is replete with these three types of
lyze information. While volunteers can be trained to
items learning tools. Many of the photographs
perform some tasks, severe budget cuts translate into
have not appeared in other criminal justice books
reduced or entirely eliminated functions. In the last sev-
and some of the tables and figures were prepared
eral years, some police budgets were cut to the extent
by the authors and are unique to this work. The
the agencies couldn’t provide 24-hour police services.
photographs, tables, and figures compliment the
Such things explain why knowledge about, and skill in
narrative content.
financial management is one of the premier attributes of
law enforcement leaders and why Chapter 12, Financial • Quick Fact Boxes
Management, is so important. These boxes are short, informative, and interest-
ing supplements to the content of a chapter, e.g. in
Part Four: Organizational Issues Chapter 1, “The Evolution of Police Administration,”
This concluding part contains three chapters that are there is a biographical sketch of August Vollmer. If
grouped together by being specific issues that touch the it appeared in the narrative, the flow of the chapter
entire law enforcement organization. Chapter 13, “Stress would be disrupted, but the information is illuminat-
and Police Personnel,” effects all sworn personnel and ing and therefore deserved a place in the chapter.
often civilian employees as well. Negative stress degrades Each chapter contains several Quick Facts Boxes.
individual and sometimes unit and agency functioning. • Box Items
Chapter 14, “Legal Aspects of Administration,” centers on These boxes contain more extended informative,
police civil liability, which often arises out of the misuse than quick fact boxes and provide relevant supple-
of force and high speed pursuits. In recent decades, mental information to the chapter. Each chapter has
the old refrain that law enforcement agencies are very multiple box items.
xxix
Chief Sam Woodall, Semper Fi, Columbus, Georgia, Police Assistant Chief Pete Pacillas, and Ms. Jennifer Callan,
Department; Sergeant Mike Parker, Los Angeles County El Paso, Texas, Police Department; Dr. Kelley Stone,
Sheriff’s Office; Major John F. Meeks, Baltimore, Mary- former Fusion Center Director at Collin County, Texas,
land, Police Department; Mary Foss and Chief Randall now with IBM; Dr. David Carter, Michigan State Univer-
Gaston, -Anaheim, California, Police Department; Captain sity; Dr. John Liederbach, Bowling Green State University;
Tom Brennan, Newark, New Jersey, Police Department; Dr. Shelly Greenberg, Johns Hopkins University; Dr. Geoff
Lieutenant Robert O’Toole, Boston, Massachusetts, Police Alpert, University of South Carolina; Dr. James Marquardt,
Department; Commander Tim McBride, Los Angeles, Lamar University; and our colleagues and friends who
California, Police Department; Sergeant Patrick Melvin, have been involved in police training and education for
Phoenix, Arizona, Police Department; Officer Matthew the last forty years, Mr. Lonnie Wilder, Mr. Norm Willox,
Rastovski, Birmingham, Alabama, Police Department; and Mr. Dave Willox.
Lieutenant Doug Cain, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Police Lieutenant Stephen Hartnett of the Tampa, Florida,
Department; Sheriff Leroy D. Baca and Natalie Salazar Police Department -provided us with material on the
Macias, Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Office; Chief P. psychological testing of police applicants. Chief of Police
Thomas Shanahan and Sergeant James Cifala, Ann Arundel Ronald Miller and Major Roger Villanueva of the Kansas
County Police Department, Maryland; Chief Harold L. City, Kansas, Police Department provided us with infor-
Hurts, Police Chief Danny Garcia (retired), Phoenix, mation on their agency’s college incentive and -college
Arizona, Police Department; Amy M. Pich, Seattle, Wash- tuition assistance programs. Chief of Police Bill McCarthy
ington, Police Department; Deputy Chief Raymond D. of the City of Des Moines, Iowa, Police Department pro-
Schultz, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Police Department; vided us with information on the agency’s salary sched-
Sheriff Cal Henderson and Detective Herb Metzger, Hills- ule. Cynthia Brown, publisher of American Police Beat,
borough County Sheriff’s Office, Tampa, Florida; Sergeant Cambridge, Massachusetts, gave us permission to use nu-
Robert J. Delaney, Chicago, Illinois, Police Department; a merous articles and photographs in several of our chap-
very special thanks to Dr. Denis Dean, Dr. John Worrall ters. Melonie Hamilton with Police Magazine, Torrence,
and Dr. Galia Cohen, The University of Texas at Dallas, California, assisted us in obtaining photos in relation to
for their continued support at UT-Dallas, and their will- our discussion of assessment centers, as well as our -dis-
ingness to review specific parts of this text; Sergeant Don cussion of Internal Affairs investigations.
Pahlke (retired), Portland, Oregon, Police Bureau, Bob’s We would also like to thank Chief Joe Lumpkin of
partner in a squad car, who taught Bob what real policing the Savannah, Georgia, Police Department for his con-
was all about; former Chief David M. Kunkle, Chief tinued good counsel and information on the subject of
David O. Brown, Assistant Chief Floyd Simpson (rest police administration and Chief Dwayne , formerly Direc-
in peace, my friend), Lt. Ronald Thomasson, Lt. Dianna tor of Public Safety in Cordele, Georgia, Police Depart-
Watts, and Mr. Michael Freeman, Dallas, Texas Police ment for his continued work as the president of the
Department; Chief Brian Harvey, Allen Police Depart- Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police. We also thank
ment, retired Chief Lowell Cannaday, Irving, Texas, Police Deanette L. Palmer, Ph.D., a psychologist with the Spo-
Department; Chief Jimmy Perdue, North Richland Hills, kane, W ashington, Police Department. We wish to thank
Texas, Police Department; former Chief and good friend, Meredith A. Bowman of the Southeastern Public Safety
Mr. Darrell Stephens, Charlotte-Mecklenburg, North Caro- Institute, St. Petersburg College, St. Petersburg, Florida,
lina Police Department, now Executive Director of Major and our colleague Jim Sewell, Florida Department of Law
Cities Chiefs of Police Association; former Commissioner Enforcement, who has also contributed to this book. And
Paul Evans, Boston Police Department; former Chief a very special thanks to Ms. Jennifer Davis-Lamb, Caruth
Bob Olsen, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Police Department; Police Institute, for her outstanding research and energy
Mr. Gil Kerlikowske, former Director of National Drug on this project. Her hard work helped improve the overall
Policy, now Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border quality of this book. Lastly, we would like to thank our
Protection; Sheriff Jerry Keller (retired), Las Vegas Metro- editor, Gary Bauer, for his continued guidance, support,
politan Police Department; Sheriff Lupe Valdez, Dallas patience, and encouragement. It has been a pleasure
County Sheriff’s Office; Chief Bob Lehner, Elk Grove, Cali- working with him.
fornia Police Department; Dean Victor Strecher (retired), Charles R. “Mike” Swanson
Sam Houston State University; Mr. Bill Hill, former Dallas Leonard Territo
County District Attorney, Dallas Texas; Chief Greg Allen, Robert W. Taylor
xxxi
at the University of South Florida. He has been given several heads of state in that region. He has acted as a
awards by both the Florida Police Chiefs Association and consultant to numerous federal, state and local a gencies,
the Tampa Police Academy for his years of teaching and and since September 11, 2001, Dr. Taylor has been a
meritorious services; he was given an award for Distin- consultant to the U.S. Department of Justice working with
guished Scholarly Publications by Saint Leo University, the Institute for Intergovernmental Research (IIR). He has
Saint Leo, Florida; he has been selected for inclusion in also worked extensively throughout the Middle East, espe-
Who’s Who in American Law Enforcement, and he has cially in the countries of Turkey, United Arab E mirates,
recently been given a Lifetime Achievement Award from Bahrain, and Lebanon. He has been an instructor for the
the Department of Criminology at the University of South U.S. Department of State, Anti-Terrorism Assistance –ATA
Florida. Program (2001–06) and taught internationally in the Exec-
Robert W. Taylor is currently a Professor in the utive Seminar on Cyber Terrorism presented to executives
Criminology Program at The University of Texas at Dal- of foreign governments. Dr. Taylor has also worked exten-
las. Previous to this position, he was the Director of the sively with the U.S. intelligence community. He holds
Executive Masters in Justice Administration and Lead- appropriate top secret national security clearances through
ership Program and the former Program Head for the the JPASS system (currently archived).
Public Affairs Program at UT-Dallas. Both are academic Dr. Taylor has authored or co-authored over two hun-
programs integrating the traditions of management, gov- dred articles, books, and manuscripts. Most of his publi-
ernmental affairs, policy analysis, and decision science in cations focus on police administration and management,
the public sector. The program hosted one of the largest police procedures, international and domestic terrorism,
graduate degree programs on campus including Doctoral drug trafficking, and criminal justice policy. His articles
(Ph.D.) and Master’s Degrees in Public Affairs and Public appear in numerous journals including Defense Analy-
Administration. sis (University of Oxford, England Press), the ANNALS
From January 2008 through 2010, Dr. Taylor was the (American Academy of Political and Social Sciences),
Executive Director of the W.W. Caruth Jr. Police Institute Police Quarterly, Crime and Delinquency, and the Police
at Dallas (CPI). The Institute was established through a Chief (International Association of Chiefs of Police). Dr.
$9.5 million grant from the Communities Foundation of Taylor is senior author of four best-selling textbooks,
Texas. Dr. Taylor was a principle party to the develop- Terrorism, Intelligence and Homeland Security (Upper
ment of the Institute and was appointed the founding Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Publishing, 2016); Digital Crime
director by the University of North Texas System. The and Digital Terrorism, 3rd edition (Pearson, 2014); Juve-
primary mission of the Institute is to provide direction nile Justice: Policies, Practices and Programs, 4th edition
and coordination of major training and research projects (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014); and Police Patrol Allo-
for the Dallas Police Department. The Institute represents cation and Deployment (Pearson, 2011). He is also the
a national “think tank” on policing strategies focused on co-author of two truly landmark textbooks, Police Admin-
major urban cities in the United States. Dr. Taylor remains istration: Structures, Processes, and Behaviors, 8th edition
a “Scholar-in-Residence” at the Institute. From 1996 to (Pearson Publishing, 2012); and Criminal Investigation
2008, Dr. Taylor was professor and chair of the Depart- 11th edition (McGraw-Hill, 2012). These texts are used in
ment of Criminal Justice at the University of North Texas. over 700 universities, colleges, and police departments
He served in this capacity for thirteen years, and under his throughout the United States, Europe and China, and
direction, the Department gained national prominence. continue to be developed into new editions.
In 1995, Bob took a leave of absence from univer- Bob has an extensive background in academic and
sity administration and teaching, to join Emergency professional criminal justice, having taught at four major
Resources International, Inc., the parent company of universities and serving as a sworn police officer and major
the famed “Red Adair” firefighters. His duties as Senior crimes detective (lateral rank of sergeant) in Portland,
Vice-
President, Crisis Management Division, included Oregon for over six years. In 1984, he was appointed as a
liaison with foreign governments and authorities, exten- Research Fellow at the International Center for the Study
sive contract negotiations, and the strategic development of Violence at the University of South Florida, Tampa,
of a world-wide communication and information system. Florida, conducting various studies involving international
Bob’s major project was acting as team leader on the and domestic terrorism, police training and management,
largest oil spill in history (3 million bbls), located in the public violence and homicide, computerized mapping,
remote Nenets District of Russia, over 200 miles north of and international drug trafficking. He continues to conduct
the Arctic Circle. research in these areas and is the recipient of numerous
For the past forty years, Bob has studied criminal justice grants and contracts (over $18 million in funded projects).
administration and specifically, police responses to crime His latest work has concentrated in four areas: 1) Police
and terrorism, focusing on issues in the Middle East. He has use of force and improved tactical/strategic improvement
traveled extensively throughout the Middle East, meeting through advanced training, decision-making, leadership
and management practices particularly addressing areas Award ‘in recognition of his outstanding contribution to
of officer violence and officer-involved shootings; 2) Inter- police education, research and practice.’
national terrorism, especially Middle-Eastern groups, and Dr. Taylor has been a consultant to the U.S. Army and
the spread of radical Islam; 3) Evaluation of community the U.S. Marine Corp; the U.S. Department of Homeland
policing, evidence-based policing, and other predictive Security, the U.S. Department of Treasury, Federal Law
policing strategies in the United States; and 4) Intelligence Enforcement Training Center, the U.S. Secret Service,
analysis, fusion centers, and decision-making particularly the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, the U.S.
during protracted conflict or crisis situations. Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation,
In 2004, Dr. Taylor was asked by the International Jus- the Drug Enforcement Administration, agencies within
tice Mission in Washington, D.C. to assist in the training the U.S. intelligence community, the Police Foundation,
of the Cambodian National Police on child sex slavery the Police Executive Research Forum – PERF, the Inter-
and human trafficking as part of a large project funded national Association of Chiefs of Police, and numerous
through the U.S. Department of State ($1 million). His state and local municipalities and private corporations.
interest and research in this area has led to a leadership He has also conducted significant training in the United
role in designing and developing training efforts in the States protectorates of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam and
United States aimed at raising awareness of the human Saipan, and the countries of Canada, England, France,
trafficking tragedy for American law enforcement officers, Switzerland, Thailand, Cambodia, Barbados, Northern
funded in part through the U.S. Department of Justice. Cyprus, Bahrain, Venezuela, Russia, Finland, United Arab
Dr. Taylor focuses on the nexus between human traffick- Emirates, Kenya, Singapore and Turkey. He is an active
ing, drug trafficking and the financing of terrorist inci- member of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences
dents internationally and domestically. (elected National Chair of the ACJS Police Section - 2002)
In 2003, Dr. Taylor was awarded the University of North and the American Society of Criminology.
Texas, Regent’s Lecture Award for his work in the Middle Dr. Taylor is a graduate of Michigan State University
East. In March 2008, the Academy of Criminal Justice (Master of Science-1973) and Portland State University
Sciences presented Bob with the prestigious O.W. Wilson (Doctor of Philosophy-1981).
These first four chapters are foundational in that they tell us how law enforcement got to
where it is today, explain current police operational philosophies, describe how national
and domestic terrorism have impacted on the role of our police agencies, and discuss the
continuing importance of politics. This section also introduces terms and concepts referred
to in subsequent chapters.
Chapter 1, “The Evolution of Police Administration,” differs from other histories of
policing because it has a specific, rather than a general, focus. It explains policing’s trials and
tribulations as it morphed from a colonial night watchman system into complex organizations
testing new philosophies. Also chronicled are the social, political, economic, and technological
forces that continuously shape and reshape American policing. The underlying thesis of this
chapter is that policing is like a sandbar in a river, being shaped and reshaped by the currents
of the society in which it is embedded.
Chapter 2, “Policing Today,” examines in greater detail the shifts in operational
philosophies identified in the previous chapter. More specifically, as police departments
came to grips with the limitations of the traditional strategies of random patrol and
responding to incidents, it opened the door to new ways of delivering law enforcement
services, such as community policing and evidence based policing. This chapter provides
a strong u nderstanding of the use and limitations of these different operational philoso-
phies and strategies aimed at lowering crime and providing better police services to our
communities.
Chapter 3, “Intelligence, Terrorism, and Homeland Security,” addresses the s ignificant
shifts that have occurred in law enforcement in the wake of the 9/11 attacks on this
country, as well as the threats posed by the Mexican drug cartels operating near our
border, “
homegrown” terrorists, and recent trends in radical Islamic groups, including
the surging ISIS. This chapter vividly illustrates the dangers of international terrorism,
domestic right-wing hate groups, left-wing anarchists, and ecoterrorists.
Chapter 4 “Politics and Police Administration,” ends Part One. It explains various local
forms of government and key offices. This chapter also takes a pragmatic view of how
politics affects law enforcement agencies. There is a significant case study of the Baltimore
Police Department, the community, the riots, and the criminal charges placed against six
officers in the death of Freddie Gray, as well as coverage of other similar recent incidents.
In the wake of police shootings of African American men in 2014–2015 a movement toward
requiring police officers to wear body cameras emerged, which is also examined.
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.