PLANNING 2

Fundamentals of Urban Designs and Community

Architecture
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMMUNITY - is a group of people having common rights, privileges, or
interest, or living in the same place under the same laws and regulations

Sayblogger.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMMUNITY PLANNING - is a planning a future community, or the
guidance and shaping of the expansion of a present community, in an organized manner with www.genderandinnovation.org
an organized layout, taking into account such considerations as
- convenience for habitants,
- environmental conditions,
- social requirements,
- recreational facilities
- aesthetic design
- economic feasibility

www.wpof.org.uk

1.0 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
TOWN PLANNING - the art of laying out towns with due care for the
health and comfort of inhabitants, for industrial and commercial efficiency, and
for reasonable beauty of buildings. (F. Haverfield)

www.swabackpartners.comFLORENCE, ARIZONA TWON PLANNING

1.0 INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION OF TERMS
COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE - -The Art of making
SUSTAINABLE LIVING, places that both thrive and adapt to people’s needs
for SHELTER, LIVELIHOOD, COMMERCE, RECREATION and SOCIAL ORDER.

www.denvergov.org

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

Ancient Planning

I. THE ORIGIN
Kahun, Egypt, oldest settlement (near Greece), 2500 BC

www.egyptserach.com

www.touregypt.net

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
I. THE ORIGIN
Babylon – (Herodotus), planted in an open
plain and formed an exact square of great size, 120
stades (14 miles)
- girt with immerse brick wall 340 ft high,
90 ft. thick
- 100 gates, from corner to corner it was
cut diagonally by Euphrates
- River banks were fortified by brick
defenses.
- full of houses
- streets run in right angle lead to the river
- Roads run to a small gate in the river wall.

www.tdalamatiacity.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Balkhandshambhala.blogspot.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning

THE GREEK AND ROMAN

www.yourchildearns.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning

II. THE GREEK PLANNING

- begun in 15th century BC
- Hippodamus of Miletus (Father
of Urban Planning), born 480 BC
• Designed Miletus
• Alexander commissioned him to
lay out his new city of Alexandria (grandest
example of idealized urban planning of the
ancient Mediterranean world)

Balkhandshambhala.blogspot.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning

II. THE GREEK PLANNING

• Designed Miletus

en.wikipedia.org

en.wikipedia.org

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
II. THE GREEK PLANNING
• Alexander commissioned him to lay out his new city of Alexandria (grandest example of
idealized urban planning of the ancient Mediterranean world)

Scholarship.rice.edu

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning

II. THE GREEK PLANNING

• ‘Hippodamian’ or grid plan,
basis for subsequent Greek and Roman
cities.
- Aristotle introduced the
principle of straight wide street (1 st of all
architects)
Darkside.hubpages.com
- Made provision for the proper
grouping of dwelling-houses
- Paid special heed to the
combination of the different parts of a town
in a harmonious whole (centered round the
market-place)

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
II. THE GREEK PLANNING

en.wikipedia.org

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning

III. THE ROMAN PLANNING

- used a consolidated scheme for
planning
- developed for military defense
- Basic plan consisted of a
central forum with city service, surrounded by a
compact, rectilinear grid of street

www.spanisharts.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
III. THE ROMAN PLANNING
- wrapped in a wall for
defense
- to reduce travel times, two
diagonal streets crossed the square grid,
passing through the central square
- a river usually flowed
through the city, providing water,
transport. And sewage disposal
- all roads were equal in
width and length except for two, which
were slightly wider than the other. One
of these run east-west, the other, north-
south, and intersected in the middle to
form the center of the grid

www.spanisharts.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
III. THE ROMAN PLANNING
- all roads were made of carefully
fitted flag stones and filled in with smaller, hard-
packed rocks and pebbles
- Each square marked by 4 roads was
called INSULA, the Roman equivalent of a modern
city bank
INSULA - 80 yards square (73
meters)
- eventually be filled with buildings of
various shapes and sizes and crisscrossed with back
roads and alleys
- Most of insula were given to the first
settlers of a Roman City. But each person has to pay
to construct his own house.

Geopolicraticus.wordpress.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Medieval Planning (10th-14th Century)
- The decline of Rome’s power left
many outpost settlements all over Europe
which became the NUCLEI of new societies.
- The NUCLEI began to grow into
viable towns – castle towns began to enlarge
(built atop the hills, enclosed by circular
walls).
- Monasteries (rectilinear pattern)
acted as citadels of the world’s learning.
- The growth of the town around
the monasteries and castles were naturally
started from gateways extending along
roadways and then fanning out. -
RADIOCENTRIC
www.studyblue.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
www.studyblue.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Medieval Planning (10th-14th Century)
- The castle became a town filled
with merchants, tradesmen, and craftsmen (lived
and worked at home). – became environment for
people
- Houses were small, but had gardens
en.wikipedia.org
and privacy.
- Towns were reasonably spacious
and centers of agricultural domains.

www.trytel.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Medieval Planning (10th-14th Century)
- Towns were small of finite size (determined
by the capacity of a particular land area to support its
dependent population).
- The guild (a similar association, as of
merchants or artisans) and burgher (a member of the
mercantile class; inhabitant of the fortress) mentality Bayeux.wordpress.com
developed in the home.
- Due to population and trade growth,
Marketplaces became necessities (counterpart of Agora
and Forum).

en.wikipedia.org

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Medieval Planning (10th-14th Century)
- Town is small but gives constant assurance of
its human scale in visible construction and human activity.
E.g Italian Hilltown, Siena
- Design elements of town were houses and
gardens, its walls, its plazas, its church (Gothic), its public Siena, traveloven.com
buildings, and most important, its streets.
- Streets are a grid and there is a plaza at
the center, but the street do not lead directly from the gates
to the plaza.

en.wikipedia.org

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Renaissance Planning
- 1440, the beginning of the Renaissance
PRINCIPLE OF ‘IDEAL CITIES’
1. Star-shaped, author was Leon Battista Alberti.
a. It is a snow flake-shaped plans.
b. Streets radiating from central point
(usually location of church, palace or castle)
c. Devised for hillside and flat lands.

www.studyblue.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
www.studyblue.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Renaissance Planning
- 1440, the beginning of the
Renaissance
PRINCIPLE OF ‘IDEAL CITIES’:
2. Polygon shapes, Designer Filarete
a. Advantageous shape for
fortifications.
b. Converging streets were as
useful means of focusing on an important
central building.

www.memo.fr

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Renaissance Planning
- 1440, the beginning of the
Renaissance
PRINCIPLE OF ‘IDEAL CITIES’:
3. Central layout, Priest Fra Giaconda
a. Another variation of star city
whose interior is divided up into special
quarters (trade & craft)
b. The central church and gate
towers accentuate the main terminal city.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Renaissance Planning
- 1440, the beginning of the
Renaissance
PRINCIPLE OF ‘IDEAL CITIES’:
3. Quadralectic layout, Vincenzo Scamozzi
& Albrecht Dṻrer (Germany)
a. Gridiron street layout.
b. Zone for each activity
c. Much easier to design
buildings.

quadralectics.wordpress.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Renaissance Planning
- Ferrara City is the first Modern City in Europe
that lies b2 main crossing the streets designed by Biaggio
Rossetti
- A city straddling a river by Leonardo da Vinci
with three levels,
• Lower level, for water & sewage;
• Middle level, for baggage and functional
circulation;
• Upper level, for the ‘gentlemen’ of the city.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

IV. THE LAWS OF THE INDIES

- Spanish Royal Ordinances
- Describes a self sustaining community containing a grid of streets
with a rectangular plaza, or common at its center. Houses and shops lined
opposite sides of the plaza, with the mission church standing at one end and
government buildings at the other.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

IV. THE LAWS OF THE INDIES

- The plaza is the starting point of

the town; inland it should be at the center of
the site; at a port location, it should be at the
landing point. The plaza should be either
square or rectangular in shape; if the latter,
then the length should be at least 11/2 times
the width.
- The size of the plaza should be
proportional to the population, taking
expected growth into consideration; at a
minimum, it should be 200 ft. x 300 ft; and
maximum size should be 532 ft. x 800 ft. 400
ft. x 600 ft. is recommended as a good
proportion.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
IV. THE LAWS OF THE INDIES

- The four principal streets begin

from the middle of each side of the plaza,
and eight other streets begin from each
corner.

- The buildings around the edge

of the edge plaza are to have portales, as
are those on the four principal streets. At
the comers, however, the portales should
stop so that the sidewalks of the eight
other streets can be aligned with the
plaza.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
IV. THE LAWS OF THE INDIES
- In cold climates, the towns
should have wide streets; in hot climates,
narrow streets. Wide streets were
reconunended for defense in areas where
horses were used

- The streets should run from the

plaza in such a manner as to allow for
substantial growth without inconvenience
or adverse effects on appearance,
defense, or comfort.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Ancient Planning
IV. THE LAWS OF THE INDIES
- The outlying agricultural fields and
common pastures provide sustenance and
serve as a buffer between the town center
and the wilderness beyond

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

V. THE PHILADELPHIA TOWN PLANNING 1683

1.0 INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

V. THE PHILADELPHIA TOWN PLANNING 1683

- Penn first
advertised the layout of his
town in Thomas Holme's
Portraiture of the City of
Philadelphia, published in
1683. As one can see, Penn
designed the city as a
rectangular gridiron. Broad and
High streets cross each other
at 'centre square‘ and divide
the city into four quadrants.
These 100 foot wide avenues
were at broader than the other
street,

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

V. THE GARDEN CITIES

- Ebenezer Howard – social reformer

- Howard’s optimum living environment consisted of the culture and
services of the city combined with the soothing environs of the trees and
ponds of the countryside.
- Modern community planners interpret this ethic in terms of quality of
life issues, livable space, sense of place, identity and familiarity

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
V. THE GARDEN CITIES

- The estate is
legally vested in the names of 4
gentlemen of responsible
position & undoubted probity &
honor, who hold it in trust, first,
as a security for the debenture-
holders, & secondly, in trust for
the people of Garden City, the
town-country magnet, which it
is intended to build thereon.

- One essential feature of the plan is that all ground rents, which are
to be based upon the annual value of land, shall be paid to the trustees, who
after providing for interest and sinking fund, will hand the balance to the Central
Council of the new municipality to be employed by such Council in the creation &
maintenance of all necessary public work – roads, schools, parks, etc.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
V. THE GARDEN CITIES
- Garden city,
w/c is built near the
centre of 6,000 acres,
covers an area of
1,000 acres or a sixth
part of 6,000 acres, &
might be of circular
form, 1,240 yards from
centre to
circumference.

Ground plan of the whole municipal area

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
V. THE GARDEN CITIES

6 Magnificent blvds. – 12-

ft. wide- traverse city from
centre to circumference,
dividing it to 6 equal parts
or wards

One section or ward of the town

1.0 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
V. THE GARDEN CITIES

Illustrating correct principle of a city’s

growth – open country ever near at
hand and rapid communication
between off-shoots.

The principle of always preserving a belt of country round our cities would
ever be kept in mind…we should have a cluster of cities, so grouped
around a Central City that each inhabitant would be living in & enjoy all the
advantages of a great and most beautiful city.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
END
QUIZ NO. PQ1

Give at least 5 characteristics of Greek and 5

characteristics of Roman Planning

QUIZ PQ1