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SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis | 978-1-7281-9998-6/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SC41405.2020.00097
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Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.




 
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∂J fs dR ∂ dv
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QT2`iBQMb M2rHv bmTTQ`i2/ QM 6m;Fm- M/ ++2H2`i2 ni mi c2
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:Sl THi7Q`Kb- b2p2`H KBt2/@T`2+BbBQM H;Q`Bi?Kb r2`2
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i?2 `2/m+iBQM Q7 +QKTmiiBQMH +Qbi- K2KQ`v ++2bb- M/ 6QFF2`@SHM+F +QHHBbBQM QT2`iQ` (ky)- Ssrc,s Bb  bQm`+2
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i?Bb rQ`F- r2 /2bB;M  M2r 6SRe T`2+QM/BiBQM2` #b2/ T`iB+H2 TQbBiBQM- ρ = b × v/Ωs Bb i?2 ;v`Q `/Bmb- v Bb i?2
QM #Qi? T?vbB+b T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 T`Q#H2K M/ ?`/r`2 p2HQ+Biv Q7 T`iB+H2b- v = b · v M/ v⊥ = b × v `2 i?2

Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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2
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 ;v`Q Q`#Bi@p2`;BM; QT2`iQ`- r?B+? /2T2M/b QM i?2 +`Qbb b2+iBQM Q7 iQ`mbX >2`2- r2 +QKTmi2 QMHv M2` `2bQMMi
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∂J fs i?2v ?p2 /Bz2`2Mi T?vbB+H bvKK2i`v T`QT2`iB2b- /Bz2`2Mi
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∂t
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BMpQHp2b μ b  T`K2i2`- Bb T`HH2HBx2/ mbBM;  k.
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#v mbBM; i?2 bBti? Q`/2` ++m`i2 +2Mi2`2/ }MBi2 /Bz2`2M+2
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irQ HBM2` bvbi2Kb-
h?2 ++m`+v Q7 +QHHBbBQMH i`MbTQ`i rb p2`B}2/
J f n+1 = J f n + ω1 h1 + ω2 h2 , UeV i?`Qm;? #2M+?K`F bim/B2b ;BMbi i?2 +QHHBbBQMH i`Mb@
h1 = Δt [L(f n + a1 h1 ) + N (f n ) + S] , UdV TQ`i i?2Q`v M/  JQMi2@*`HQ T`iB+H2 +Q/2 (e)- (d)-
(ke)- (kd)X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 ++m`+v Q7 im`#mH2Mi
h2 = Δt [L(f + c21 h1 + a2 h2 ) + N (f n + b21 h1 ) + S] , U3V
n
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iBK2 bi2T- M/ Δt Bb i?2 iBK2 bi2T rB/i?X AM _27X (kj)- (k3)X JmHiB@b+H2 7mHH@f bBKmHiBQMb mbBM; :h8. /Bb+HQb2/

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H;Q`Bi?K R :2M2`HBx2/ *QMDm;i2 _2bB/mH K2i?Q/ H;Q`Bi?K k *@:J_1a K2i?Q/
_2[mB`2, Ax = b- AMBiBH ;m2bb x0 _2[mB`2, Ax = b- AMBiBH ;m2bb x1
R, r0 := b − Ax0 , p0 := r0 R, B = [e2 , e3 , ..., es+1 ]
k, 7Q` j = 0, 1, ... mMiBH +QMp2`;2M+2 /Q k, 7Q` i = 1, 2, ... mMiBH +QMp2`;2M+2 /Q
j, αj := Apj , rj /Apj , Apj  j, r := b − Axi , β := ||r||, q := r/β, ζ := βe1
9, xj+1 := xj + αj pj 9, *QKTmi2 aTJob Q` JSE V̂ := [Aq, ..., As q]
8, rj+1 := rj − αj Apj 8, V := [q, V̂ ]
e, βj := Apj , Arj+1 /Apj , Apj  e, *QKTmi2 Z_ 7+iQ`BxiBQM pB UD := V T V c
d, pj+1 := rj+1 + βj pj d, *?QH2bFv /2+QKTQbBiBQM D = RT Rc Q := V R−1 V
3, Apj+1 := Arj+1 + βj Apj 3, H := RBR−1
N, 2M/ 7Q` N, H̄ :=:Bp2Mb `QiiBQMUHV= G1 G2 ...Gs H
Ry, ζ̄ := G1 G2 ...Gs ζ
RR, y := H̄ −1 ζ̄
T?vbB+b #2?BM/ KBM 2tT2`BK2MiH 72im`2b Q7 i?2 im`#m@ Rk, xi+1 = xi + Qy
H2Mi i`MbTQ`i- bm+? b i?2 biBzM2bb Q7 i2KT2`im`2 T`Q}H2b Rj, 2M/ 7Q`
M/ i?2 BMi2`KBii2M+v Q7 pHM+?2@HBF2 ?2i i`MbTQ`i (e)X
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i?2 im`#mH2Mi i`MbTQ`i QM i?2 THbK bBx2 (kN)Ĝ(jR)- i?2
_2[mB`2, Ax = b- AMBiBH ;m2bb x1
+QHHBbBQMHBiv (jy)- ?2iBM; TQr2` (jR)- M/ i?2 ?v/`Q;2M
R, Ã = D −1 A UDii = max(|Ai1 |, |Ai2 |, ..., |Ain |)V
BbQiQT2 Kbb (jk)- r?B+? `2 F2v 2M;BM22`BM; T`K2i2`b
k, d = D −1 b/D −1 b
BM T`2/B+iBM; i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 #m`MBM; THbKb BM Ah1_X
j, z = x/D −1 b
AAAX E`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?Q/b 9, B = [e2 , e3 , ..., es+1 ]
8, 7Q` i = 1, 2, ... mMiBH +QMp2`;2M+2 /Q
X :*_ K2i?Q/
e, r := d − Ãzi
AM i?2 Q`B;BMH p2`bBQM Q7 :h8.- 1[bX UdV M/ U3V `2 r := MF−1 
d, P 16 r, β := ||q||, q := r /β, ζ := βe1
bQHp2/ mbBM; i?2 ;2M2`HBx2/ +QMDm;i2 `2bB/mH U:*_V 3, *QKTmi2 aTJob Q` JSE V̂ :=
K2i?Q/ (jj) rBi?Qmi T`2+QM/BiBQMBM;X Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i [MF−1 −1 s
P 16 Ãq, ..., MF P 16 Ã q]
#27Q`2 +?QQbBM; i?Bb H;Q`Bi?K- r2 i2bi2/ b2p2`H H;Q@ N, V := [q, V̂ ]
`Bi?Kb BM+Hm/BM; i?2 :J_1a K2i?Q/ (jj)- i?2 #B+QMDm;i2 Ry, *QKTmi2 Z_ 7+iQ`BxiBQM pB UD := V T V c
;`/B2Mi bi#BHBx2/ K2i?Q/ (jj)- i?2 +QMDm;i2 ;`/B2Mi RR, *?QH2bFv /2+QKTQbBiBQM D = RT Rc Q := V R−1 V
b[m`2/ K2i?Q/ (jj)- M/ i?2 BM/m+2/ /BK2MbBQM `2/m+iBQM Rk, H := RBR−1
UbV K2i?Q/ (j9)- rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi T`2+QM/BiBQM2`b bm+? Rj, H̄ :=:Bp2Mb `QiiBQMUHV= G1 G2 ...Gs H
b i?2 BM+QKTH2i2 Gl /2+QKTQbBiBQM K2i?Q/ (jj)- i?2 R9, ζ̄ := G1 G2 ...Gs ζ
bvKK2i`B+ bm++2bbBp2 Qp2`@`2HtiBQM UaaP_V K2i?Q/ (jj)- R8, y := H̄ −1 ζ̄
M/ i?2 KmHiB@;`B/ K2i?Q/ (j8)X 6`QK i?2 pB2rTQBMib Q7 Re, zi+1 = zi + Qy
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K2KQ`v mb;2- r2 ?p2 +?Qb2M i?2 :*_ K2i?Q/ rBi?Qmi R3, x := D −1 bz
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Q7  bT`b2 Ki`Bt@p2+iQ` QT2`iBQM UaTJoV rBi? ?HQ
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iBQMb U.sSubVX h?2 :*_ K2i?Q/ rb bmBi#H2 7Q` i?2 `MQH/B K2i?Q/ M/ :Bp2Mb `QiiBQMb 7Q` KBMiBMBM; 
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Bbbm2- BM _27X (Rj)- r2 mT;`/2/ i?2 E`vHQp bQHp2` iQ Q`i?QMQ`KHBxiBQM T`Q+2bb2b ;BMbi 1 ∼ j #bBb p2+iQ`b-
i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM@pQB/BM; ;2M2`HBx2/ KBMBKmK `2bB/@ r?B+? `2[mB`2b /i `2/m+iBQM +QKKmMB+iBQMX
mH U*@:J_1aV K2i?Q/ (3)X AM i?2 *@:J_1a K2i?Q/- i?2 bK2 TT`QtBKi2 bQ@
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h?2 :J_1a K2i?Q/ bQHp2b MQMbvKK2i`B+ HBM2` bvb@ `MQH/B K2i?Q/ BM 2t+i `Bi?K2iB+- r?2`2 BMM2` Bi2`iBQMb
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`MQH/B #bBb p2+iQ`b i?i KBMBKBx2b i?2 `2bB/mH 2``Q`X m = stX AM i?Bb H;Q`Bi?K- s #bBb p2+iQ`b M/ i?mb s
h?Bb Bb 2M#H2/ #v bQHpBM;  H2bi@b[m`2b T`Q#H2K rBi? +QHmKMb Q7 i?2 mTT2` >2bb2M#2`; Ki`Bt `2 ;2M2`i2/ i
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M/ i?2 `2KBMBM; ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM +Qbi #2+QK2b
MQi?2` T2`7Q`KM+2 #QiiH2M2+FX AM Q`/2` iQ `2bQHp2 i?Bb
T`Q#H2K- r2 `2/m+2 i?2 MmK#2` Q7 aTJob #v BKT`QpBM;
i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iv pB  KBt2/@T`2+BbBQM +QKTmiBM;
TT`Q+?X AM i?2 BMBiBH i2bi K2MiBQM2/ #Qp2- i?2 :J_1a
K2i?Q/ rBi?  aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQM2` b?Qr2/  #2ii2`
+QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iv- r?BH2 i?2 +QKTmiiBQMH +Qbi M/
i?2 K2KQ`v mb;2 r2`2 H`;2` i?M i?2 :*_ K2i?Q/X
AM i?Bb rQ`F- r2 /2p2HQT  M2r 6SRe aaP_ T`2+QM/B@
iBQM2`- r?B+? ?b H2bb +QKTmiiBQM- K2KQ`v mb;2- M/
MQ ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQMX aBM+2 i?2 +m``2Mi HBM2`
+QMp2+iBQM QT2`iQ` Bb  r2HH +QM/BiBQM2/ bKQQi? QT2`@
iQ`- r2 BMi`Q/m+2 6SRe +QKTmiiBQM #v MQ`KHBxBM; i?2
T`Q#H2K Ax = b b D−1 Ay = D−1 b/D−1 b- r?2`2
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Dii = max(|Ai1 |, |Ai2 |, ..., |Ain |) M/ x = D−1 by Ub22
H;Q`Bi?K jVX q2 i?2M TTHv #HQ+F C+Q#B T`2+QM/BiBQMBM;
iQ pQB/ ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM #2ir22M JSA T`Q@
+2bb2bX 6BMHHv- r2 TTHv }M2 ;`BM2/ `2/@#H+F aaP_
T`2+QM/BiBQMBM; iQ 2+? #HQ+F- bQ i?i i?2 +QM+m``2M+v
Q7 BMi` #HQ+F +QKTmiiBQM #2+QK2b H`;2 2MQm;? 7Q`
KMv *Slf:Sl i?`2/bX Hi?Qm;? A Bb ;Bp2M #v i?2
9. HBM2` +QMp2+iBQM QT2`iQ` L- r2 TTHv aaP_ T`2@
+QM/BiBQMBM; QMHv BM i?2 +QM};m`iBQM bT+2 (R1 , R2 , ϕ)X
h?Bb TT`QtBKiBQM Bb #b2/ QM i?2 T`QT2`iv Q7 i?2
HBM2` +QMp2+iBQM p2HQ+Biv Q` i?2 mMT2`im`#2/ T`iB+H2
Q`#Bi- BM r?B+? i?2 T`iB+H2 KQiBQM BM i?2 v /B`2+iBQM
#2+QK2b `2HiBp2Hv bKHH- #2+mb2 T`iB+H2b `2 ++2H2`i2/
#v r2F BM?QKQ;2M2Biv Q7 #+F;`QmM/ K;M2iB+ }2H/bX AM
i?2 +m``2Mi BKTH2K2MiiBQM- v Bb +?Qb2M iQ #2 i?2 BMM2`
KQbi BM/2t Q7  8. ``v 7Q` i?2 T`iB+H2 /Bbi`B#miBQM
7mM+iBQMX A7 QM2 TTHB2b rB/2 aAJ. QT2`iBQMb rBi? i?2
aAJ. rB/i? Q7 8Rk#Bi Q` jk p`B#H2b BM 6SRe- i?2 bi2M+BH
+QKTmiiBQM BM i?2 v /B`2+iBQM H2/b iQ b2p2`2 GR ++?2
i?`b?BM; QM 6m;FmX h?2 #Qp2 TT`QtBKiBQM Bb mb27mH
7Q` pQB/BM; i?Bb T`Q#H2KX PM :Slb- i?Bb TT`QtBKiBQM
Bb 2bb2MiBH 7Q` i?`2/ T`HH2HBxiBQM BM i?2 v /B`2+iBQMX
h?2 MmK2`B+H M/ +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iB2b Q7 i?2 :*_
K2i?Q/- i?2 *@:J_1a K2i?Q/- M/ i?2 *@:J_1a
K2i?Q/ rBi? aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQMBM; U*@S:J_1aV `2
bmKK`Bx2/ BM h#H2 AX >2`2- i?2 MmK#2`b Q7 ~QiBM;
TQBMi QT2`iBQMb M/ K2KQ`v ++2bb `2 +QmMi2/ 7`QK
bQm`+2 +Q/2bX h?2 K2KQ`v mb;2 M/ i?2 2HTb2/ iBK2 `2
K2bm`2/ 7Q` i?2 F2`M2H #2M+?K`F +b2 Ub22 a2+XAo@"V
QM  bBM;H2 MQ/2 Q7 6m;FmX h?2 KQ/B}2/ *@:J_1a
K2i?Q/ F22Tb  bBKBH` +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iv rBi? 3.6×
+QKT`2/ iQ i?2 :*_ K2i?Q/X h?2b2 MmK2`B+H T`QT2`iB2b
H2/ iQ ∼ 1.37× bT22/mTX "v TTHvBM; i?2 aaP_ T`2+QM@
/BiBQM2`- i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Bi2`iBQMb Bb `2/m+2/ #v M Q`/2`
Q7 K;MBim/2X >Qr2p2`- Bi `2[mB`2b 4.4× +QKTmiiBQM
M/ 8.4× K2KQ`v ++2bb T2` Bi2`iBQM- M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM;
T2`7Q`KM+2 BM 6Se9 #2+QK2b ∼ 0.9× Q7 i?2 *@:J_1a
K2i?Q/ rBi?Qmi T`2+QM/BiBQMBM;X "v TTHvBM; 6Sjk M/
6SRe QT2`iBQMb- i?2 K2KQ`v ++2bb Bb `2/m+2/ iQ ∼ 1/2
M/ ∼ 1/4- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- M/ i?2 `Bi?K2iB+ BMi2MbBiv Bb
/`KiB+HHv BKT`Qp2/X "v TTHvBM; i?2 MQ`KHBxiBQM-
i?2 6Sjk M/ 6SRe T`2+QM/BiBQM2`b F22T HKQbi i?2
bK2 +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iv- M/ iiBM 2.19× M/ 3.15×
bT22/mTb- `2bT2+iBp2HvX Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i i?2 6SRe T`2@
+QM/BiBQM2` /Q2b MQi +QMp2`;2 rBi?Qmi i?2 MQ`KHBxiBQMX
h?2 j. T`2+QM/BiBQM2` BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ) b?Qrb 1.12× bT22/mT
7`QK i?2 9. aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQM2` BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ, v ) rBi?
F22TBM; i?2 bK2 +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`ivX h?2 `iBQ Q7
i?2 2HTb2/ iBK2 #2ir22M i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a
K2i?Q/b Bb 4.31×X
AoX LmK2`B+H 2tT2`BK2Mib
X avbi2K M/ 2MpB`QMK2Mi
HH bBKmHiBQMb `2TQ`i2/ BM i?Bb rQ`F r2`2 2t2+mi2/
QM amKKBi (jN)- 6m;Fm (9y)- M/ PF7Q`2bi@S*a (9R)X
 h"G1 A
LmK2`B+H T`QT2`iB2b U*QKTmiiBQM f = fF P 16 + fF P 32 + ff p64 - J2KQ`v ++2bb b- `Bi?K2iB+ BMi2MbBiv f /b- LmK#2` Q7 KTBnHH`2/m+2
T2` Bi2`iBQM- J2KQ`v mb;2 (:")- 12HTb2/ iBK2 (b)- LmK#2` Q7 Bi2`iBQMbV Q7 i?2 :*_ - *@:J_1a Us = 22V- M/ *@S:J_1a Us = 4-
aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQMBM; rBi? ωSSOR = 0.05- 7Qm` aaP_ Bi2`iBQMb- 6SRef6Sjkf6Se9- j.(R1 , R2 , ϕ)f9.(R1 , R2 , ϕ, v )V bQHp2`bX h?2 F2`M2H
#2M+?K`F +b2 Bb 2biBKi2/ mbBM;  bBM;H2 MQ/2 QM 6m;FmX

H;Q`Bi?K :*_ *@:J_1aUb4kkV *@S:J_1aUb49V

aaP_ @ @ j.-6Se9 j.-6Sjk j.-6SRe 9.-6SRe
fF P 16 (6HQTf;`B/) @ @ @ @ ky3Xyy k33Xyy
fF P 32 (6HQTf;`B/) @ @ @ ky3Xyy @ @
fF P 64 (6HQTf;`B/) 9dXyy 83XR9 k93X8y 9yX8y 9yX8y 9yX8y
b ("vi2f;`B/) Rk3Xyy 9RXyN jeeXyy kyeXyy RkeXyy RkeXyy
(fF P 64 + fF P 32 + fF P 16 )/b yXjd RX9R yXe3 RXkR RXNd kXeR
KTBnHH`2/m+2fBi2`iBQM R Rfb Rfb Rfb Rfb Rfb
J2KQ`v mb;2 (:") RRXjk kdX3e R8Xyj R9Xd8 R9Xek R9Xej
1HTb2/ iBK2 (b) RkX9y NXy8 RyXyj 9XR9 kX3d jXkR
Ai2`iBQMb eRk ej3 3y 3y 39 39

amKKBi Bb +m``2MiHv i?2 7bi2bi :Sl #b2/ bmT2`+QKTmi2`
BM i?2 rQ`H/- rBi? kR8 S6GPSa T2F BM 6Se9X amKKBi
+QKT`Bb2b Q7 9-ey3 A"J SQr2` avbi2K *Nkk MQ/2b
rBi? irQ A"J SPq1_N T`Q+2bbQ`b U9k T?vbB+H +Q`2bV
M/ bBt LoA.A oQHi oRyy :Slb BM 2+? MQ/2X 1+?
MQ/2 +QMiBMb 8Rk :B" Q7 .._9 K2KQ`v 7Q` mb2 #v i?2
SPq1_N T`Q+2bbQ`b M/ Re :B" Q7 >"Jk UNyy :"fbV 7Q`
2+? oRyy :Sl UdX3 h6GPSa BM 6Se9VX amKKBi MQ/2b
`2 +QMM2+i2/ iQ  /mH@`BH 1._ AM}MB"M/ M2irQ`F
T`QpB/BM;  MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7 k8 :"fbX PM
amKKBi- r2 ?p2 +QKTBH2/ :h8. mbBM; S:A 6Q`i`M
+QKTBH2`fkyXR U@iT4Tr`N @i4i2bH,++dy @++ @KT @Pj @
K+KQ/2H4H`;2 @J+m/V- A"J aT2+i`mK@JSAfRyXjXRXk-
*l.fRyXR- M/ M2iHB#@HT+FfjX3XyX q2 mb2 Ney MQ/2b
U8-dey:Slb ∼ 44.9 S6GPSa- 8XkS"fb- R-Nky *Slb ∼ 5.8
S6GPSa- kXyS"fb- iQiH ∼ 50.7 S6GPSa- dXR8S"fbV-
r?2`2  bBM;H2 JSA T`Q+2bb Bb KTT2/ iQ  bBM;H2 :Sl
`2bmHiBM; BM bBt T`Q+2bb2b T2` MQ/2- M/ b2p2M PT2MJS
i?`2/b `2 mb2/ 7Q` 2+? T`Q+2bbX
6m;Fm Bb i?2 M2r ~;b?BT bmT2`+QKTmi2` BM CTM-
r?B+? +QMbBbib Q7 R83-Nde +QKTmi2 MQ/2b- M/ ?b 933
U8jdV S6GPSa T2F BM 6Se9 BM kXy UkXkV :>x QT2`@
iBQMX AM i?Bb rQ`F- i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 /i Bb K2bm`2/ BM
kXy:>x QT2`iBQMX 1+? +QKTmi2 MQ/2 ?b  bBM;H2 e96s
T`Q+2bbQ` rBi? 9*J:b URk +Q`2bf*J:- jXy h6GPSa BM
6Se9V M/ jk :B" Q7 >"Jk URyk9 :"fbVX 6m;Fm mb2b
hQ7m. BMi2`+QMM2+i rBi?  MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7
9yX3 :"fb2+X PM 6m;Fm- r2 ?p2 +QKTBH2/ :h8. mbBM;
6mDBibm 6Q`i`M +QKTBH2` U@sN @E7bi @EQT2MKT @EQ+H @
*+/__3 @E+KQ/2H4H`;2 @EHQQTnMQ7mbBQM @EbrTnbi`QM;
@EHQQTn}bbBQM @L7DQKTHB#V- 6mDBibm aaGAA HB#``v- M/
6mDBibm JSA HB#``v BM 6mDBibm h2+?MB+H *QKTmiBM; amBi2
o9XyX q2 mb2 8-dey MQ/2b U8-dey *Slbfkj-y9y *J:b
∼ 17.3 S6GPSa- 8XNS"fbV- r?2`2 QM2 *J: +QKTmi2b
 bBM;H2 JSA T`Q+2bb rBi? Rk PT2MJS i?`2/bX
PF7Q`2bi@S*a +QMbBbib Q7 3-ky3 +QKTmi2 MQ/2b rBi?
k8Xy S6GPSa T2FX 1+? +QKTmi2 MQ/2 ?b  bBM;H2
AMi2H s2QM S?B dk8y T`Q+2bbQ` UELGV rBi? e3 +Q`2b
UjXyh6GPSa BM 6Se9V- Re :B" Q7 J*._J U93y:"fbV-
M/ Ne :B" Q7 .._9 K2KQ`vX PF7Q`2bi@S*a mb2b AMi2H
PKMB Si? BMi2`+QMM2+i U6ih`22V rBi?  MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM
#M/rB/i? Q7 RkX8:"fb2+X PM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- r2 ?p2
+QKTBH2/ :h8. mbBM; AMi2H 6Q`i`M +QKTBH2` RNXyX8Xk3R
U@Pj @K+KQ/2H4 H`;2 @[QT2MKT @7TT @HB;M ``ve9#vi2
@MQ@T`2+@/Bp @7K @tJA*@os8RkV- AMiH JEG HB#``v
kyRN- M/ AMi2H JSA HB#``v kyRNX q2 mb2 R-99y MQ/2b
UR-99y *Slb ∼ 4.4 S6GPSa- yXdS"fbV- r?2`2 QM2 *Sl
+QKTmi2b  bBM;H2 JSA T`Q+2bb rBi? e9 PT2MJS i?`2/b-
M/ bBKmHiM2Qmb KmHiBi?`2/BM; Bb MQi mb2/X
"X aBKmHiBQM T`K2i2`b
LmK2`B+H 2tT2`BK2Mib `2 T2`7Q`K2/ mbBM; i?2 F2`M2H
#2M+?K`F +b2 7Q` E`vHQp bQHp2`b QM  bBM;H2 MQ/2- M/
i?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2 7Q` i?2 r?QH2 :h8. +Q/2X h?2 F2`M2H
#2M+?K`F +b2 +QKTmi2b  9. BKTHB+Bi }MBi2 /Bz2`2M+2
T`Q#H2K Q7 2H2+i`QMb +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ
2
HBM2` bvbi2Kb BM 1[bX UdV M/ U3V rBi? μ = me vte /2|B|-
Δt = Ω−1i - M/ N R1 ×N R2 ×N ϕ ×N v// = 160×160×32×96-
r?2`2 vte Bb i?2 2H2+i`QM i?2`KH p2HQ+BivX h?2b2 T`K@
2i2`b `2 +?Qb2M iQ #2 i?2 bK2 b _27X (Rj)X  bBM;H2
MQ/2 +QKTmiiBQM Bb T2`7Q`K2/ mbBM; 7Qm` JSA T`Q+2bb2b
nR1 × nR2 × nϕ = 2 × 2 × 1 QM 7Qm` *J:bf:SlbX h?2 bBx2
 
Q7 2+? /2+QKTQb2/ /QKBM #2+QK2b NR1 × NR2 × Nϕ ×
Nv// = 80 × 80 × 32 × 96X AM i?2 aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQM2`-
2+? /QKBM Bb 7m`i?2` /2+QKTQb2/ BMiQ }M2 `2/ M/ #H+F
 
#HQ+Fb rBi? NR1 × NR2 × Nϕ × Nv// = 2 × 2 × 32 × 96-
r?B+? Bb T`Q+2bb2/ #v  bBM;H2 i?`2/ QM *Slb M/ 
bBM;H2 #HQ+F QM :SlbX lbBM; i?2 F2`M2H #2M+?K`F +b2-
r2 +QKT`2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a-
M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b- r?2`2 HH bQHp2`b mb2 i?2 bK2
iQH2`M+2 7Q` i?2 `2bB/mH 2``Q` = 10−10 X AM i?2 *@
:J_1a bQHp2`- r2 mb2 s = 22- r?B+? rb mb2/ BM _27X (Rj)-
r?BH2 BM i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- s = 4 Bb mb2/ iQ
bp2 i?2 K2KQ`v mb;2X AM i?2 aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQM2`- i?2
++2H2`iBQM T`K2i2` Bb +?Qb2M iQ #2 ωSSOR = 0.05 M/
7Qm` aaP_ Bi2`iBQMb T2` aTJo `2 T`Q+2bb2/X h?2 2HTb2/
iBK2 Bb K2bm`2/ mbBM; KTBnriBK2X

Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 AM i?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2- /2mi2`BmK BQMb M/ FBM2iB+
2H2+i`QMb rBi? i?2 `2H Kbb `iBQ mi /me = 3, 672 `2
+QKTmi2/ i i?2 MQ`KHBx2/ THbK bBx2 Q7 a/ρi = 720X
q2 K2bm`2 i?2 +QKTmiiBQMH T2`7Q`KM+2 7Q` Ry iBK2
bi2Tb mbBM; Δt = 5Ω−1i M/ NR1 ×NR2 ×Nϕ ×Nv// ×Nμ =
720×720×64×64×24X 6B`biHv- i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2b Q7 :h8.
rBi? i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b
`2 +QKT`2/ mbBM; R-99y *Slbf:Slb QM PF7Q`2bi@
S*a- 6m;Fm- M/ amKKBiX q2 i?2M +QKT`2 bi`QM;
b+HBM; Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b
QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX PM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- i?2 `272`@
2M+2 T2`7Q`KM+2 /i QM R-99y *Slb Bb K2bm`2/ mbBM;
i?2 T`2pBQmb p2`bBQM Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@
:J_1a bQHp2`b- r?B+? rb `2TQ`i2/ BM _27X (Rj)X >2`2-
i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH p2`bBQM mb2b j. /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM
rBi? nR1 × nR2 × nμ = 10 × 12 × 24X PM 6m;Fm- bi`QM;
b+HBM; i2bib `2 +QM/m+i2/ QM R-99y- k-33y- 8-dey *Slb
U8-dey- RR-8ky- kj-y9y *J:bV- r?BH2 QM amKKBi- bi`QM;
b+HBM; Bb K2bm`2/ mbBM; R-99y- k-33y- 8-dey :SlbX h?2
JSA `MF KTTBM; mb2/ Bb bmKK`Bx2/ BM h#H2 AAAX AM
i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- r2 mb2 s = 8 M/ i?2 6SRe
aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQM2`- BM r?B+? i?2 j. TT`QtBKiBQM
BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ) Bb mb2/- i?2 bBx2 Q7 }M2 `2/ M/ #H+F
#HQ+Fb M/ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 aaP_ Bi2`iBQMb `2 +?Qb2M
iQ #2 i?2 bK2 b i?2 F2`M2H #2M+?K`F +b2- #mi i?2
++2H2`iBQM T`K2i2` 7Q` i?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2 Bb /Dmbi2/
iQ ωSSOR = 0.005X
*X E2`M2H T2`7Q`KM+2
*QKT`BbQMb Q7 i?2 KBM +QKTmiBM; F2`M2Hb `2 bmKK@
`Bx2/ BM h#H2 AAX h?2 :*_ bQHp2` +QMbBbib Q7 aTJo M/
irQ .sSubX h?2 *@:J_1a bQHp2` +QMbBbib KBMHv Q7
aTJo- .au_E- M/ .:1JoX h?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`
+QMiBMb aaP_ BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 bK2 F2`M2Hb b i?2 *@
:J_1a bQHp2`X Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i i?2b2 F2`M2Hb `2 BKTH2@
K2Mi2/ rBi?Qmi mbBM; "Ga- #2+mb2 i?2 /i bi`m+im`2
#2+QK2b /Bb+QMiBMmQmb /m2 iQ ?HQ /iX AM Q`/2` iQ 7Q+mb
QM i?2 +QKTmiBM; F2`M2Hb- r2 im`M Qz i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM
Qp2`HTX h?2 F2`M2H #2M+?K`F Bb T2`7Q`K2/ mbBM; 7Qm`
*J:b Q7 6m;Fm Ujh6GPSa- Rh"fbV M/ 7Qm` :Slb Q7
amKKBi UjRXkh6GPSa- jXj9h"fbV- QM r?B+? i?2 T2F T2`@
7Q`KM+2 `iBQb Q7 6Se9 6GPSa M/ K2KQ`v #M/rB/i?
#2+QK2 10.4× M/ 3.3×- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 `Bi?K2iB+
BMi2MbBiv Q7 2+? F2`M2H Bb Q#iBM2/ #v bQm`+2 +Q/2 MHvbBbX
h?2Q`2iB+H T2`7Q`KM+2b `2 2biBKi2/ mbBM; i?2 KQ/B}2/
`QQ~BM2 KQ/2H (9k)- BM r?B+? i?2 T`Q+2bbBM; iBK2 Bb ;Bp2M
#v i?2 bmK Q7 +Qbib 7Q` +QKTmiiBQM M/ K2KQ`v ++2bb-
tRL = f /F + b/B- r?2`2 f U6HQTV M/ b U"vi2V `2
i?2 MmK#2`b Q7 ~QiBM; TQBMi QT2`iBQMb M/ K2KQ`v
++2bb +QmMi2/ 7`QK bQm`+2 +Q/2b- M/ F U6HQTbV M/ B
U"vi2fbV `2 ;Bp2M #v i?2 #Qp2 T2F T2`7Q`KM+2X Ai Bb
MQi2/ i?i i?2 i?`22 aTJo M/ irQ .sSu F2`M2Hb ?p2
/Bz2`2Mi `Bi?K2iB+ BMi2MbBiv- #2+mb2 aTJoR- aTJoj-
M/ .sSuR BMpQHp2 BMM2` T`Q/m+i QT2`iBQMb rBi? /i 2{+B2M+v QM :SlbX h?2 KBM +QKTmiBM; F2`M2Hb BM i?2
`2/m+iBQMX
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
AM i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- i?2 .sSu F2`M2Hb b?Qr 2t+2H@
H2Mi bmbiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 Qp2` ∼ 70% Q7 i?2 `QQ~BM2
KQ/2H 2t+2Ti 7Q` .sSuR QM amKKBi- r?B+? bmz2`b
7`QK T2`7Q`KM+2 /2;`/iBQM /m2 iQ /i `2/m+iBQMX PM
i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 bmbiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 aTJoR Bb
HBKBi2/ `QmM/ ∼ 40% Q7 i?2 `QQ~BM2 KQ/2HX h?2 iQiH
T2`7Q`KM+2 BM+Hm/BM; i?`22 +QKTmiBM; F2`M2Hb Bb ∼ 60%
Q7 i?2 `QQ~BM2 KQ/2H- M/ amKKBi Bb 3.3× 7bi2` i?M
6m;Fm- r?B+? Bb +QKT`#H2 iQ i?2 `iBQ Q7 K2KQ`v
#M/rB/i?X *QKT`2/ iQ i?2 :*_ bQHp2` QM PF7Q`2bi@
S*a (Rj)- i?2 :*_ bQHp2`b QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBi b?Qr
1.8× M/ 1.5× bT22/mTb T2` *Slf:Sl- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
AM i?2 *@:J_1a bQHp2`- aTJok QM 6m;Fm b?Qrb
HKQbi i?2 bK2 `QQ~BM2 `iBQ b i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- r?BH2
aTJok QM amKKBi ?b ?B;?2` `QQ~BM2 `iBQ Q7 ∼ 70%
rBi?Qmi /i `2/m+iBQMX .au_E ?b ?B;? `Bi?K2iB+
BMi2MbBiv M/ Bib bmbiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 Bb ∼ 50% Q7 i?2
`QQ~BM2 KQ/2H QM 6m;FmX >Qr2p2`- PT2M** TQ`iBM;
Q7 .au_E H2/b iQ HQr2` `QQ~BM2 `iBQ Q7 ∼ 10%- r?B+?
Q++m`b ivTB+HHv 7Q` s > 10X Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i i?2 .au_E
F2`M2H i`2ib  iHH@bFBMMv Ki`Bt rBi? N × s ∼ 106 × s-
M/ ++?2 #HQ+FBM; QTiBKBxiBQM Bb TTHB2/ iQ +?B2p2 i?2
 
#Qp2 T2`7Q`KM+2- r?2`2 N = NR1 × NR2 × Nϕ × Nv X
.au_E BM "Ga b?Qrb 2p2M rQ`b2 T2`7Q`KM+2 QM #Qi?
THi7Q`KbX .:1Jo b?Qrb ?B;? 2MQm;? `QQ~BM2 `iBQ Q7
60 ∼ 70%X Hi?Qm;? i?2 *@:J_1a bQHp2` ?b +QKTmi2
BMi2MbBp2 F2`M2Hb M/ b?Qrb ∼ 1.5× bT22/mT 7`QK i?2
:*_ bQHp2`- Bib QTiBKBxiBQM Bb KQ`2 /B{+mHi i?M i?2
:*_ bQHp2`- M/ i?2 `2bmHiBM; `QQ~BM2 `iBQb `2 HQr2` QM
#Qi? THi7Q`KbX h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 `iBQ #2ir22M 6m;Fm
M/ amKKBi Bb ∼ 3.4×- r?B+? Bb +QKT`#H2 iQ i?i 7Q`
i?2 :*_ bQHp2`X h?2 *@:J_1a bQHp2`b QM 6m;Fm M/
amKKBi `2bT2+iBp2Hv +?B2p2 1.9× M/ 1.6× bT22/mTb T2`
*Slf:Sl +QKT`2/ iQ PF7Q`2bi@S*a (Rj)X
AM i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b- aTJoj BMpQHp2b /i
`2/m+iBQM `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 MQ`KHBxiBQM T`Q+2bb- M/ b?Qrb
i?2 bBKBH` T2`7Q`KM+2 b aTJokX .au_E M/ .:1Jo
b?Qr ?B;?2` T2`7Q`KM+2 i?M i?2 *@:J_1a bQHp2`-
#2+mb2 i?2 bBx2 Q7 i?2 N × s iHH@bFBMMv Ki`Bt V Bb
+?M;2/ 7`QK s = 22 iQ s = 4- M/ #2?pBQ` Q7 ++?2
#HQ+FBM; QTiBKBxiBQM BM i?Qb2 F2`M2Hb Bb +?M;2/X aaP_
QM 6m;Fm b?Qrb i?2 `QQ~BM2 `iBQ Q7 ∼ 50% BM/B+iBM;
i?i 6SRe aAJ. QT2`iBQMb rQ`F 2{+B2MiHvX PM i?2 Qi?2`
?M/- i?i QM amKKBi Bb HBKBi2/ iQ ∼ 25%X AM i?2
  
:Sl BKTH2K2MiiBQM- NR1 /NR1 × NR2 /NR2 /2 = 800
`2/ Q` #H+F #HQ+Fb +M #2 +QKTmi2/ BM T`HH2H- M/
i?`2/ T`HH2HBxiBQM BM i?2 v /B`2+iBQM Bb TTHB2/ 7Q`
 
BMi`@#HQ+F +QKTmiiBQM rBi? NR1 × NR2 × Nϕ × Nv// =
2×2×32×96X >Qr2p2`- i?2 `2KBMBM; aaP_ +QKTmiiBQM
 
7Q` NR1 × NR2 × Nϕ = 128 +MMQi #2 T`HH2HBx2/ #2+mb2
Q7 i?2 /i /2T2M/2M+v Q7 aaP_- M/ i?2 +QM+m``2M+v Q7
aaP_ #2+QK2b RfRk3 +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 Qi?2` F2`M2HbX h?Bb
H2/b iQ ∼ 1/4 Q++mTM+v M/ ∼ 1/2 K2KQ`v #M/rB/i?
+QKT`2/ iQ aTJo- M/ i?mb- i?2 HQr2` +QKTmiiBQMH
*@S:J_1a bQHp2`b QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBi `2 5.4×
 h"G1 AA
ambiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 KBM +QKTmiiBQMH F2`M2Hb U`Bi?K2iB+ BMi2MbBiv f /b- _QQ~BM2 iBK2 tRL (b)- 1HTb2/ iBK2 t (b)- M/
ambiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 P (:6HQTbfMQ/2)V BM i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a Us = 22V- M/ *@S:J_1a Us = 4- ω = 0.05- 7Qm` aaP_ Bi2`iBQMb-
6SRe- j. aaP_ T`2+QM/BiBQMBM;V bQHp2`bX h?2 F2`M2H #2M+?K`F +b2 Bb K2bm`2/ mbBM; 9*J:b Ujh6GPSa- Rh"fbV M/ 9:Slb
UjRXkh6GPSa- jXj9h"fbV QM  bBM;H2 MQ/2 Q7 6m;Fm M/ amKKBi- `2bT2+iBp2HvX

H;Q`Bi?K E2`M2H f /b 6m;Fm amKKBi

tRL t tRL /t P tRL t tRL /t P
:*_ aTJoR RXyj kXyj 9XN3 yX9R jRN yX8R RXj9 yXj3 RR38
.sSuR yXy3 kXjk jXRR yXd8 ek yXdy RXkk yX8d R83
.sSuk yXkR kX9k jXRk yXdd R89 yXdR yX3e yX3k 8ey
*QKTmiiBQM yXjd eXdd RRXkk yXey kyk RXNk jX9k yX8e eek
*@:J_1aUb4kkV aTJok RXkN RXeN 8Xy9 yXj9 jy3 yX9R yXeR yXed k8jd
.au_E jXyy yX3y RXdk yX9e djk yXRe RXj3 yXRk 39y
.:1Jo yXkj yX9d yXeN yXed R93 yXR9 yXkk yXej 9dd
*QKTmiiBQM RX9R kXNe dX9e yX9y jNR yXdR kXkR yXjk Rkd8
*@S:J_1aUb49V aaP_ kXey yXej RXkk yX8k RRk3 yXRe yXe9 yXk8 kyjy
aTJoj RXkN yXkk yXe3 yXjj jyk yXy8 yXR8 yXj9 RkNR
.au_E yXd8 yXy3 yXyN yX3d 8jy yXyk yXyj yXe9 R9de
.:1Jo yXRd yXy3 yXRR yXdd Rk8 yXyk yXyj yX3e 9dy
*QKTmiiBQM RXNd RXyk kXRy yX93 d3j yXke yX38 yXjy R3kN

M/ 4.0× 7bi2` i?M i?Qb2 BM i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 ;BM BM h#H2 A Bb bKHH2`
i?M i?i BM h#H2 AA- #2+mb2 i?2 Hii2` 2t+Hm/2b i?2 +Qbi
Q7 i?2 MQ`KHBxiBQM- r?B+? #2+QK2b M2;HB;B#H2 BM H`;2`
b+H2 T`Q#H2Kb rBi? KQ`2 Bi2`iBQMbX h?2 iQiH bmbiBM2/
T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 KBM +QKTmiBM; F2`M2Hb QM 6m;Fm M/
amKKBi `2 BKT`Qp2/ 7`QK kyk M/ eek :6GPSa UeXdW
M/ kXRW Q7 i?2 6Se9 T2FV rBi? i?2 :*_ bQHp2` iQ d3j
M/ R-3kN :6GPSa UkeXRW M/ 8XNW Q7 i?2 6Se9 T2FV
rBi? i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- `2bT2+iBp2Hv
.X PTiBKBx2/ JSA `MF KTTBM;
h?2 /2p2HQT2/ E`vHQp bQHp2`b `2 BMbiHH2/ QM :h8.-
M/ i?2 iQiH +Q/2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Bb bim/B2/ QM 6m;Fm M/
amKKBiX h?2 +Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQM BM i?2 2HTb2/ iBK2 T2`
iBK2 bi2T Bb b?QrM 7Q` i?2 +QHHBbBQM QT2`iQ` U*QHHBbBQMV-
i?2 }2H/ bQHp2` U6B2H/V- i?2 MQMHBM2` +QMp2+iBQM QT2`iQ`
ULQMHBM2`V- i?2 HBM2` +QMp2+iBQM QT2`iQ` UE`vHQpV- M/
i?2 Qi?2` T`ib UPi?2`VX
*QHHBbBQM +QMiBMb KTBnHHiQHH KQM; nμ T`Q+2bb2b 7Q`
/i i`MbTQb2- r?B+? Bb T`Q+2bb2/ mbBM; i?2 TBT2HBM2/
+QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT i2+?MB[m2 (k8)X >2`2- BM i?2 *Sl
BKTH2K2MiiBQM- KTBnHHiQHH Bb T`Q+2bb2/ #v +QKKmMB+@
iBQM i?`2/b- r?B+? `2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ mbBM; i?2 Jah1_
/B`2+iBp2 BM PT2MJS- r?BH2 i?2 :Sl BKTH2K2MiiBQM mb2b
KTBnBHHiQHH rBi? :Sl /B`2+i _.J- r?B+? +M #2 T`Q@
+2bb2/ #2?BM/ :Sl +QKTmiiBQM rBi?Qmi Mv bT2+BH +`2X
6B2H/ ?b KTBnB;i?2`fKTBnBb+ii2` KQM; nR1 × nR2
T`Q+2bb2b M/ KTBnHH`2/m+2 KQM; nμ T`Q+2bb2bX E`vHQp
BMpQHp2b KTBnBb2M/fKTBnB`2+p 7Q` ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+@
iBQM U>HQV #2ir22M M2B;?#Q`BM; T`Q+2bb2b M/ KTBnHH`2@
/m+2 U_2/m+2V KQM; nR1 × nR2 × nϕ T`Q+2bb2bX h?Bb
?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM ?b i?2 H`;2bi +QKKmMB+iBQM
+Qbi- M/ r2 TTHv i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT i2+?MB[m2
mbBM; +QKKmMB+iBQM i?`2/b QM *Slb- r?BH2 r2 mb2
KTBnBb2M/fKTBnB`2+p rBi? :Sl /B`2+i _.J QM :SlbX
:h8. rb Q`B;BMHHv /2bB;M2/ 7Q` T2ib+H2 K+?BM2b
rBi? ?QKQ;2M2Qmb +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`FbX >Qr2p2`-
6m;Fm M/ amKKBi `2 #b2/ QM ?2i2`Q;2MQmb +QKKmMB@
+iBQM M2irQ`FbX 6m;Fm ?b hQ7m. BMi2`+QMM2+i U MQ/2
BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7 9yX3 :"fbV M/ M BMi2`@*J:
M2irQ`F U *J: BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7 > 115:"fb×2VX
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- amKKBi ?b  /mH@`BH 1._ AM}MB@
#M/ M2irQ`F U MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7 k8:"fbV M/
LoGBMFkXy U :Sl BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? Q7 jyy:"fbVX AM
Q`/2` iQ 7mHHv miBHBx2 bm+? ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb M2irQ`F +QM};m@
`iBQMb- i?2 /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM M/ i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM;
JSA `MF KTTBM; `2 QTiBKBx2/X AM i?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2
QM R-99y *Slbf:Slb- i?2 9. /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM QM
6m;Fm M/ amKKBi Bb +?Qb2M b nR1 × nR2 × nϕ × nμ =
10 × 12 × 2 × 24 M/ 5 × 6 × 2 × 24- r?2`2 i?2 ?HQ /i
bBx2b BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ) `2 URXNdJ"- kXjeJ"- 9X9kJ"V×9 Uk
/B`2+iBQMb × b2M/f`2+p #mz2`bV4j8XyJ" M/ UjXNjJ"-
9XdkJ"- RdXeNJ"V×94Ry8X9J"- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 iQiH
?HQ /i bBx2 #2+QK2b KBMBKmK r?2M i?2 b?T2 Q7 /2@
+QKTQb2/ /QKBM Bb +HQb2 iQ  +m#2- M/ i?mb- Bi #2+QK2b
bKHH2` BM i?2 j. /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM rBi? nR1 ×nR2 ×
nϕ ×nμ = 20×12×1×24 M/ 10×6×1×24- r?2`2 i?2 ?HQ
/i bBx2b `2 UjXNjJ"- kXjeJ"- kXkRJ"V×94j9XyJ"
M/ UdX3eJ"- 9XdkJ"- 3X38J"V×9438XdJ"- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
>Qr2p2`- i?2 #Qp2 `2+iM;H2 /2+QKTQb2/ /QKBMb rBi?
H`;2 bT2+i `iBQb `2 +?Qb2M iQ bbB;M i?2 ?2pB2bi ?HQ
/i +QKKmMB+iBQM BM ϕ iQ i?2 7bi BMi`@MQ/2 M2irQ`F-
M/ iQ `2/m+2 +QKKmMB+iBQM HQ/b QM i?2 bHQr BMi2`@MQ/2
M2irQ`F BM i?2 Qi?2` /B`2+iBQMbX
h?2 Q`B;BMH JSA `MF KTTBM; 7Q` ?QKQ;2M2Qmb M2@
iQrQ`Fb rb /2}M2/ b norg = l + kNμ + jNμ Nϕ +
iNμ Nϕ NR2 - r?2`2 (i, j, k, l) `2 i?2 `MFb BM i?2 bm#@
+QKKmMB+iQ`b BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ, μ) /B`2+iBQMb- `2bT2+iBp2HvX

Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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6B;X kX *Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQMb 7Q`  bBM;H2 iBK2 bi2T `2 THQii2/ 7Q` :h8.
rBi? i?2 :*_ bQHp2` QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX h?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2
Bb +QKTmi2/ QM R-99y *Slbf:Slb rBi? i?2 Q`B;BMH M/ QTiBKBx2/
j.f9. JSA `MF KTTBM;X h?2 QTiBKBx2/ 9. JSA `MF KTTBM;
Bb +QKT`2/ rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT 7Q` ?HQ
/i +QKKmMB+iBQMX
A7 QM2 TTHB2b i?Bb JSA `MF KTTBM; iQ 6m;Fm M/
amKKBi- JSA T`Q+2bb2b `2 +QMiB;mQmb BM i?2 μ /B`2+iBQM-
M/ HH ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM #2+QK2b BMi2`@MQ/2
+QKKmMB+iBQMX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- BM i?2 QTiBKBx2/ JSA
`MF KTTBM; nopt = k + jNϕ + iNϕ NR2 + lNϕ NR2 NR1 -
JSA T`Q+2bb2b `2 +QMiB;mQmb BM ϕ M/ i?2M BM R2 X AM i?Bb
+b2- HH ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM BM ϕ Bb +QM}M2/ rBi?BM
 MQ/2- M/  T`i Q7 ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM BM R2 Bb
HbQ T`Q+2bb2/ pB BMi`@MQ/2 +QKKmMB+iBQMX Ai Bb MQi2/
i?i nϕ = 2 Bb +?Qb2M bQ i?i HH ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM
BM ϕ #2+QK2b BMi`@MQ/2 +QKKmMB+iBQM #Qi? QM 6m;Fm
U7Qm` *J:b T2` MQ/2V M/ amKKBi UbBt :Slb T2` MQ/2VX
6B;m`2 k b?Qrb +QKT`BbQMb Q7 i?2 Q`B;BMH M/ QTiB@
KBx2/ j.f9. JSA `MF KTTBM; rBi? M/ rBi?Qmi i?2
+QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT 7Q` ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQMX PM
6m;Fm M/ amKKBi- i?2 QTiBKBx2/ 9. JSA `MF KT@
TBM; b?Qrb 1.44× M/ 2.48× bT22/mTb- M/ i?2 p2`;2
MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i? 7Q` ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM Bb
BKT`Qp2/ mT iQ 3.27× M/ 4.22×- `2bT2+iBp2HvX >2`2- i?2
QTiBKBx2/ 9. JSA `MF KTTBM; ?b  H`;2` BKT+i QM
amKKBi- r?B+? ?b  7i MQ/2 rBi? bBt :SlbX amKKBi HbQ
b?Qrb  H`;2 T2`7Q`KM+2 ;BM 1.12× #2ir22M j. M/ 9.
/QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM- r?2`2 i?2 ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb /2bB;M Q7
?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM rBi? 9. /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQM
BM (R1 , R2 , ϕ, μ) BKT`Qp2b i?2 p2`;2 MQ/2 BMD2+iBQM
#M/rB/i? mT iQ 1.74×X h?2 QTiBKBx2/ JSA `MF KTTBM;
KF2b i?2 +Qbi Q7 ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM +QKT`#H2
iQ i?i Q7 aTJo- r?B+? Bb 2bb2MiBH 7Q` +QKKmMB+iBQM
M/ +QKTmiiBQM Qp2`HT i2+?MB[m2bX "v TTHvBM; i?2
+QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT- 6m;Fm M/ amKKBi b?Qr 7m`i?2`
bT22/mTb #v 1.08× M/ 1.13×- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
1X *QKT`BbQMb Q7 E`vHQp bQHp2`b
6B;m`2 j b?Qrb i?2 +Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQM Q7 :h8. rBi?
i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b mbBM;
R-99y *Slbf:Slb QM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- 6m;Fm- M/ amK@
KBiX >2`2- +QKT`2/ iQ PF7Q`2bi@S*a U9XjNS6GPSa-
yXeNS"fbV- i?2 T2F T2`7Q`KM+2 `iBQb Q7 6Se9 6GPSa
M/ K2KQ`v #M/rB/i? #2+QK2 0.98× M/ 2.13× QM
6m;Fm U9XjkS6GPSa- RX9dS"fbV- M/ 2.62× M/ 1.99×
Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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6B;X jX *Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQMb 7Q`  bBM;H2 iBK2 bi2T `2 THQii2/ 7Q` :h8.
rBi? i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b QM PF7Q`2bi@
S*a- 6m;Fm- M/ amKKBiX h?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2 Bb +QKTmi2/ QM
R-99y *Slbf:SlbX
QM amKKBi URRX9NS6GPSa- RXj3S"fbV- `2bT2+iBp2HvX AM i?2
:*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b-  bBM;H2
2H2+i`QM bi2T ivTB+HHv +QMp2`;2b rBi? ∼R-8yy- ∼R-3yy-
∼kyy Bi2`iBQMb- `2bT2+iBp2HvX PM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- i?2
*@:J_1a bQHp2` Bb 1.06× 7bi2` i?M i?2 :*_ bQHp2`X
*QKT`2/ iQ i?2 :*_ bQHp2` QM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- i?2
:*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b b?Qr
1.56×- 1.60×- M/ 5.53× bT22/mTb QM 6m;Fm- M/ 1.38×-
1.56×- M/ 2.92× bT22/mTb QM amKKBi- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
6B;m`2 9 b?Qrb i?2 +Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQM 7Q`  bBM;H2 2H2+i`QM
bi2T Q7 i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b
QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX AM i?2 :*_ M/ *@:J_1a
bQHp2`b- i?2 +Qbi Q7 ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM Bb +QKT`#H2
Q` 2t+22/BM; i?i Q7 aTJo 2p2M rBi? i?2 QTiBKBx2/ 9.
JSA `MF KTTBM;X Ai Bb MQi2/ i?i >HQ M/ _2/m+2
QM 6m;Fm `2 `2bT2+iBp2Hv 1.67× M/ 4.07× 7bi2` i?M
amKKBi- #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 ?B;?2` *Sl BMD2+iBQM #M/rB/i?
Q7 BMi2`@MQ/2 M2irQ`F U9yX3:"fb T2` *Sl QM 6m;Fm
M/ ∼9Xk:"fb T2` :Sl QM amKKBiV M/ i?2 ?`/r`2
bmTTQ`i 7Q` i?2 #``B2` bvM+?`QMBxiBQM QM hQ7m. BMi2`+QM@
M2+iX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- BM i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- i?2
MmK#2` Q7 Bi2`iBQMb- M/ i?mb- ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM
Bb `2/m+2/ #v M Q`/2` Q7 K;MBim/2- M/ aaP_ Bb i?2
/QKBMMi +QbiX b /Bb+mbb2/ #27Q`2- 6m;Fm b?Qrb ?B;?2`
+QKTmiiBQMH 2{+B2M+v i?M amKKBi- H2/BM; iQ 2.16×
bT22/mT Q7 aaP_ X
h?2 +m``2Mi bii2@Q7@i?2@`i Bb :h8. rBi? i?2 *@
:J_1a bQHp2` QM PF7Q`2bi@S*a (Rj)X *QKT`2/ iQ
i?Bb `272`2M+2 T2`7Q`KM+2- :h8. rBi? i?2 *@S:J_1a
bQHp2` QM 6m;Fm b?Qrb 4.14× bT22/mTX PM i?2 Qi?2`
?M/- i?2 iQiH T2`7Q`KM+2 ;BM QM amKKBi Bb HBKBi2/
iQ 1.86×- r?B+? Bb bB;MB}+MiHv HQr2` i?M i?i Q7 E`vHQp
U2.75× #2ir22M i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`bVX b
b?QrM BM 6B;X j- i?2 +Qbib Q7 i?2 *Sl +QKTmiBM; `QmiBM2b-
6B2H/- LQMHBM2`- M/ Pi?2`- BM+`2b2 mT iQ ∼ 30% Q7 i?2
iQiH +Qbi /m2 iQ ++2H2`iBQM Q7 E`vHQp- M/ i?2 iQiH
T2`7Q`KM+2 ;BM Bb bmTT`2bb2/ QM amKKBiX
6X ai`QM; b+HBM;
AM 6B;X 8- 6m;Fm b?Qrb 2t+2HH2Mi bi`QM; b+HBM;- M/
:h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b `2
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6B;X 9X *Qbi /Bbi`B#miBQMb 7Q`  bBM;H2 2H2+i`QM bi2T `2 THQii2/ 7Q`
i?2 :*_- *@:J_1a- M/ *@S:J_1a bQHp2`b QM 6m;Fm M/ 6B;X 8X ai`QM; b+HBM; Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a
amKKBiX h?2 Ah1_ bBx2 +b2 Bb +QKTmi2/ QM R-99y *Slbf:Slb bQHp2`b mbBM; R-99y- k-33y- M/ 8-dey *Slb QM 6m;FmX *Qbi /Bbi`B@
rBi?Qmi i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HTX #miBQMb 7Q`  bBM;H2 iBK2 bi2T `2 THQii2/X

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`2bT2+iBp2Hv ++2H2`i2/ mT iQ 3.13× M/ 2.95× #2ir22M  
)$  
R-99y M/ 8-dey *SlbX AM i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- i?2 +Qbi Q7

_2/m+2 Bb bmTT`2bb2/ #2HQr ∼ 10% UQ7 E`vHQpV i?MFb


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iQ i?2 ?`/r`2 bmTTQ`i 7Q` i?2 #``B2` bvM+?`QMBxiBQMX '$
h?2 +Qbi Q7 >HQ- iQ r?B+? r2 TTHv i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM &$
Qp2`HT- BM+`2b2b mT iQ ∼ 30% i 8-dey*Slb- r?B+? Bb
%$
+QKT`#H2 iQ i?i Q7 aTJoX AM i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`-
i?2 +Qbib Q7 _2/m+2 M/ >HQ `2 bmTT`2bb2/ iQ ∼ 1% M/ $
%(($ &,,$ )+*$ %(($ &,,$ )+*$
∼ 10% i 8-dey *Slb- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
   
AM 6B;X e- amKKBi HbQ b?Qrb ;QQ/ bi`QM; b+HBM;-
#mi i?2 ++2H2`iBQM Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@
6B;X eX ai`QM; b+HBM; Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/ *@S:J_1a
S:J_1a bQHp2`b Bb HBKBi2/ iQ 2.57× M/ 2.59× #2ir22M bQHp2`b mbBM; R-99y- k-33y- M/ 8-dey :Slb QM amKKBiX *Qbi /Bbi`B@
R-99y M/ 8-dey :SlbX AM i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- i?2 +Qbib Q7 #miBQMb 7Q`  bBM;H2 iBK2 bi2T `2 THQii2/X
_2/m+2 M/ >HQ BM+`2b2 mT iQ ∼ 20% M/ ∼ 40% i
8-dey :Slb- r?2`2 i?2 +Qbi Q7 >HQ 2t+22/b i?i Q7 aTJoX
AM i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- i?2 +Qbib Q7 _2/m+2 M/ >HQ Q`/2` Q7 K;MBim/2 7bi2` i?M i?2 +m``2Mi bii2@Q7@i?2@`i
`2 bB;MB}+MiHv `2/m+2/- #mi i?2 `2KBMBM; +Qbi Q7 _2/m+2 +Q/2 QM PF7Q`2bi@S*a- M/ 2M#H2b HQM; iBK2 MmK2`B+H
biBHH Q++mTB2b ∼ 10% i 8-dey :SlbX h?2b2 +QKKmMB+iBQM 2tT2`BK2Mib Q7 Ah1_ Qp2` M 2M2`;v +QM}M2K2Mi iBK2X
+Qbib H2/ iQ rQ`b2 bi`QM; b+HBM; QM amKKBiX AM +?B2pBM; i?Bb T2`7Q`KM+2- i?2 #QiiH2M2+F Q7 ;HQ#H
h?2 #Qp2 `2bmHib `2 bmKK`Bx2/ BM h#H2 AAAX h?2 +QHH2+iBp2 +QKKmMB+iBQM QM ++2H2`i2/ +QKTmiBM; THi@
iQiH +Q/2 T2`7Q`KM+2 QM R-99y- k-33y- M/ 8-dey *Slb 7Q`Kb rb `2bQHp2/ mbBM; i?2 * E`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?Q/-
Q7 6m;Fm Bb BKT`Qp2/ 7`QK jXkW- jXyW- M/ kX8W UQ7 i?2 M/ i?2 `2KBMBM; #QiiH2M2+F Q7 ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM
6Se9 T2FV rBi? i?2 :*_ bQHp2` iQ R3XNW- RdXyW- M/ rb `2bQHp2/ #v i?2 M2r 6SRe T`2+QM/BiBQM2`- r?B+?
R9X8W rBi? i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- `2bT2+iBp2HvX >2`2- `2/m+2b #Qi? i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Bi2`iBQMb M/ i?2 +QKTm@
i?2 ~QiBM; TQBMi QT2`iBQMb `2 K2bm`2/ #v i?2 ?`/@ iiBQMH +QbiX >2`2- i?2 6SRe T`2+QM/BiBQM2` bmbiBM2/
r`2 +QmMi2` QM 6m;FmX A7 QM2 2biBKi2b i?2 bmbiBM2/ bBKBH` +QMp2`;2M+2 T`QT2`iB2b b i?2 6Sjk M/ 6Se9
6GPSa Q7 amKKBi mbBM; i?2 bK2 MmK#2` Q7 ~QiBM; T`2+QM/BiBQM2`b #v TTHvBM;  T`QT2` MQ`KHBxiBQM- M/
TQBMi QT2`iBQMb- i?2 iQiH +Q/2 T2`7Q`KM+2 QM R-99y- Bib T?vbB+b #b2/ /2bB;M +?B2p2/ ?B;? +QKTmiiBQMH
k-33y- M/ 8-dey :Slb vB2H/b yX38W- yXeNW- M/ yX88W 2{+B2M+v QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX
rBi? i?2 :*_ bQHp2`- M/ jXk8W- kX3eW- M/ kXRNW rBi? AM //BiBQM iQ i?2 #Qp2 * H;Q`Bi?K- Bib BKTH2@
i?2 *@S:J_1a bQHp2`- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 T`QTQb2/ *@ K2MiiBQM Bb HbQ BKT`Qp2/ #v i?2 JSA `MF KTTBM;
S:J_1a bQHp2` +?B2p2b ∼ 2.8× M/ ∼ 1.9× bT22/mTb QTiBKBx2/ 7Q` i?2 ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb M2irQ`F `+?Bi2+im`2b QM
7`QK i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH :*_ bQHp2` #Qi? QM i?2 bii2@Q7@ 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX h?2 QTiBKBx2/ JSA `MF KTTBM;
i?2@`i *Sl M/ :Sl THi7Q`Kb rBi? F22TBM; M Q`/2` Bb /2bB;M2/ iQ `2/m+2 +QKKmMB+iBQM HQ/b QM bHQr BMi2`@
Q7 K;MBim/2 ?B;?2` bmbiBM2/ 6GPSaX MQ/2 +QKKmMB+iBQM #v 7mHHv miBHBxBM; 7bi BMi`@MQ/2 +QK@
KmMB+iBQMX h?MFb iQ i?2 QTiBKBx2/ JSA `MF KTTBM;-
oX amKK`v i?2 +Qbi Q7 ?HQ /i +QKKmMB+iBQM rb bmTT`2bb2/ #2HQr
AM i?Bb rQ`F- Ah1_ bBx2 bBKmHiBQMb mbBM; :h8. r2`2 Q` +QKT`#H2 iQ i?i Q7 aTJo- M/ i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM
bB;MB}+MiHv ++2H2`i2/ #v i?2 M2r KBt2/@T`2+BbBQM *@ M/ +QKTmiiBQM Qp2`HT i2+?MB[m2 rQ`F2/ 2{+B2MiHvX
E`vHQp bQHp2`b QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX h?2 +?B2p2/ iBK2 h?2 H2bbQMb H2`M2/ BM i?Bb rQ`F ?p2 p`BQmb BKTHB@
iQ bQHmiBQM ∼ 4.7bfbi2T mbBM; 8-dey *Slb QM 6m;Fm Bb M +iBQMbX 6B`biHv- E`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?Q/b `2 +QKKQM

Authorized licensed use limited to: Tsinghua University. Downloaded on October 06,2021 at 00:31:39 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
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ambiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 U1HTb2/ iBK2 T2` bi2T t (b)- ambiBM2/ T2`7Q`KM+2 P (h6HQTb)- M/ aT22/mT SV Q7 :h8. rBi? i?2 :*_ M/
*@S:J_1a bQHp2`b BM i?2 bi`QM; b+HBM; i2bib mbBM; R-99y- k-33y- M/ 8-dey *Slbf :Slb QM 6m;Fm M/ amKKBi Ub22 6B;bX k- 8 M/ eVX
HbQ b?QrM `2 i?2 +QM/BiBQMb Q7 i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM Qp2`HT U?HQ /iV M/ i?2 JSA `MF KTTBM; BM i?2 9. /QKBM /2+QKTQbBiBQMX

*Slb +QKKX JSA `MF KTTBM; :*_ *@S:J_1a

f:Slb Qp2`HT `MF KT nR1 nR2 nϕ nμ t P S t P S
6m;Fm R-99y Qz Q`B;BMH Ry Rk k k9 eyX9N Ny yXe8 RdXed e9y yXdN
R-99y Qz QTiBKBx2/ Ry Rk k k9 9kXRj RkN yXNj R9XRy 3yR yXN3
R-99y QM QTiBKBx2/ Ry Rk k k9 jNXy8 RjN RXyy RjX33 3R9 RXyy
k-33y QM QTiBKBx2/ Rk ky k k9 kRXyy k8N RX3e dX33 R9eN RXde
8-dey QM QTiBKBx2/ ky k9 k k9 RkX93 9j3 jXRj 9Xdy k8yd kXN8
amKKBi R-99y Qz Q`B;BMH 8 e k k9 R8NX9N j9 yXje 9NXej kk3 yXek
R-99y Qz QTiBKBx2/ 8 e k k9 e9Xjk 39 yX3N jkXk3 j8y yXNe
R-99y QM QTiBKBx2/ 8 e k k9 8dXy9 N8 RXyy jyXN3 je8 RXyy
k-33y QM QTiBKBx2/ e Ry k k9 j8XyN R88 RXej R3Xye e9k RXdk
8-dey QM QTiBKBx2/ Ry Rk k k9 kkXky k9e kX8d RRXNe N38 kX8N

+QKTQM2Mib Q7 b+B2MiB}+ M/ 2M;BM22`BM; TTHB+iBQMb- M/
i?2B` +QKKmMB+iBQM #QiiH2M2+Fb rBHH #2 KQ`2 b2`BQmb
QM 2tb+H2 bmT2`+QKTmi2`bX q2 ?p2 b?QrM i?i bm+?
+QKKmMB+iBQM #QiiH2M2+Fb +M #2 pQB/2/ #v +QK#BMBM;
p`BQmb * i2+?MB[m2b 7`QK H;Q`Bi?K H2p2Hb iQ BKTH2@
K2MiiBQM H2p2HbX a2+QM/Hv- r2 ?p2 b?QrM i?2 miBHBiv M/
BKT+i Q7 6SRe aAJ. QT2`iBQMb- r?B+? `2 M2rHv bmT@
TQ`i2/ QM 6m;Fm- QM  `2H *6. TTHB+iBQMX h?B`/Hv- i?2
QTiBKBx2/ JSA `MF KTTBM; QM ?2i2`Q;2M2Qmb +QKKmMB@
+iBQM M2irQ`Fb +M #2 +QKKQMHv mb2/ 7Q` p`BQmb bi2M+BH@
#b2/ TTHB+iBQMbX 6BMHHv- i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 TQ`i#BHBiv Q7
i?2b2 * i2+?MB[m2b rb /2KQMbi`i2/ QM i?2 bii2@Q7@i?2@
`i *Sl M/ :Sl THi7Q`Kb- 6m;Fm M/ amKKBiX
+FMQrH2/;K2Mi
h?Bb rQ`F rb bmTTQ`i2/ #v i?2 J1sh US`Q;`K
7Q` S`QKQiBM; _2b2`+?2b QM i?2 amT2`+QKTmi2` 6m;Fm
Ǵ1tTHQ`iBQM Q7 "m`MBM; SHbK *QM}M2K2Mi S?vbB+bǴ-
SQbi@E T`BQ`Biv Bbbm2 LQXe Ǵ.2p2HQTK2Mi Q7 AMMQpiBp2
*H2M 1M2`;vǴ- M/ :`Mi LQXR3Eyj8NRV M/ i?2 .P1@
J1sh +QHH#Q`iBQM QM 2tb+H2 7mbBQM TTHB+iBQMbX h?Bb
`2b2`+? mb2/ +QKTmiiBQMH `2bQm`+2b Q7 bmT2`+QKTmi2`
6m;Fm T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 _AE1L *2Mi2` 7Q` *QKTmiiBQMH
a+B2M+2b U?TkyyRkdV- i?2 PF7Q`2bi@S*a T`QpB/2/ #v
i?2 C*>S* U?TkyyRkdV- i?2 *v;Mmb T`QpB/2/ #v lMBpX
hbmFm# U?TkyyRkdV- i?2 "*A T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 Aah-
i?2 A*1s T`QpB/2/ #v i?2 C1- M/ i?2 PF _B/;2
G2/2`b?BT *QKTmiBM; 6+BHBiv- r?B+? Bb  .P1 P{+2 Q7
a+B2M+2 lb2` 6+BHBiv bmTTQ`i2/ mM/2` *QMi`+i .1@*y8@
yyP_kkdk8X
_272`2M+2b
(R) (PMHBM2)X pBH#H2, ?iiTb,ffrrrXBi2`XQ`;
(k) SX >2HM/2` M/ .X aB;K`- *QHHBbBQMH h`MbTQ`i BM J;M2@
iBx2/ SHbKb- b2`X *K#`B/;2 JQMQ;`T?b QM SHbK S?vbB+bX
*K#`B/;2 lMBp2`bBiv S`2bb- kyy8X
(j) X CX "`Bx`/ M/ hX aX >?K- dz6QmM/iBQMb Q7 MQMHBM2`
;v`QFBM2iB+ i?2Q`v-Ǵ _2pB2rb Q7 JQ/2`M S?vbB+b- pQHX dN- TTX
9kRĜ9e3- kyydX
(9) sX :`#2i- uX A/QKm`- GX oBHH`/- M/ hX >X qiM#2- dz:v@
`QFBM2iB+ bBKmHiBQMb Q7 im`#mH2Mi i`MbTQ`i-Ǵ Lm+H2` 6mbBQM-
pQHX 8y- TX y9jyyk- kyRyX
(8) uX A/QKm`- JX A/- hX EMQ- LX B#- M/ aX hQFm/-
dz*QMb2`piBp2 ;HQ#H ;v`QFBM2iB+ iQ`QB/H 7mHH@7 }p2@/BK2MbBQMH
pHbQp bBKmHiBQM-Ǵ *QKTmi2` S?vbB+b *QKKmMB+iBQMb- pQHX
RdN- MQX e- TTX jNR Ĝ 9yj- kyy3X
(e) uX A/QKm`- >X l`MQ- LX B#- M/ aX hQFm/- dzaim/v Q7
BQM im`#mH2Mi i`MbTQ`i M/ T`Q}H2 7Q`KiBQMb mbBM; ;HQ#H
;v`QFBM2iB+ 7mHH@7oHbQp bBKmHiBQM-Ǵ Lm+H2` 6mbBQM- pQHX 9N-
MQX e- TX ye8ykN- kyyNX
(d) uX A/QKm`- dz M2r ?v#`B/ FBM2iB+ 2H2+i`QM KQ/2H 7Q` 7mHH@
7 ;v`QFBM2iB+ bBKmHiBQMb-Ǵ CQm`MH Q7 *QKTmiiBQMH S?vbB+b-
pQHX jRj- TTX 8RR Ĝ 8jR- kyReX
(3) JX >Q2KK2M- dz*QKKmMB+iBQM@pQB/BM; F`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?@
Q/b-Ǵ S?X.X /Bbb2`iiBQM- lMBp2`bBiv Q7 *HB7Q`MB- "2`F2H2v-
kyRyX
(N) 1X *X *`bQM- dz*QKKmMB+iBQM@pQB/BM; F`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?@
Q/b BM i?2Q`v M/ T`+iB+2-Ǵ S?X.X /Bbb2`iiBQM- lMBp2`bBiv Q7
*HB7Q`MB- "2`F2H2v- kyR8X
(Ry) _X am/- GX *QM;- .X qiM#2 2i HX- dz*QKKmMB+iBQM@
pQB/BM; *: K2i?Q/, L2r /B`2+iBQM Q7 F`vHQp bm#bT+2 K2i?Q/b
iQr`/b 2t@b+H2 +QKTmiBM;-Ǵ _AJa EƬFvȿ`QFm- pQHX RNN8- TTX
RykĜRRR- kyReX
(RR) AX uKxFB- >X Mxi- aX hQKQp- JX >Q2KK2M- M/ CX .QM;``-
dzAKT`QpBM; i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 +@;K`2b QM KmHiB+Q`2b rBi?
KmHiBTH2 ;Tmb-Ǵ BM kyR9 A111 k3i? AMi2`MiBQMH S`HH2H M/
.Bbi`B#mi2/ S`Q+2bbBM; avKTQbBmK- kyR9- TTX j3kĜjNRX
(Rk) X JvmKB- uX A/QKm`- hX AM- aX uK/- M/ hX AKKm`-
dzG27i@T`2+QM/BiBQM2/ +QKKmMB+iBQM@pQB/BM; +QMDm;i2 ;`/B@
2Mi K2i?Q/b 7Q` KmHiBT?b2 +7/ bBKmHiBQMb QM i?2 F +QKTmi2`-Ǵ
BM kyRe di? qQ`Fb?QT QM Gi2bi /pM+2b BM a+H#H2 H;Q@
`Bi?Kb 7Q` G`;2@a+H2 avbi2Kb Ua+HV- kyRe- TTX RdĜk9X
(Rj) uX A/QKm`- hX AM- X JvmKB- aX uK/- EX JibmKQiQ-
uX b?B- M/ hX AKKm`- dzTTHB+iBQM Q7  +QKKmMB+iBQM@
pQB/BM; ;2M2`HBx2/ KBMBKH `2bB/mH K2i?Q/ iQ  ;v`QFBM2iB+
}p2 /BK2MbBQMH 2mH2`BM +Q/2 QM KMv +Q`2 THi7Q`Kb-Ǵ BM
S`Q+22/BM;b Q7 i?2 3i? qQ`Fb?QT QM Gi2bi /pM+2b BM a+H#H2
H;Q`Bi?Kb 7Q` G`;2@a+H2 avbi2Kb- b2`X a+H ǶRdX L2r uQ`F-
Lu- la, bbQ+BiBQM 7Q` *QKTmiBM; J+?BM2`v- kyRdX
(R9) hX A+?BKm`- EX 6mDBi- hX uK;m+?B- X L`mb2- CX *X q2HHb-
hX *X a+?mHi?2bb- hX SX ai`ibK- *X CX wBKK2`- JX J`@
iBMbbQ- EX LFDBK- M/ 2i HX- dz 7bi b+H#H2 BKTHB+Bi
bQHp2` 7Q` MQMHBM2` iBK2@2pQHmiBQM 2`i?[mF2 +Biv T`Q#H2K
QM HQr@Q`/2`2/ mMbi`m+im`2/ }MBi2 2H2K2Mib rBi? `iB}+BH BM@
i2HHB;2M+2 M/ i`MbT`2+BbBQM +QKTmiBM;-Ǵ BM S`Q+22/BM;b Q7
i?2 AMi2`MiBQMH *QM72`2M+2 7Q` >B;? S2`7Q`KM+2 *QKTmiBM;-
L2irQ`FBM;- aiQ`;2- M/ MHvbBb- b2`X a* ǶR3X A111 S`2bb-
kyR3X
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 Appendix: Artifact Description/Artifact Evaluation

SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIMENTS REPORTED
We ran a Gyrokinetic Toroidal 5D Eulerian code (GT5D) on Sum-
mit with PGI Fortran compiler/20.1, IBM Spectrum-MPI/10.3.1.2,
CUDA/10.1, and netlib-lapack/3.8.0, Fugaku with Fujitsu Fortran
compiler, Fujitsu SSLII library and Fujitsu MPI library in Fujitsu
Technical Computing Suite V4.0, and Oakforest-PACS with Intel
Fortran compiler 19.0.5.281, Intel MKL 2019, and Intel MPI library
2019, as described in the paper.
ARTIFACT AVAILABILITY
Software Artifact Availability: Some author-created software ar-
tifacts are NOT maintained in a public repository or are NOT avail-
able under an OSI-approved license.
Libraries and versions: Summit: IBM Spectrum-MPI/10.3.1.2,
CUDA/10.1, netlib-lapack/3.8.0; Fugaku: Fujitsu SSLII library, Fu-
jitsu MPI library in Fujitsu Technical Computing Suite V4.0;
Oakforest-PACS: Intel MKL 2019, Intel MPI library 2019
Key algorithms: (Communication-avoiding) Krylov subspace
methods
Input datasets and versions: Self-generated
URL to output from scripts that gathers execution environment
information.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3872379

Hardware Artifact Availability: There are no author-created hard-

ware artifacts.

Data Artifact Availability: Some author-created data artifacts

are NOT maintained in a public repository or are NOT available
under an OSI-approved license.

Proprietary Artifacts: No author-created artifacts are proprietary.

Author-Created or Modified Artifacts:

Persistent ID: 10.5281/zenodo.3866686

Artifact name: Self-generated input parameters

BASELINE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP, AND

MODIFICATIONS MADE FOR THE PAPER
Relevant hardware details: Summit: IBM Power System AC922
nodes; IBM POWER9 processors; NVIDIA Volta V100 GPUs, dual-
rail EDR InfiniBand network, IBM Spectrum Scale file system; Fu-
gaku: Fujitsu A64FX processor, TofuD interconnect, Fujitsu FEFS;
Oakforest-PACS: Fujitsu PRIMERGY CX1640 M1, Intel Xeon Phi
7250 processor (KNL), Intel Omni Path interconnect, Data Direct
Networks SFA14KE

Operating systems and versions: Summit: Red Hat Enterprise

Linux Server release 7.6 (Maipo) running Linux version 4.14.0-
115.14.1.el7a.ppc64le; Fugaku: Red Hat Enterprise Linux release
8.1 (Ootpa) running Linux version 4.18.0-147.3.1.el8_1.aarch64;
Oakforest-PACS: CentOS Linux release 7.6.1810 (Core) running
Linux version 3.10.0-957.27.2.el7.x86_64

Compilers and versions: Summit: PGI Fortran compiler/20.1; Fu-

gaku: Fugaku with Fujitsu Fortran compiler in Fujitsu Technical
Computing Suite V4.0; Oakforest-PACS: Intel Fortran compiler
19.0.5.281

Applications and versions: GT5D

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