RPH FINALS REVIEWER
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
SOCIAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,
AND CULTURAL ISSUES IN THE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
I. Agrarian Reform Policies from
Commonwealth to 5th Republic
AGRARIAN REFORM
• concerned with the relations between
the production and distribution of land
among farmers.
• redistribution of lands to members of
the agricultural labor force who don't
own land or are nearly landless.
ACTS/BILLS DURING THE AMERICAN
PERIOD THAT SERVED AS A SPRINGBOARD
FOR AGRARIAN REFORM
• Philippine Bill of 1902 - set the ceiling
on the hectares of private land with 16
hectares and corporations with 1024
hectares.
• Land Registration Act of 1902 -
registration of private lands through
Torrens Title System.
• Cadastral Act - need of
certification/title as registered land.
• Homestead Program of 1903 - tenants
were allowed to enterprise with 16
hectares of farm.
• Friars Land Act of 1904 - lease and
sale of friar lands during Spanish
period.
COMMONWEALTH/ MANUEL L. QUEZON'S
ADMINISTRATION
• Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1936
o enacted to provide control in
landlord-tenant (50-50)
relationships
o Regulation of 10% interest
o No dismissal of tenants and the
contract is good for only 1 year.
• HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban
sa mga Hapon) controlled whole areas
of Central Luzon.
• Peasants earned fixed rentals of lands.
MANUEL A. ROXAS' ADMINISTRATION
• Tenant Act or the Republic Act No. 34
o established 70-30 landlord-
tenant sharing arrangement
and regulated share-tenancy
contracts.
• Republic Act No. 55
o no dismissal of tenants.
o provision of more effective
safeguard against arbitrary
ejectment of tenants.
RAMON MAGSAYSAY'S ADMINISTRATION
• Agriculture Tenancy Act of 1954 or the
Republic Act No. 1199
o governed the relationship
between landowners and tenant
farmers by organizing share-
tenancy and leasehold system.
o provided security of tenure of
tenants.
o tenure system- institutional
arrangement for land that
defines, allocates, and
regulates the property rights to
land.
• Land Reform Act of 1955 or the
Republic Act 1400
o responsible for distribution of
over 200 hectares of corn and
rice lands for farmers.
DIOSDADO P. MACAPAGAL'S
ADMINISTRATION
• Agricultural Land Reform Code or
Republic Act. No. 3844
o abolished share-tenancy
o set retention limit at 75
hectares
 o exemption rule of big
companies and transfer of
landlordism
FERDINAND E. MARCOS' ADMINISTRATION
• Agrarian Reform Special Fund Act or
the Republic Act 6390 of 1971
o shall be used to finance the
agrarian reform.
• Code of Agrarian Reform or Republic
Act No. 6389
o created the Department of
Agrarian Reform.
II. Evolution of the Philippine
Constitution
CONSTITUTION
• codified list of provisions that identify
the limitations of the power of the
government and enumerates its
responsibilities to the people.
• a set of established precedents and
codified principles according to which
a state is governed.
• the highest law of the land.
BIAK NA BATO CONSTITUTION OF 1897
• the first informal constitution in Asia
MALOLOS CONSTITUTION OF 1899
• the first formal constitution in Asia
• the first constitution of the Philippines
• drafted after the Congress of
Aguinaldo Revolutionary Government
convened on SEPTEMBER 15, 1898 at
Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan.
• THREE SUBMITTED DRAFTS:
o The True Decalogue and
Constitutional Program of
Apolinario Mabini
o The Pedro Paterno Version
o The Felipe Calderon Version
• HIGHLIGHT:
o provisions stipulating the
separation of the State and
Church and provisions
contradicting the former.
o Provision of the separation of
Church and State prevailed by a
one-vote margin.
• THREE SIGNIFICANT FEATURES:
o provision for the Independent
Republic of the Philippines
consisted of three independent
powers:
§ Executive - led by
president with a 4-year
term and not eligible for
reelection
§ Unicameral Legislative
§ Judicial
o The Bill of Rights
o The Separation of Church and
State
PHILIPPINE ORGANIC ACT OF 1902
• provided the creation of the Philippine
Assembly composed of Filipinos
PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT OF 1916
• announced the intention of the US
Government to withdraw its
sovereignty over the Philippine Islands
as soon as a stable government can be
established therein.
1935 CONSTITUTION
• the legal basis of the Commonwealth
Republic under the American
occupation.
• Philippine Independence Act - set the
parameters for the creation of a
constitution for the Philippines was
passed by America in 1934.
• Came into effect on NOVEMBER 15,
1935.
• featured Bicameral Legislator in the
Phil. Legislative (Senate and
Congress).
• was amended by the National
Assembly in 1940:
o term limit of the President
changed from 6 years with no
re-election to 4 years with a
 possibility of having a second
term.
• started suffrage - the right to vote.
Males must 21+ years of age. Suffrage
is extended to women.
• nullified during the Japanese
Occupation and only came back in
effect after the Second World War in
1945.
• was amended once again on March 11,
1947, by the Parity, giving US citizens
rights to develop natural resources
and operate public utilities in the
country.
1943 CONSTITUTION
• also called as Puppet Constitution.
• used during the presidency of Jose P.
Laurel under Japanese Occupation.
• the Japanese appointed the
Preparatory Committee as a
replacement for the 1935 Constitution
they nullified.
1973 CONSTITUTION
• also known as the Martial Law
Constitution.
• December 1, 1972 - the Constitutional
Convention came up with a
constitution providing for a modified
parliamentary government and
ratified through Presidential Decree
no. 86, series of 1972.
• Legislative powers were given to a
Unicameral National Assembly.
1986/1987 CONSTITUTION
• also called the Anti-Marcos/Freedom
Constitution.
• gave the country Democratic
Governance.
• secures respect for human rights and
civil liberties.
• Presidential Decree no. 9 s. 1986 -
issued to create Constitutional
Commission tasked to draft a new
charter to replace the 1973
Constitution.
• OCTOBER 16, 1986 - the Commission
finished the new constitution.
• FEBRUARY 2, 1987 - the new
constitution was ratified through a
plebiscite.
• formulated three branches of the
government:
o Executive
o Legislative
o Judiciary
III. Philippine Taxation
TAX
• the amount of money that the
government requires people to pay
according to their income.
• the 'lifeblood' of the government - the
government relies on tax revenue to
fund its operations and to finance its
essential service and development
projects for its citizens.
• The three inherent powers of the
state:
o Police Power
o Power of Eminent Domain
o Power of Taxation
KINDS OF TAXES
• Subject matter
o Personal Tax - imposed on
residents
o Property Tax - imposed on
properties
o Excise Tax - imported on a
privilege or right.
• Purpose
o Revenue - to raise money for
the government.
o Regulatory - to regulate an
act/practice.
• Scope
o Local - based on certain
locality.
o National - national in nature.
• Determination of the amount of tax to
pay
o Ad Valorem Tax - based on the
value of the object taxed
determined by the appraiser.
 Specific Tax - based on weight
o 1. SINULOG FESTIVAL
and measurement
• Who bears the burden
o Direct Tax - imposed on a
person directly involved
o Indirect Tax - forms part of the
purchase price of the
commodity and is passed on to
customers.
• Rate
o Proportional Tax - based on a
fixed percentage.
o Progressive Tax - based on
certain tax bases.
o Regressive Tax - tax rate
decreases as base increases.
NATIONAL REVENUE CODE
• the basis of Philippine Tax Laws
• revised with the passage of Tax
Reform Act of 1997 and Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN)
Law in 2017.
• traditional celebration in Cebu City
held every third Sunday of January to
honor the Santo Niño (Child Jesus).
• sinulog - 'like the water current'
2. ATI-ATIHAN FESTIVAL
• celebrated in Aklan every January to
honor the Santo Niño.
• Ati-Atihan - 'to imitate the Ati people'
(Negrito ethnic group in Visayas).
• considered to be one of the oldest
festivals in the country.
3. DINAGYANG FESTIVAL
• Dinagyang - Hiligaynon word for
merrymaking
• celebrates the feast of Santo Niño and
the pact between the datus and locals.
• celebrated in Iloilo City every fourth
Sunday of January.

IV. Philippine Festivals and 4. PAHIYAS FESTIVAL

Celebrations
• celebrated in honor of Saint Isidro
Labrador, the patron saint of farmers,
Festivals
for a bountiful harvest.
• origin is way back 15th century.
• are locally known as fiestas.
• celebrated in Lucban, Quezon
• origins of festivals date back to the
Province every 15th of May.
Spanish Colonial Period - barrios and
towns almost had a patron saint
5. PANAGBENGA FESTIVAL
assigned to each of them.
• vital instruments in spreading
• Panagbenga - a local Kankanaey term
Christianity in the country.
in Cordillera which means 'season of
• can be religious and cultural, or a blooming'.
combination of both, in nature.
• a month-long flower festival
• held to honor the local Roman Catholic celebrated in Baguio City.
patron saint, to commemorate local
• This festival reflects the history,
history and culture, to promote the
traditions, and values of Baguio and
community's products, or to celebrate
the Cordilleras.
a bountiful harvest.
• created as a tribute to the city's
• can be marked by Holy Masses,
flowers and as a way to rise from the
processions, parades, theatrical play
devastation of the 1990 Luzon
and reenactments, religious or cultural
earthquake.
rituals, trade fairs, exhibits, concerts,
pageants, and various games and
contests.
V. Pandemics and Epidemics in the
Philippines before COVID-19
1. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome), 2003.
• 21st century's first epidemic which
first spread in Southern China.
• spread across 26 countries, infecting
more than 8,000.
• Philippines is among the least affected
and had a total of 14 cases, 12 of
whom recovered, while 2 died.
• symptoms included fever, cough, and
shortness of breath.
2. Spanish flu, 1918-1919.
• considered to be one of the deadliest
pandemics to hit humanity, killing
approximately 50 million.
• said to be caused by the cramped,
dirty living conditions of most soldiers
during the World War I.
• killed approximately 85,000 Filipinos.
• symptoms include fever and diarrhea.
3. H1NI or the Swine flu, 2009-2010.
• first spread in United States in 2009.
• combination of viruses from birds,
pigs, and humans.
• infected approximately 700 million to
1.4 billion people globally, leaving
approximately 203,000 dead.
VI. Women's History
THE EVOLUTION OF MOTHERHOOD AND
WOMENS' ROLES IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Pre-Colonial
• The Malakas and Maganda folklore
o gives a glimpse of pre-colonial
equality - a huge bird that splits
a bamboo stalk to reveal
Malakas (the male identity) and
Maganda (the female identity)
emerging from its halves.
• Babaylans
o Visayan term originating from
Babai or woman, combined with
a Malay term Belian or Balian
meaning spirit medium.
o equaled the power and
influence of datus.
2. Spanish Era
• Filipinas were subjected to arduous
moral reconstruction and enrolled in
domestic arts and social graces.
• mothers were relegated as
homemakers and were unable to go
out, run a business, and lead a
community.
• The Maria Clara charisma:
o the ultimate female paragon
and active yet silent advocacy
for developing a patriarchal
society.
o transformed Filipinas from
being independent, self-
confident, and daring in the pre-
colonial days to being gracious,
meek, timid, accomplished
gentlewomen of Spain.
3. American Era
• women slowly started to get
opportunities for self-development:
o getting college degrees.
o landing employment and top
company positions.
o running and opening their own
businesses.
REPUBLIC ACT 9710: MAGNA CARTA OF
WOMEN ACT
• comprehensive women's human rights
law that seeks to eliminate
discrimination through the
recognition, protection, fulfillment,
and promotion of the rights of Filipino
women, especially those belonging to
the marginalized sectors of society.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN (VAW)
• appears to be one of the country's
most pervasive social problems.
• one in four women aged 15-49
experiences physical, emotional, or
sexual violence by their husbands and
partners (2017 National Demographic
and Health Survey by PSA).
• UN definition of VAW:
o “any act of gender-based
violence that results in, or is
likely to result in physical,
sexual or psychological harm or
suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion
or arbitrary deprivation of
liberty, whether occurring in
public and private life. Gender-
based violence is any violence
inflicted on women because of
their sex.”
REPUBLIC ACT 9262: The Anti-Violence
Against Women and their Children Act of
2004
• law that seeks to address the
prevalence of violence against women
and their children (VAWC).
• according to RA 9262, violence
against women and children is:
o "any act or a series of acts
committed by any person
against a woman who is his
wife, former wife, or against a
woman with whom the person
has or had a sexual or dating
relationship, or with whom he
has a common child, or against
her child whether legitimate or
illegitimate, with or without the
family abode, which result in or
is likely to result in physical,
sexual, psychological harm or
suffering, or economic abuse
including threats of such acts,
battery, assault, coercion,
harassment or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty.”
• VAW includes, but not limited to, the
following acts:
o physical violence
o sexual violence
o psychological violence
o economic abuse
VII. Life History, Biography
Research, and Local and Oral
History
LIFE HISTORY
• In sociological and anthropological
research, it is the overall picture of the
informant or interviewee's life.
• Purpose: to be able to describe what it
is like to be this particular person, that
is, the one being interviewed.
• Background: This method was first
used when interviewing indigenous
people of America with Native
American leaders as subjects.
• Technique
o Narrative Method - Interviewer
should be careful not to ask 'yes
or no' questions but instead get
the subject to tell his/her life
story in their own words.
BIOGRAPHY RESEARCH
• the study of a single life, focusing
primarily upon an individual who in
some way, is affiliated with the
professional field of education.
• Among the numerous forms of
biographical research in education,
five types are often noted:
1. Scholarly Chronicles
• the most fundamental and common
type of biographical research focusing
on the historical portrayal of an
individual life.
• the subject's story is told in
chronological order with emphasis on
the development of a quest plot (life
pattern stages) and the description of
acts of recognition (notoriety).
2. Intellectual Biography
 • develops a narrative of life through the
conceptual analysis of the subject's
motives and beliefs within the world of
ideas.
3. Life History
• has a strong allegiance to the social
science traditions of oral history and
narrative discourse.
• great devotion to theoretical
constructs from sociology and
psychology.
4. Memoir Biography
• devoted to the researcher's motives in
relation to the biographical subject
and with emphasis on the stylistic
presentation of the biographer's
reflections and insights about the
factual account of the life.
5. Narrative Biography
• represents a dynamic portrayal of a
life without the need for absolute
facticity or a comprehensive account
from birth to grave.

LOCAL HISTORY

• attempts to reconstruct the history of

a place to understand how the
people's way of living connects to the
community's present and future.
• a form of superficial history allowing
historians to develop a pattern of
conclusions without deeper
engagement with local history in a
comparative context.
• reflects the reality that our lives are
shaped by particular places.
• our physical place in the world is a
major determinant of how our lives are
lived.

ORAL HISTORY

• collection and study of historical

information about individuals, families,
important events, or everyday life
using audiotapes, videotapes, or
transcription of planned interviews.