Research Work.

Answer the following questions and write your answers on a clean

sheet of long coupon bond. Scan and attach your papers in Google Classroom as
PDF file.
1. What are the factors that affect the nitrification and denitrification processes in
wastewater treatment, and how can they be optimized?

 Temperature - Temperature also has an impact on nitrification. The

optimal temperature ranges between 28 and 32°C. Because nitrification is
accomplished using microorganisms, the temperature of the wastewater
should not drop below 4°C or increase above 45°C. Outside of this
temperature range, the reaction slows dramatically as the microorganisms
slow down.

 Oxygen - The presence of dissolved oxygen in the water is an essential

factor to consider. Because the aerobic bacteria involved in nitrification
require oxygen to survive, the dissolved oxygen concentration must be
around 3 mg/L to achieve optimal reaction rates. Below 1.5 mg/L, the rate
of nitrification slows dramatically until it is totally inhibited at 0.5 mg/L.

 pH - The ideal pH level is 7.5. Nitrogen is most readily available to the different
microorganisms involved in nitrification at this pH. Outside of this range, the rate
of reaction can be drastically reduced.

Chemical Contaminants - Many chemical contaminants that may be present in wastewater

are toxic to microorganisms. Chemical solvents, amines, phenols, ethers, and metals are only
a few examples. These contaminants can reduce the rate of reaction of microorganisms but
can also kill them if the concentration becomes too high. As a result, it is critical to test the
water to be treated for the presence of chemicals that are hazardous to microorganisms.

2. What are the types of traps and cleanouts used in plumbing systems, and what
are their functions and locations?

TRAPS
1. Gully Traps- These plumbing traps are constructed outside the structure to
collect wastewater from sinks, washbasins, restrooms, and other fixtures.
They are connected to the closest building drain or sewer to prevent sewage
gas from entering the home. The depth of the water seal in gully traps should
be at least 50 mm. The following three shapes are available for gully traps:
 P Trap - UPV sheet or cast iron are used to make this trap. The water seal on
this trap prevents a portion of bad gases from entering the house.

S Trap - This kind of plumbing trap resembles a P and is used to repair latrine
water closets. The S-shaped trap is used for an outlet through the floor, whilst
the P-shaped trap is used for an outlet through the wall, which is the only
difference between the two.

Q Trap - The latrine-submerged storage chamber uses these types of

plumbing traps. It functions almost exactly like a S trap and is only utilized on
the upper stories, not the ground floor.

2. Floor trap - The floor traps are provided to prevent the bad gases from
entering the structure by acting as a water seal. A floor trap or it is built into
the floor to collect wastewater from the bathroom, wash area, washbowl,
kitchen sinks, and other locations. Floor traps are available in PVC, UPVC,
and CI; they lack vent pipes but do have detachable grinding at the top of the
traps.

3. Bottle Trap - In cases when the machines don't have an underlying trap, a
bottle plumbing trap is provided to collect waste from the sinks, kitchen sinks,
and other equipment. Bottle traps are compact and adaptable, and are
frequently used in limited locations or for aesthetic purposes. It is critical to
select the correct t rap based on plumbing requirements and building laws.

4. Intercepting Trap – These traps are inserted into the interceptor manhole
(chamber). At the intersection of building sewer and public sewer, an
interceptor sewer vent is offered. By offering a water seal, that blocking sort of
trap is provided to prevent the bad gases from public sewers from entering the
building sewer.

5. Grease Trap - A grease trap is installed in the waste stream from at least one
installation to isolate and hold grease. This type of trap is a device that
collects waste grease and may be cleaned from the surface. This is typically
used in the food processing unit.

CLEANOUTS

1. Inside Cleanouts - Inside cleanouts are common in homes in colder

climates, and they are frequently located in basements. They are
discovered indoors because the cold can cause them to freeze over and
become very difficult to enter, therefore it is critical that they are
accessible. Because the main drainpipe is upright, the inside cleanout is
frequently connected to it.
 2. Outside Cleanouts - Outside cleanouts are common outside of
residences, particularly in warm climates. They are frequently linked to the
main sewer and can be difficult to identify if you are unfamiliar with them.
They are typically found as a pipe emerging from the ground, and clogs
can be removed.

3. Drain Cleanouts Indoors - Inside cleanouts are frequently seen close to

sinks, showers, and bathtubs, as they all have plumbing traps. Because
the plumbing traps are fashioned like a 'U,' clogs are particularly common
because objects can quickly become lodged in the bottom of the 'U' shape.
Cleanouts are positioned near plumbing traps so that you may readily
access them and clear the pipe of obstructions.

3. What are the requirements for water closet bowls for public use,
according to the plumbing code for the Philippines?

According to the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines based on its stipulated
Principle No.16 states that:
PRINCIPLE No. 16–No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted or ventilated. (National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines, 1999) This means that a bathroom or toilet may not have a window
opening for natural light and ventilation, but it still needs to have artificial lighting and
an exhaust fan to function. This explains why bathrooms and toilets in hotels and
hospitals are arranged along hallways and without window openings, but with lamps
and exhaust fans instead.

4. What are the common coagulants used in wastewater treatment, and

what are their effects on the pH and alkalinity of the treated water?

1. Coagulation of Organic Compounds

Organic coagulants perform best in solid-liquid separation. They are

also viable methods for reducing sludge formation. Because they are
organic, these coagulants have the additional benefit of acting at lower
doses and having no influence on the pH of your water.
Organic coagulants are typically based on the formulas listed below:

 PolyAMINEs and PolyDADMACs - These cationic coagulants

are the most commonly used organic coagulants and work
solely by charge neutralization. PolyAMINEs and
PolyDADMACs neutralize the negative charge of colloids in your
water, resulting in the formation of a spongy mass known as a
"microfloc." However, because they only coagulate through
charge neutralization, they offer no advantages in terms of the
sweep-floc process.

 Melamine Formaldehydes and Tannins - These natural

coagulants function in a manner similar to inorganic coagulants
in that they both coagulate colloidal particles in water and add
their own precipitated floc. This sweep-floc precipitate can
absorb organic elements like oil and grease while coagulating
undesirable particles in your water. These coagulants are ideal
for processes that generate hazardous sludge, such as those
found in oil refineries, because the precipitate dewaters
everything to a low moisture concentration.

2. Inorganic Coagulant - Inorganic coagulants are often less

expensive than organic coagulants, making them a cost-effective
alternative for a wide range of water treatment applications. They
are very effective when used on low turbidity raw water.

Inorganic coagulants produce aluminum or iron precipitates when

mixed with water. These aid in water cleaning by absorbing
contaminants when they fall into the water. This mechanism is
known as the "sweep-floc" mechanism. However, this can increase
the amount of sludge that must be treated and removed.

Types of Inorganic Coagulants

 Aluminum Sulfate - Alum is a popular coagulant and one of

the most common water treatment compounds in industrial
applications. after alum is manufactured as a liquid, the
crystalline form is formed after the liquid is dehydrated. It
should be mentioned that alum is somewhat dangerous and
has similar health effects/corrosion properties to diluted
sulfuric acid.
 Polyaluminum Chloride and Aluminum Chlorohydrate -
These inorganic coagulants are best used for more basic
water supplies.

 Ferric Sulfate and Ferrous Sulfate - While ferric sulfate is

more often utilized, both iron coagulants function similarly to
aluminum coagulants. Ferrous sulfate is commonly used in
applications that demand a reducing agent or an excess of
soluble iron ions.

 Ferric Chloride - While ferric sulfate is more often utilized,

both iron coagulants function similarly to aluminum
coagulants. Ferrous sulfate is commonly used in applications
that demand a reducing agent or an excess of soluble iron
ions.