Preliminary tests:

Experiment Observation Inference

1. Colour
2. State
Action of heat: A pinch
of salt is taken in a dry
test tube and heat it
strongly
Flame test : Few drops of
Conc HCl is added to the salt
to make it paste . This is
introduced in to the
flame with the help of
platinum
wire.
Blue or bluish green May be copper salts
Light green May be ferrous salts
Light pink May be manganese salts
Greenish May be nickel salts
White or colour less Absence of Cu2+,Fe2+, Mn2+,
Ni2+salts
Crystalline / amourphous
Water drops are formed on the cooler parts of the test tube White May be hydrated salts
sublimate is formed,with the smell of ammonia is evolved Yellow May be ammonium salts
when hot, white when cold May be zinc salts
Crackling sound is observed May be lead salts
Reddish brown vapours are evolved May be nitrate salts
Blue colour salts changes to white May be CuSO4
Smell of vinegar is observed May be acetate salts
Blue or bluish green flame May be copper salts
Apple greenflame May be Barium salts
Brick red flame May be Calcium salts
Crimson red flame May be Strontium salts
Green flashes May be Zinc salts

“IDENTIFICATION OF ANION”

Test for Carbonate and Acetate ions with dil HCl:

Experiment Observation Inference

To a little amount of salt few drops of
dil HCl is added
To the salt sol BaCl2 sol is added
Colour less, odourless gas (CO 2) with brisk effervesence is Presence of carbonate ion
evolved, it puts off burning splinter & turns lime water
to milky
Colourless gas with Smell of veniger is evolved Presence of acetate ion
White ppt is formed, which is soluble in dil HCl Carbonate ion confirmed

To the little amount of salt neutral Deep red colour sol is formed. On boiling the above sol with Acetate ion confirmed
FeCl3 sol is added water it becomes reddish brown ppt .

To the salt few drops of Conc H2SO4

& C2H5OH is added and heat the Pleasant Fruity odour is observed. Acetate ion confirmed
contents and pour into a beaker
containing water

Test for Chloride, Bromide, Nitrate & Sulphate with Conc H2SO4:

Test with Conc H2SO 4:
To a little amount of salt
Conc H2SO4 is added
Test with Conc H2SO4 + MnO2 : To a
little amount of salt a pinch of solid
MnO2 and few drops of Conc H2 SO4
is added & heated
Test with Conc H2SO 4 + heat : To a
little amount of salt few drops of
Conc H2SO4 is added & heated
Test with copper turnings : To a little
amount of salt copper turnings
& Conc H2SO4 is added then heated
Test with BaCl2: To a few ml of salt
sol, BaCl2 sol is added
Colourless gas with pungent smell is evolved. white dense fumes Presence of chloride ion
are formed when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH sol and placed
at the mouth of the test tube.
Reddish brown vapours with pungent smell are evolved. Presence of bromide ion
Greenish yellow vapours with pungent smell are evolved Presence of chloride ion
Reddish brown vapours with pungent smell are evolved Presence of bromide ion
Reddish brown vapours with fishy odour is evolved Presence of nitrate ion
Deep Reddish brown vapours are evolved and the sol turns
to pale blue Presence of nitrate ion
White ppt is formed, which is insoluble in Conc HCl. Presence of sulphate ion

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract: A small quantity of the salt is mixed with 3 – 4 times (In volume) of anhydrous Na 2CO3.
Just sufficient distilled water is added. Boiled for 10 minutes and filtered. The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract (SCE). It is
- - - - -
tested for Cl , Br , I , NO3 and SO4 .
 CONFIRMATION TEST FOR ANION

Experiment Observation Inference

Confirmation for halides: acidify the salt A white curdy ppt ( AgCl ) is obtained which is soluble in Chloride ion confirmed
sol with dil HNO3 and AgNO3 sol is added NH4OH sol.
Pale yellow ppt ( AgBr ) obtained which is partially Bromide ion confirmed
soluble in NH4OH sol.
Confirmation for nitrate : To the salt sol
freshly prepared FeSO4 sol & few drops of A dark Brown ring [ Fe (NO)SO4 ] is formed at the Nitrate ion confirmed
Conc H2 SO4 is added along the sides of the junction of the two layers
test tube keeping the test tube in an inclined
position.
Confirmation for sulphate : To the salt sol White ppt ( BaSO4 ) is formed, which is insoluble in Sulphate ion confirmed
BaCl2 sol is added Conc HCl
“IDENTIFICATION OF CATION ”
TEST FOR AMMONIUM CATION

Action of NaOH: TO the salt sol add a few Colourless gas with the smell of ammonia is evolved. white May be ammonium
drops of NaOH & heated dense fumes are formed when a glass rod dipped in Conc HCl cation
and brought nearer to the mouth of the test tube
To a few drops of salt sol Nessler’s Ammonium cation
reagent is added Reddish brown ppt is formed confirmed
Preparation of original solution: The original solution is prepared by dissolving the salt with water and acid.
GROUP SEPERATION TABLE:

GROUP NO Group reagent Ppt obtained Cation present

I Original Solution + dil HCl White ppt May be lead cation.
II Original Solution + dil HCl + H2S gas Black ppt May be copper cation.
Original Solution + NH4Cl salt + White gelatinous ppt May be aluminium cation.
III NH4OH sol Dirty green ppt May be ferrous cation.
IV Original Solution + NH4 Cl salt + White ppt May be zinc cation.
NH4OH sol + H2S gas flesh coloured ppt May be manganese cation.
black ppt May be Nickel cation.
V Original Solution + NH4Cl salt + White ppt May be barium (or) calcium
NH4OH sol +(NH4)2CO3 (or)strontium cation.
VI No group reagent ------------------ May be magnesium cation.

CONFIRMATION TESTS FOR CATIONS

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

To the O.S Potassium chromate sol is added. Yellow ppt( PbCrO4) is obtained. Which is Lead cation is confirmed
soluble in NaOH sol
To the O.S potassium ferro cyanide sol is added A Chocolate brown coloured ppt is obtained Copper cation is confirmed
To the O.S NaOH sol is added White gelatinous ppt is obtained, which is Aluminum cation confirmed
soluble in excess of NaOH sol

To the O.S potassium ferro cyanide sol is added
To the O.S NaOH sol is added.
A white ppt is obtained which turns to Ferrous cation is confirmed
light blue when exposed to air
White ppt is obtained, which turns to brown Manganese cation is
colour when exposed to air , which is confirmed
insoluble in excess of NaOH

White ppt is obtained, which is soluble in

Zinc cation is confirmed
excess of NaOH sol

To the O.S NH4OH, Dimethyl glyoxime sol is added A bright Red rose ppt is obtained
Nickel cation is confirmed
White ppt is obtained which is soluble in Barium cation confirmed
To the O.S ammonium oxalate sol is added acetic acid.
White ppt is obtained,which is insoluble Calcium cation confirmed
in acetic acid

To the O.S ammonium sulphate sol is added White ppt is obtained Strontium cation confirmed
To the O.S NH4Cl salt , NH4OH sol and White crystalline ppt is obtained which is Magnesium confirmed
disodium hydrogen phosphate sol is added. soluble in mineral acids / acetic acid

REPORT :- The given salt contains Cation …………………………., Anion ……………………………..