Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Day 1 - Water Supply - DR Arup Das
Day 1 - Water Supply - DR Arup Das
Services in
Large Scale Buildings
Principal Coordinators:
I. Source of water – groundwater sources (wells) and surface water sources (rivers, lakes)
II. Water quality (physical properties – taste, odor, aesthetics; chemical properties – BOD, inorganic content)
and treatment of water
This program is primarily targeted towards the distributional aspects of water supply.
Study of water in motion and at rest is known as Hydraulics. Applied hydraulics is about the computation of flow rates,
pressure and forces in water/wastewater storage and conveyance system.
The study of distribution and movement of water on earth’s surface and under the earth’s surface is called Hydrology.
FLOW:
The volume of water flowing past any given point in a pipe or channel per unit time is called flow rate or discharge rate.
SI unit for flow rate is m3/s.
L/S or MLD i.e.; million litres per day can also be used
1 MLD = 106 L/Day; 1 mgd = 3.79 MLD.
a. Equivalent Pipes
Water Demand from a community range from a minimum to a maximum peak which can be
2 - 4 times the Average Daily Rate.
1. Upward distribution system (for 24×7 supply, water is directly supplied to the building from the
street mains, which has adequate pressure head)
2. Downtake supply system (for intermittent supply or supply with inadequate head, water is first taken
to the overhead reservoir and supplied to all the floors by gravity or, water is supplied to a ground level
storage tank from where it is pumped to overhead reservoir).
Source: api.grundfos.com/
Source: api.grundfos.com/
Source: api.grundfos.com/
Source: archicrewindia.com/
The size of the communication and service pipes are determined on the following basis –
Hazen William’s formula is used for determining the size of the pipes.
If the water supply is intermittent and the hours of supply are irregular, it is sometimes desirable to have a
minimum storage of half a day’s supply and a maximum of 1 day’s supply for overhead tanks. The ground level
tank, where provided, should have a minimum capacity of 50% of the capacity of the overhead storage tank.
The design of the consumers’ pipes or the supply pipe to the fixtures is based on:
The rates at which water is desirably drawn into different types of fixtures are known, these rates become
whole numbers of small size when they are expressed in cubic feet per minute. This unit has therefore been
adopted as a matter of convenience of expression. A rate of 1 cubic feet/minute is called a fixture unit.
The total discharge flow in cubic feet/minute of a single fixture is called the fixture unit flow rate.
Since all the fixtures in a given layout are not expected to be in operation at the same time, the total rate at
which water will probably flow in main supply branches need not equal the sum of the requirements of the
individual fixtures.
In a system with flush tanks, the unit rate of flow or the probable load on water pipes in the building vary from
10% – 3 % (24% – 3% for system with flush valves), when the total fixture units is less than 900.
When total fixture units vary from 900 – 3000, the unit rate flow or probable load on water pipes vary between
3% – 2%. The unit flow rate or probable load is similar for both system with flush valves and system with flush
tanks.