Name: Muhammad Ibrahim Aslam

Class : 2nd Semester (M-1)

Subject : Inorganic Chemistry
Department : Biotechnology
Assignment Submitted to: Prof. Mujahid Iqbal
Reactants and Products
Chemical Reaction
Chemical reactions involve the
transformation of reactants
into products through the
breaking and forming of
chemical bonds. This process
is governed by the law of
conservation of mass.
 Reactants

Reactants are the

starting materials in a
chemical reaction. They
undergo a chemical change
to form products .They can
be in liquid, solid, gaseous
or aqueous state.
As we can see, Glucose and
oxygen react to form carbon
dioxide and water. So glucose
and oxygen are reactants in the
above chemical reaction.
 Products
Products are the substances
formed as a result of a
chemical reaction. They are
different from the reactants and
have different properties.
As we can see ammonia is
formed in the above
chemical reaction . So it
will be considered as a
product because it has
been formed as a result
of the combination of
hydrogen and nitrogen.
Limiting Reactant
Limiting reactant is a reactant that controls the amount of
product formed in a chemical reaction due to its smaller
amount.

Explanation: A limiting reactant in a chemical reaction is

the substance that is used up first, stops the reaction and limit
the amount of product
Example of Limiting Reactant
Suppose we have 8 slices of
bread and 1 jar of peanut
butter.
With 8 slices of bread , only 4
sandwiches would be made so
bread will be limiting reactant
because it is consumed earlier
and controls the amount of
product.
Identification of limiting reactant

1. Calculate the number of moles from the given amount of

reactant.
2. Find out the number of moles of product with the help of a
balanced chemical equation.
3. Identify the reactant which produces the least amount of
product in limiting reactant.
Explanation with Example

As the balanced chemical

equation shows that equal no
.of moles of Hydrogen and
Chlorine is required for HCl.
According to the given
condition chlorine will be
considered as limiting reactant
because it has 2 moles
compared to the Hydrogen
which is excessive reactant
which has 4 moles.
Stoichiometry:
The branch of chemistry which tells us the quantitative
aspects of chemical reaction.

Condition for Stoichiometric Calculation:

All the reactants are completely converted into products.
No side reaction occurs.
Law of conservation of mass should be obeyed.
Mass-Mole Relationship:
If we are given the mass of one substance we can
calculate the moles of other substance and vice versa.
Formula:

Example:
Mass-Mass Relationship:
If we are given the mass of one substance we can calculate
the mass of other substance and vice versa.
Formula:

Example:
Mass-Volume Relationship:
If we are given the mass of one substance we
can calculate the Volume of other substance
and vice versa.
Formula:
Example:
Chemical formula of Compound
There are two types of formula of compound
Empirical Formula :The simplest formula of compound that
gives the atoms of different element present in a compound.
Example: Empirical formula of glucose is CH2O
Molecular Formula :The formula of a substance which is based
on the actual molecule is called molecular formula .It gives the total
no. Of atoms of different element present in the molecule.
Example: Molecular Formula of glucose is C6H12O6
Steps for the calculation of Empirical Formula
Determination of the percentage composition.
Finding the number of gram atoms of each element. For this
purpose divide the mass of each element by its atomic mass.
Determination of the atomic ratio of each element . To get this
,divide the number of moles of each element by the smallest no.
Of atoms.
If the atomic ratio is simple whole number, it gives the empirical
formula, otherwise multiply with a suitable digit to get the whole
number atomic ratio.
Determination of Molecular Formula
Molecular formula of a compound can be derived by the
following relation:
Molecular formula = n (Empirical formula)
Where n is a simple integer. Those compounds which have
same empirical formula and molecular formula , their simple
multiple n is unity .For example H20, CO2 and NH3. However,
the value of n is given by ;
n= Molar mass of the compound/ Empirical formula mass
Explanation with Example
Balancing of Chemical Equation by Oxidation Number Method

Following are the rules for balancing the chemical equation.

Identify the elements, which undergo a change in their oxidation number
during the reaction.
Record the oxidation number above the symbols of the element, which
have undergone a change in the oxidation number.
Indicate the change in oxidation number by arrows joining the atoms on
both sides of the equation .It shows number of electrons gained or lost.
Equate the increase or decrease in the oxidation number, i.e. electrons
gained or lost by multiplying with a suitable digit.
Balance the rest of the equation by inspection method.
Explanation with Example