Ch 18 Sets

18.1 Introducing Set Notation

A set is a collection of objects which are called elements or

members of the set The objects can be numbers animals idea

colours in fact anything you imagine
can

A set can be described by listing all the members of the set

or
by giving a rule to describe the members

The list or rule is enclosed by braces

A even numbers from 2 to 10 inclusive 2 4 6.8.10

B prime numbers from 2 to 11 inclusive 2.3 5 7,11

Symbols
is an element of
square all quadrilaterals
is not an element of
3 even numbers from 2 to 10 inclusive

AMB A intersection B
2 Biber of
A 1 2,3 B 2,4 6 app go A
AUB A union B
members of both
B
A 1 2,3 B 2.4.61 AUB 1 2,3 4,5 A
 n A Number of elements in a set A

A 3 6 9,12 u A 4 four elements

for Empty set

A days of the week that start with the letter x A

A is empty set because there are no my days that start with

letter x

E Universal set it has elements of all the related sets

without elements
any repetition of
Ex 18.1

a A 21,23 25 27,29 31
b UCA 6 6 elements

B Multiples of 5 from 5 to 25 inclusive

a A 2.3 4 5 6,7

b B 6 7,8 9,10 11

c 21,22 23 24,25

is not an element of

M7 7,14 21,28 35.42.49 56

Factors 144 1 2,3 4,6 8 9,12 16 8,2436,4872,144

is an element of
 A B
AMB

AMB Hardback fiction books belonging to John

Union

a PUQ All even numbers or all oddnumbers

The set of all whole numbers integers

intersection

b p 0 empty set
There are no common elements in set

A and B
E 1 2 3,4 5 6 7 8,9 10 50

A 3 6,9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36,39 42 45 48

B 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

a i n A 16 16 elements

ii u B 10

common elements of A and B

b AMB 15.30.45

Multiples of 15 between 1 and 50

a Because quadrilaterals have 4 sides whereas triangles have 3

b BMC Equilateral triangles s w
̅
c An C squares and rhombuses 360 64
i i
I
A 6 12 18 24

B 4 8 12 163

C 5 10 15 20 25

a i n A 5 5 elements

ii n B 4 4 elements
between
no common elements
iii u ANC 0 Anc A and C

b BMC no common elements between B and C

A 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

B 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
common elements of both A and B
a AMB 11
123
b AUB 5 6,7 8,9 10,11 12 13 14,15 16 17 18,19
all elements of
is get's 2 5 x 20 AorB
 18.2 Venn Diagrams

A Venn diagram illustrates the relationships between two

or more data sets

Venn diagrams are

especially useful for highlighting similaviti
and differences and are commonly used to compare and contra
the characteristics of different data sets

In Venn diagram circles are used to represent each dat

set

Set A is said to be a subset of set B if all the

elements of set A are also present in Set B In other word
Set A is contained inside Set B
E Pascal Students
E
Ba B Year 4 Students

A HD

Notation
a is a subset of B
 Ex 18.2

C CA C is a subset of A
BAC B and C have no common elements

of P and Q
common elements of P and Q

12 4 6
3

a H 16

T 10 16 4 12
Only H
H N T 4 T 10 4 6
Only
E 25 Neither HorT 25 12 6 4 3

b Neither HorT 25 12 6 4 3 children

 C

ANC A and C have no common elements

BMC B and C have no common elements

HW

PMR P and R have no common elements

QTR Q and R to have some common elements

4
6 2

Much I 4

M 17 MMC 17 5 2 4 6

C 20 CMI 20 8 6 4 2

b I 2 7 4 2 15 people

c 40 5 2 6 4 7 2 8 6 people
P 2,3 5 7 11 13 17,19

2 4,6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

R 1 4,9 16

5 6 8
R

A set which contains only one element

is called a
Singleton set
b Ph Q 2

empty set

c PAR Paud R have no common elements

 I B
10 X X 12

a 10 12 9 26

21 26

5 5 liked both

I B
b 5 5 7

e 9

Only I 10 5 5

Only B 12 5 7

c Exactly one
Only I Only B
5 7

12
NW

a p
R
Q

PUQ CR The Union of Paud Q is a subset of R

P
b Q TCQ T is a subset of Q
TAP D T and P have no
e common elements
AN E

2 4
13 8

BushBicycle 20 10 2 4 4

Car n Bicycle 15 7 2 4 2

Only Bicycle 18 2 4 4 8

Neither Car or Bus or Bicycle 50 7 2 2 4 10 4 8 13

Fred's statement is incorrect because 13 people do

not use car bus or bicycle but they could use other
forms of transport train motorcycle etc
 18.3 Further Venn diagrams

The Complement of set A is defined as a set that

contains the elements present in the universal set but
not in set A

Notation A Complement of A
Ex E 2,416,8 10,12
A 4.6.87

then A 2,10 12

E A
468 12

Note that A A
 Ex 18.3

a b
p a p a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

B 3 6,9 12 15

a A 2,4 6.8 10 12 14

b A 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 odd numbers from 1 to 15 inclusive

c B 1,2 4 5 7,8 10 11 13 141

AM B 2,4 8 10,14
a b
A B A B
AnB
A'nB

c
A B

P a e i o u

a P b c d f gh j k I m n P f r s t V w x Y Z

consonants

b R P's Q B C D
i
n R 3
 A B A B

C C

A B
A B
AMB

P Q P Q

R R

p Q

P Q

p'UQ
A B
A B

C C

A B
A B

P P
Q Q

R R

PUQ PUQIAR
 Review Exercise 18

PAQ QCP

a Chess 10 9 6 2 27

b 6 2 1 24

19 24 d Total 10 6 9 2 11 5 6 13

5 62

c 9 2 5 4 22

Y 16 22

6
a i AMB 1,3

ii AUB 1 2,3 4,5

b The number 3 is an element of set A

RCP R is a subset of P
Q R QAR Q and R have no common

p elements

Q is a subset of P
PUQ P
All elements of Panda
are P
a i
A B

AMB

ii 5 10,15 Multiples of 5 but not 3

b i 10,20 30 40 50 60
A B
C

ii 15,45 75 Multiples of 15 but not 10