ABSTRACT

The number π (/paɪ/; spelled out as "pi") is a

mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to
3.14159. The number π appears in many formulae across
mathematics and physics. It is an irrational number,
meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of
two integers, although fractions such as 22/7 are
commonly used to approximate it. Consequently, its
decimal representation never ends, nor enters a
permanently repeating pattern. It is a transcendental
number, meaning that it cannot be a solution of an
equation involving only sums, products, powers, and
integers. The transcendence of π implies that it is
impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the
circle with a compass and straightedge. The decimal
digits of π appear to be randomly distributed,[a] but no
proof of this conjecture has been found.

Pi has interested people around the world for over 4,000

years. Many mathematicians – from famous ones such
as Fibonacci, Newton, Leibniz, and Gauss, to lesser well-
known mathematical minds – have toiled over pi,
calculated its digits, and applied it in numerous areas of
mathematics. Some spent the better parts of their lives
calculating just a few digits. Here is a sampling of the
many milestones in the life of pi.

Early decimal approximations for pi were obtained in a

number of different ways. For example, in ancient
Babylon, rope stretchers marking the locations of
buildings and boundaries estimated pi to be \(\frac{25}
{8}\) = 3.125. The ancient Egyptians determined the
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ratio to be \((\frac{16}{9})^{2}\) ≈ 3.16. The earliest
calculations of pi were largely based on measurement.

Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, was the first to use

an algorithmic approach to calculate pi. He drew a
polygon inside a circle and drew a second polygon
outside of the circle. Then he continuously added more
and more sides of both polygons, getting closer and
closer to the shape of the circle.

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For thousands of years, mathematicians have attempted
to extend their understanding of π, sometimes by
computing its value to a high degree of accuracy.
Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and
Babylonians, required fairly accurate approximations of
π for practical computations. Around 250 BC, the Greek
mathematician Archimedes created an algorithm to
approximate π with arbitrary accuracy. In the 5th century
AD, Chinese mathematicians approximated π to seven
digits, while Indian mathematicians made a five-digit
approximation, both using geometrical techniques. The
first computational formula for π, based on infinite
series, was discovered a millennium later.The earliest
known use of the Greek letter π to represent the ratio of a
circle's circumference to its diameter was by the Welsh
mathematician William Jones in 1706.

ZERO
Zero as a concept has been around since ancient times,
popping up in Babylonian and Mayan inscriptions, when
it was used to calculate the passage of the seasons. In
today’s world, zero plays a big role unknowingly. Some
of the uses are listed below.

0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. As a

number, 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the
additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and other
algebraic structures.

In place-value notation such as decimal, 0 also serves as

a numerical digit to indicate that that position's power of
10 is not multiplied by anything or added to the resulting
number. This concept appears to have been difficult to

3
discover.

0 is the integer immediately preceding 1. Zero is an even

number because it is divisible by 2 with no remainder. 0
is neither positive nor negative, or both positive and
negative; cf. Signed zero. Many definitions include 0 as
a natural number, in which case it is the only natural
number that is not positive. Zero is a number which
quantifies a count or an amount of null size. In most
cultures, 0 was identified before the idea of negative
things (i.e., quantities less than zero) was accepted.

As a value or a number, zero is not the same as the digit

zero, used in numeral systems with positional notation.
Successive positions of digits have higher weights, so
the digit zero is used inside a numeral to skip a position
and give appropriate weights to the preceding and
following digits. A zero digit is not always necessary in a
positional number system (e.g., the number 02). In some
instances, a leading zero may be used to distinguish a
number.

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Common names for the number 0 in English are zero,
nought, naught , nil. In contexts where at least one
adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter O, the
number is sometimes pronounced as oh or o . Informal or
slang terms for 0 include zilch and zip. Historically,
ought, aught , and cipher have also been used.

Zero is the smallest number non-negative integer the

immediately precedes 1. It is an even number as it as it is
divisible by 2 with the remainder itself 0 { 0 ≡ 0 (mod
2)} i.e. no remainder . It cannot be termed as a positive
or a negative number. The correct way of describing zero
would be a number which equals to cardinality or an
amount of null size.

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1 is the natural number that follows 0 and there is no
natural number that precedes 0. 0 is usually not
considered as a natural number but it is definitely an
integer and therefore a rational and real number. It also
falls under the category of complex and algebraic
numbers.

0 is usually presented as the central number in a number

line. 0 can definitely not be termed as a prime number as
it has a number of factors and cannot be composite as
well. The reason behind 0 not been termed as a
composite number is the inability to express the digit as a
product of prime numbers as 0 is itself a factor.

INTRODUCTION
PI (π) -PI(Π)is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet.
It is used to represent a special mathematical constant
defined as the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter, which

is approximately equal to 3.1415926535897932 (upto 16

decimal places). π is an irrational

and transcendental number, which means it cannot be

expressed as a ratio of two integers

and has an infinite number of digits in its digital

representation. Further, it is not the

solution of any non-integer polynomial with rational

coefficients. The computation of π is

one of the ancient topics of mathematics that is still of

serious interest to modern mathematical research. Due to
its importance, a special day called ’Pi day’ is also

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celebrated

on March 14th because of its date, i.e. 3/14, which

contains first three significant digits in

approximation of π. ’Π Approximation Day’ is also

observed on July 22nd i.e.22/7 format

because it is the common approximation of π.

pi, in mathematics, the ratio of the circumference of a

circle to its diameter. The symbol π was devised by
British mathematician William Jones in 1706 to
represent the ratio and was later popularized by Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler. Because pi is irrational
(not equal to the ratio of any two whole numbers), its
digits do not repeat, and an approximation such as 3.14
or 22/7 is often used for everyday calculations. To 39
decimal places, pi is
3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197

Integration is no longer commonly used in a first

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analytical definition because, as Remmert 2012 explains,
differential calculus typically precedes integral calculus
in the university curriculum, so it is desirable to have a
definition of π that does not rely on the latter. One such
definition, due to Richard Baltzer and popularized by
Edmund Landau, is the following: π is twice the smallest
positive number at which the cosine function equals 0. π
is also the smallest positive number at which the sine
function equals zero, and the difference between
consecutive zeroes of the sine function. The cosine and
sine can be defined independently of geometry as a
power series, or as the solution of a differential equation.
ZERO (0) -
Zero. It is the first whole number in our number system.
The single number has changed the way we perceive
Maths and Science. Without zero, we would have no
financial accounting or calculus; in fact, we wouldn’t
even have the numbers like the present-day ones. But
why do we have to know who discovered zero?

It’s not a reach to say that the number is responsible for

the explosion of technology we see today. What has zero
got to do with technology, you wonder? 0 and 1 make up
the binary code. The Binary code denotes text, computer
processor instructions, or any other data that uses a two-
symbol system. Most modern computers use binary
language for instructions and data. It is also used when
storing data on CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, and long-
distance telephone calls over various mobile networks.

So, what is the story behind who discovered zero? Many

historians and mathematicians have studied various
ancient civilizations to know in-depth about the
invention and propagation of Maths and mathematic
formulas. One such discovery is the creation and

8
transformation of this unique number.

he first modern equivalent of the numeral zero comes

from a Hindu astronomer and mathematician
Brahmagupta in 628. His symbol to depict the numeral
was a dot underneath a number. He also wrote standard
rules for reaching zero through addition and subtraction
and the results of operations that include the digit.

A circle inscribed on a temple wall in Gwalior, India,

dates back to the ninth century. According to the
University of Oxford, this is the oldest recorded example
of zero. The numeral can also be seen on an ancient
Indian scroll called the Bhakehali Manuscript.
Discovered in 1881, the scroll was assumed to have been
a contemporary of the temple in Gwalior, but modern
carbon dating reveals its origin in the third or fourth
century. Thus, many scientists opine that India
discovered zero.

PARTS OF PI(π)
Pi can be used to show percentages of a whole, and
represents percentages at a set point in time. Unlike bar
graphs and line graphs, pie charts do not show changes

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over time. The following pages describe the different
parts of a pie chart.

There are four types of PI(π)

The Title.
The title offers a short explanation of what is in your
graph.The title offers a short explanation of what is in
your graph. This helps the reader identify what they are
about to look at. It can be creative or simple as long as it
tells what is in the chart. The title of this chart tells the
reader that the graph contains information about how
money is spent for public education for the average
student.A good order for slices can make it much easier
for a reader to understand what the plot is saying. A
typical ordering goes from the largest slice to the
smallest slice, very useful when there are categories with
very similar values. However, if the category levels have
an inherent ordering, then plotting slices in that order is
usually better.

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As for choosing a start point, it’s a good idea to plot
slices from a cardinally-oriented direction. Visualization
tools will usually start from the right or from the top.
While starting from the right has a mathematical basis
regarding conventions on measuring angles, starting
from the top feels more intuitive, since it matches how
we read from top to bottom, and how we think about
progression of time on a clock or watch face.
The Legend.
The legend tells what each slice represents.The legend
tells what each slice represents. Just like on a map, the
legend helps the reader understand what they are looking
at. This legend tells us that the green slice represents
money spent on instruction, the blue slice represents
money spent on support services, and the orange slice
represents money spent on non-instruction activities.

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egends in Pie Chart are shown for each data point instead
of data series. This is because each slice in a pie graph
are proportional to their contribution towards the total
sum. You can also attach event to chart legends. Given
example shows a Pie Chart with clickable Legends.The
pie chart above clearly shows that 90% of all students
and faculty members at Avenue High School do not want
to have a uniform dress code and that only 10% of the
school population would like to have one. This point is
clearly emphasized by its visual separation from the rest
of the pie.

The use of the pie charts is quite popular, as the circle

provides a visual concept of the whole (100%). Pie
charts are also one of the most commonly used charts
because they are simple to use. Despite its popularity, pie
charts should be used sparingly for two reasons. First,
they are best used for displaying statistical information
when there are no more than six components only—
otherwise, the resulting picture will be too complex to
understand. Second, pie charts are not useful when the
values of each component are too similar because it is
difficult to see the differences between slice sizes.

A pie chart uses percentages to compare information.

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Percentages are used because they are the easiest way to
represent a whole. The whole is equal to 100%. For
example, if you spend 7 hours at school and 55 minutes
of that time is spent eating lunch, then 13.1% of your
school day was spent eating lunch. To present this in a
pie chart, you would need to find out how many degrees
represent 13.1%. This calculation is done by developing
the equation:

The Source
The source explains where you found the information
that is in your graph. The source explains where you
found the information that is in your graph. It is
important to give credit to those who collected your data!
In this graph, the source tells us that we found our
information from the NCES Common Core of Data. A
bar graph uses rectangular bars that are either horizontal
or vertical to represent data. The length of each bar
relates to the measurement in the data. The bars that are
used are the same width, but the height of each bar varies
depending on the data. In that way, it is easy to see
which piece of data ranks higher, has more volume, or
has more of whatever was measured as well as which
sets of data (or bars) have less. The value zero plays a
special role for many physical quantities. For some
quantities, the zero level is naturally distinguished from
all other levels, whereas for others it is more or less
arbitrarily chosen.

13
A bar graph easily compares different sets of data
(represented by the different bars). It uses two axes: one
names the categories while the other shows the range of
values. The relationship between the two is shown with
the bars. A bar graph can also show major changes in
data over time by comparing days, weeks, months, or
years between the data sets. Pie is a useful way to
organize data in order to see the size of components
relative to the whole, and are particularly good at
showing percentage or proportional data. While pie
charts are popular data representations, they can be hard
to read, and it can be difficult to compare data from one
pie chart to another. Pie charts are a useful way to
visualize information that might be presented in a small
table.

The Data
The most important part of your chart is the information,
or data, it contains. Pie charts represent data as part of
100 (a percentage). Each slice represents a different

14
piece of data. The pie chart is an important type of data
representation.The most common practice throughout
human history has been to start counting at one, and this
is the practice in early classic computer programming
languages such as Fortran and COBOL. However, in the
late 1950s LISP introduced zero-based numbering for
arrays while Algol 58 introduced completely flexible
basing for array subscripts (allowing any positive,
negative, or zero integer as base for array subscripts),
and most subsequent programming languages adopted
one or other of these positions. For example, the
elements of an array are numbered starting from 0 in C,
so that for an array of n items the sequence of array
indices runs from 0 to n−1.

There can be confusion between 0- and 1-based

indexing; for example, Java's JDBC indexes parameters
from 1 although Java itself uses 0-based indexing. It
contains different segments and sectors in which each
segment and sector of a pie chart forms a specific portion
of the total(percentage). The sum of all the data is equal
to 360°. The total value of the pie is always 100%.

π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and

geometry, especially those concerning circles, ellipses

15
and spheres. It is also found in formulae from other
topics in science, such as cosmology, fractals,
thermodynamics, mechanics, and electromagnetism. In
modern mathematical analysis, it is often instead defined
without any reference to geometry; therefore, it also
appears in areas having little to do with geometry, such
as number theory and statistics. The ubiquity of π makes
it one of the most widely known mathematical constants
inside and outside of science. Several books devoted to π
have been published, and record-setting calculations of
the digits of π often result in news headlines.

PARTS OF ZERO
0 (zero) is a number representing an empty quantity. As a
number, 0 fulfills a central role in mathematics as the
additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and other
algebraic structures.

In place-value notation such as decimal, 0 also serves as

a numerical digit to indicate that that position's power of
10 is not multiplied by anything or added to the resulting
number. This concept appears to have been difficult to
discover.

It is only one part which is 0

Zero is the number that represents no amount or no

objects. The numbers 1, 2, 3, and onwards are called
natural numbers. Zero and the natural numbers together
are called whole numbers. Zero is represented by the
symbol “0.”

16
And not to forget the importance of zero becoming the
basis for the binary system of computers.

Everything digital today depends on zero. The computer

understands binary language, which consists of two
digits: 0 and 1. So the digital age could not have been
possible without the ubiquitous zero. Hence proven, that
the requirement of zero is felt in our everyday lives.

APPLICATIONS OF PI (π)
Pi. Represented by the Greek letter of ‘p’, pi is one of the
most recognized numbers in maths, being used to find
the area and circumference of a circle. With pi day on
March 14, it is important to celebrate this amazing
discovery, but what importance does this value hold
outside of our maths lessons. The first calculation of π
was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one
of the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world.
Archimedes approximated the area of a circle by using
the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular
polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the
polygon within which the circle was circumscribed.
Since the actual area of the circle lies between the areas
of the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of

17
the polygons gave upper and lower bounds for the area
of the circle

Firstly, pi allows us to communicate to satellites. For

example, to get Wi-Fi to work on planes, the antenna of a
plane has to be pointed towards the satellite its accessing
the Wi-Fi from. To do this, engineers use trigonometry,
which uses pi, to calculate the direction that the antenna
has to be facing. So, without pi, we wouldn’t be able to
predict the weather, track cargo ships, or even just open
google maps on your phone!

Furthermore, pi is used widely in the field of

architecture. Bridges, mosques, and many buildings all
share the characteristic of using arches. This could be to
support the structure or even for aesthetic purposes.
However, since arches are semicircles, pi helps in
determining the perimeter which in turn helps in
calculating the amount of material required for
construction. This is significant because if architects had
to estimate the cost of construction, they could be wildly
inaccurate which would affect the construction and most
definitely get them fired.

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Q.1: Compute the value of π, if a circle has a radius as 7
cm and circumference as 44 cm.

Solution: Given here:

c = 44 cm

d = 2×7=14cm

Also, formula is,

π=c/d=4414

= 3.142857142…..

Finally, while pi is used for crucial calculations that

affect our daily lives, it can also be used for smaller scale
needs, like barcode printers. These printers, which are
employed in hospitals, warehouses, power plants, and
other locations, print on a wide range of materials,
including paper and polyester, each of which requires a
distinct roll length. If the rolls are built too large, they
won’t fit in the printer and so a formula is made that
finds the maximum roll length of a material using pi.

pi, in mathematics, the ratio of the circumference of a

circle to its diameter. The symbol π was devised by
19
British mathematician William Jones in 1706 to
represent the ratio and was later popularized by Swiss
mathematician Leonhard Euler. Because pi is irrational
(not equal to the ratio of any two whole numbers), its
digits do not repeat, and an approximation such as 3.14
or 22/7 is often used for everyday calculations. To 39
decimal places, pi is
3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197.

APPLICATIONS OF ZERO (0)

In the place value system, zero is used as a placeholder
and as a number in the numerals. Despite zero's assumed
valuelessness, its applications are enormous. It is used in
mathematics, algebra, geometry, physics, geography, and
everyday situation. Since there are so many applications
and ways in which zero has advanced mathematics, here
we explore only one application that I discovered while
working on this project. This application comes from the
use of zero in differentiable calculus. Because of zero,
we can create equations representing profit and cost and
determine how to get the most profit out of a business.
For example, check out this Khan academy video on
maximizing profit for a shoe company.

Although zero is one of the most frustrating numbers to

work with at times, such as trying to divide by it, it has
brought about mathematics that would not have been
possible without it. It is truly one of the greatest
discoveries and influential numbers in the history of
mathematics, and it still contains great value and worth
to us today.

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The discovery of Zero took place in a series of steps:
First as a placeholder and then as a digit. Zero was
initially used as a placeholder. It was used in many
civilizations, from Babylonia to Egyptian. According to
historian Robert Kaplan, zero was used as a placeholder
5000 years ago in Mesopotamia. They were written using
a pair of angled wedges. Later on, the Chinese and the
Babylonians came up with their own versions of zero.
Yet, both of them were used as placeholders too.
Babylonia had trade relations with the Indian
subcontinent. This way, the Babylonian concept of zero
traveled to India. Brahmagupta, a Hindu astronomer,
came up with the modern equivalent of zero. He
formulated a symbol that was a dot below the number.
This symbol was Brahmagupta's zero. We can say that a
number is the arranged group of digits formed while
forming numbers with the given digits. Numbers can be
formed with or without digit repetition. Let’s look at how
zero is used in number formation.

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Example: Let us say that the given digits are 1,2,0,4
and we need to form a 4 digit number.
If we will keep 0
on the extreme left side, we will get a 3 digit number. As
0
has no value on the left side of a number.
The formed number is 0124or 124
So, we cannot use 0
at the extreme left to form a 4 digit number.
If we keep 0 on any place (except extreme left), then we
can form four-digit numbers. Example:
1024,1204,4021,… etc.
CONCLUSION
Pi refers to the ratio of the circumference to the diameter
of a circle. So its approximate value is 3.14159 and often
shortened to 3.14. The decimal in Pi never ends because

22
the numbers never repeat themselves in a permanent
pattern. Due to this fact, the number repeats it is not
possible to find a circle’s true circumference or area. The
record for calculating Pi is with 5 trillion digits! The
closest fraction to represent Pi is found to be 227. But
even this is not completely accurate.

The first calculations of Pi were done in the Babylonians

in 2000 BC who determined it as 3.125. Further, the
Ancient Egyptians came to the conclusion that it was
3.143. Then Plato determined it to be 3.146. Later on,
Isaac Newton, who is considered to be calculus’ father,
was able to calculate Pi to 16 decimal points.

⦁ Rhind Papyrus made the first attempt to try and

calculate pi. He built a square inside a circle to
calculate the diameter.

⦁ The symbol for Pi was introduced by William

Jones in the year 1706.

⦁ The first 36 digits of Pi are the Ludolphine

Number. This number was named after Rudolph
Van Ceulen who spent the majority of his life
calculating the first 36 numbers.

⦁ We celebrate Pi Day on 14th of March every year.

Thus, we represent this date numerically by 314.

⦁ There are no zeros in the first 31 digits of Pi.

⦁ Some mathematicians believe that it is better to

say that circles have an infinite number of corners
than to say that they have zero corners

We define the number π mathematically as follows:

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π=c/d

1. The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2πr.

2. We denote the area of a circle with radius r as πr2.

3. The volume of a sphere with radius r is 4/3πr3.

4. The surface area of a sphere with radius r is4πr2.

What conclusions can we draw from π

Well, π is just a number. You can’t really conclude

much from just a number. What conclusions can we draw
from

What conclusions can we draw from the fact that the

ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter does
not depend on the size of the circle, but is the same for
all circles (in Euclidean geometry, that is)? Well, that’s
more interesting, but essentially it just means exactly
that. The circumference of a circle is a linear property. It
scales linearly with the radius.

What is the conclusion we can draw from the movie “Pi”

Well, that’s open to debate, just like with any other work
of fiction and/or art.

When reducing π to just its decimal representation, what

are the last digits in its representation? I assume that’s
what you probably meant, but it’s not a great question,
really. The decimal representation of a number is usually
not the most enlightening. And, of course, π does not
have a finite decimal representation (just like almost all
real numbers), so the question becomes meaningless.

REFERANCE
PI is a mathematical constant with the value 3.1415927.
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It is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its
diameter.

This fact is illustrated by the convergence of curves at x=

0 in the plot above, which shows a^x for a=0.2, 0.4, ...,
2.0. It can also be seen more intuitively by noting that
repeatedly taking the square root of a number >1 gives
smaller and smaller numbers that approach one from
above, while doing the same with a number between 0
and 1 gives larger and larger numbers that approach one
from below. For n square roots, the total power taken is ,
which approaches 0 as n is large, giving a^0=1 in the
limit that n is large.

itself is undefined. The lack of a well-defined meaning

for this quantity follows from the mutually contradictory
facts that a^0 is always 1, so 0^0 should equal 1, but 0^a
is always 0 (for a>0), so 0^0 should equal 0. It could be
argued that 0^0=1 is a natural definition since. he paper
presents a novel method, Zero-Reference Deep Curve
Estimation (Zero-DCE), which formulates light
enhancement as a task of image-specific curve estimation
with a deep network. Our method trains a lightweight
deep network, DCE-Net, to estimate pixel-wise and high-
order curves for dynamic range adjustment of a given
image. The curve estimation is specially designed,
considering pixel value range, monotonicity, and
differentiability. Zero-DCE is appealing in its relaxed
assumption on reference images, i.e., it does not require
any paired or unpaired data during training. This is
achieved through a set of carefully formulated non-
reference loss functions, which implicitly measure the
enhancement quality and drive the learning of the
network. Our method is efficient as image enhancement
can be achieved by an intuitive and simple nonlinear

25
curve mapping.

Zero also has certain special properties that make it

unique. These properties help define what zero is in

26
math.

Each property of zero tells us how it interacts with other

numbers through operations like addition, subtraction,
division, or multiplication. Let’s understand how these
properties work in operations with zero!

Different Arithmetic Operations with Zero

Operations with zero can be understood based on its

addition property, subtraction property, multiplication
property, and division property. Let’s take a look at
these.

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