CONFUCIUS

8
CITY 1 l l
T 7 ; -2c
.n A T
-,, . L ~rm,
FREDERICK
P R I N C E o f WALES,

S Your R O Y A L
I, - --
-

,
,
'r

- :*-
.
Goodners a n d
-6
).

1' : I H I G H N E S S ' S
:/
1

t c'
<
- __
--
, d _.
A
+-
+

:: Condefceniion are
~ z G L - - k - -
-.

fo well known, I
&all not make any Apology
for
C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4'
''2
 D E D I C A T I O N .
for the Prefumption of this
Addreis: The amiable Qua-
lities which You are poffeb'd
of, and which render You
the D E L I G H T of Mankind,
greatly diminifh that flavifh
Dread wherewith we might
otherwife approach the Heir
apparent of thek Kingdoms.
With how much Pleafure
do all the thinking 'part of
the Nation behold You dai-
ly exercifing thofe Virtues
which are the brighteit Or-
nament of a Private Life,
and which will one Day, ac-
cording to the Courre of Na-
\
ture, add mew Splendor to
the
the B R I T I S HC R O W N !
There, together with Your

and conitant Veneration for

the Cotlfiitution, are the moit
rathaal Foundations for the
Applaufes of the Publick
'

which you happily enjoy; and

muR for ever fecure the
Hearts of all who have any
Regard for the Peace and
Profperity of their Country.
This WORK, which I beg
leave to lay a t Your R o Y A L
H I G H N E S SFeetpcdntains
'S
a Defcription of the moit pa-
tent and flourifhing Nation of
the Eait, and is indeed a Sub-
A4 je&
 DEDICATION.
je& worthy the Attention ~f
the greatelk P R I N c E ; for no-
thing has a Tendency to en-
large the M I N D more than
a view of the Manners, Cu-
Aoms, Policy, and Religion
of a People who once thought
themfelves the politeit in the
World.
From the Hiitory of their:
Emperors you will find, what
you have long fince learnt,
That the mofi defpotick Power
is no Security to the fupreme
Magiftrate when he degene-
rates into a Tyrant, or difco-
vers no Regard for the Pub-,
lick
. Welfare; That
I . . - Good- .

neb
 D E D I C A T - I 0 N:
nefs and Clemency are the,
firmeit Support of the Throne,
and that the chiefeit Glory of
a P R I N c E is to reign in the-
Hearts of his SubjeBs.
I could willingly expatiate
on 10 copious a Theme, be-
caufi I am fully perfuaded
Your R O Y A L H I G H N E isS S
beR pleafed with the moft
generous Maxims of Policy ;
but I am afraid -left what
might be intended for a Te-
itimony of my Duty and Ve-
neration, mould be miitaken
for a vain Attempt to inform
You of what is already imprin-
ted on your Mind in indelible
 D E ~ I C A T I O N ;
Charalter$, efpecially my
chief Defign is to fhew with
how much Zeal and profound
Refpea I am

*oj? j d i dftct, ddd ,

mop bumble Servant,

 T H E

P R E F A C E .
S CH f N A is the moR remarkable
of all Countries yet known, the
Engl@ Reader mufi be greatly
pleas'd to find the exaQeit Account
of it that has ever yet ap ear'd in
R
our Language. P du Halde, from w om this
Work is done, has not only taken greater Pains,
but has had infinitely better Helps than any
other Author who has wrote on this Subjea
For, befides the printed ,Relations, he has had
the Advantage of a prodigious number of Ma-
nufcripts, written by the moil skilful of the
Mifionaries, and where thefe have feem'd not
fuficiently clear, he has had the Opportunity
of fatisfying his Doubts from the Converfatiun
of thofe who were beit able to give him the
trueit Informations: But itill fearing lea any
Error might pofiibly have efcap'd him, he had
thoughts of fending the Work into China to
be review'd by fome of the Jefuits refiding
there; when the Arrival pf P. Contancin, on
whom he had chiefly cait his Eyes, render'd it
unneceffaary.
T h i s Father had {pent thirty-two Years in
that difiant Country, ten of which he refided in
Peking, where he was Superior of the Jehits
lloufe;
 The P R E F A C E .
Houfe; and as his Stay at Paris was a whole
Year he had fufficient Lcifure to alter, add
or retrench whatever he thought neceffary
for the Perfeltion of the Defign. After fuch
extraordinary Precautions as thefe the Publick
may refi fatisfied that what is here advanced is
firiCtIy true, which cannot be faid of any thing
a
of this kind that has been hitherto publifh'd.
In the firit place you have a general View
of the whole Empire prefix'd to the other
Part of the Work to render it d o r e eafily in-
telligible ; to which is added a ihort Account
of feveral Nations, particularly the Sifan, who
were heretofore a very powerful People, and
were even formidable to the Cbine/e Emperors
themfelves; but of late they have been torn to
Pieces by intefiinc Wars, and have been forced
to fubmit to the Chineb Yoke, The Voyages of
fome of the ~ifionar'iesthrough the fineR of
the Provinces come next : They are full of cu-
rious Obfervations, and reprelented in fo lively
a manner that the Reader may almoft ima-
gine himfelf to be one of the Company. Thefe
were thought a proper Preparative to the De-
fcription of the Fifteen Provinces of which the
Empire confifis,
And here we meet with a great number of '
itately Cities, remarkable for their Situation,
Extent, Multitude of Inhabitants, great Com-
merce, Beauty of the Publick Buildings, and
Plenty of all things : The Land is fo fertile
that it commonly yields two Crops in a Year,
and produces all forts of Grain, Trees, and very
fingular Fruits : The Mountains abound withr
I Met&
 The P R E .PA C B.
Metals of all forts, Minerals and the moff cu-
rious Marble. Here are Plants of a mofi fa- t

lutary Nature, which no other Climate can

boait of; as likewife a great number of Canals,
Lakes and Rivers full of the mofi excellent
Fih; thefe make a great number of Bridges
neceffary, which are generally well built, hand-
lomely adorn'd, and of a furpriEng Largenefi ;
in a word Art and Nature feem to firive to
butvie each other in fupplying a!.l the Nectfi-
ties and Delights of Life.
Next to the Geography you have an Abridge-
ment of their Hiitory, in which the Chrono-
logy, from the Emperor Tao to the Prefent
Time, is by mofi allow'd to be certain: But the
number of Years elapfed between the Time of
Fo hi, the Founder of the Empire, and the be-
ginning of Tao's Reign, is very doubtful.
After this General Defcription here is an
e%a&Account of every thing relating to this
Nation, as its CharaAer, Manners, Cdioms, Go-
vernment, Progrefs in the Sciences, Religion,&.
each of which are treated of in a feparate Ar-
ticle, that every Subje&t might have as much
room as the Nature of it required.
To thefe fucceed a Dekription of Chinel- '
Tartary, Corea and Thidet, of which nothing
but the Names have been hitherto known, as
will readily appear only by caiting your Eyes
on the Maps of the beit Geographers. And,
what is itill more extraordinary, becaure it does
not fo immediately relate to the Defign, there
is an Account and a Map of the new Difcove-
ries made by Captain 13eerings in a Voyage
from
from Iobqlsb to K~mtJchcka, whither he was
Ent by the late Czar to try if there was a Pa6
fige by Land into the North Part of ilntricca.
There are kveral other things which might
have been rnenth'd, but as they will appear
in the beit Light in the Body of the Work it
&,If they are here omitted ; I hall therefore
do n~thingmore than fu'ubjoin a Catalogue of
qbe M fionaries from whofe Writings, whether
Printed or in Mznufcript, it has been extra&ed.

Ppre Mbrtin Mirtini. Pere Cyr Contawin,

PereFelrdinundoYerbi$. Pere Peter de Gosille.
Pere Phil$ CoupZef . Pere JobnArma~dNyel.
Pore Gabriel M~ghc-Pere Dominique Purre-
laens. nin.
Pere John de Fonten~y.Pere Peter Jartoux.
Pere 'jfoacbinr Bouvet. Pere Vincent de I'artrt.
Pcre John Francis Ger- Pere Jojpb- Anne- Ma-
billion. ry de lidailla.
Pere Francis Noel. Pere John Alexis Gollet.
,

Pere Lewis Ze Comte. Pere Claudius J a c q u e .

Pere Chudius Yijdelou. min.

Pere Jabn Baptg Regis. Pere Lewis Pwguef.
Tere JGph H m y de Pere Etaerick de Cba-
Prenaarc. wgnac.
-
Pere Francis Xavier Berr Antony Gaslbil.
Rentrecolles. Pere Jehn BaptiJ 'Jac-
Pere Julian Plgcidus , qwes. k
Hemien.

THE
 A QetlcraZ Yiw of 26r Empire qf China, P~ageI.'
Qf tbe Gred WpP which divides China fro=
,

Taw.
r
p- 29-
Of shg Natiuq calle S,i 8.m or '@u he P-33:
Of tb6 Tartars of ifgconior. P*57-
Of thg Nation of L~los, P 59.
of t& Natioq qf Miao fie": p..6r- ,
fie J q u r ~ t gof ctrtain Je/iritzfrom Ning pq to Peking.
P*72-
St J p r q of cettpi,n CbineE from China t o Siam kg
&and. p. ror,
- A Geographical DleSfriptiatr of China.
Of the Province of Pe tche li.
P*
~bld
fv-
Of the Province of Kiang nan. P o 133-

Of tkc Province of Kiang fi. p. "0.

Of tbe Province of F o kien. p. 162,
Of tbe Province Of Tche kiang. p. 19r.
~
Of the Province Hou quang.
Of tbe P r ~ i n c of
e Ho nan.
Pa 2 0 4
P- 2r4-
Of the Province ef Chan tong. p. 21%.
Of the Province of a m fi. p. 223,
Of the Province of Chen fi. p. 226.
Of tbe Province of 3e tchuen. P. 233-
Of the Province of Quang tong. p. 236.
Of tbe Province of Quang fi. p. 250.
tbe Province of Yun nan. p. 256,
8f tbe Province of Koei tcheou. pa 264-
5aC
 The C O N T E N T
fie AnmZz of tbe Chinefe Monarchy.
Tbe f;$ DynaJy fiamed Hia.
fbeficond DynaJy named Chang.
B e third DpaJy named Tcheou.
f i e f0urth DynajZy named Tfm.
, Tbe JifthDynrzJy named Han.
G e Jixth DynaJy named H&u hari.
fhe Jmenth DynaJty named Tfm.
The eighth DynajZy named Song.
The ninth DynaJty named Tfi.
$he tenth DynaJty named Leang.
G e eleventh DynaJty named Tchin.
a e tweIfth DynaJrFy named Souy.
' B e thirteenth DynaJy zzamed Tang.
$befmrteenth DjnaJty named Heou leang.
The JifteenthDynaJy named Heou tang.
TbeJxteenth DynaJty named Heou fi.
'De/eventeenth DynaJy named Heou han.
The eighteenth DynaJy named Heou tcheou.
Ibe nineteenth DynaJty named Song.
B e twentieth DynaJZy named Yuen.
cfbe twenty$$ DynaJy named Ming.
T'c twenty-j^econdDynajty named Tfing.

THE

c ~ czed
t by ~ P ' \4'
c''2
 THE GENERAL

. HISTORY OF CHIAM:
CONTAINING
A ~cographical,HiJorical, Chro~zo?o~i~~Z,
Po-
litical and Pbyjcal Defiription of the Em-
pirc ofChina, asd ChineG-Tartary, Qc.

I
1
' A Ge~eralView offhe Empire i f C H i N A.
H E Kingdom of Cbina is dalled,
by the Weitern Monguls, Catay ;
by the Tartar Mantcbeoz+v, N-
can c o u m ; and by the Chin$,
. Tchg koui : So that it is very
difficult td find out the true
Ground of the Appllation given
to it by the Eurqeans ;unlefs the
firit Royal Family, who carry'd their viftorious Arms
Weitward, cauii'ed it to be call'd Tjn *, or lai $n.
The Naval Force of the Emperor I j n chi boang,
which, according to the Chin$ Hiitory, fail'd as far
as Btngrl, mufi needs have made the Name of IJn
&mous among the Indians, which palling from them
into Pe./;o and Egypt, came, plainly, to us about
230 YW before the Birth of Chrifi.
Hum it is called in Latin, SINA ;by the Enghp and Spamardz,
CHINA, by the l t e h , CI @ A ; and by the germ an^, Tsc HI N A :
In $1 which the Dierence of Pronunciation is very fmall.
V q L. I. ]rS But

C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4.'
''2
 a , . i t
2 ItXe G E N E R A~LI S ' T O R Y of
But however that be, it is certain that Cbina is the
largeit and moit beautiful Kingdom yet known ; for
after we leave Europe, and enter the Countries bor-
dering upori Africa, we feem as it were tranfported
into another World. Even the Indians therniklves,
tho' not altogether fo rude, can be accounted little bet-
ter than Barbarianr, when compared with our own
civilis'd Nations, Who then would imagine that
itill farther towards the Eait, there fhould be a People
found, who are powerful? politick, well vers'd in
Arts, and skilful in the Sclences ?
When Mark- Paul, the Venetian, publifh'd his firit.
Relation in the Thirteenth Century, it was look'd
upon by moit People as a Thread of Fables, How-
ever it is certain that this Writer, who accompany'd
the Weitern Tartars in their Conqueit of China, has
advanced nothing but what is itrialy true : This is ea-
fily prov'd from the Account he gives of cemin Ci-
ties, which continue itill the fame as he defcrib'd ,them,
and prefirve the fame Names by which he diltinguiih'd
them.
Ewtcnt ,f CHINA, fr6m North to South, is of greater Lengtb
c ~ than . laytar- ; but not quite ib broad, if meafur'd from
Eafi to Weit; yet the narroweit Part of all is 360
Leagues of 2 0 to a Degree. It is divided into I 5 Pro-
vinces. ThoE of Chenj, ChanJi, and Petcbeli, lie by the
'
fide of the fimous Wall that Separates it from Tarts-
vy on the North. Thofe of Chan tong, Kiang nm, of
7che kiang, and of 2% lien, are iituated on the Coait
OF the Eaitern Sea. Thofe of guang toag, of Xuang
Ji, of Xln nan, and of Se.tcbuen, are the Bounds of the
South and Weit ; and the middle is occupied by
thofe of Ho nan, Hou pang, Koci tchu, and Kiangj,
GmclR- E V E R Y Province is Cubdivided into a certain'
me'lt* Number of Jurifdiaions, called by the Chinej, Fog, on
which depend others of much lei$ Extent, termed
fcbeou and Hien. The PI-efidents of the former have
the Appellation of Tchi fou, and of the latter lcbi
tcbeois,
 CHINA, ARY, 3
C H I N E S E - T A R T&c.
ichou, and Pchi &en. In the larger Cities there is al-
ways one I c h ifog, and generally two Tchi hien, who
have each a diitina JurifdiBion over their proper Di-
fiiCts. In Peking there are fix principal Courts of
Judicature, befides one proper to thai City, which is
the Capital of the Em ire 5 this has the Name qf
R
Cbun tien. Under this t ere are two other Tribunals
of the two Hien, or Cities of the third Rank, one of
which is call'd 5%; bing, and the other Hen ping.
In the Provinces there are other Cities, whofe Tri-
bunals are named Ouei, and their Mandarins have the
Title of Oun' chei,u pei ; and thefe are Officers of War,
who have commonly no Jurildittion out of the City.
There are another Kind in the Villages ; and thefe
generally take Cognifance of nothing; but what relates
to certain Perfons who are defiin'd by their Rank and
Birth to Offices of State.
All thefe Tribunals depend upon a Viceroy, and
four other General Officers, who are his Aififtants
when &cation requires ; as for Infiance, in Caufes re-
lating to the Revenue and Civil Matters, the Treai
furer-General, or Pou tcbing) is concern'd ; if it be
a criminal Affair it is refer'd to the Lieutenant-Cri-
mind, Ngan tcba /"e ; if it regards Offices, Salt, €3~.
they have recodrfe to the Yen tao ; in ihort, if it re-
lates to Provifions which are gather'd by way of Tri-
bute, they apply to the Leang to. But befides thefe
Affairs, whxh are effential to their Tribunal, the Peo-
L e may have recourfe to them in Caufes of all Kinds,
P
e the inferior Courtsdepend u on them, and they
;rre by their Office hereditary Coun ellors of the Vice-
roy. I t is in this Quality that they are oblig'd, fe-
veral times in a Month, to be prefent at the Tribunal
of this chief Mandarin, where they are to declare their
Sentiments concerning the principal Tranfa6tions of
&c Province.
As the Officers in the Army depend in fome fort
the Viceroy, they are obliged, under great Penal-
B 2 ties,
 ties, to give notice of the leaft Commotions among
the People, which happen within the Bounds of their
DiitriQ ; by which means it comes to pafi, that al-
moil all the Affairs of the Government, whether Ci-
vil, Criminal, or Military, are brought before his
Tribunal ; and what renders him fill more confidera-
ble, is, that the fupreme Courts at Peking do not
commonly make their Decifions, but according to the
Informations given by him ; and they almoft always
-ratify the Sentence which he has pronounced againit
the Mandarins, which he in a manner difplaces before-
hand by taking away their Seal.
It is true, that the Treafurer-General, and the Lieu-
tenant-Criminal, may accde the Governor of a Pro-
vince, but they feldom put it in PraQice, becaufe it
would ptotre their own D e h R i o n in the end. And,
indeed, they generally agree but too well, in wink-
ing at each other's bad Condu&; if ever it happens
otherwif?, the Fault muit be exuemely exorbitant, or
, it muft nearly concern their own private Honour and
Repofe.
The publick Cenfors of the Empire are call'd Co-
t a o j u j , and refide at Peking. They are the mof€
dreaded of all the great Mandarins, becaufe rhey have
the InfpeRion of the whole Empire, every one having
his particular Province aflign'd him. Thefe Cenfors
are very vigilant, and are inform'd by their Spies d
every thing that paires ; and it is by their Influence
that good Order is preferv'd. If any Mandarin fiiIs
of his Duty in an important Affair, wherein the WeI-
fare of the People is concern'd, and the Viceroy ne-
gleas to proceed againit them immediately, they are
oblig'd to c.ive Information to the Supreme Courts,
and to the Emperor, by a publiclc Accufation, even
when there is not abfolute Proof of what they advance ;
and if they are the firit from whom the Emperor learns
the Diforder, it redounds greatly to their-Honour ;
but if they are guilty of any Failure,' they are liable to
<
be
 5
C ~ I N ACHINESE-TARTARY;&C.
,
be reprimanded by the Emperor, and even to be re-
mov'd from their Office.
The Dread of there publick Cenfors, chiefly contri-
butes to the Pref'ervation of Order, and the ancient Cu-
itoms ; and prevents the Troubles and Commotions
commonly caufd by the Love of Novelty, to which
the Vulgar are but too much inclin'd. That which
adds to their Authority, is, that if they are ill-ufed,
either by the Inuigues of the Grandees, or by the Em-
peror, who fometimes does not reliih the Advice which
gheir Office obliges them to give him, the whole Peo-
ple regard them as the Fathers of their Country, and
Martyrs for the Publick Welfare.
Cauies are generally decided, and Sentence given,
by a Gngle Mandarin, who, after 8 ihort ProceS, and pun@-
Examination of both Parties, wders the Lofer to be ment,
k
baitinado'd, either for carrying on an un ufi Prof'ecu-
tion, or maintaining a Cayfe contrary to quity. The
Barnado is a C O M M O N P U N I S H M E N T
for the meaner People, but cannot be inflitled upon a
Mandarin, though never ib i n c o ~ d m b l e ,till he i s
depriv'd of his Qffice,
T h e nm Puniihment to this is a Collar made sf
two Pieces of Wood, hollow'd in the middle, and.
Smaller Qr greater, accordjng to the Nature, of the
Crime; this is put on the Pelin uentqs Neck, and
ieal'd with *e Seal of the ~ r i b u n 3 , with a Piece of
Paper denoting the Duration of the Puniihment, and
the Quality of the Crime.
TheE two we all the Puniihments, except the Pri-
fon, that the Chinge Laws permit the Mandarins to in-
Ai& on Criminals : They my, indeed, condemn to
Exile, but their Sentence mufi be exarnin'd by the Su-
preme Courts ; They cannot legally put any to Death ; .
but in Cda of Sedition and Revolt, the Emperor
gives Authority to the fbng toa, and fometimes to the
Viceroy, to puniih with immediate Death.
The
6 B e G E N E R AHL I S T O RofY
he three Capital Punihrnents are, ~ t r a n ~ l i Bc-
n~;
heading, and cutting in Pieces; this lait is only in-
fliRed on thofe who murder their Maiters, Rebels,
Traytors, and mercilefi Robbers. The Punifhrnent
for ordinary Crimes which deferve Death, is Strang-
-ling. Beheading is the fecond Degree, at which the
Executioner is very dexterous; not a Drop of Blood
falls on the Criminal's Habit, wha on the Day of Ex-
ecution is fire to be well drefs'd, it being cuitornary
for his Friends and Relations to amit him with all Ne-
ceffiries at this calamitous Time. Execution is not
done on a Scaffold, but on the Ground. The Soldiers
are colnmonly made ufe of for this purpofe ; the Ern-
ployment is not accounted fcandalous, but the contra-
ry, if they a& their Part well. At Peking the Exe-
cutioner accompanies the Criminal to the Place ap-
pointed, and is diflinguiih'd by an Apron of yellow
Silk, which is the Imperial Colour ; and his Cutlafi
is wrap'd in Silk of the fame kind, to ihew that he
a&s by the Authority of the Emperor, that the Peo-
ple may ay him the greater Refpett.
f
I t mu be acknowledg'd, that in the Cbin4 Book4
mention is made of Puniihments of other kinds, and
much more cruel ; but it mufi be obierv'd at the fame
time, that they have never been made ufe of, but by
barbarous Princes, fuch as have been bok'd upon ak
Tyrants by the whole Nation. Juitice, fay they, is
rieceffary, but not Cruelty.
Though the Power of the Magiitrate in criminal
Matters is thus reitrain'd by the Laws ; yet, in civil
Caufes, it may in a manner be faid to beabfolute, be-
caufe all Affairs which relate to private Pedons only,
are judged by the Feat pmvincbl Officers, without
, any Appeal to the fupreme Courts of Peking.
That which chiefly employs the inferior Mandarins,
whether Tcbi tcbeou, Tcbi hien, or Ouei cheou p i , is'
the gathering of T ~ x e s ,for to them this Office per-
@dly belongs. Though the Lands in every Pro-
vincq
 vince are meafured, and the proportionable Payment
adjufied, according to the Richnei's of the Soil ; yet,
either through Poveity, or Avarice, they are unwil-
ling to part with it, till they are fufficiently harafs'd
by the inferior Officers. If thefe ExciGmen are re:
proach'd for their Cruelty, they will alledge in their
own Juitification, that if they do not carry Matters to
the utmoit Extremity, they mufi receive the Bait inado
for Neglelt of Duty ;and the Mandarins jufiify them-
fives, fiom the indifpenfable Necefity they are under
to a& in this manner 5 for if they ihould K~ilof ma-
king the Returns at the appointed Time, they muft
make good the Deficiencies out of their. own proper
&&lance, for fear of bein turn'd out of their Places,
d
Hpwever, this has not hin er'd feveral Provinces from
running greatly in Debt to the Royal Treafury, which
probably they will oever be able to pay, But to reme-
dy chis Inconvenience for the figure, the prefent Em-
peror has order'd, that henceforward the Proprieton
of the Land, and aot the Occupiers, &all pay the
Taxes.
Beiides the great Mandarins of every Province alrea-
dy mention'd, there is one itill more coniiderabk, cal-
Tjng tou. His Jurifdiaion extends over two Pro-
vinces, unl& they are exceeding large, as Hou pang,
Cbenj,&c. But then thefe large Provinces are di-
vided into two Governments, and each Government
b s its proper Viceroy, How far his Power extendg
over the Viceroy's, is determin'd either by Law or
Cuitom, far his Superiority is very much limited ;
but the Decifion of Caufes always belongs to him, if
there is an Appeal to him from either of dk Provin-
cial Governors.
In Cbina there are reckon'd I 73 Tribunals or Ju-
riCdiQions, immediately fiubjea to the General-Offi -
cers and Governors of every Province, called Fcrr by
the Chk4e. There are 1408 inferior Tribunals, or
f u M m JurXdiAions, which depend i mrnediately on
B 4 the
 d B e G E N E R AHL I S T O Rof
Y
the lchi Fou, whereof I I 73 have the Title of Hen,
and 3 35 have that of I'cheoy. Thefe latter differ a
little from each other ; the greateit Part have no Ju-
rifdiltion over the Hien ; and others have a JuriMic,
tion over one, two, and fometimes four Hien, almofi
equal to that of the I'chifou ; and there are feveral of
them which have no Dependance on the fchi fog, but
owe their Authority immediately to the Viceroy.
Natnre of T H E R E is no Part of China that can properly
rbc Soil. be faid to be barren ; and fome Parts are naturally
fo fruitful, that they yield a Crop twice in a Year ;'
and others again owe their Fruitfulnefi to the inde-
fatigable Toil of the Husbandmen.
But as the Quantity of Land proper to be cultiva-:
ted, is not very great in ieveral mountainous Provinces,
it is no wonder that thofe which are more fruitful;
fiould fcarcely be fufficient for the Maintenance of
fuch a Multitude of Inhabitants. The mountainou,
Provinces are Tun nnn, Koei tcheou, Se tchuen and
Po kien ; as alfo the Weit of Tche Kiang, and the in-
land Parts of %ang tong and xuang Ji. The Pro-
vince of Kiang nan has all the great r)iitri& of Hun'
tcheou, full of exceeding hi h Mountains, and al-
f
moit uninhabitable. It is a1 o the fame .with refpee
to three Parts in four of the Provinces of Cheaji and
Chnn Ji.
Near the great River of Kia!g Ji is fituate the moil
beautiful Part of the whole Empire ; nothing can be
more delightful than thofe fpacibus Plains, *hich are
fo fmooth and level, that they feem to be the Effe&
of Art rather than Nature. They abound with c;-
ties and large Villages, which have the Advantage of
an infinite Number of Canals, whore Water is
clear and excellent, and the Navigation on them
fafe and pleaht. Nor is it a fmall Addition to the
pleafire, to behold the vait Variety of ftately -Barks,
khich are continually pafing backward and forward.
- Fields are cultivated with a Care and Labour,
The 1 .
of
which
.v
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T &c.
ARY, 9
which none but the CbincJ are capable ; and they are
fo fiuitfd withal, that in fweral Places they yield
Rice twice a Year, and fi-equently W h a t and other
Grain between the two Crops.
I F the Cbintj were as carcfi~Iin cultivating their ~ ~ ~ ; t
Fruit-Trees, as we generally are in Eurqg, they would
have Plenty of almdt all Kinds, the only d~fference
would be the want of Variety of each diilh?t Sort 3
as for Inhnce, they have but three or four k i d s of
Apples, h e n or tight of Pan, as many of Peaches,
and none of Cherries but what are'very indifferent.
But what makes amends for this Defe& is, that they
have feveral excellent Fruits to which we are Stran*
gers ; particularly one which they call Tfi @, and
the Portugu+, Figs, becaufe when it is dried it be-
mmes mealy and fweet like a Fig. The Trees on
which they grow, when grafted become very charm-
ing to the Eye ; they are as tall, and fpl-ead about as
much as a middle-fi?d Walnut-Tree : The Leaves
are large, and of a lively Green, which change in
the Autumn to an ageable Red. The Fruit is a-
bout the bignefi of a handfome Apple, and their Co-
lour, when ripe, is a bright Yellow,
.
In the Southern Provinces there grow other Fruits,
which are fill in greater eiteem among the Natives ;
fbr, befides Oranges of fweral Sorts, Lemons, Ci-
cons, which were many Years ago brought into Eu-
rope, we meet with two feveral Kinds which are un-
known among us. That which they call Li t& is
about the Size of a Date. The Stone is equally long 8

and hard, it is coveradwith a fofi Pulp, full of Moi-

h r e , and of an excellent Tafte ; when dry'd, it lofes
a great Part of its fine Elavour, and becomes black
h d wrinkled like our ordinary Prunes. The Rind
outwardly refembles Shagreen, but is frnooth within ;
the Figure is nearly oval.
The other Kind has the Name of long-yen, that
is to fay, the Dqgon': Eye ; +e Shape is round, tbe ,
Hind
 Rind yeIlowifh, t k Pulp white, moiit, and inclina-
ble to the Acid. It is pretended that this is not ib
. agreeable as the former, but it is more wholcfomc,
for it never occafions any Difoder.
The T e o ~a d %gang-law are ordinary Fruits, and
hot worth infifiing on in paniculr, However, the
way of gathering the latter, which are a Kind of
Olive, is worthy Obfervation, Before they are quia
ripe, and yet are in a Condition proper for Eating,
infiead of beating them down with long Poles, which
is the Cufiom in other Places, they make a Hole i~
the Body of the Tree, in which they put Salt, and
then fiop it up ; by this means, in a few Days time,
the Olives fall from the Tree of themfelves.
Among other Trees, there are two which ought
not to be omitted, for befides their Singylarity, they
are deful at Meals. The one produces a kind 04
Pepper, called Hoa tJiao; it is the Rind of a Berry
as big as a Pea ; the Kernel is too hot and biting to
be made u k of; the Coiour .of it is Gray mingled
with Streaks of Red, I t is not fo pungent nor agree-
- able to the Tafte as Pepper, and confequently is only
ufed by the meaner People. The Plant that producqs
it in fomc Places is a thick Buih ; in others a Tree
of moderate Height.
T h e other Tree produces Peas. The Shape, Co-
lour, Shell and Taite are extremely like our ordinary
Peas. This Tree is common enouglr in feveral Pro-
vinces, and for Tallnefs, fpreading @ranches and
Thicknefi, gives place to very few.
But among Trces which claim the Attention of the
Publick, and which are moft likely to raife the Envy
of the Europea~~s, are the Four that follow.
T h e Firit is the Varnifh-Tree [ I J - c h ] . Its Size is
very mean, its b r k whitifh, its h f refembles that
of the wild Cherry-Tree. The Gum, which diitils
Drop by Drop, is like the Tears of the Turpentine-
Tree. It yields a greater Quantity of Liquor if ~II
!ncifi,os
 CHINA,CHIN-ESE-TARTARY,
&c. IE
f nciiion be made in it ; but then it foon deitroys the
Tree. .
ThisVarniih is confiantly ufed,and greatly efteem'd
by the Artificers ; it takes all Colours alike, and if
it be well managed, neither lofes its Luftre by tho
Changes of the Air, nor the Age of the Wood to
which it i s apply'd.
T h e Second Tree is long-cbu, from which a Li-
quor is gain'd not much differing from Varniih. lt
refembles a Walnut-Tree fo nearly, that many have
been deceiv'd by it. The Nut is full of a thickiih
Oil mix'd with an oily Pulp, which they take Care
to fqueeze, otherwife they would lofe a great Part
of the Liquor. This, as well as the Varniih, is fup-
fed to have a Poifonous Quality. T o make it fit
Ufe, they boil it with Litharge, and may mix it
with any Colour at Pleafure. It is often ufed of it
felf to varniih Wood, which preferves it from the
bad Eff& of Rain ; as alib to give a Luitre to the
Floors of the Emperor's Apartments, and thofe of the
Grandees.
T h e Third rentarkable Tree is the I'dow-Tree.
It is as high as a large Cherry-Tree 3 the Fruit is
mntain'd in a Rind, which, when ripe, opens in the
Middle like a Chefnut : It coniifis of white Kernels
of the Size of a hafel Nut, whofe Pulp has the Proper-
ties of Tallow, and of which Candles are accordingly
made.
The Fourth is the mcdl uncommon of all ; it is
call'd PC-la-cbu, that is, the White-Wax-Tree. It
is not fo tall as the Tallow-Tree, from which it alib
.differsin the Colour of the Bark, which is whitiih, and
in the Shape of the Leaves, which are longer than
they are broad. A little kind of Worm fixes it felf
to the Leaves, and forms a fort of Comb much fmal-
ler than a Honey-comb. The Wax of this is very
bard and hining, and of far gredter Value than theif
p,mmon B ~ e sWax.-
To.
 1

12 ne G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY I

T o the Number of deful Trees may be added the

Reed, or hollow Cane, commonly called a Bamboo. It
generally grows to the Height of an ordinary Tree,
and though it is knotty and hollow, it is exceeding
hard, and will fuitain a great Weight, and is there-
fore in fome Places u f d in Building. It will admit
of being divided into very imall Splinters or Strings,
of which they make Boxes, Baskets, and other cu-
rims Works.
When it is broken in Pieces, grown rotten, and
boiled in Water till it is reduced into a kind of Paite,
it ferves to make Paper of different Kinds. It is alfo
made ufe of for Pipes to convey Water, and indeed
for io many other Purpofes, that it would be tedious
to mention them.
They have moil Kinds of Wood that are to be
found in Europe ; but that of greatefi Efieem among
them is alled Nan mn, The ancient Palaces of the
Emperors have the Windows, Gates, Beams, and
Pillars of this Wood. The Natives imagine it will
never decay, and confequently that whatever u
formed with it will lait for ever. Some have fup-
pofd it to be a kind of Cedar, but the Leaves are
not at all like it. It is a very tall Tree, and the Bo-
dy of it is very firait.
But no Kind of Wood, for Beauty, can e q d the
Tfi-tam : It is of a Reddifi Black, and W1 of fine
Veins, which feem painted. It is very proper fat
Cabinets, and the very finefi Sort of Joyners Work ;
and whatever is made of it is in great Efieem.
With reSpeR to Strength and Firmneis, the li-o~t-
wwd gives Place to none, T h e Tree is as tall as our
large Oaks, but differs from it in the ThicltneG of
the T ~ u n k ,the Shape of the Leaf, the Colour of the
UTood, which is darker, and more efpecially in the
Weight. The Anchors of their Ships of War are
made of this Wood, and tbe Emperor's Officers
pretend that they are prefernble to tho% made elf
Iron ;
 C E ~ I NC
AH, I N EES- T A R T A
&c.~ Y , 13
of Iron; but in this they mufi needs be miG
taken.
A M O N G Shrubs, that of T E A ought to be D i j m
placed in the firit Rank. The Name of Tea is de- Kinb °f
rived to us fiom the corrupt Pronunciation of two T~
Cities in the Province of Fo kien ; in the reit of the
Empire it is called m a .
They diitinguiih it into Four different Sorts. The
Firit has the Name of 80%lo tcba ; it grows upon a
Mountain of Kiang nan, in the Lat. of 29 Deg. 58
Min. 30. Sec. which is covered over with theieShrubs.
This is the f i e as is called Green Tea among us. I t
is planted much in the fame Manner as Vines, whofi
Growth is prevented, otherwife it would run up ID
ieven or eight Foot in Height. In the Space of four or
five Years it m& be planted a-new, or elfe the Leaf
will become thick, hard and rough. The Flower it
white, and in the Shape of a Rofe, compofed of five
Leaves. In the Autumn when the Flower is gone,
there appears a Berry in the Shape of a Nut, a little
moift, and of no bad Tadte.
What I have faid of the Height of thefi Shrubs,
muit be underitood of thofe which grow in the afore- .
hid Province, for in other Places they fuffer &em to
grow to their natural Height, which often reaches to
ten or twelve Foot : For this Reafon, while the
Branches are youn and tender, they caufe them to
bend downward, f a t they may gather the Leaves
with' greater Eafe. The Song lo tcha, or Green Tea
abovemention'd, prdirv'd Gveral Years is an excel-
lent Remedy againit many Diitempers.
Another kind ofTea, [Youy tcha,] grows in the
Pmvince of F o kicn, and takes it Name fiom a fa-
mous Mountain therein. This Mountain, according
to an Obienration made upon the Spot, lies in 27Q
47'. 38". of North Latitude. It is the mofi famous
in all the Province ; there are in it a great Num-
ber
 ber of Templq, Houf'es, and Her@tages of the Bon-
zes, which attraa a great Concourfe of People,
With a DeGgn to make this Mountain pds fof the
Abode of fuperiour Beings, they have convey'd Barks,
* Chariots, and other Things of the &me kind, into
the Clefis of the fieepeiI Rocks, all along the Side
of a Rivulet that divides it in two : Infomuch that
thefe fantaitical Ornaments are look'd upon by the
Vulgar as a real Prodigy, for they fuppofe that it
muit be a Power more than Human, that has fix'd
them in thefe inaccefible Places.
The Soil of this Mountain that produces this Plant
is light, whit& and fandy. The only difference be-
tween this Tea and the former, is, that the Leaves of
the former are more long and h a r p pointed, the De-
cotlion of it is Green, and Experience dikovers it to
jx much more raking. On the contrary, the Leavea
gf,the Latter are ihort, and more round, of a Colour
a little Blackiih, and yield a Yellow T i n h r e ; the
tl'aite is very fmooth, and the Decoaion inoffenfive
to the weakeft Stomach. For this Reafon this Tea is
the moit fought afier, and ufed by the whole Empire.
However it mull be obferved that of this Kind there
pre three Sorts.
The Firit is the tender Leaf of the Shrub when
newly Planted ; this is Feldom expofed to Sale, but
&zws to make Prefents of, ,and to fend to the Empe-
p r . It is a kind of Imperial Tea, and is valued at
pbout two Shillings a Pound of aur Money, The
Second confiits of Leaves of a fenfible Growth, and
this is counted a very good Sort. The remaining
e a v e s are fuffered to come to their full Bignefi,
which makes the Third Kind, and is exceeding
-Cheap. They make Bill another Son of the Flower
itJdf, but thofe who would have it, muft befpeak it
6 h f ~ e h a n dand
, purchafe itpt an excefive,Price. Not-
withitanding which it makes a very infipid Tea, and
jspever ufed at the Emperor's Court.
There
 There are feveral other Teas, which are very Ettiq
different fiom the t;llfo Principal Kinds, but what ie
owing to the Nature d t h e Soil in which they are
planted. And there are f w m l Plants to which
they give the Name of Tea, which are nothing
like it. However .there is a Thrd principal SWJ,
of which we can give but on irnperfe& Account,
becauie Strangers are not permitted to enter the
Place where it grows. I t is called Pw 8z.d tcha,
fiom the Village Pols eul in the Province of fin nw.
Thofe who have -been at the Foot of the Mountai~,
infarm us that this Shrub is tall and bufhy, plamed
without Regularity, and grom .without Cultiwation..
The Laves are more long and thick than thofe of
the two former Kinds ;they roll than up into a kind
of Balls, and Ell them at a . p d Price. T h e T a l k
is fmooth, but mt very a@le ; m!hen it is made
tfre of in the ordinary manner, it ,yields a reddiQ @

Tin-. The & ~ 4 e Phyficians accqllht it very Sa-

l u w y , and a artain Remedy for the Colick and
Fluxes, and alfo very god bo procure an Appetite.
There is another Tree which hears a Fruit, fi.om
dwmce is drawn an Excellent Oil, perhaps qhile
kih, the beil in all the Empire. This Tree has form
diitant Refeddance to the Yozry tcba, whh Refpee
to the Shape of .&e Leaf and the Colnur of the
W d , but ecetxisit very much in Height an13
in mbicknefs. T h y grow naturally on the Sides of
Hills .?nd in Stony Vdeys. The Berries ,;ure Green,
and of an irre@;uluFigure, they contain &veral Ker-
nels or &ones of no very hard Confifience.
Tk flowering Trees and Shrubs are very nume-
lrotls in every Province. Some of the 3Elowers rekmbie
Tulips, ochers are like. Rofes, whiah, intermix'd
with the GreenLeaw, make a beautif~llAppearance.
Among the Shrubs there are but t h e or four
Gnds that bear odorihous Flowers ; of thde the
Quble fe5niae-Tree CMo l i bola], is the mofi agree-
*Ie.
16 TZe G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
able. In the South it attains a moderate Height, but
in the North it is no more than f e Foot high, tho' it
be kept in the Green-Houfe dl the Winter. The
Flower in all things refembles a double jeffamine,
but the Leaf is entirely different, ahd comes pretty
neat that of a young Citron-Tree.
The Tree which produces the Flowers caIl'd K K ~ J
boa, is very common in the Southern Provinces, but
is rarely found in the Northern. The Flowers are!
h a l l , of various Colours, and have a charming Scent.
The Leaves are not unlike thofe ofa Bay-Tree.
There is yet another Species of thefe Plants, pro-
per to the maritime Provinces ; it bears the Flower
called Lun boa. It is not ib agreeable to the Sight,
being of a dusky Yellow as the former, but the
Scent of it is the moit delicious of all;
There is a Shrub, not odoriferous, which bars a
white Flower ivi large as a double or triple Rofe. The
Calix, or Cup, becomes afterwards a Fruit of the
S h y of a Peach, but the Taite is altogether infipid.
In w Cells k has feveral Pippins, or Seeds, cover'd
with a blackiih Skin, of a pretty firm Coniifience.
The Pionys of China are more beautiful, and have
an agreeable Smell, but the reit of their Garden.
Flowers are no way comparable to ours.
The meaner Sort, who live upon little elie befides
Vegetables, are very car& in the cultivation of their
Kitchen-Gardens ; as Coon as one thing is off the
Ground, another is immediately fown or planted, in-
fomuch that the Earth is never fuffer'd to lie itill. .
Anlong the Pot-Herbs which we have not, there
is none that deferves any Notice but the Pe qai, and
this indeed is both ufehl and excellent. It has becn
taken for a kind of Roman Lettice, but is like it in
nothing but the firfi Leaves ;the Seed, Flower, Tafie;
and Height being intirely different. The Quantities
that are fown of it are almofi incredible. In the
Months of OBobru and ~ovembcrthe nine Gates of
Peking
 CHINA,CHINESE-TARTARY,
Wc. 17
Peking are embarratTed with the Waggons that are
loaded with it. They preferve it with Salt, or pickle
it, and fo mix it with their Rice, to which it gives
a Reliih.
T h e Medicinal Herbs, in ib large an Empire, are
doubtlefs very numerous, but I fhall only take notice
of the moit Remarkable and the moil Valuable.
Rhbarb grows in great abundance, not only in the
Province of Se tcbuerz, but alfo in the Mountains of
CbenJi. T h e Flowers rekmble Tufts in the fiape of
a Bell, jagged at the Ends. ; the Leaves are long, and
rough to the Touch. The Root is whitilh within;
while freih,, but _whendryed it affumes the Colour it
has when it comes to us.
T h e Plant that ibme Authors call Radixxina, and tf-g
Natives Fou ling, is of all the moft made ufe of by the
Chinfe Phyficians. It is found in greatefi Plenty in
St tcbuei ; its Leaves, which are long and narrow,
creep u p n the Groond. The Root when full grown
is very thick, and, if the Natives are to be believed,
has fometirnes the Circumference of an Infant's Head.
But whether it be great or fmall, this is certain that
it contains in a kind of Pod a white Pulp, a little
clammy or vilcous. There is a wild Sort, of this
Plant in feveya! Parts of the Country, which alib is
much ufkd, and is fold at a much lower Rate. Some
of the Miiiionaries, who are Natives of that Pan of
France where Truffles are plenty, affirm that the
Fou ling is a kind of Truffle. The good Effe&s of
this Plant are not to be doubted of, after the Expe-
rience of fo great a Nation ; yet it is hard to fay for
what Difiernper it is moft proper, becaufe, like a
Panacea, it is prefcribed in almoft all.
The Root of the Plant which is called F e n j , is
not ib commonly ufeed, but is much dearer ; it is
even fcarce in the Province of Se tcbuen where it
grows, between 29 and 30 Degrees of Latitude ;
it is of a warm Nature, and is look'd upon as
VOL. I. C an .
an excellent Remedy for all D i f d i arifmg fiom
cold Humours, as alfo for all kinds of ObitruAmns.
Its Shape is fingular, it is femicircuhr on one We,
and almoit Aat on the other. The flat Side is fix'd to
the Earth by feveral Filaments, and fiom the half
Round arife feveral different Stems, each of whictr
grows up in the Form of a Ndegay. Nothing but
the Root is of any Value.
fi bonng is another Root of a very beautifid Plant,
which grows in greatefi Plenty in the North of' the
Province of Ho nun, in 35Q. 6'. of Lat. At firft Sigh
m e would take it for a fort of Liquorifh, with a le-
guminous Flower, d a crooked Pod ; but when
one examines the Leaves, the Seeds and the Tlrite, k
i~ a hard matter to decide among what Species it
ought to be placed. It is very much ufd to h i $
and to refiore by little and little the Decays of
Strength.
But of all the Plants of which we have f km,next
go
to the Ginjng, none is fo precious as t e Sun t/i ;
they attribute almoit the fame Virtues to the one as to
the other, only the latter is accounted the more cA-
cacious in Womens Diforders, and Hemorrhagies of
all Sorts. It is not at all like the Ginfig in Shape.
This grows in the Province of @ang Ji, and is to be
found only on the-T o s of high fteep Mountains.
f
A kind of Goat o a greyiih Colour is very fond'
of feedin upon this? Plant, inibmuch that they ima-
I
gine the loocl of this Animal is endowed with the
fame medicinal Properties. It is certain that the Blood
of theE Goats has furprizing Succefi againit the In-
juries recciv'd by Falls from Hodes, and other Acci-
dents of the fame kind. This the Miflionaries have
had Experience of fweral times. One of their Ser-
vants that was thrown by a vitious Horfe, and who
lay fome Time without Speech or Motion, was ib
foon recovered by this Remedy, that the next Day
he was able to purfue his Journey.
 k muA not be fbrgotten that this Potion is reckan'd
a Specifick agai& ;the Small Pox. Initan= of its
Succefs are dreqwnt. The black and tainted Puitules
become of a fine Red, as fmn as the Patient has taken
the Resmdy, For this R d o n it is prefcribed in fed
veral DXwdeas, which are Cugpofed to arife frain bad
Qualities in the Blood. The worit Circudtance is3
dhat it is dear and not d y tb be had, and feldom
fEee Jmm Adulteration. I n the Experiments above
rajtntioneal, h e 3llood of a Goat was made ufe doftkiK
haal ibeen taken by the Hunws.
I n rhe P h ~ i n c e of Ti# are found the T r w
which bear the C&raj@la ; they &repretty tall, and
the Pods are l q e r than thofe which we tee in &-.
r u p ; %theyare nat compofed of two convex Shells
dike M e Phnts of the Legumjnous kind, but are a
fm of hallow Pi a,divided bg Partitions into Cells,
P
which santain a oft Subfiance no way differing from
h e Cdia made d e of by us.
I fiall hrbear co C~peakof the Betel. Fret, though
Uiefol again% many Diforders,and kveral other Trees
which s a w i n mail Parts of the La&, fuch as c k
Banana-Tree, the Coton-Tree, and the Ma1~go-frke,
As a450 oftbe hmaes, and feverdl other Plants, be-
a d e &y are ommanly found in the DeCcripuon ~f
thore Countries.
W e hall only & e m chat rhe Chin$ C i n n a w
p w s in the DifirirSt d 4 j n t c b e fw,
~ of h e P r o v i m
of %uang3. It is even in C&e in leiS Elteem t h q
&at which is imported. Its Colour is more inclin'd
to the Grey than Red, which is the Colour of &.be
@ Cinnamon o;f Cejlom : it is alfo thicker, more
cough, and not fo well icented, However it has cer-
tainly the Qalities of Cinnamon, ,tho' in a leii De-
grce ;which is fufficiently confirm'd by Experience.
dt is not yet time to fpcaik of the Simples and
Drugs made d e of by the Artificers of China, this
will be more proper in the Natural Hiltory HOW-.
C 2 ever
 20 Ibe G E N E R AHLI S T O ROfY
ever I hall jufi mention the Plant called s e n or
Tun-hoa. It is very common, and greatly ufed. When
it is macerated in Water, and prepared in large Tubs,
it yields a Blue Colour ferviceable to the Dyers.
That of Fo kien gives a finer Tintlure, and is in
greater Efieem for a fort of Painting which they
name fan-mk.
They employ little elfe but the Juices of Flowers
and Herbs, to Paint all kinds of Flowers and Figures
upon Sattin and Sattin-Taffetaes, of which they make
their Garments and various Sorts of Furniture. Thefe
Colours, which penetrate the Subitance, never fade.
They feem to be arthlly Woven in, though they
are only Painted in a flight Manner.
Animals. W E have not been able to gain an exah Knowledge
of fome extraordinary Animals, which are faid to be
found in the Mountains ; and what they relate of fome
in particular is ib extravagant,that it is unworthy ofthe
Attention of the Publick. That which they con-
fiantly affirm of theAnima1 Sinjin, makes one think
it is a kind of an Ape. They fay that it is the Size
of a Man, and refirnbles Mankind in almofi all its
A&ions.
There is another which they call Gin-biung, that
is, a Man-Bear, which muit be only underhod of the
extraordinary Bignefi of that kind of Bears compared
with Man. In like manner Ma-lou, a Stag-HorjG,
is only a kind of Stag as high as the little Horfes
of Se tchuen and Ya~zBan.
But that which is related in their Books of the
Hofe-lker, ought to be look'd upon as all fabu-
lous. H e does not differ, fay they, in any thing
ftotn a Horfe, but in his Scales wherewith he is co-
vered, and by his Claws, which refemble a Tiger's ;
but more ef'ially by his fanguinary Difpofition,
which makes him leave the Water in the Spring-
Seafon, to devour both Man and Beafi.

That
 That which is related of the Musk-Deer, [I;liaq
tcbang j2] is agreeable to Truth ; for this Animal is
not very uncommon. It is a kind of a Deer without
Horns, with Hair of a black& Colour. The Musk-
bag is compofed of a very thin Skin, cover'd with -
Hair extremely fine. The Flefh is good to eat, and
is even ferved up at the beit Tables. There will be
occafion to fpeak of it hereafier.
In the Southern Provinces there are Parrots of all
Sorts, exaffly rei'embling thofe brought from Ameri-
ca. They have the fame Plumage, and the fune Apt-
ne5 for Talking ; but they are not comparable to the
Bird call'd [ h i ki] tbe Golrlen Hen. There is no Spe-
cies in Europe any thing like it. The Livelinefi of the
Red and Yellow, the Plume on the Head, the deli-
cate Shadowing of the Tail, the Variety of Colours of
the Wings, together with a well-ihaped Body, have
doubtlefi given occafion for the Epithet of GolrIen
conferred on this Fml, to fhew its Preference over
the moil valuable of the Feather'd Kind. Beiides,
the Fleih is more delicate than that of a Pheafant,
fo that, on all Accounts, not one of the Eafiern
Birds can be more deiirable than this in our Euro-
pean Countries.
Among the beautihl Birds the Hai ~ n may g juflly
be counted one. It is very uncommon, and is found
only in the DiAri& of Han tchongfau in the Province
of Cbemj, and in fome Parts of Tartay. It is not in-
feriour in Beauty to our fineit Falcons, and in Strength
and Bignefi is much fuperior ; fo that it may be cal-
led the King of the Birds of Prey in fartary and
Cbina.
The Btctterflies of the Mountain Lofeou-chan, are
likewire greatly efteern'd. It is fituated in the Difiri&
of Hok tcheou fou, of the Province of %tantong. The
largeit and moil uncommon among them are fent to
Court, where they are made ule of for a particular
khd of Ornament. Their Colours are wonderfully
c3 diver-
 diverfify'd, and lively to a furprifing Degree. ~ k e f o
lhtterflies are much larger thah thole in Eurpc, In
the Day-time they are vhthout Motion on the T r m ,
and confiquently are eaG1ly ra-F;en;but in the wight
they flutter about much in the fame manner as our Bats,
and many of them feem to be almoft as large. There
' are others of a lei's Kind, much fought afier, but no
way corn arable to the&.
M;tpb. R
B U T t e Mountains of China are Rill more valuzble,
for the Mines of dIfFerent Metals which they conrsirr.
They are full, as rhe Natives affirm, of Silver and
- Gold. Yet they have been hitherto negletted out
of Policy, becaufe the Rep& of the Publick wouki
be difiurb'd by too much Riches, tvhich would make
(he People proud, and ne ligent of Agriculwre,
Notwithit anding this h iaxim, there have been 9iL
vtr Mines always kept open in the Prmince of Tun
nan ; and as for their Gold, they find it in the Sands
of the Brooks and Rivers that dekend h m the
Mountains in the weitern Parts of the Provinces of
6 e tchuen and Tin nan. This latter Province is the
more rich of the tvo. T h e Peapk called l o l o , of
%horn we hall fpeak hereafter, muft needs have a
great Quantity of Gold in heir Mountains ; this ap-
pears from their Cuflorn of putting a great purnbcr
of Gold Leaves into the CoRnr of Perfms bf Merit
and Diff inklion.
As their Gold is not coin'd, it is fold as a Mer-
chandife ; but the Demand for it is not confiderable,
becaufe it is ufcd by none but t b Gilders, except far
fortle fmall Toys. No Perfon but the Empe~orhas
any Quantity of Utenfils made of this Metal.
The Mines of Coal are very numerous, perhaps
no Kingdom of the World contains more. They
make ufe of this Fuel on all Occaiions, v~hichis of in-
finite Advantage in fo cold a Country, and *he&
l&Vmdfor Firing is very fcrtrce,
 It is alto probable that there is great Plenty of Tin
and Iron Mines, and fuch like Metals, becade the
Prim of them is ib low. One Mine in particular was
obferv'd by the Mifionaries to yield hundreds of
Quintals in a few Days. The Copper Mines which
are in the Provinces of Tun nan and Koei tcheou,
have for many Years furnifh'd a fufficient Quan-
tity of Copper for the fmall Coin of the whale Em-
pire. But the mofi iingdar, is ,the [ Pe long ]
White Copper ; it is naturally of a white Colour,
md itill more fo inwardly than outwardly. Several
Experiments have been made at Peking, to try if it
owes its Whitmefi to any Mixture, by which it was
fbund that it did not ; on the contrary, all Mixtures,
except Silver, diminiih its Beauty. When poliih'd,
it is exatkly like Silver; but what detrah from its
Value, is, its being more brittle than other Copper.
T H E RE is a Stone called Hizrng boang, which is p,;,
iiid to be an Antidote againit all forts of Poifon : But staes.
this may be j d l y fufpe&ed, becaufe in fome Places
there are large uarries of it. It is a foft Stone, of
9
which Cups, an fuch like Things are d i l y made.
It is naturally of a yellowifi Colour, and fometimes
fpottcd with Black.
Lapis Lazuli is not very dear in Tun nan, where it
is found in ieveral Places, differing in nothing from
that which is imported into Europe. Yu-cbc, of the
fineit Sort, is generated in the Diitria of Tai tong
fm, of the Province of Cban /i : It is a kind of Jaf-
per, of the Colour of the white Part of Aaate. - It
jppears tranfprent, and fometimes $otted when it is
polifh'd.
The Rubies which are fold at Tun nanfou, are of
the right Sort, but very little. There are alfo other
Precious Stones to be had there ; but they are to be
Imported from other Countries, and eipecially from
the Kingdom of Aca.
 24. Be G E N E R AHLI S T O R Of
Y
The finefi Rock CryJfal is found in the Province of
F o kien in the Latitude of 24Q lo'. The Artificefs
who live near the Mountains where it is got, are very
skilful in working it ; and they make of it, Seals,
Buttons, Figures of Animals, Mc.
There are alh, in this Province, Qarries of fine
Marble, which would equal the beft in Europe, if it
were well polifh'd ; but they make but little Ufe
of it in their publick Buildings. There is neither
Palace, nor Temple, nor any other Edifice, at Pe-
king or elfewhere, intirely of Marble. Tho' Pillars
are frequently ufed in their Building, they have hi-
therto employ'd nothing but Wood fbr that Purpofe.
I t is uncommon to fee any thing built even of Stone,
befide Bridges and Triumphal Arches, which adorn
the Streets of the principal Cities in each Province.
The Triumphal Arches are moitly adorn'd with the
Figures of Men, Birds, and Flowers, very artificial-
ly done, which feem to be held together with Cords,
which are engag'd one in another without Confufion.
Thofe which have been done lately, fall infinitely
fhort of the old ones ; which demonftrates the fuperior
Skill of their ancient ArchiteEts. However, the Or-
der of the modern is the idme of the other ; but this
Order has little in it that rdembles ours. They have
neither Chapiters nor Cornices ; and that which has
fome Likenefi to our Frizes, is of a Height which
is thocking to an Eye accuftom'd to the Evropean Ar-
chiteaure.
~?i&, T H E Stone-Bridges are commonly built like ours,
on large Piers of Stone, capable of refifiing the Ra-
pidity OF the Stream, ahd fuitaining the Weight of
Arches wide enough for the Fairage of large Veffels.
They are exceeding numerous, and the Emperor
fpares no Expence when ehe publick Good reqtiires
them to be built.
Of there, there is one very remarkable at Fog
tcheou j%w Capital of Fo kjen. The River over
which
 -
which it is built is half a League in Breadth; it is
fometimes divided into fmall Arms, and fometimes
fkparated by little Iflands ; thefe are all united in join-
ing 'the Iflands by Bridges, which make altogether
eight Furlongs or Chin+ Lys, and feventy-fix I M ~ s .
T h e principal of thefe has alone above an hundred
Arches built of white Stone, with Baniiters on each
Side handibmely carved ; upon which, at the diitance
of every ten Foot, are placed ipuare Pilafiers, whofe
Bdes are very large, rei'embling hollow Barks.
But that which excells all the reit, is at Suen tcheou
fou, built over the Point of an Arm of the Sea,
without which the Paffage would be hmetimes dan-
gerous, even in :a Boat. It is 2 5 0 0 Chine/"e Feet in
Length, and 20 in Breadth. I t is fupported by 252
ftrong Piers, I 26 on each Side. All the Stones are
of the fame Bignefi, as well thofe which are laid from
Pier to Pier, as thofe which are laid crois-wife ; in-
fomuch that it is difficult to comprehend how Stones
of fuch an enormous Size ihould be placed in that
regular Manner they are, or even raifed on the high
Piers on which they lie. After this, there is no-
thing OF the Kind worth mentiosing : But from the
publick ~ u i 1 d i . nin~general
~ it may be obferv'd, that
thek People are very lavifh in every thing that re-
gards the Publick, but good Oeconorniits in all their
private Concerns.
B U T the mofi excellent of all their Works relate R ~ W W J and
to their Rivers and Canals, which are managed with Canah.
the greatefi Advantage to the Publick; iniomuch
that one may pais from Canton the mofi Southern Ci-
ty, to Peking the moil Northern, without travelling
above one D3y by Land, and even not that, if one
goes a little about by the Province of %ang /iand
Hou quang.
T h e great River Tang t/l'e kinng traverf'es all Cbina
from Weit to hit, and is join'd to the River Pe-ho,
which runs from Peking towards the South, through
a famous
a famous artificial Canal ; by this means there is
an eafy Communication between the Southern and
Maritime Provinces with the Northern that border
upon I'attaty, which is an inexhauitibleSource of re-
ciprocal Advantages. This Canal, which has the
Name of 2%-lean8 ho, or, t k Canal to convey Mer-
cbaptdizes, is very remarkable for its Length, which
is 166Leagues, bur more fo by the Levelnefs of the
Land thro' which it is cut ; for there is neither Hill,
nor Mountain, nor Rocky Soil, which gave them
any Trouble to make a Paffage through.
In the Province of Cban tong is a moderate River
named Oiken-ho, whofe Waters they have found means
m divide 5 the Place of Separation is called [Fou Chmi
nwiao) Be Temple of tbe DiviJion of tbe Waters, be-
saafe it was confecrated by the Idolaters to Long Vang,
who, according to the Bonzes, is Lord of the Waters.
The greateit Part of it bends its Courfe Northward,
and after many Turnings and Windings falls into the
River of Peking. The other is, with vafi Trouble
and Expence, guided through low and marfhy Lands,
and by the Afiitance of Dams and Sluices, is made fub-
fervient to different Purpofes of Pleafure and Profit.
But that which mofi charms the Eye, is the infi-
nite Number of large and beautitit1 Imperial Barks,
which fail ,in numerous Fleets under ,the Command
of a ftngle Mandarin, loaded with the befi Pro-
duaions of different Provinces. It is coinlnonly faid
that the Number of thefe Barks, which are maintain-
ed at the Publick Expence, amount to ~oooo; but
upon firiR Enquiry it appears there is not half of
that Number, and even then it will be found hr-
rifing enough, if it be confider'd, that they are de!
Egn9d only to fupply the Imperial City with Provi-
fions, and that the Burthen of many of them is Four-
fmre Tuns at leak
W h e n there is no Danger of damaging the Grand
Canal, there are h a l l ones cut into it, for the more
I @ f ~
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TRRTARY,
&c. 27
#
eafy Carriage of all: Sorts of Commodities ; and where
the Land is not upon the &me Level with the Canal,
they cat& their Boats to be hoiitd up on a largt no.,
ping Stone, which being made fllppery with Water,
the Boats aide down with extreme Swifmfi ; for this
Reafm they afe fahion'd much like a Gondola, a d
their Keels are made of an exceeding hard w'uod,
proper to $idbin the Weight of the Bark.
T El E great Trouble which the Miflionaries had in F*.
k t l i n g the Geography of the Country, did not 11-
low them Tim ta inquire very minutely into the fi-
r e a l Species of Fifh which are to be found in their
Rivers and Canals 3 however, they obierv'd two or
t h things which are iingdar enough. The Firff is,
that in the River Tang + kiazg, in the Province d
fitsngJi, there is an Affembly of a great Number of '
Boats, at a particular Seafin, to purchafe the Spam
of Eifh. In the Month of M a j the Country-Peopk
.
5 lace Mats and Hurdles acrds the River, leaving on-
R w m for the Paffagc of the Boats; thefe Hur-
dles flop the Spawn, which, together with t+e Wad
m, hey convey into p r q e r Veffels, and expofe to
Sale. By this means, and keeping the VeKels in Agi-
fation, it is convey'd into divers Provinces, 13 order
to ftock their Ponds and Pools. In a few Dab the
young Fry begin to appear in little Shoals, but the
different Kinds cannot be fo foon difiinguifh'd. The
Advantage they reap fi-om this is vafily more than the
Expence they are at, for the common People live
much upon Fiih.
The next of this Kind remarkable is the Golden
fifi [Kin yu.J It is kept in Ponds and Bafons made
on purpofe, near the Pleafure-Houfcs of Perfons of
Diftin&ion. The l d are the moft valued, becaufi
they are moil beautiful. They are of a fine Red,
which looks as if it were fpeckled with Gold Duit,
efpccialiy near the Tail, Some are white, like Silver,
*erp white, qotted with Red : They are all ve-
Y'
 J
ry lively, and delight to play on the Surface of the
Water; but they are fo tender withal, that a fmall
Matter will kill great Numbers of them. Their Size
is various, but fome of them are as large as a Pil-
chard. They will rife up to the T o p of the Water,
the Noife of a Clapper that the Perfon uGs who
feeds them : It is remarkable, and indeed furprifing,
that during three or four of the coldefi Months they
are not fed at all: One would imagine they knew
their Mailers, they are fo ready to rife at his Ap-
; on this Account many great Peribns delight to
p""
eed them with their own Hands, and pleafe themfelves
much with their Agility, and Sporting in the Water.
But this kind of Fifh is not more beautiful than the
Hai j n g is hideous and ugly. I t is commonly feen
floating near the Shore, in the Sea of Chan tong and
F o kien. It looks like a fhapelefs Lump of fome ina-
nimate Matter, and is not eafily to be defcrib'd ; the
Natives affirm it has four Eyes and Feet, but the
Mifionaries could difcover but two of the former,
and nothing like Feet, but fmall Prominences in fe-
veral Parts of its Body. It has neither Bones, nor
Prickles, and when prers'd, dies immediately. A lit-
tle Salt will preferve it, and by chat -means it may be
convey'd all over the Empire : It is much ufed, and
accounted extreme fine Eating, but would not be
very agreeable to an Etlropean Palate.
I might mention a Kind of Sea-Crab, which are
very fubje& to Petrefaaion without lofing their natu-
ral Shape ; but this is commonly known elkwhere.
Their Phyficians account them excellent in Fevers, but
how juilly is uncertain.
Rivers and Lakes are in great Plenty all over the
Country : There is one of thefe latter, which is eighty
of our Leagues iffcircumference ; there are alfo cer-
tain Rivulets which run under Ground, and appear a-
gain at fome Difiance ; but this cannot be mention-
ed as a thing very extraordinary.
The
 T h e Cities, which are very numerous, are almoit all
built on the Sides of Lakes, Rivers or Canals, which
renders travelling by Water extremely commodious
as well as pleafant ; but of the6 you will find a parti-
cular Defcription in the Geographical Part of this
Work.

0f the Great Wall,which divides C H I N A from

TH IS celebrated Wall was built by the famous Em-

peror T j n chi hoang, with a politick View, 2 2 I
Years before Chrifi. It is the Northern Boundary of
Cbina, and defends it from the neighbouring Tartars,
who were at that Time dhided into feveral Nations
under different Princes, which prevented their doing
any Injury to China, but by their fudden Irruptions.
There d s then no Infiance of fuch a Union of the
Weitern Tartars, as happen'd at the Beginning of the
Thirteenth Century, when they conquer'd China.
There is nothing in the World equal to this Work,
which is continued thro' three great Provinces, vix. Pe
tcbeli, Cbanj, and Cben /i, built often in Places which
f'eem inaccefible, and itrengthen'd with a Series of
Forts. T h e Beginning of this Wall is a large Bul-
wark of Stone, raifed in the Sea, to the Eait of Peking,
and almoft in the fame Latitude, being 4oQ. 2'. 6".
in the Province of Pe tcheli. It is built like the Walls
of the common Cities of the Empire, but much wider,
being terrafs'd, and cas'd with Brick ; and is from 20
to 25 Feet high. P. Regis, and the P. who afified
him in making the Map of the Provinces, have of-
ten firetch'd a Line on the Top, to meafure the Bafes
of Triangles, and to take diitant Points with an
I n h m e n t : They always found it well paved, and I

wide
30 Th C B N E R AHLI S T O RofY
wide e ~ o u g hfor five or fix Horfmen to travel a-.
breaR with eafe. The Gatesof th,e Great Wall arefar-
c i M on the Side of Cbina by pretty large Fans : The
firit, towasds the Eafi, is eall'al Cbawg dai kwn ;it b
near &heWall which extends fiom the Bulwark in
the Sea, about a League through a Country quite le-
vel, and then begins from this Fort to rife upon the
Declivities of the Mountains. I t was the Cbince Ge~e-
neral, who commanded in this Place, that called in
$he neighbouring l a ~ a r sof Leao toxg : This gave
them an Opportunity of conquering China, norwirh-
ftanding the great Confidence the Cbinej had in this
Wall, which they thought an impregnable Defence.
Theother Forts, and which are as noted, are Hi fmg
k w , in 4s0. 26'. f o # & keou, 41O. I 9'. 20". fibang
kia keosr, 40°. 5'. 15.". atm noted Pailiges uf the
Fartars, who are fubjekt to the Empim, to ~ c ta e
Pekhg ; and Con pe k t m , 40°. 43 . 15". w h i h was
the Way the Empemr Gang hi generally took EO go
zo G e be ell in Tavtarj. This Place is about 40
Leagues from P&i#g, alwa'ys afcending towards the
N k t h : It is a mountainous Cowtry, where he u5.d
to take the Divdmn of Hunting ;the Way t o it fm
PeAing is,levell'd by Hand, and as even as a Bowl-
ing-Green. There this great Prince dded more &en
half the Year, without neglding the Affairs of the
Empire, which he govern'd as &ly as a private Fa-
mily. When he came late from Hunting, he Fever went
.to Bed before he had difpatch'd all Petitioners, and
rofe next Morning before the Day. 4s was furprizing
xo k e him, at the Age of thredmre Years, riding a-
mong his Guards, thro' the thickeft Snows, in a light
Drefs, arm'd with his Bow and Quiver, without ever
offering to make ufe of an empty Chaife that fol-
low'd him.
All thefe Places are terrafs'd and cas'd with Brick
on both Sides, in the Province of P e tcheli; but when
you enter that of Chn /i towards fie^ tcbing ouei, the
Wall
Wall begins to be only of Earth: N ~ v e r t h e lan ~
the Side of Cba kern, in 4oQ. I 9'. which P h
the M u f i d e s come to, i trw fr;omSdktzgisko, it is
cas'd on the o u m M e with Brick, and dbme of its .'
Towms are very large, and built af Brick an a Bde
of Smne, but it does m t always continue the &me.
The River HomgHo has4knu-y Boxes along its Banks,
wherein Soldias keep Guard continually, and f i -
plies the Place of a Wall, towards the Bounds which
divide the Pmvinaes of C b a ~ jand i ChaaJ.
Beyond the River Hemg bo d w a ~ d i,n the Bra-
vince of C h ), the Wall a only of Emh, Jow, ns-
row, a d f o m a t h s df Gravel, for it dies in a , p -
d l y Soil, and in f m e flaces is quite deftroy'd ;but
in other Pdaces the Paffage is defended by fevml con-
".
fiderabk Towns, fuch are- 2% ling hien, in 3 3 I, 5'.
Niqg &a, t e a tcberru, in 3 7 O . 59 . Xan tcbeov, 3g0.
Sox tcbeou and Si n i q ; where General Officers refide
with Bodies of haen. H e who reiides at Ken &hew
is the Generalmmo, and is call'd 23 tog ; the others
are only Lieutenant-Generals, called ffiqping.

15 C&ne/g Lys round. The 1nduib-y of

Ning bia is the beit of thefe Towns ; it is finer,
richer, and h e r built than mait of the Towns of the
Empire ; it is alfo pretty large, for if you take both
the DivZons, as making but one Town, it is at leafi
the gnhabi-
rants has render'd the Country fruitful, for by means
of proper Canals and Sluices, which they have made,
they can water thtir Lands, when they want it, from
the River H ~ n gho. There are Springs in the *Ditches
a

of the Town, from which they make Salt ; here are

aKo Manu fa&ures of Woollen Goods, and Carpers like
rhofe of lurkv. The Mountains are fo high and fieep
in the Diftri& of Ning hia, that Seven or Eight Leagues
fioln the Town they fupply the Place of a Wall for
about T e n Leagues. Sou tchcozl is in 39'. 45'. 40'. it
is a confiderable Town, but not equal to Nmg, either
for Trade or Beauty ; t h ~ it' commands the Soldiers
at
8
 - n e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
at Kia yu koan, which is the Road to Hami, and in fe-
veral DiftriEts of the f i r t a r Halkas. The Wall is
only of Earth in thefe Parts, but kept in good Re-
pair, 6n account of the Neighbourhood of the People
of Hami, who have been fubje& to the Emperor
but a few Years. The Walls of Kia yu koan arc not
of Brick, but well guarded with Soldiers, who defend
this important Paffage. The Wall ends when you
have pais'd a little Town (called lcbeurng lan) becaufe
it is fituated where two Ways meet, one of which is
in the Valley which goes by Lsng tcbeou to Kia yu
koan, the other upon the Mountain which leads to Si
m'ng tcbeou ; but infiead of a,Wall there is a pretty
large Trench, except in the Necks near Si ning, which
are walled as in the Province of Cben Ji. The Town
of Si ning, which is 36". 59'. is not large, but fur-
paires Ning hia in Trade : A11 the Skins and Furs
which come from Weit lartary are fold in this Town,
or in a neighbouring Village called lopa. This
Place is of greater Worth than a large Town, al-
though the Buildings are mean, and in a bad Situa-
tion. Here may be had almoit all Sorts of Foreign
and Chin{e Commodities, and various Drugs, as
Saffron, Dates, Coffee, Mc.
When P. Regis was here employ'd in making the
Map of the Country, he found three or four Catholic
Armenians, who kept Shop in this Place, and ibld' fine
Skins which they fctch'd from lartary. The Houfts
and Shops are much dearer in this Village than in the
Town of Si ning, which is diftant about four Leagues.
I t is remarkable, that this Village is independent of the
Mandarin of Si ning ; but belongs to a Lama Bonze,
who is always chofen out of the Family that owns thiq
Territory. This Family is the moft confiderable of
the Nation of Si fan, or Tozr fan, of which I h a l l
hereafter give a fuller Account. The Emperors of the
preceding Family, thinking the better to prekrve the
Peace of the Nation, in making the Place impregna-
ble
ble where they kept their Court, had built a f'econd
Wall as itrong and furprizing as the firit : It remains
ftill entire in P e tcbeli, 76 Lys from Peking, at one of
the rincipal Gates, named Nan keo, and from thence
10 L e s upon the Declivity of a high Mou~~tain,
by which the Road lies to Suen boa fou, and from
thence to Tai tong in the Province of Chan Ji. This
Wall, which is called the' Great Inner-Wall, joins
the other to the North of Peking, near Suen hoa fou,
where there is a Qrrifon ; and is continued dong
the Wdt of the Province of P e tcbeli, and extends
into the Province of Cban /i, where it is ruinous in
many Places. When we confider the Number of
itrong Holds and Forts built between thefe two
Walls,' with the Works on the Eafiern Side,. we
cannot help admiring the Care and Efforts of the
Cbine/e, who f'eem to have left no Means untry'd,
that human Prudence could pofibly fuggefi, for rbe
Defenc~of tbe Kingdom, and far pr@rving tbe publick
Tranquillity.

Of fbP Nation called Si fan or Tou fan.

F 0lows,
R the more readily corn rehending what, fol-
it is neceffary to recoPl e a what I mention'd
before, viz. That the little Town of Tcbouang lan is
fituated at the Meeting of two Vallics ; whereof one
goes towards the North, quite to the Gate of the Great
WaII, which is calla Kia yu koan, above I oo Leagues
in length, inwhich there are three great Towns, Lan
tcbeou, Kan tcbeoa, and Son tcbeou, with feveral Forts
under their JurifdiCtion : T h e other Valley extends
W e h a r d above twenty Leagues to Si ning, and is full
of fmall Cafiles, iubjee to that Town, and which
make the Chinge abfolute Mailers of all the plain
V O L . I. D Couo-
34 Z i e G E N E R AH LI S T O RofY
Country ;but they are not ib of the Mountains ;they
are inhabited by a People different from the Chin*,
who are to the South, and from the Tartars, who are
to the North of this Country.
The Chin@ difiinguiih this Nation into two Sorts
of People ; they call one Sort the Black Si fan, He
/ifan ;the other Hoang /i fan, or the Yellow Si fan ;
not fi-om any DiGrence in their Complexion, for they
are in general pretty fwarthy, but becaufe one Sort
live in Black, and the other in Yellow Tents. The
Black Sifan have fome few poor Houfis, but arevery
uncivilized ; they are govern'd by little Chiefs, who
depend on a greater. Thofe which P. Rqir faw, were
'drefi'd like the People of Hami; the Women wore
their Hair divided into TreGs hanging down upon
their Shoulders, full of little brak Specula.
The Yellow Si fan are fubje& to certain Families,
the eldeit of which is made a Lama,or Tartarian Bonze,
and wears a Yellow Habit. Thek Lamas, always of
the fame Family, and who govern in their Diitrib,
have Power to decide all Cauks, and to puniih Cri-
minals ; they live in the came Dirtria, but in dif-
ferent Places, and have no large Villages ; they ge-
nerally make little Hamlets of fix or feven Families
of the fame Kindred, which are like little Camps,
and are call'd Sias in by the Chinge Geographers.
The greateit Part live in Tents ; many have Houfq
built of Earth, or fometimes of Brick i they do not
want the NeceiT~iesof Life ; they feed large Flocks
of Sheep; their Morfa are fmall, but well ihaped,
fpirited, and firong. The Lamas, who govern this Beo-
ple, do not make them uneaij, provided they render
them certain Honours, and- pay cxa&ly the Dues of
Fo, which are very trifling. The Armhians, who
Iivedst fipa, feem'd very well pleafed with theLama
. who was Governor of t l Place, ~ and who was then
about four or five and twenty Years old: far from
vexing his Sub*, lie- only took a flight Tribute of
each
 each Family in proportion to the Space of Land they
occupied. It is faid that there is a Difference in the
Language of the two Si fans, but as they underitand
one another fo as to trade together, it's probable that
the Difference is only in the Dial& of the fame
Language. Their Chiefs make ufe of the Books and
Charaaers of %bet, the Country of the Great Lama,
Both the one and the other Sort are but partly fubjeCt
to the Chin@ Mandarins their Neighbours, before
whom they fometimeq appear when they are cited 3
tr
but this feldom happens, and for the moil rt theypay
no Regard to thefe Citations. It a w a r s at they dare
not ufe them with-Rigour, and force them to Obedience,
The Mountains they inhabit, whofe Tops are covet'd
with Snaw in the midit of July, fcreen them from
all Puduit. As they have the Rhubarb at their Dif-
pofal, which grows very plentifully in their Lands,
they am courted by the Cknqe, who readily leave
them in Poffefion of fuch a frightful Country, p r y
vidd they can draw from them their Merchandife
in Condition they require it. They have fame
Cufiom9 and Cerem~nies.very different from the Cbi-
wj2; for Inhncc, it i~ the Cuitom amongfi them
to preknt a great white Handkerchief of Muflin or
Silk, when they go k h r e any Perfms they defign to
ihew Rd@ to.
They have a l f ~ fome Cdoms like the Tartars,
Halkus, and others, which refemble the Cuitoms of
Coc~tot. The preknt Governmeeq of the Si fan or
lou fan is very different from what it was hrrnerly ;
they have at prefent no Towns, and are ihut up be-
tween the River Talong and the River Tang t j kiang :
10 ancient Time their Kingdom was well peopled,
equally fortified, and very powerful.
It is known by the Cbinej Books of Geography,
which are pretty ancient, by the Hiftories of the Pro-
vinces of C h n j and Se tcbyen, and by the Great
Annals Nien y cbc, that they have had a very exten,
D2 five
 36 f i e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
five Dominion, and fome Princes of very great Rc-
putation, who have made thedelves formidable to
their Neighbours , and have given fome Un4nefs e-
ven to the Emperors of Cbina. On the Eafiern Side
they not only poffeffed feveral Traas of Lands, which
at prefent make Part of the Provinces of Se tchen and
Chenji, but they had alfo carried their Conqueh ib
far into China, as to become Mafiers of feveral Towns
which the Chin@ call lcbe ou, of which they made
four large Governments. To the Wefiward t h y
were M&er~of all the Country, from Yalong to the
Limits of Cachimir. Such was the Extent of their
Kingdom.
63a In the 'Gventh Century, Ki t/on King of the l i r c
fan poffeffed this vrrit Tra& of Land : H e had wen
feveral little Tributary Kings, to whom he f i t Pa-
tents and Golden Seals. H e was ddirous to contra&
an Alliance with China, in &e Time of the Emperor
rai $ng of the Dynafty of Tong, one of the great&
Princes that ever enjoy'd this Monarchy. H e f i t him
a celebrated Embaffy. fai @ng was plms'd with this
Politenefi, and the Embaffadors were received and
difmiffed with the greateft Marks of Honour and Di-
* itidtion.
Ki @n upon this Encouragement fent a f'econd Em-
bafij., to demand a Princeii of the Imperial Fami-
ly for his Son Long t/ang. The Emperor's Council
thought this a very bold Propohion, and reje&ed it
with Scorn, without deigning to take it into Codi-
deration.
Long tfang inheriting the Kingdom upon the Death
of his Father, came at the Head of zooooo Men to
demand the Princes, and having defeated fmeral tri-
butary Princes of China who oppofed his Paffage, he
penetrated to the Frontiers of the Province of CbenJi,
where the Emperor then kept his Court. The Impe-
rial Council depended on the Reftilance af thde
Princes, bccaufe a numerous Army could paCs no other
Way.-
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A&c.R Y , 37
Wa)r.Aftcr thek firit Atlions of his vi&orious Army,
Long Vang Ent one of his Officers with a proud and
haugh7 Letter to the Emperor; he demanded that the
Prince s fhould be immediately given himywitha certain
Quantity- of Gold, Silver and Silks, which was due,
as he faid, to a SpouE of an Imperid Princefi, who
came to receive her in Perfon with fo much Pomp
and Magnificence. The Emperor being offended at
this Demand, fent Orders immediately to airemble
tht Troops on the Frontiers-; and to give them Time
for it, he amufcd the Envoy with great Hopes, by
treating and giving him every Day new Entertain-
ments: But as foon as he heard that the Army was
ready to march, he fhamhlly diiinifi'd the Envoy,
without giving & an Anfwer to the Letter of the
King his M&r.
The General [Hecu biea $1 fet out at the fame
Time, asad immediately afier he arrived at the Army,
he attack'd the Army of [Long Vang], and gain'd
the Vi&ory. The Lofi was.not fo great on the Prince's
Part, but that he found hidelf in Condition to give
his Enemy fome Undmefi afier he had rallied hip
Men : Therefore as he romifed to retire if the Prin-
t
cefs was fent t~ him wit an Equipage fbitable to her
Dignity, the Emperor's Council was of Opinion that
he ihould give his Confent.
T h e Princeis was condulted in a pompous Man- 640.
ner, and after the Ceremonies of the Wedding Long
Vang retir'd, and became a faithful Ally. H e was even -
of Service to the Empire on fweral Occafions ; the
rincipd was, when the General Alena ufurp'd a Tri-
&Iw Kingdom of China Long @ng aflified the
Emperor's General with all'his Forces, he fought him-
fdf in Peribn, and had a great Share in the Vit'kory
by killing the Rebel Aena.
EIifi, who fuccecded long @ng, did nothing 6 c?ic llvr
fturb the Peace which he had with the Empire and e9&
all his Neighbours : He hdied ~ n l ybw to maintain
3 i
 38 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY .
it by theTreaties which he made with thevarious Na-
tions of Tartars, and efpecially with the [Hoei be.]
By thefe means he made his Kingdom as power-
ful by his Allies ad by his own Forces. H e died with:
, out leaving any Pofierity.
Son j,his next Heir and Succeffor, was of a more
warlike Difpofition ; he was called with his Tartar
Allies, and fome other Allies of the Empire, to the
Succour of the Emperor Huen gong, who was oblig'd
to quit the Court of T'chang gan (which .is the Town
now call'd Si ngan) and to abandon it to the Rebels
headed by the General Gun lo than.
The Prince who was next Heir to the Empire, and
who call'd them to his Afiitance, had promifed them
, great Rewards if they conquer'd ; he kept his Word,
and not contented with giving the Plunder of fome
Cities that had rebell'd, among others Loyang, which
*as very rich, he alib made them a Prefint of a
y\ uantity of Silks, and of the moil valuable
hings t at are the Produce of China. -
Rut whether thqy were not fatisfied with there Pre-
knts, or whether the P m f of their Power, which they
juft before trycd, made them pquder and more en-
rerprizing, or whether Policy engaged them to take
Advantage of the Weaknefs of the Empire, which w a
worn out by too many Civil Wars, they no fmner
heard af the Emperor's Death, but they began their
March with a forlidable Army, and advanced with
Incredible Expedition ; the Irruption was not per-
keived, tili they arriv'd on the Frontiers of the Em-
Fife. \

The Governors of Ta chin kaen, of Lan tcheou, and

af all the Country of HoJi ou were furpriz'd,and for-
ted to furrender ; and the News arrived at Court on-
Jy by fome Fugitives. A t firfi the Minifier could
'
..#
hardly believe the Report, yet as it was prudent to
rake fome Precaurions, heorder'd the moil skilful Ge-
neral Offider who was then at Court, to f a out at the
S L - Head
 Head of 3000 Horfe to learn the Truth. The Chi@
General [Go t j y ] was fcarcely arriv'd at Hien ya~zg,a
Town mar the Court, when he receiv'd lnformation
that rhe Enemy's Army, confifting of 300,ooo Men,
was expeCZed Awe that Day ; he immediately dii:
patched a Courier to the Minifier, praying him to
knd Succours, without which it was impoflible for
him to make Head againit the I'ou fan, who were
ready to fall u p the Town where the Emperor re-
Gded.
T h e Mmiiter took no Notice of this Meffage ;in
the mean time, the Generals of the Enemy's Army,
who knew the Country, were no fboner arriv'd at
Hienymg, but they ditached a confiderable Body of
Troops to get Poflefion of a Bridge which was up-
on the River. Next Day the reit of the Army ar-
rived there in geod Order.
The Emwor, who till then had not been acquaint-
ed with the Dahger, was fo furprized with thls fud-
den News, that he abandoned his Palace and fled :
The Grandees of tke Court, the Officers, and People
all followed his Example.
So that the vi&orious Army enter'd the Palaces
of the Emperors and Princes without Reiiltmce, where
they found immenfe Riches, which they plunder'd,
afier which they kt them on Fire, and at the fame
Time fired feveral Parts of the Town.
Co t j y was retired *ith his 3000 Horfmen to
join the Troops, who in the firft Surprize fled out of
fcbanggair, and by the Means of this Vhion i"aw '
himfell fbon at the Head of 4 0 0 0 ~Men.
In order to fupply by Policy what he wanted in
Strength, he had Recourfe to the following Strata-
gem ; He order'd a Detachment of Horfe, command-
by one of his beit Offtcers, to go and encamp up-
on the neighbouring Hills, to range them in one
Line, to make a terrible Noife of Drums, and every
D4 Night
 -
Night to make great Fires in different Places within .
View of the Enemy.
This Artifice fuc&ed : The lou fan were a h i d
of being furrounded and overpower'd by the united
Forces of the whole Empire, commanded, as they
well knew, by a General of great Skill and Bravery;
therefore they turn'd to the Weit, and Mock'd up the
Town Fongjang. '

Malin, who cominanded in this DiitriEt, came to

the Relief of the Place, and having forc'd a Body of
the Enemies Army, and kill'd above a thoufand Men,
he threw himfelE into the Town. As foon as he wac
cntcr'd, he fet open all the Gates, to let the Enemy
f e he did not fear them. This extraordinary Con-
du&i afioniih'd the Ibu fan, and confirm'd their for-
mer Sufpicions, and they no longer doubted but that
there was b e Ambufcade to furprize them. On the
other Hand, faid they, this Governor ferns not to
value his Life, it would cofi us too dear to make our
felves Mafiers of the Town,and as we arc weakm'd al-
ready by the Fatigues we have undergone,could we itand
the Shock of an Army, perhaps more numerous than
our own, and compofed of fie& Troops ? Upon this
they refolved to retire, contented with the Booty they
had gained ; and by their Retreat they gave the
Chinc/e Time to repair the Royal Town of fcbangan,
to which the Emperor return'd fome Months after he
had fled from it in fuch a fhamcfil Manner. Soon
after the Chin$ Troops were obliged to take the Field
againfi a new Rebel [Pou cou], who had join'd In-
terefi with the Tartars, Hoei be. This Rebel was ta-
ken off by a fudden Death in very ood time.
8;
The Cbinge had the Addreis to ifunite thcfe two
Nations, by exciting a Quarrel among the Chiefi about
the Command of the Army. Yo kolo, who commanded
the Hoei be, would have been named General of the
whole Army.The Toufan oppos'd it, as a thing contrary
to
 C H I N AC, H I N E S ~ E ~ T A RWe.
TARY
41,
to the Orders they had receiv'd from the King their
Mailer, and difhonourable to rheir Kingdom, which
was much iupcrior to the little State of thde T'artar~.
T h e CbinG General, who drkamp'd in Sight, fecretly
fupported the Pretdons of To kolo, and at length
join'd him.
The lou fan were attack'd as they were leaving
their Camp. They loft I oooo Men in this Attack, and
were very roughly handled in their Retreat. The King
of the Tou fan coniider'd how to repair his Lois ; he
was informed that the Hoei he were retired from the Cbi-
nc/e in Difmntent : Upon this he Gnt his Army with
Orders to befiege Ling tcbeou. T h e Commander of this
City, and of the Country of &is DifiriA, had but few
Troops ;he carefully fhum'd an Engagement with the
Enemy upon fuch unequal Terms. T h e Method he
took, was to ut hirnfdf at the Head of 5000 Horfe,
P
and torning uddenly upon their Magazines, he n a
only burnt them, but alfo carried off all the Booty
they had got, and Part of their Bagage. This Lofi
obliged the fou fan to return in haite to their own
Country. They remain'd five Years without AEtion,
making Preparations for a new War. At the end of
this Time they fend a formidable Army into the
Field, which dividing, fell almofi at the fame Time
upon the Country of King tcbeou and Ping tcbeou.
Thefe Troops eafdy defeated feveral Bodies of Impe-
rial Forces. The Valiant Miz lin, who before had
driven them from Fong t/iang, was beaten like the
other General Officers : But at length the General Co
qey entirely routed them, by an Ambufcade which
he placed in their P-e, and put them to Flight.
This Refeat made the King of l o t l fan inclinable 779.
to Peace. H e fcnt an Embaffy to Cbina, rather nu:
merous than magnificent. The Etnbaffidor had 500
Men in his Retinue. The Emperor, to mortify him,
kept a long time at Court without an Audience or
Diiiniillon. The King of the 7024 fan was fo fiock'd
at
5
 at this difagreeaue Reception, that he was preparing
to revenge the Affront, when the Emperor happen'd
'
to die.
His Son I'e' tbtg wht9fucceeded him, made it his
firR Care to deliberate on the Manner of difmilling
the Ambaffador and his Train. H e refolv'd on a Con-
du& quire oppofite to that of his PredeceiTor : H e
treated the principal Perfons of the EmbaKy, and
' gave them and all their Followers rich Habin in pro-
portion to their Rank ; he loaded them with Prefents,
and fent them away under the Condu& of one of his
Officers named Ouk ling. This Officer had Orders
to juitifj. the little Regard that had been paid to his
Ambaffadors, by laying the Blame on their ill Con-
dm?, and their too numerous Attendance.
Ouei ling, contrary to his ExpeEtation, was not only
received with Honour, but alfo with a Magnificei~ce
\Ibhich furprized the Emperor, and gave a favourable
Opinion of this Court. His Expences were ddrayed,
and he was difmiffed with an AmbafXador loaded with
rich Prefents to the Emperor from the King his Ma-
fier, with a PromXe that he would do nothing for
the hture that fhould break the good Intelligence he
defied to keep with the Empire ; fo that the Court,
Aot doubting the Sincerity af this Reconciliatfon,was
"'dyF uaded that there was nothing more to
fiar from e 7'0u fan.
"
In the mean Time the King died. T j n g $0 his
Succeffor was no fooner on the Thrme, but he or-
dered his Army to take the Field, and to enter Cbtnj.
They arriv'd before Advice could be given of their
March to the Chin*, and defeated all the Imperial
. Troops they met, till they came to the City of
Ken tching, now called [Kenyang].
The Court was alarm'd at their Progrei, but the
General Li tcbing f'eeing the Confequence of this Irrup-
tion, thought he was not obliged to wait for the Empe-.
ror's Orders; but marching direttly with all his Troops,
and
;tndthofe of the Province which he had affembled, he
came up with the Enemy, jufi as they were going to be-
ftege the Town, and gain'd fuch a complete ViAory,
that he forced them to fie for Peace. They promXed to
fkmr to the Condidons, as f x as~the Emperor 'ihould
f d ohe of the Grandees with full P6wer to conclude
Affairs in an amicable Way, and who ihould in his
Name confitm the Treaty with an Oath. This was
pt m Ekecution : But their Treachery was prefently
dlfmvered.
Some of their O E e r s , who defired the Continua-
don & the War, endeavour'd ro furprike the Empe-
Pot"s E h ~ o y ,ahd carry him to their Camp ; the Ge-
fleral indeed denied that he was concern'd in t k Mat-
ter, and the Emperor'h Envoy thought that he bad
fkceeded very bell in his Negotiatibn with the Chiefs
6f the Army, by engaging them to return home with-
out doing any Damage to the StlbjtCts ofthe Empire;
This f i f l Expedition not fucceeding as the King
of the l o s l fa# expeCeed, he made Preparations for a
fecond. H e levied an Army Rrong enough to op-
poL the united Forces of the Chinqe and the [Hod
be] Tartars, who had lately made an Alliance with
the Emperor. They carried at firft fome conftdemble
Forts which lay in their Rout, and having plreis'd
rhemi&lvesof Ganj?, they advanced to Pc ting, South
of Nitzgbia. At this Place they wete fipriztd and
beaten by the [Hoei be] fartars. Yet f a from re-
tiring, they continud their Rout towa& the Court
with incredible Boldntfi and Intrepidity : But foon af-
ter, when they leait expetted it, the General Oueicao '

fell upon them, cut to pieces thofe Bodies which were

drawn up in order of Battle, carried away fifty of their
Camps, and purfued them to the Frontiers.
At t h t fame Time he difpatch'd an Officer to the
King of -n nnn, to engage him to come to his A E -
h c e with all his Fdrces; but this Prince excufed
himklf, being afmid of irrit:.ting f i h a powerful
Enemy. Afts
 After this Vi6kory Ouei lao propofed to rhe Empe-
ror a Method to prevent the Incuriions of the lbtr
fan, which was,sfo build feveral Cities and Fortreilk
on the Weitern Frontiers. The Court follow'd his
Scheme, and an Order was made to build four in the
D f i i R of Ning yangfou, of the Province Cm,viz,
Tang ka, Ho tau, MGU pou, 'and Ma ling.
This Precaution prov'd uielei's: The Building of
theie Towns was but jufi finiihed, when the fou faa
return'd as ufual, and at length took the Town of Lin
tcbeou, which they had feveral times before attempted
in vain. The General Ouk cao gave them no Time to
repair their Breaches : H e appeqd with his Army ;as
foon as he cane in Sight, the Toufan abandon'd the
Town, and took the Way to Ouk tcbem, one of their
itrongefi Places, in the Province of Se tcbum. Ouei cao
purfued them, and fecing they itill fled from him, he
rdolved to befiege the Town of Ouei tcbeou.
The King of the Tifan was frighted at this News ;
he fent immediately Lun mang, his Prime Miniiter,
wich a confiderable Reinforcement, Ouei cao hearing
this News, came out of his Lines, march'd to meet
thefe Succours, and defeated the Army of the Prime
Miniiter, and took him Prifoner. Immediately &er
this Expedition, the Gates of the Town were opened
to him. H e reiblved to make this a Place of Arms,
and proceeded to Mege the Fortrefs of Koen mia
tching ; but he mifcarried here, through the Bravery
of the Governor, who made an invincible Rdiance.
The City of Outi tcbeou was onc bf the Royal Cities,
and the Kings of Tou fan, fince Kili/o,
the Year in that Place. So that the firit
T t a i did, who fucceeded his Brother, was to ufe
poffible Means to retake it; and accordingly rais'd an
Army of 150000 Men, and fint them to beiiege it.
At the firit Rumour of the March of this Army,
the Cbinefi General threw himfelf into the Town. He
fufiain'd the Siege for five and twenty Days, and dc-
fended
fended himfelf with a great deal of C o k g e .againit
the continual Affaults of the Enemy 3 but at length
the Sumurs which he expeaed not arriving, and f'ee-
ing himfelf reduc'd to the lait Extremity, he was
forc'd to furrender.
The lou fan fwell'd with their Vilkory, advanced
towards Tcbing tog fou, the Capital of the fame Pro-
vince Se tcbuen. The ChineJe General who, with the
few Troops he had, could not oppofe their March,
C read a Report that he was going to make him-
8f M&er of the Defiles of the Mountains through
which they had pagd, and to colour his Pretence,
he o r h i d his Army to move towards the Place, as
if it had been really his Defign. They were focon-
vinced of it, that through Fear of having theirRc
treat cut off, they were fatisfied with having executed
the principal Order of their Prince, and made their
Retreat to Ouei t c h .
T tai was a Prince naturally mild, peaceable, and
fill of Tendernefs for his People. As he never had en-
gag'd in a War, but to recover a Place which had
been taken by Force from his PredeceFor, from which
his Troops were return'd, he acquainted the Generals
of the Frontiers of the Empire, that he defir'd nothing ,
but a Peace ;and to fhew that his Intentions were fin-
ccre, he iirued an Order which enjoin'd all his 06-
cus to keep on the Defenfive only.
The Cbinge on their Part behav'd with Gencrofity
on f w d Occafions. Si ta meow, Tou fan of the Na-
tion, and Governor of Ouk tcbcou, offer'd to deliver
t~phis Place to Ly ti ja,Commander of the Cbilrfi
Troops upon the Frontiers of the Empire. Almofl
111 the Officers were of Opinion that his Offers were
ted ; but one of the principal amongft
than, who e Name was Ni ou /an, very firongly op-
pofd it.
A great Empire like ours, faid he, ought toefteem
the Reputation of Fiddity more than the YoKefion of
a
a Phcc. If we break the Pexe firit, we authorife
the pafl Infidelity of the Ibu fan; the Complaints
which we have made from that Time will be unjufi,
and whatfoever they can do afierwards, whether by
Pillaging, or fpoiling our Frontiers, becomes jufiified
by our Example. They all yielded to his Reafons,
and it was concluded to rejeCt the Offers of the Go*
vernor.
T tai made good Ufe of the Leifure which the Peace
afforded, in governing his People by new Laws, and
by the Care he took of advancing none into publick
Ofices but thofe who were truly worthy of them. If
he learnt that any one diflinguifh'd himfelf by his
Learning, and Appk,ation to Study, he preferred him
,above thofe who hiid ap equal Ability in the Manage-
ment of Affairs.
Having heard of a Learned Man of great Repu-
ration, whofe Name was Cbam pi pi, who had nQ
other Merit but what he had gain'd by his Knowledge,
he fent for him to his Court from the farthefl Part of
the Kingdom. H e would himfelf queftion him, and
hcar him difcourfe on different Subjells ; he was fo
well fatisfied, that he made him Governor of the City
and Jurifdiaion of fcben rchcou, which is now called
Si ning.
Cbam pi pi in vain reprefented that his greateft
Proficiency was in Learning, and that this PoR r e
uircd fomebdy skilfd in Warlike Affairs, and at
&e Age of f m y it was too late to learn the Afiirs ,
of State ; for the King commanded him to accept of
this Government, and to go immediately to take Pd-
Iiffion of it.
This Prince who, by the Wifdom and Mildnefi of
his Governmet~t, had gain'd the Hearts of all his Sub-
je&, died without any IKue. fi mo, who was the
neareft ofthe Blood to the Throne, was without any
Oppofition ackn~wledg'd by all the States as the law-
ful Succrffor.
This
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T@c.
A R Y ,47
This Prince gave himfelf up entirely to his Plea-
iures. He liv'd in P a c e with his Neighbours, but his
Pafiions, together with the Violences and Barbarities
which he committed, render'd him ib odious to his
Subjeb, that they lefi their Country in great Num-
bers, to fhelter tLxmiElves fiom his conunual Cruel-
tics. He was the firit Caufe of this Kingdom's Ruin.
T h e Dihrder increas'd very much after his Death ;
lpving lefi no Children, nor nam'd a SucceEor, one
,J~~
of the Miniiters, prevaii'd upon by the Queen Dowa-
ger, caus'd the Son of Paive to be forthwith pro-
cIaimYdKing, who was her Favourite, and one of
the Grandees of the Kiagdom.
A t the firft Report ot the Choice which they had
made, Kie tou na firit Miniiter of State run to the
Palace and oppos'd U. Is the Royal Family then ex-
finR ? cried he, and i s it not a Crime to cbooje a King
eYmbere ? His Zeal coff him his Lifi ;for they di-
fpatch'd him as he return'd home.
This Proceeding of the Court incens'd every Body ;
but they were itill more enrag'd when they found that
this new King was but a Child of three Years old, \

whofe Title would be of no ufe but to authoriie all

the Mgns of the Favourite. But the Queen's Party
was fo powerKu1 at Court, that they were conltrain'd
to comply, and acknowledge this young Prince with
the ufual Ceremonies.
When this News came to the Army, which was
then near the Frontiers, the chief 'General Lu kong ge
refus'd to receive the Orders fent him by the Court,and
even entertained Thoughts of making himfelf King.
H e was of an immoderate Ambition, haughty, and
111 of his own Merit, very pafionate, and otten times
cruel ; but in other refpeCts he was courageous, skil-
ful, and was capable of the greateft Undertakings. He
took hold of this Opportunity of rifing to the Throne.
He forthwith fpread a Report that he was preparing
to revenge the Royal Family, by deitroying the U-
fiers
furpas of the Crown ; he rais'd new Troops, with
which he increas'd his Army, and march'd direhl
g
to that of the new King ; he routed it entirely, too
and pillag'd Ouei-tckou, and by joining with a great
Number of Officers and Malecontents,who were come
to meet him, with their Troops, he found himfdf at
the Head of rooooo fighting Men. What remain'd
now, was to draw over the Governors of the Provinces
to his Intereft, which he imagin'd he could eafily
effe&.
Cbam pi pi was one of the chieke, and was much
efteem'd among the Soldiers. Since he was made Go -
vernor of Tcben tcheou by King T tai, he applied him-
filf in fuch a manner to difcipline his Troops, by ma-
king them often exercife, and teaching them feveral
Stratagems of War, that they were reckm'd the beit
Troops of the State.
Lu kong ge had a mind to found him firaightway,
and having writ to him a deceitful Letter, march'd
towards his City. Cham pipi difcover'd the Defign of
the General, and refolv'd to crofi him. T o deceive
him in his Turn, he fent him fo humble an Anfwer,
that La kongge did not doubt but that he had gain'd
him to his Inter&. Immediately after the Departure
of the Courier, Cham pi pi march'd with all his
Troops, and made fo much hafie that he arriv'd al-
mofi as fmn as his Letter. H e atttack'd without Delay
the Army of Lu kong ge, much itronger than his own ;
but in the Surprize in which he found this General, it
was no hard matter to defeat it. Lu kong ge having
rallied the Remainder of his Troops, retir'd in the
utmofi Rage at this Difappointment : he well Caw that
Cham pi pi would be a great Obhcle to his ambi-
tious Views, fo much the more becaufe he had de-
clar'd in his Government, that it was necefiy to
have a King of the Royal Blood ; and if there were-
none furviving of the Blood, it was better to fub-
mit to the Emperor of Cbina, than to favour the
Ambition of a rebellious SubjeR. Lu
 Lu kong ge having recruited his Army, thought, 648,
that to get himfelf a Name, and gain the Affdion and 849.
of his Nation, it was neceffary to enter upon the
Chin@ Borders, and plunder them. H e had in the
Beginning fome Succds, but was quickly routed
by the binge Generals, who afierwards took from
the l o u fan the City Ten tcbeou and many Fortreffes.
Thefe Loffes did not fright Lu kong ge, he imagin'd
that if he was once Maiter of the Kingdom, it would
be an eafy Matter to repair them, wherefore he bent
all his Thoughts on reducing Cbam pi pi. H e had
increas'd his Army with new Recruits ; and with
the Tartars, old Confederates of the lou fan, to
whom he had promifed the Plunder of the Frontiers
of Cbina, he began his March, and arriv'd near T'cben
tcbeou with a formidable Army.
Cbam pi pi, without taking too great a Number of
Men out of his City, encam d at a certain Diftance
P'
near the River, and was ortified in his Cam at
the firR News of the Enemy's Approach. Lu ong P
ge attack'd him in it, and forc'd him to abandon it.
The Party which he took was to pais the River, break
down the Bridge, and to follow the Enemy in all
their Marches on the other Side of the River ;al-
though he fiw the Havock that Lu kolg ge made on
puipofi to draw him to a general Aaion, he did not
fuffer his Soldiers to pa5 the River, not io much as
to skirmiih.
T h e natural Brutality of Lu kong ge, and his bad
Temper, increas'd by the little Succefi of his Underta-
kings, render'd him io infupportable to his Soldiers,
that they defirted him in great Numbers ; Cbam pi pi
rxeiv'd them kindly, and form'd them into new
Companies.
The Tartars on their Side, who could no longer
bear fuch an intolerable Yoke, and who began to
difcover the ambitious Defigns of the General, left
him. A t lafi the Defertion, which continued more
VOL. I. E and
 and more every Da , turify'cf Lar kox gc: De-
?
fpairing of all Succe s, he thought the bee thing he
could do, was to fumnder himfdf to theErnperor of
Cbim on certain Terms ; and accordingly fee oat fw
the Court, and treated with his Imperial Mrjefky.
Although he c o d not obtain his Demands, he
appeas'd contented, and retired to Co tcbm, a Chi-
n+ City, where he q u a y pafs'd the r d t of his
Bays.
Whilfi the arnbitiow Lu keng ge made himielf
M&r of almoit aIl the Fmes of the State, th&
Princes of the Royal retir'd into different l h m
d the Kingdom, where they had little Patrimonies.
Some, who had fought a Shelter m ibme of the Forti
which belong'd to rhern towards Se rchcn, refolv'd
rather to fubmit th* to the Emperor of CBi-
na, than an Ufurper : Odms bbaufjl'd themfihtes in
Mountains which be10 'd to them. There were
hme, and thofe the m 3 confiddle, who m a i n %
in their own Patrimonies, in the Ncighbourhood of
the Government of C h m pi pi. This was what cre-
ated in rhe State an infinite Number of Tmuhles,
which neither the Wifdofn or V h u r of C b m pi
pi, oat' of his Succdor, could ever quiet, and which
was at MI rhe Ruin of this Monarchy.
When the Tou falr, divided into d i h t Parties,
were weary of Fighting, many Officers and Soldiers
join'd themfelves to Pan lo tchi, Prince of Lorr em,
who was within the Jurifdiaion of lcben fcbdoi,
whom the Children of Cbam pi pi had pderv'd for
their Nation. When they fiw a Chkf of the Royal
Blood, they quickly form'd a Body, and to retrieve
their Caunrry's H o n w by fame glorious Exploit,
they refolv'd to attack the King of Hia.
This new King was a Tartar, and originally of
Tau pa, which is Ail1 in the Poffeflion of $e fiu fm.
He fettled a State, in fpite of the CbinG, near the
River Horrt~gbo, whde Capital was Hia tchtou, and
which
 \

@
a ~ t , 91
CHINA,C d r ~ ~ s e - T ~ r e &c,
eehich is no* eanecf Ring Ed. It *as from this C i y
t h rMs ltew Kingdarn *ris nam'd Hia.
'FhiT i f m h2d very huth &%fled this Ptintd iri
PUs lhtki'tatittg' ; buf they tolklplain'd that their 8k+ I

f i e a dJtd 111repi_lited, and t'hrtt theit. Complaints had

ilb if1 T&tment f?un~f i e cjf tfte Mihiffers of
tAe rkw Srae. Whrref& fieing themfelves reunited
W€f dne 8 tR& Primes, &ep meditated Revenge
6tt fi& fbr their lngatitu8e.
The Rhg i+ fib, who w& tht! Pbtlnder of this
&le State, %d namf& Li B &tt. H e had renew'd
the W a r with the Empire, which the Jmperlal Family
d F ( h e B i t b g 6 + e r d d . Wfiid&h!g aita'dwith iIo2,
t nthet.mS Atwy irito the! Wefifttf Paff of Cben ,
Whi& f i e d the little lYdnlorts' that the dcl
f i w t t e Ain in Pdffeihh of,
k'
P d h Fb' tBf off& the Coriirhandb df the? C&I~+to
airice their Putt&, to puR doveh this growing Pottter,
if thc! & r n ~ r c wvtuulct hofiour him with a Title
which would give him ware POW^ in his m h PJa;
heft. The E m p ac~ this Propfirion, and
&'him Paterm af emor of the Tm fan.
The King af Ha, who k t n ~~h i h~ gof t k f e pris
We Ccm3rd&, having made fohe Ha~~ock, befieg'd
at?Ciq of 8i It??, and having made himfelf Ma-
of it!, he d d rhe Governor to be put tcu Death.
H e thought to puih his Conqueffs fmher, hppofing
Pdn b tcbcou w x i corning to uhite both their Arm& to
&if% his Proje&.
Part lo fcbtoz~began his Match with 60000 Horfi-
heh, a d hmitrg f m K d the King of Ria in a few
Days, he attackid him with fi, mbch Valout, that
k entirely fouted his g r a t Army. But this Prince
was w&&, and afterwards dy'd of his Wounds.
SoJde, his S~rcceffor,entertain'd high Hopes of re-
covering the mcient Monat-chy of his Predeeeffors.
His fmall Dominions contah'd but feven or eight Ci-
fm, and ibme mightmuring Countries. But he re-
E 2 ly 'd
52 f l ~ e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
1015. ly'd very much on the Experience and Valour of his
Troops, who were very well difciplin'd ;and he was in
hopes that the reit of the lou fan would come to join
him,and feek hisProteltion, when they faw he was pow-
erful enough to defend them. H e kept his Court at
IIfing ko tcbing, where he kept as many Officers, and
with the fame Names, as his Predeceirors had done.
H e rais'd new Troops every where, as far as his
Power extended, and made them oftentimes enter
upon the Confines of the Empire, but was always
beaten back. At lait he made Peace with the Irn-
perial Court.
They were itill difiurb'd with the Enterprizes of the
King of, Hia. This Prince's Power increas'd every
Day ; his Pride was got to fuch an Excels, that he
had took upon him the Title of Emperor of Hia.
T h e Emperor was glad to have Prince Sofolo to op-
pofe him, and to engage him more firongly in his In*
terefi, hc made him Chief-Governor of Pao cbun,
which flood very convenient for him.
During thefe TranfaBions Sofolo died, and quickly
afier his Death, the Divifion which he created amongft
his Children, hafien'd the entire Ruin of the State of
the l o u fan. This Prince had had two Children by
his firfi Wife, one nam'd Hia tchen, and the other
Mot chen @u. H e had afterwards the Prince Ibu
tchen, by a fecond Wife.
She was fo much in Favour, that, to render her
Son more powerful, fie perfuaded her Husband to
imprifon the Children which he had had by his firit
Wife, and oblige their Mother to turn Bonze@ But
they found ways to make their Efcape, and to free
their Mother out of the Monaitery in which they had
fhut her up. Then the People, who had affiited the
Princes in gaining their Liberty, declared for them.
a

SoJdo, who repented what he had done, approv'd

of this Change. H e permitted that Me tcben tjou
ihould live at Ifingco tchin, which he aflign'd him for
his
his Maintenance, for lie had mov'd his Court to lchen
tcbem. H e likewife 'egn'd Kan ku to his other Son,
Hia tcben, for the Place of his Abode.
As for his third Son, Tou chen, who feem'd to him
the moil capable of upholding his Family, he gave
him his Authority, and the reit of his Dominio~is.
H e kept his Court at Li @rig tchin, where he was
equally bdov'd by his Subjees, and fear'd by his
Neighbours ; fo that all the Tou fan which dwelt on
the North of Hoang boy were entirely under his Go-
vernment. Moreover the Emperor of China granted
him the Government of all the Country of Paocbun,
at the Defire of Sofoolo, who gave it up in his Fa-
vour.
This great Authority with which he had invefied
his youngeit Son, gave Sufpicion to the two Elder,
and their Kindred, who were afraid of being fome
time or other oppregd. Neverthelefi they main-
tain'd their Power by their Right of Birth ;and by the
Precautions they took, died undifturb'd in their own
Cities.
Mou 'tcbing, the Son of Hia cben, more diiturb'd
than his Father at what he had to fear from the Power
of Prince I'm cben, refolv'd to furrender himfelf to
the Emperor, and deliver up to him Kan hu ho tcbeou,
and all the Places which he had in his Poffefion. As
the City Ho tcbeou was a Place of great Importance
for the Security of the Frontiers of the Empire, the
Emperor very willingly accepted the Proporal of Mou
tcbin, and granted him, and all his Pofterity in ge-
neral, every thing that was neceffary for their living
in Credit in the Empire.
Me crhentja had for his Heir his Sbn Kim kiting,
who was very well belov'd in his little Dominions,
but who furviv'd .his Father but a few Years. His
Son Hia tcben fucceeded him ; this Prince was paffio,
nate, fierce, and cruel : H e fo incens'd his Subjekks,
that they attempted to depofe him, and fubfiitute in
E3 his
 his Place hi6 Uncle S81(n4n, The cwdpiracy
djkover'd r Soynau, iv-14a h & & kis AscQm~rsesc
\
wer: put to Deatb.
One of the chief Qffiars, nam'd TJienkG, fbwd
vaos tp eic , WJ wry'd .wit$ him Td@, w b
T
of the arniiy sf rhe Ppwe. He Gz'd upatz
t40 C&y Ki kou tr& ; iand ws'd him $0 b p r e
3
claim'd prince of t h Jittla Stpte. Hi4 fcbeu ha7
fien'd here immediqtely w$h 31 hh Fqrcej, d r
ka
Place, +nd caus'd Tcbo/a r . be~ p y AQ W t h . BJen7
kki, in the midi$ of all the&Traubles, a f e d 4mg
fpynd means t.0 rnalce hi$ EEcape LO Ha tikeotr.
The General, V& tcbw, had k n made G O Y ~ W
of this Place by the Emperor of China. TJeJnkj
erruaded him chat the Cr)nqyefi d the C4u~uyof
Fjng (opg was very e$y, and that there was oahi"
6ir~1credbut thqt he rnjgl~tmpke him$lf MMoi 8
it. F;?p tcbw helkv'd him, and imn)ec4ately ;rttack'd
th little City ~rbauecz,which be d ~ l d.y It
was now that prince Iiia tcbqg, feein8 hlmklf b+
by his People, and vigoroufly attack'd by the C&
mji, re&lvtd to fubrnit to the ~ n p q o anr a4ypqta-
9 . T c r m ~; he came himfelf to meet Fatr trbaa,
~ ~ 5 geaus
pffer'd all tbe Places which he had in Pn@e~lan,and
obtain'd his w a n d s . The Emperor mtify'd t$ei
Treaty, and gave the Goverwcnt of this JyyifWicq
!
p & t rgbna.
The ame thjng happened to &w J2, we af Jle
Sans af l~fatr[cbiq, wjaom Qqe of the Chiefs af the
Tw fan had b r o q ~ h inta
t the City &j pa sum.
qfier fever41 Engage- with Fizq #chao, i~
which this Prince diftiaguiih'd himfelf by a furpri,
rmg Valoyr, fometimer Cwguerar, and fornetimes
Cosqwed, he furrerxlred uponqnwlv
wbich &e E n l p e r ~ copfirm'd
r ;a d
@+ins yrer~treunited to tb Empire.
The Fqmilg of tlie third Son of So$% flwrifh'd q
mah bngq @vet i t w q t dif@cij'd af itp
prinz
Prinapality till the Mongoux, who took the Name of
Tuen and Tuen khao after the Conquefi of Cbina.
In the midit of W e Troubles, which arife in the
Twelfih Century, b e t w h the Emperors *of Cbina of
the D p @ j of tbe Song, and the Kings of the Ea-
h n 9'wtars, Nut tcbe, who took the Name of Kin,
the Family of Pw cbrn join'd in C o a e r a c y with
the IGnp of Ha, and under this Proteaion made a
fhifi ta gwern its Dominions : But at I& i t wag in-
d v ' d in ttme common Ruin By the ViEtoriej of the
Fmhder of the be^, to whom our Eurepcan Books
give the Name Ging bis can, and the Cbinfc, Tchn
ki/d ban.
The Year r 227, according 'to the Cbinq2 Hiftory,
ir the Arts of the entire Ruin of the Ton fan ; fince
which Time they have remained in their ancient
Country, without a Name, without Power, and too
happy to live thcre in Pace.
So m~ it is, that the Divifion'of Government al-
moR always o v e r m s the mofi Aouriihing Monar-
chiea. The Sm an were always refpeecd by their
Neighbows, wh Ift they had Kings capable of well
governing them,
Al&ough tke Form sf Government h been
h g ' d amor@ the S" fan, yet they have always
hekl to the! &me Re6
it? . The Idolatry of Fo was
the Religion of their ings and Princes, as it is itif1
of the Chid% of the Nation, The Bomes Lamas,
and ibmetimes the Bonzes Ho cbans, had much Au-
thority in tbtir Coam ; they even chok them to be
Mirrifbs of State, and on fome Occafions to conmand
&e Armies.
Sq.xx&tiien haa imeaa'd amongit the Tu fan
h their Decay. Unctet the Emperors Tu en, the
h a s became iiY powerful, that the Families of the
Partars accounted it an Honour to have fome of their
Kindred amon@ thek Bonzes. It is likely this in-
crodw'b mmgR rhe Ibu fan, then Eubjdk ro the
E4 Ziuen,
 ZZe G E N B R AHLI S ~ T O oR
f Y
Tuen, the Cufiom of giving to one Lama of the Fa-
mily the Power of Governirig and Puniihing.
This was chiefly the Caufe of their extreme Ad-
herence to Fa. They are not inclin'd to Liberality,
unlefs it is for the Honour of this Idol, whom .they
enrich with their Offerings; for they have Gold i s
fome of their Rivers, which they know how to work,
ef'pecially to make of it Yeffels and little Statues.
The Ufe of Gold is very ancient amongil them,
iince the Chin$ Books mention, that under an Em-
peror of the DynaJy of Kan, an Officer having been
lknt to the %a fan, to complain of the Ravage com-
mitted by fome of their Chiefs united in an armed
Body, they endeavoured to pacify him by offering
him a Set of Plates of this Metal. This Officer
refus'd it, telling the l a f a n , That Rice in Diihes of
Gold did not reliih with him.
Their Country is very hilly: It is.between theRi-
vers Hoang bo on the North, Ta long on the Weft,
and Tang @ kiaag on the Eaft : Neverthelefs be-
tween thefe Mountains there. are fome fine Plains,
which are like thofe of Se tcbuen and Tun nun. They
are principally on the Banks of the great and fine Ri-
ver Ta long. But there is hereabouts neither City or
Fortreis ; though there muit be fome Remains of
Cities, iince it is certain that there have been ibrne
formerly. The Source of Ta long is between 34 and
3 5 Degrees of Latitude, and in I p Degrees of Longi-
tude ; it is broad, and deep.
The Springs of the eat River Tang tji kiang,
f
which runs through all C ana, are in the Country of
the %u fan. The moil celebrated, which the moft
ancient Books of Cbina mention, is call'd by the Cbi-
rice, He cboui, under the ggd Qegree of Latitude,
and the I 5th of Longitude : But by the Fou fan it is
nam'd Ichounac, and comes fiom a Ridge of Moun-
tains which they call Icbourcoula. I have thought
fit to take notice of thk in particular, becaufi the
Chin$
Cbitlcj Books of Geography fpeak very fdfly con-
cerning the great River rang t j kiang. Thefe Wri-
ters have taken their Accounts from the common Peo-
ple, and in a Time when there was no Correfpondence
with Tbtbct, nor with the lou fan.

Of tbe T A R:T A R s of Coconor.

B E Y 0N D Sining, without the Gates of the
Great Wall, are the Territories of the Tartars of
Ceconor. They are pro ly Elutb by Nation ; but
P"
fince the Extinltion o the Royal Family, nam'd
Turn tcbao. They dwell to the Weft of Cbina, a-
long the Province Se tcbuen, between this Province
and ?&bet ; and took their Name from a great
Lake, which the Cbine/e call Si bai, that is, the
Weitern Sea, and which they call in their own h-
h e , Cocond, or Coconor.
The Country is pretty large: It is more than Se-
ven Degrees from North to South, and is flparated
from Cbina by fuch high and iteep Mountains, that
they iime almofi every where infiead of a Wall. Ne-
verthelds there are fome fmall Flats towards the
Straits of the Mountains, efpecially in the Places
which are frequented by the Coconor, and by other
Strangers; as, for Infiance, f j n g fang ouk, in which
there are kept fome Battalions under the Condua of
a Tjng ping, who has other Troops in different Pofts,
which he dii'pofes of according as there is Occa-
lion.
The principal Commodity of Tjng fang oun', is
a fort of Stuff made of Wool, call'd Pou lou,
not unlike our Frize, but much narrower. It is
the Work of the Tartars of Coconcr, and of the
Sifan, yrrho have the Art of Dying it, and ~ h fell o
it
it of all ibrtp Of C o h r s . In h e Country they &en
makc long Dre& of &is Stuff, and at P & q they
u4k it to cover Saddks.
The Country of the6 T'rtrn which border8 the
Province of Se tcbuen, is not mntigyous to the King-
dom of Pegou and Ava, which the Cbine/e call
A4k and XI ma, altho h it is to ,the South of it,
"a
becaufe between them t ere are dreadful and in-
accd3ble Mountains, inhabited by Nations fcarcely .
known, and who, by the Report of the CAinfe of
Tun nan, who are their Neighbours, are very favage,
without any Government or Laws.
That which is msft Not~hcrfi,and which W e r s
upon the Tartars of 'Cmonor, is all'd Ni y ; and the
mo& Southern, beyond the Kingdom of &a, in 25
Bgrees, 33 Minutes, is eafl'd Li /c, upon the Li-
mits of Yun &bang fm.
The h n c e s of tkefk Mountains, which make a
Part of the Wefiern Limits, have no other
Fortifications than th& of Se tcbuen : But conlidq-
ing the Country, they are lufficmt for the Security
of the State, and the Commerce which &y carry on
with h a by Fmge t c k , a tohtde City, on which
depend the Guards of the nea~eftand rnoR fivmted
Strait.
There is lee Nec&tg fbr fbrtifymg the Spaees Ex-
t w m the Mountains, on the South of Tun tran a d
of Cbiw, ahng the Confines of the Kingdoms uf
Eaos and fin king: For W i s thzn the Air of eltis
""-
that the k~g
ddtru&ive re Strangtrs, it happens
Part of tk Year all the Country
hereabouts is u n m l r i d , wild, htl of Riven and
very dangerous Torrents ; this is the Caufe that the
€bkge traffiek fa little, either with the Kingdom of
Law, which they can Lm chu, or La0j2, or with
fang k b g .
NoathcleGi P. Regis mer at T& man frfmr form
she had tmn to R;sfEiCk upon the M e r s of both
King-
 - 7

Engdoms, fim svhd Memoirs and Journal he in-

forw'd WeJfd ion% things. concerning tk b-
thern Parts of fin nan, prspwtionkg,*ir p a p
,Wneys gertain D d h c e s , mdiu'd betwem ghe
6 ace. thro' which they had pafs'd i~ making the
M d tle n e q # $ v r v i e s .
Gbiu$e @ion wended its Poner to
the& Tr& ~f i ~ c ~ b Mountains,
l e which in f i
great a bmfh are n@ b mk but by great R i m ,
wid limp ta w e b made to fqve as nqtural
tl,ahgeKjngdom. ,
T h e f&mgIaintg iurd EKwts of lbme finall N&-
+m wwe qgtrded, yho remaidd b u t up irl
this Enclofure ; as we have otziwu'd of the Si fan,
wbq byti q W d by the grev Wall of Si 8itg
4KG JU 4~41, ~ e y e r t k l e i fhe
i C b i ~ f have
i not
behav'd eqwlly towards these different Nations, which
we arc going @ defcribc.

Qf fhcl Nation af #be L o L o S.

HE Nation ol the Lob rul'J in naa, and
t w s eovernqdby d i f f w t Savereigns ; the CbinaJe,

P ei- having era34 here &me Forts and Cities in the

W Plaks which were uncultivated, and having
fhgk f o m ~8atels, ch& to e n p thefe Ppeaple to
them, by g i v i q to their Lo& or qver the Seals and
all tbe Ho~qyrsof the Cbiwfi Mendarins, with the
TiF1e.s of fibi fou czf Tchi tcbecu, &c. sn 'condition,
w x r t l d e f ~that they ihwld acknowledge the Ern-
peror, and be f i & t~ &e Qvernor of the Pro-
ukce in common AffBirs, sfter the fame rnanncr as
Mandarins af C k 4 d the f a w Rank i that
wmwer they ihodd ~ ~ e i from v s the Emperor the
IQV&~WT sf skir W ~i S a d tbc w b had
noo,
8
60 f i e G E N E R AHLI S T O R~f
Y
not receiv'd his Confent, ihould have no Power to
exercife any Authority ; the Emperor promifing on
his Part to inveft the higheit Heir.
The Lolos are as well made as the Chinfe, and
more inur'd to Hardihip.
Their Language is different from the Chjnefi :
They have a fort of Writing which feems to be the
fame as that of the Bonzes of Pegou and Ava. Thefe
People ingratiate themfelves with the richeit and moil
powerful of the Lolos, who inhabit in the Weitern
Part of fin nan, and have here built great Tempks
of a vqry different SuuAure from the Chin$. T h e
Ceremonies, the Prayers, and all the facred Worihip
is the fame as at Pegou.
The Lords of Lolos are the unlimited Maiters of
their SubjeBs, and have Power to puniih them even
with Death, without waiting for the Sentence of the
Viceroy, or even of the Court: They are likewih
ferv'd with an incredible Ardour and Zeal.
Every one looks upon it as a high Preferment to
'be admitted into the Service of the Palace. This
Word is more iuitable to thek Edifices, than to fq
many Cbinqe Tribunals which they call by this
Name, in fome Accounts, although for the mofi
Part they are poorly repair'd, and fcarcely inhabita-
ble. The Lolos, who look upon the Hall where
they give Audience, and all other Apanments, as
. their Property, take care to keep them in Repair,
and beautify them. Befides the Officers of the
Houihold, and others which ferve by the Quarter,
they have Captains who command the Militia of the
Country. Part of this Militia confiils in Horfe, the
other is made up of Foot, which are arm'd with Ar-
rows, Spears, and ofien with Muskets.
Although the Horfes of Tun nun, as well as tho&
of Se fcbaicn, are the halleit of Cbina, they are very
much valued ; for befides that they are of a fine Co-
lour, and well-proportion'd, they are itrong, lively,
and trabable. The
 The Mountains within their Bounds muft afford
Mines of Iron and Copper, for they make their own
Arms. T h e Chimp fometimes carry Arms to them,
and there are fome who infinuate themfelves into the
,Houfes of the Lords, and enrich themfelves at the
Coil of their SubjeBs.
T h e Country abounds in all Sorts of Commoditieq
and is enrich'd with Mines of Gold and Silver. The
Drefi of the Pople -Lolo is a Pair of Drawers, a
Linen Vefi which comes no lower than the Knees,
and a Straw Hat. They go with their Legs naked,
and wear nothing but Sandals.
T h e Lords wear a Tartar Habit of Satin or.Da-
mask ; the Ladies, over a long Gown which reaches
to their Feet, wear a little Cloke which comes no
lower than the Waift. It is in this Habit that they
ride, even in the Marriage Ceremonies, or in the
VSts which they pay, accompanied with their Wait-
ing-Women on Horfeback, and their Domefiicks on
Foot. a

O f t b e Nation ofthe M J A OS S E E .
T HSeEtcbuen,
Mvro fee are fcattered in the Provinces of
Kok tcheou, Hou quang, and CuangJ,
and upon the Frontiers of the Province of 3uang-tong.
Under this general Name divers People are com-
pris'd ; the greateit Part only differing from one ano-
ther in certain Cuitoms, and by fome finall Variety
in the Language. Such are the Maoflee of Se tcbuen,
of the Wefi of Hou quang, and of the North of Koei .
tcbeou. They are more cruel and favage than the
Lolos, and greater Enemies of the Chin@.
T o iubdue them, or at leait to keep them under,
they have built large Forts in fome wretched Places
with an incredible Charge ; but by it they have fuc-
ceedtd
 ceeded in hindefing theit Cammunicatiori with one
anather. So the! moR powffil aP fid Mdoflt Ate!
- k k ' d up with Fotts and 4 m s , which rrte vety e S
pcnfm to the W, but *hi& rtfirvc the Pate.
k
~ h o i ewhich we aie m w rpea h&j sfi in)e as mrm.
limited Mailers of their People as the Lo Ids, M
ahey have ndt, ltkc t b , received fk.Dignitg of
f~hifog of fcb5 t~hcrm,&6. They & C ? C O U Mh~ b
dued if rhey remain qiet : If they do any A&s of
Ifofiility, either to revenge thet&lves of rht Chinft,
who are ofaed very t t o i ~ B l d u ~NeighW,
t or to
give Proofs of their Vrtlour, a p which they rntlch
value themklves, believing they' are better W A m e n
than any a k Narion, the Cbinefe are &&rent VM
drivbg them back intd theit Mourrtaid, rtr.
temptkg KO force them thence. The V k e W of the
Province in vairi cites them to a p r eveh by Pr
7 %

fbr they do jufi as they pleafee.00 of theft 1 M i h ee

LA& having W i ~ v i t e 8tu cortle' td ztt Metting,
where he was expelted by'the Viceroys of Tun nun 1
and Kcti tcbeou fi tcbtlen, and two Grandees of Peking
fent by the Court to examine the Complaints which
one of the Governors had made of his ConduA, re-
folutely refus'd to go thither ; npon wKich the Grana
dees of the Court thought fit to diffemble, and neat
with him by way of N e p i s t h .
TMk M s have noc mky t M t OM§ like the
Lo bs, bat have under them Lards & a 10- Rank,
who, dhough Mdter4 of rheir Vaffds, are
tory, and obfiged to bring their Troops ~ h e l rt w
are order'd. Thefe Lords Honk ark a9 g66d as
the b& of the C h * ; their ufial- Arms are fk
Bow and rhe Half Pike. The Saddles are well made,
and diffetem Fnrm the Cbixeb, bei& rtarrowef, highe~,
and having Stirmps of painted Wobd.
Their H0ri'e.s are very m h valued, either on
mount of their Swiftnefi, with which they climE,
up the higheft Mountains, and come down en a Gal-
lop,
 lop, or for their Agility in jumping over the wid@
Ditches. There are fbme fold in thefe Parts, but
at an t n ~ a v am Price. .
%
The Chief &ins famerimts h v e then as Pre-
h s from their under M c c r s , w h buy thm at a
p a t P r k , to get- the Favf~lrof h e i r P r ~ t e b ss
uw wen of the Lords of Mia0 f i e , when they have o
good un-g with drm. 'The ChtGSe rdate
iurprifing things codcaning h , which k n vtry
firhiow.
What they rehe, which is mt altogether mcmdi-
bk, is, thas when they are about to c M e the Officers
of the Troopr, tdtey oblige the Candidates to make
the H& which they ride upon,jump over a Dicch of
a cermin Breadth, wherein there is lighted ;a bright
Fire, and to orda the SoMiers to ride full f p d down
the hi@ Mountains. They relate many other things
like thefir, in which they run great Rikpes, if it is
p E i l e for a f m Hems of this Nation to perform
k h Wonders,
The M i Jet, which are in the mid&, and on the
South of the Province of #bei tcbcoar, d& fiom th&
od in refpea of Liberty ; for aithaut minding the
di&nt Nvna which the ~binc/sof tha & n q give
them, which are the Names of Colonies, come from
other Places, or h e by the Emperors and Conquer-
rn of this Province, om may divide tfiem into Mae
& Unconquefd, and Mao Jet Conqner'd.
Thefe arc itill of rwo Sons ; hme obey the Cbi*
Magihtes, and make a Part of the Chin+ People,
horn whom they arc difiingnih'd by nothing but a
Sort of Head Drefs, which th.q we;b inftead ot the
common Cap which the Chin@ &.
The others have hereditary*Maiularins, who were
originally little' OWcers, that ierv'd in the Cbzmtfe
Army of Hung VQU, in the beginning of the lafi Royal
Family, and who by way of Recornpence were m&
Mders,
Maiters, fome of Cix, others of ten, or even a greatet
Number of Villages of the Conquer'd MaoJec.
Thefe new M a k s were fupported by Garrifons
plac'd in different PoRs, which were the b& of the
Counay, wherein are the Cities which are f m to this
Day. The Miao Jee accuitom'd thcmfelves by de-
grees to the Yoke, and now they look upon their
Mandarins as if they were of their own Nation, and
they have receidd almofi all their Cuitoms.
Neverthelefs they have not forgot their Country.
They talk of what Province and City they belong
to, and how many Generations thcy compute in the
Province of Kok tcbeou. The greatefi Part compute
fourteen, fome iixteen, which agrees with the E r a
of Hong vou.
Although.their JurifdiAion is finall, they do not
want for Riches : Their Houfes are large, commo-
dious, and kept in good Repair ; they hear at the
firit Demand the Cauf'es of their Subjeas ; thcy have
a Right to puniih them, but not to put them to
Death. From their Courts they appeal immediately
to the Tribunal of the Tch fiu, and they have only
the Prerogatives of Tcbi bien.
They wrap up their Heads with a Piece of Linep,
and wear nothing but a fort of Doublet and Breeches :
But their Mandarins and their domeitick Servants are
clothed after the f m e Manner as the Mandarins and
Cbin$e of the Country ; efpecially when they go to
the City, to vifit the fcbi fou or any other Man-
darin.
It is by, thefe Mandarins of Miao Jee that the Mii-
fionaries who made the.Maps of thefe Provinces, have
had fome Intelligence of the Unconquer'd Mino Jee,
who are in the Province of Koei tcbeou towards Li
ping fou, and who take up more than forty of our
Leagues. For although they coaited along the North
and Weft of their Country, in making the Map of
. the
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c.
the Cbinej Cities, and of the Pofis taken up by the
Soldiers, who are round about almofi within Sight
of their Borders, they never faw one of the Unfub-
dued Mao Jee.
They told them that thefe Unconquer'd Miao f i e
have Houfes built of Brick of one Story high, and
like thofe of the Conquer'd Miao ffee. In the Ground
Room they put the Cattle, Oxen, Cows, Sheep, Hogs,
for in thefe Parts one hardly fees any other Animals,
not even Horfes ;this makes their Houf'es dirty and
itinking, in fo much that thofe who are not,ufed to
it, can fcarcely lie in the Upper Room. And indeed
the firtars choofi rather to lie in the poor Lodgings
of the Soldiers, than in thcfe Houfes, which in 'olhet
refpelis appear pretty well built. 4

TheJi Miao fee are divided into Villages, a~ldlive

in great Unity together, althbugh they are govern'd
b y none but by the Seniors ci-f every Village. They
cultivate the Earth, make Zinen, and hrts'of Car-
pets, which f w e them for Coverlets in the Night.
This Linen is not good, and is like bad Mufl~ns,
but the Carpets are well woven. Some are of Silk,
of different Colours, red, yellow, and green ; o-
thers of raw Thread, made of a fort of Hemp, which
they dye afier the fame Manner. Their Dr$s is on-
ly a Pair of Drawers, and a fort of great Coat which
they fold over their Stomach. The Chinge Mer-
chants find means, by the Procurement, very likely,
of the Mandarins of the Conquer'd Mae Jee, to trade
with the Savage Mino Jee, and to buy the Wood of
their Forefis which they cut down, and throw ic-
to a River which runs through the middle of their
Country. T h e Chineji who are of the other Side, a
little lower, receive it, and make it into great Floats.
The Price of the Merchandife is left in the Hands of
him whom they agree upon ; this Price coniifis com-
monly of a certain Number of Cows, Oxen, and Buf-
VOL. I. F monl y
i
66 22e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
fal&. Of the Skins of thefe Animals the Miao Tee
make Cuiraffi, which they covq with little Plates
of Iron, or beaten Cop er, which makes them very
ponderous, but very &ong, and of great Ufe to
thefe Nations.
Amongit the Conquer'd Miao fee, there are fome
who have Chi& of their own Nation ; but thefe
Chiefs have not the Civil Power. Moreover they
differ from the Cbineb, becauk they always make
theiu Abode in the Villages, and never come to the
City but on bme extraordinary Occafion.
Thofa which the Chin* call Mou lao, which figni-
fia, Rats of the Wood, and who are h a t e d but three
h m the P o h of Tun nan, by the
Province
Or foUILcaffxs
o Kok tcbeou, are better cloath'd than any
other Miaofce of the Province. The Shape of their
Garment is like a Bag, wide at the Bottom, and cut
in two Pkes below the Elbow. Underneath there is
a fort of V& of another Colour ; the Seams are co-
vered with the h i l e f t Shells they find in the Seas of
-n nun, or in the Lakes of the Country. The Cap
and the rdl of their Drefi are much the fame. T h e
Stuff is made of large Threads, twiited from a fort
of Hemp and Herbs, which is to us unknown. It is
robably that which they make ufe of in the Carpets
&fore mention'd, which is iomerirnes woven all
lain, and of one Colour, and fometimes in little
6 uares of different Colours.
Amongit the Initruments of Mufick which they
phy on, there is one compos'd of many {mall Pi es
rnferted into a greater, which has a Hole, or a ort
of Reed, whore Sound is fweeter and more agreeable
p:
than the Cbineji Cbin, which they look upon as a
little Hand-Organ. They know how to keep T i m e
in Dancing, and exprefi in it, very well, -the gay and
the grave Airs, and fometimes they play upon a fort
of Guitar ; at other times they beat upon an Initru-
ment
 ment tompofed of gwo little D m s , ik one againit
another; afterwards they turn it upfide down, as if
they were about to h o w it down and dafh it ih
Pieces,
Thefe ~ e & l e have not amongdl them any Bonei
who adhere to the Religion of Fo. Being thus fied
from this unhappy EngagementJ which is a great
Obitacle to the Cbine/^e and Lolos, they might mote:
readily embrace the true Religion ; if they have not
amongil them (which we are ignorant af) fame worfe
Seducers, fuch as fome Tartar Jugglers arei
In that Part of Hou pang wh~chis neareit the Pro-
vince of i&ag tong, and that of L&zq/i which is
dependant on Tung tchcou fou, are Maoflee leij ci-
viliz'd, although they are thought to acknowledge
the JuriidiEtion of the Neighbouring Mandarins, and
pay the Tribute, which they carry fuch as they pleafe,
and when they plede ; for in fome Places they da
not permit any Officer of the Chin$ Tribunal to en&
tcr upon their Borders, and if he does, he runs the!
Risk of his Life. They go with their Feet a
and by continual running upon their Mountains, they
have ib inur'd thedelves, that they clamber up tlpz
fieepeit Rocks,and walk upon the mofi fiony Grounds,
with an incredible Swifinds, and without receivine
the leait Inconvenience,
T h e Head-Drefi of the Women is fomething odd
and fantaitical. They put upon their Heads a light
Board, more than a Foot long, and five or fix Inches
broad, which they cover with their Hair, fafiening
it with Wax, fo that they feem to have a Hair Hat.
They cannot lean, nor lie down, but by leaning up-
on their Necks; and they are oblig'd to turn their
Heads continually to the Right and the Lefi along
the Roads, which in this Country are full of
Woods and Thickets. The greatefi ~ i & c u l t yis
when they would comb themfelves; they muit fir
whole Hours by the Fire, to melt the Wax. Afier
F 2 having
 After having clean'd their Hair, which they dothree
or four times a Year, they begin again to drefi their
Heads in the fame Manner.
The Miao Jee think that this Head-Drefi is very
agreeable, and that it efpecially becomes the Young
. Women. The Old Women don't taKe fo muchPains,
but content themfelves with gathering their Hair
upon the T o p of the Head with knotted Twifis.
Thefe Miao Jee are likewife call'd by the Cbinej
Li @,and TaoJee ;they have many other Names, or
rather many Nick-Names, for all thefe Names (which
may have been remark'd already) and others fuch like,
are fo many Names of Contempt and Raillery, which
the Chinge are not fparing of. Thofi which they call
P a tcha i, upon the Frontiers of cuan tong, and the
Lou tchai upon thofe of guang ji, are more feared
than fcorn'd by the Chinge their Neighbours, whe-
ther of Hou quang or cuan tong. The firit are called
io, becaufe their principal Towns are in Number
eight ; and the lafi, becaufe they have fix, which
'ferve them as Refuges.
The Chinfe have built fortified Towns on the
North, Eafi, and Weit of thefe Countries ; which
feem to have been built for no other purpofe than
to hinder the Incurlions of thefe little Nations, for
their Situation is very inconvenient. If one adds to
thefe Towns all the Forts which have been ercted a-
bout their Territories, there are above twenty.
Some of thefe Forts are negle€ted under the prefent
Family ; yet there are more than half w Iiich they
itill keep in Repair, and which are pretty well Gar-
rifoned. Thefe MaoJee were wont to fall upon the
Chineje, but they have at lafi obtain'd that they fhould
put one of their People in the Hands of the Neigh-
bouring Mandarin, who ihould be a Hofiage for
their good Behaviour. Moreover they have engag'd
themfelves to live peaceably with the Cbinfe, either
becaufe they have a Defign to come and trdffick in
their
8
 their Cities, or becaufe they don't like to come out of
their Mountains.
The M a o Jed of the Province of quang Ji are up-
on another Footing : They exercife upon their Sub-
je&s the Jurifdi&ion of Tcbifou of Tchi bien, &c. by
a Prerogative which has been hereditary to them for
many Centuries. They are originally Cbin~e; their
Anceitors follow'd the two Conquerors of thcfe Coun-
tries and Ton king, whofe Names were Fou pao and
Ma yuen. The firft was the Generaliifimo of the Ar-
mies fent by the Emperor Cuang vou ti againit the
Rebels of the South, and the Tong kinok, who taking
Advantage of the Troubles of'the Empire, had taken
by Force the Places which they found convenient for
them.
Ma yuen the General march'd againit them, and
drove them back within their ancient Borders,-and fo
frighten'd them, that his Name, rrfter fix Centuries, is
itill fear'd amongit them. H e caus'd a Pillar of Brafi
to be rais'd upon the Mountain, which ferves for a
Boundary, with thefe Chin@ Words : long tcbozl Tcbi
rcbe Kio tchi tcbi mie, which fignify, that they fhould
deitroy the Tong kinois, if they pafs'd that Brazen
Pillar.
T h e fing kinoh itill look upon this Infcriptio~~,
one
of the oldeit of all China, as a Prophecy, which de-
notes the Duration of their Monarchy, and which
hall continue till that Brazen Column fhall be entire-
ly confum'd by Time ; therefore they take great Care
to ihelter it from the Injuries of the Weather, and
funound it with great Stones, :o render it more fieady.
They believe that in preferving this, they fix the De-
fiiny of their Kingdom,
Mz yuen permitted his Oficers and valiant Soldiers .
towar& the Frontiers to fecure a Poffeifioa, and he
made them Mailers of every Thing which he diitri-
buted to them. So thefe Mandarins of the Miao Jee
hold, from the Beginning, their Authority from the
F 3 Emperor,
 70 !Be H LI S T O Rof
GENE~A Y ,
Emperor, to whom they are Tributary, They have
&heir Soldiers, their Officers, and do not want tor
Fire- Arms, which they either make thkmfelves in, their
Mountains, or buy privately of the Chneji.
That which is very troublefome for thefe People, is,
'
fiqt they are at War continually with, and defiroy-
jng one another : Revenge never dies amon$ them,
but defcends to thek I'ofierity 3 the Great Grand Child
hall endeavour the Revenge of his Great Grandk-
&er's Death, if he believes it is not fufficiently re-
veng'd before. The Chin@ Mandarins do not care to
run any I-Iazara, to eitablifi P ~ c amonpfi
e thefe Peo-
le; they willingly wink at that which they cannot
L d e r , withoui risking the Liver of the Cbinrjr
Soldiers.
T h e L a n p g e of G e Miao Jee of Se trhen, of the
Wefi of Hou guang, of the North of Koei tcbeou, is
the fame 3 there i s only f o r ~ ~Difference
e in the Pronun-
ciations, pnd fbme particular Wprds : But that of the
MaoJee, towards f i ping fiu, is accounted mixt with
the Chin+ and the trqe Miao Jee, for the People of
fmjpations underitand one another very well. They
fay that there are f ~ m eCountries between @ang J ,
fiou ppang, and Kok tcbeou, of which thofe that are
to the North the MinoJee do not qnderitand ; this
js what the Conquer'd Miao fee affirm.
The Cbinde give all thefe MiaoJce a very bad Cha-
ratter ; they fay, thefe People are wavering, treache-
roy, favage, and particularly very great Thieves.
This did not appear true to P. Regis, and the Mif-
fionaries that accompanied him in making the M a p
I
pf thefe Provinces ; on the contrary they found them
very f?jthful in returning the Clothes with which they
were trufied, very attentive to, and dili ent in obey-
5
ing their Orders, laborious, and ready to o any thing.
But perhaps the Miao ffee have Reafon to be diffatis-
bed with the Chin$, who have taken from them all
!heir be4 Lands, and who continue to feize on what-
evv
ever they find is for their Conveniency, if not pre-
vented by the Fear of thofe they endeavour to
plunder. However, it is certain that the Cbi-
ne/e neither love nor value the Miao Jet and the
Loins, and .that thefe People have R ill leis Affcttion
for the Cbinej, whom they look upon as hard and
troublefome Mailers, who keep them ihut up by their
Garrifons, and as it were wedg'd in by a long Wall, ,
which deprives them of all Communication with other
Countries, f-mm which they might get Aflifiance.
I f one fees in the Koei tcbeou, and in the other Ter-
ritories, which formerly belong'd to them, or which
they at prefent poMs, any Towus, Citio, or Bridges,
they were all built by the Chimp. The Iron Bridge,
as it is call'd, which is in Kbei tcbclm, upon the great
Road to Tun nun, is the Work of a Cbiqc-ral,
whofe Name is cut in a I;ugc Piece of Marble on one
Side of the Pan ho : This is a Torrent, which is not
wide, but very deep. On each Bank there is a great
Door built between two Stone Piers, which are fix or
fwen Feet broad, and feventeen or eighteen high. From
each Pier, on the Eafi Side, hang four Chains by great
Rings, which ate faitcnsd to the Piers on the other
Side, and kept togaher by little Chains, which make
it look like Network with great Meihes. There are
laid upon this fome great Phnks fafien'd to each
other, bur as they do not come quite home to the
Piers, becaufe the Chaiis bdly out, efpecially when
they are loaded, t h d r e there are fifiensd Confolessr
Brackets on the fame Level with the Door, which
fu port a Floor that reaches to the Planks upon the
R
C ains : On the Sides of the Planks there are placed
little Pilaiters of Wood, that fupport a Roof of the
fime Matter continued fiom one Side to the other,
the Ends reiting upon the Piers.
The Chin$ have made fome other Bridges in imi-
tation of This, which is famous thros the whole Em-
pire ;there is one d'pecially, that is pretty well known,
F4 upon
 upon the River Kin cba kinng, in the ancient Country
of the Lo 10s of the Province of Tun nan ; and in
the Province of Se tcbuen there are two or three more,
which are only fupported by great Ropes; but thefe,
tho' fmall, are tottering and unfafe, and nothing but
Necefity could make one venture to crofs them.
They have fucceeded better in fome Parts, both
in the Province of Se tchzien, at the Foot of the Moun-
tains poirefs'd by the Miao l e e , and in the Province
of Chen 1, and in the Diitria of Hun tchong fou:
They have, by the A f f i n c e of Confoles, faflen'd
\
Pieces of Timber into the Rocks, upon which they
have laid thick Planks, and fo have made Bridges
over Vallks, which ferve for Roads, and fometimes
are of a confiderable Length.
All thefe Works were done by the Ancient Chin@,
whd were Ettled in thefe Provinces; which plainly
fhews the Superiority OF Genius of thefe People, not
cinly over the Miao Jee, and the Lo los, but even over ,

all their neighbouring Nations, whether of Wefi or

South.

An Account of the J~urneyof the'Yeres Boures,

Fontenay,Gerbillon, Le Comte, andveidelou,
from the Port of Ning P o t s Peking; with
a very exaA and particulur Dfir$tion o f all
the P l a c ~through which they pah in tbc Pro-
vinces o f T c h e Kiang, Kiang nan, C h a n tong,
and Pe tcheli.
ON November the 26th, 1687, we fet Sail from
Ning Po, on our Journey to Peking, to which
Place we were order'd to repair by the Emperor ;
' ,

we embarked in the Evening with a Mandarin, who

,was
, .. appointed
. . to.
attend us by the Governor,
.
,
. . The
 The 27th, in the Morning, we paired by Tu yaa him:
Within the Bounds of this City is a pretty high
Mountain, on which there is not a Houfe to be feen
but towards the Foot of it. A little River feparates
the City from a Palace, which was built by Li Co lao,
to perpetuate the Memory of the Father of the Em-
peror Van lie.
H e encompdsyd a large Space of Ground with
Walls, which afterwards was peopled, and is become
a Part of the'city. There is a Communication from
one Part to the other, by a Bridge of three Arches,
pretty well built ; near which appear Even or eight
Triumphal Arches, which are placed fo near each
other that they feem contiguoqs.
T h e fame Day in the Evening we pafiyd two Dikes,
and loon after we came to a Place where they hoiit up the
Barks, in order to convey them into a Canal, which
is nine or ten Foot higher than the Level of the Ri-
ver. They hoiit up the Bark by means of a Slope
or Declivity paved with large Stones, and when they
have got it to the Top,'they let it flide down another
into the Canal. There are People who wait to be
Bird for this Purpofe ;'they are not above a Quarter
of an Hour about it, having the Help of two Cap-
hns.
That Part of the Country which we faw confifis
of large well cultivated Plains, bounded with barren ,
Rocks, and frightful Mountains, fome of which are
covecd with Pine and Cyprefs-Trees. Thefe are the
moit common Trees, which we beheld, from Ning P o ,
to Hang tcheou.
T h e Tallow-Tree is almofi as common, efpecially
towards Ning Po, where one hardly fees any other
SOD. They were then without l $ v ~ , and the
Husks were fallen from the Fruit, whlch looking
white, feem'd at a Diitance to be a Tree in full Bloom.
On ;the 28th in the Morning we paPd a kind of a
Lake, or rather an Arm of the Sea, call'd TJao bka,
and
 and this was at our own Expence, for the Mandarin
declar'd his Commifion extended no farther, and
that he could not, now we were beyond the Diftria
of Ning po, oblige the OKcers to furnifh us with
Neceffsies. For this Reaibn we were obliged to hire
new Barks, and bear the Mandarin's Expences an fir
as Hang tcbeou.
This Day we fail'd along a very fine Canal, of which
P. A.4izrtini makes mention, but does not fay fo much
of it as it defmes. This Canal is near twenty Leagues
in Length, it id lin'd on one Side with large flat
Stones, five or fix Foot long, two in Breadth, and
two or three Inches thick ; its Water is clear and
fweet, the Breadth of it is generally about twenty or
thirtyGeomeuica1Paces, and fomaimes forty or more;
fometimes it runs a League together in a itrait Line,
and fometimes twice as much. On each Side of the
Grand Canal are other fmall ones, which run along
the Plains as far as the Mountains. Thefe again are
fibdivided into fuch a great Number of others, that
they feem to form a kind of Labyrinth, in a large
exteniive Plain, as level as the Surface of Ice.
It is in this agreeable Place that the City of Cbao
bing has its Situation : In the Streets are a great Num-
ber of Canals, which gives Occaiion for fuch a Plenty
of Bridges. They are very high, and generally have
' but one Arch, which is fo flightly built towards the
T o , that Carriages never afi over them ; which
t' f:
ma es a greater Number of orters neceffary. They
pafi over thCfe Bridges by a kind of Stairs, of eafy
Afcent, and whofe Steps are not above three Inches in
Thicknefi. There are other Sorts of Bridges, made of
Stones of eighteen Foot long, laid upon Piles in the
wanner of P l a e . There are many of thek over the
great Canal, very handfomely built.
In the Neighbourhood of Cbao h g , and from
thence as far as Hang- tcheou, we met with a mnti-
nual Succefion of Woufes and Hamlets, which would
make
 . -
one entire City. 'khe
better built, and
common Soft
On the 29th wr: @s'd by Siao cban, a City of the
third Rank ; it is fuppafed to be io nam'd on account
of a little Mountain that is in its Suburbs : this City
is alfo water'd with ievcral Canals ; its Gates, as welt
as thofe of Cbau biq, ate cover'd with Plates of
Jron.
T h e 30th* went, in a Calafh, tb within half a
League of Cien t a q * which we paQd in Ids than an
Hour and a half: This River is in Breadth, at this
Place, about 4000 Geometrical Paces, and there is a
very high Tide in it every Year, abput the full Moon,
ih Oflobcr, When we were over, we were accammo-
dated with very handioint Calafhes, which the Chri-
Aians of Hang tcbeoa had taken Care to fend. They
accom anied us ih a triumphant Manner to the
ChurcR, where we found the Ptrc I * m r t a , grown
grey with the Labours of his Apofiolical FunAion, ,
and who was not lefi venerable for his Virtue and
Merit, than for his great Age.
As we were going to Court we were obliged, on
that Account, to make and receive feveral Vifits out
of mere Formality, As we went to the Viceroy's
Palace we pafs'd along a very fitair Street, about
twenty five or thirty Foot in Breadth : The Middle
i s paved with large flat Stones, the other Part after
the European Manner, but without any Defcent ; every
Houfe has one Stor above the Ground Floor, under
t
that is the Shop, w ich is towards the Street ; on the
Back-fide is the Canal, There are Crouds of People
as great as in the moit frequented Streets of Paris,
but not one Woman to be feen among them .: This
Street is adorned with feveral Triumphal Arches,
placed at proper Diftances, which make a beautihl
Appearance?
.
*
The reit of the Streets, efpecially where
the
 the Soldiers and the lartars live, are very different
fi-om this ; the Houfes for the mofi part are little bet- I
ter than Cottages, and not fo well Peopled as that
beforementioned.
W e vifited the Chriitians Burying-Place : All that
Quarter, which is mountainous, is firewn with Tombs
for the Space of two Leagues. W e went afierwards
upon the Lake, called Si hou, where the Chriitians
had prepar'd us a Dinner, in a large Bark, that had a 1
Hall and feveral commodious Apartments.
The Water of this Lake is exceeding clear, and
more than a League and half in Circumterence. On
the Banks, in feveral Places, we had the Profpec? of
ibme agreeable Houfes, but fuch a have nothing in
them very extraordinary ; perhaps becade the Tar-
tars, who have feveral times fack'd this City, have
demoliih'd the greateit Part of the Palaces.
The 19th of Dccembcr we took Leave of the Man-
darin, and after we had caufed our Trunks to be
put on board the Barks, we went to Prayers in the
Church where the Chriitians were affembled; they
furniih'd us with Calaihes as before, and conduAed us
to the Bark which was dcfign'd for us.
W e pafi'd about zoo Paces e a h a r d , thro' a ve-
ry itrait Street, in the Suburbs ; but as we turn'd out
of it, before we came to the End, I could not tell
how much farther it might extend. This Street is
narrower than that which I fpoke of before, the
Houfes are of two Stories, but very fcanty ; the Streets
were crouded with People like the other, but there
was not one Woman among them all.
TheBark we went on board of, though but a Third
Rate, was very large, and extremely neat and com-
modious ; it was inore than fixteen Foot in Breadth,
about feventy in Length, and ten or twelve in Height ;
W e had a Hall, and four convenient Rooms, without
reckoning the Kitchen, and the Place where our At-
tendants retired upon the Same Deck. Every Room was
sdorn'd
adorn'd.with carved Work, painted and gilt ; the refk
was beautifully varnifh'd, and the Cieling, confdting
of divers Pannels, was painted after the Cbineje
Manner.
W e have f e n fome of thefe Barks of the Burden
o zoo Ton, and much more commodious for the
i m p t i o n of entire Families, than moil of their
Houfes. There were at leait 400 Barks in the Ca-
nal that we fail'd in. It lies North-Weit of the
City, and runs above a League in a ftrait Line. T h e
Breadth of. it is about thirty Yards : It is lin'd on
each Side with Free-Stone : On the Banks are Rows
of Hodes, not more fpacious than thofe in thestreets,
and as hll of People. The Barks, which lie on each
Side of the Canal, are alfo crowded mcch in the fame
manner.
W e were Aop'd in our Bark till the zoth, be~aufe
we were obliged to wait the Coming of the Viceroy,
who intended to vifit us, and bring us our Pafporr,
which containad an Order for our being fupply'd with
all Neceff~aries,whether we travell'd by Land or Wa-
ter, till w e ihould arrive at the Court. I t was there-
fore the zxit, in the Morning, that we parted from
Hang tcbeou. When we were out of the Suburbs, we
found the Stones placed only on one Side of the Ca-
nal, on which there was alfo a Path paved with Free-
Stone, for the Convenience of thofe who draw the
Barks along; and in the low and marfly Places there
is form'd a kind of a Caufway, with Stones of about
eight Foot long, laid acrofs each other bp threes.
The& alfo ferve f6r Bridges over the [mall Canals
which run into the great one.
About four Leagues from Hang icheou, we crofi'd
a Village call'd Tan ji ; it is built on both Sides of the
Canal, on which are alfo two Keys, about four or 500
Geopetrical Paces in Length ; they are form'd of the
fame Free-Stone which lines the Sides of the Canal :
There are Stairs for the Conveniency of every Houfe,
which
78 ?he G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
which are much better built, and more uniform tharr
thofe in the City. In the ,midit of the Village is a
fine Bridge, with feven large Arches : That in the
middle is forty five Foot wide ; the reit diminiih in
proportion to the Defcent of the Bridge. There are
two or three great Bridges of one Arch only, and
h e r d i d l e r Canals, with Houfes on each Side,
About two Lys from the Village there is an Ifland in
the Canal, in which is ereaed a very handfome Pagod.
The 22d, afiec having paWd feveral Bridges, we
found that the Canal grew narrower. W e thkn arrived
at a City, call'd Cbc mtn bim, ten Leagues fiom
Ha% tcbeou. Hitherto our P a g e was generally
North-Eafi, and the Country Aat, full of Canals and
Bridges : Houfes and Hamlets were alfo vety nume-
rous, as well as Mulbeny-Trees, of a dwarf Kind,
planted alrnofi every where in Plots like Orchards.
The zgd we arriv'd at Kia bing fou: we faw in
,our P+ a handfonle Pagod upon the Bank of the
Cwal, and another in the Eaitern Part of the Suburbs,
The City is large, well peopled, and has a grezt
Tmde.
On the-z&, early in the Morning, we enter'd a
very fine Canal, twenty five or thirty Paces wide, the
Waters of which were exceeding clear. We crofs'd
a great Village, or Country-Town, call'd, Ouan kian
kivg, of large Extent : One Part communicates wi
the other, by the means of a Bridge of three great
4
Arches, very curioufly built : The Mid- Arch is forty
five Foot wide, and twenty Foot high.
About twenty Lys from the Village that we quitted,
we pai's'd near another, on our left, call'd, Hoan kip
kien tchin : It is in the Province of Kiatlg nan. W e
took it at firit Sight for a City, it is fo very large: 11
is divided and furrounded with Canals, quite cover'd
with Barks ; the FieMs are well cultivated, and full of
Elamlets. The Multitude and Largenefi of the Ca-
,rials, join'd to the Evennei-s of the Plains, which
have
 79
CHINA,CHINESE-TARTARY,
&c.
have not fo much as the I d Eminence, make it pro,.
bable that the Country has been formerly quite under
Water, and that the Cbinge, who are extremely 1&
borious, have drain'd it off, by making thefe Canals
and Sluices, and by that means render'd it drc moft
fertile and pleafant Country in the World.
Ten Lys firther we arriv'd at Pin uang, which
fignifies an e v ~ nProSpcL"t: It is a large Town, which
we took at firit for a City, on account of the Multi-
tude of Houf'es and Inhabitants. Seweral Canals arc
cut through the Streets, on which are a great Num-
ber of Barks, and alfo Bridges, very wdl built :T h e k
Canals receive their Water from a grcat Lakc on thc
-W&Side of the Town.
Beyond this Town, the Canal is atended f h h m
than one can fa, in a Right Line, with a Cadway
of fine Free-Stone along the Edge of it. On thc
Eait appears anocher Lake, and theii: two Lakes
reach as far as Ou kiang. About a League on thia
Side, we obferv'd the Caufway was feven Foot high,
cover'd on all Sides with Tree-Stone, which appear'd
like a foiid Bridge. At proper D i h c e s there were
final1 Arches made through it, for the Water to pah
into the Fields, which were fown with Rice, and at
this Time quite flooded. This Night uihering in the
Feitival of the Nativity, we faid M d s in the Hall,
which was as fieddy as if the Bark had flood itill.
O n Chriitmafi-Day we found our felva at the F v
of the Walls of Sou tcbeotr, in a Canal near forty Foot
broad : It lies North and South, in a Right Line,
along the Side of a Wall, at leait a League in Length.
Our Bark was itop'd over-againit a great A.rch of a
magnificent Bridge, under which is a Pailgge into a
great Canal, which runs towards the Weit.
In the Field, not far from the 'fhnk, we beheld a
kind of fquare Pavillion, or Edifice, with a double
Roof, cover'd with Yellow Tiles, and encompafi'd
with a Wall, with Holes through, towards the Top,
g and
80 ne G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
and adorn'd with Variety of F i r e s : It is a Monu-
ment which the Mandarins er&ed in Memory of the
Honour done them by the Emperor Cang bi, when he
vifrted their City without that f'endid Equipage and
Pomp which belong'd to his Dignity. There is en- '
grav'd, on a Stone of this Edifice, the InitruRions
which were given by him to the Viceroy, for the
Government of the People.
Early in the Morning we enter'd the City, through
the Weit-Gate, and atter having pait about five or
fix * Lys on different Canals, we arriv'd at our
Church, where we found the Pere Simon Rodorigues,
who pdded over a numerous and zealous Society of
Chriitians. Near the Gate, through which we enter'd,
we faw a Tower fix or feven Stories high ; and in the
Suburbs, about a League from the Walls, another of
the fame Height. The Figure was a Polygon.
This Day we receiv'd a Vifit from Hiu laoge, Grand-
fon of Paul J?U, a moit zealous Advocate for the
Chriitian Religion : H e is a Harnlin, that is, a Doc-.
tor of the higheit Rank, H e was chofen by his Ma-
jeily to be near his Perfon, for his Skill in Compof-
ing and Printing. This renders him a very confider-
able Perfon: His Billets of Invitation are wrote in
the fame manner as thofe of. a Viceroy. This illu-
fiious Chriitian, notwithitanding our Oppofition, fell
on his Knees to fdute us, and beat his Forehead a-
gainit the Earth, to ihew the Refpea that he bore to
the Preachers of the Gofpel. On the 26th we vifit-
ed the Viceroy of the Province, who refides in this
City, who receiv'd us with a great deal of Civility and
Politeneii.
The 28th we left Sou tchcou, pait along the
great Canal about two M$s Northward, and then
turn'd into one more fmall, towards the Weit, itill
continuing in the Suburbs for a League together.
* Ten Lys mait a Ltaguc.
b After
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A
&E.R Y , 8 1
After 1 had beheld the ~ a l i nof Sor tcbeou on one
Side only, and had confider'd the Largenefs of the
Suburbs, and the Multitude of the Barks, I &1y per-
fuaded my felf that the City might be, as they afien,
more than four Leagues. in Circuit, and that it con-
tains feveral Millions of Souls.
A s Coon as we left rhe Suburbs, the Canal grew
confiderably larger, and was extended in a Right Line
the Space of ten Leagues, as far as Youfie bien, a City
of the Third Rank. W e went clofe by the Walls,
which are twenty four Foot high, but not very ftrong :
There is a Foffe, or Canal, which encompaffi the
City, the Space between which and the Walls is very
neatly kept, and affords very agreeable Wa!ks ; be-
iides, the Canals crofing each other in feveral Places,
form Variety of little Iflands, which are famous for
Tea that is fent from thence all over the Empire,
From hence the Canal runs North Weit throu=;A
Fields extremely well cultivated, and as level as a
Bowling-Green. There appears a continual SucceEon
of Hamlets and Villages, which yield a very agree-
able Profpelt, there being nothing to intercept the
Sight : But the moit delightful Scene of all is, when
the ProfpeCt is bounded by ibme large City.
, O n the 30th of December in the Evening we ar-
riv'd at Icba?z tchcou fou, a very famous City, and of
great Commerce. W e only pafi a h a l l Part of the
Suburbs of about half a League : The Barks were fo
numerous that they quite cover'd the Water. This
Evening they firpriz'd two Thieves, who by Favour
of the Night crept into our Bark ; one of them found
means to make his Efcape, and we hinder'd the o-
ther from being carried before the Mandarins; ib that
when he was let go, he made the befi of his Way to
a little Bark, where there were leveral of his Ac-
complices, with whom he difappear'd in an Initant:
It is faid that thefe Thieves burn a fort of a Pafiil,
the Fumes of which procure Skep.
VOL,I, G The
 The 3 ~ f in
i the Morning we left %ban tcheqrr,
and found that the Canal wa's much narrower, being
but twelve Foot broad ; the Banks were fiventeen
I
or eighteen Foot high, and perpendicular : About
forty nine Lys farther, the Canal runs in a firaight
Line quite out of Sight ; the Sides were lin'd to the
Height ofTen or Twelve Foot, with fine Square
Piecei af grey Marble of the Colour of Slate.
About two Leagues OR this Side fin yang we
were oblig'd to quit the Canal, and continue opr
Journey by Land : At this Place they were making
I
the Canal of a greater Depth, that theBarks, which
tranfport the Tribute to Court, might pa6 with Safe-
ty. Though the Pairage had been clofd but one
Day, we found an infinite Number of Barks itopt,
and thofe who belong'd to them, like us, purfuing
their Journey by Land-Carriages.
The Mandarin of Inn yang, w ho had Notice of our
coming the Day before, ient LE Calaihes, Horfes and
Porters to condue us to Tching kiane fou. Thofe
who carry'd us and our Baggage travelled at the
Rate of a good German League an Hour, fo that in
two Hours Time we arriv'd at f i n y a q ; on this
Side of which, near the Canal, we Caw a Tower
feven Stories high, and over two large Bridges of
Marble with only one Arch : The Suburbs of this '
City are pav'd with Marble, and the. Walls are of
Brick twenty four foot high, and built on a Marble
Foundation.
On the North of this City lies a Lake five or fix
Leagues in CircumFerence, on the Side of which we
travell'd about a League before we arriv'd at Malin ;
it is a Town near two Leagues beyond Tan yang.
W e there pafs'd the Night in a Houfe that the Chri-
fiians had prepar'd for us: Though this Town con-
Gits of one Street only, yet we were affur'd that it
contains more than zoo,ooo Souls. It is pav'd with
Marble, as all other Towns were, as far as Tchi~g
kiang ,
I
1
C ~ I N ACHJNESE-THRTARY,
, &c. 83
kiang fiv i in fevual places we fidw Pieces of white
Mar4le fix Fmt in height, on which were feveral
Figures in Reiievo, bsK wretchedly done,
T h e k o n d of January we arrived at Icbing kiatlg!
We &.d ahout I 300 Gemeuical Pacq along the
Su$urbs,+ll paved with Marble 5 & Pieces of MarMq
wherewith the M i w e of tbe Street is paved, are
three ,Faot b g , jtnd two broad. Afiei we had pa6
fed above a League by the Side d the Wdls, which
are thYty Foat high, and in good repair, we tvred
~ver'a Marue Bridge into another Part of the Suburbs,
where w met with fwh a Concourfe of People, that
a Pa6isge could not be open'd fos us without ibme
~i4licdt~.
T h e City uf T"bi#g kiang is none of the largd, for it
is only a -. in Circumference ; but it is very con-
c2erqble Bbr Cmmerce, and being fo near the Sea,
may be reckon'd &e Key of the Empire. Its Di-
from the Sea does not exceed two Days Jwr-
qey: It is alib a fortified Place, there being a large
Gpifon, wd eighteen Pieces of C;uanan which coma
qund the Port.
W e had not g w tk Length of a Sveet in this
Quarter, but we perceiv'd a little Mountain, the
Top d which affords one of the moil agreeable Pro-
i&&s in the World. On one Side appears the City
af fcb& kiung, on the other the large River Thg
tj'i kin%, w w i t$e C&n@ call the Son ofthe Sea, or
Fa kMng, the G r a River, or, more firnply, Kiang,The
River ; and inked it is io very large, that one
wwld take it to be an Arm of the Sea. On the op-
pofite Banks we beheld Koua fcheou, which, though
not a,City, has all the Privileges of one, and is a
Place of great Trade : At the Foot of this Hill is
the Port, where there is always, a prodigious Con-
cburk of People, who make no Cmall ~ u f i l eand
Noiie.
Gz 'Twas
 'Twas here we crofs'd the River, which at this
Place is more than a League over ; about 700 Paces
in the River is a Place vrhich looks like an enchanted
. Ifland, the Natives call it the Golden Mountain. It is
about 600 Foot in Circumference ; on the T o p is a
Tower feveral Stories high, encompats'd with Pa-
gods and the Houfes of the Bonzes.
On the other Side of the River we enter'd into a
Canal, and pais'd Koua tcheozr in the Night Time.
Early in the Morning we arrhed at Tan thoufou ; it
is a fine City, is well peopled, and has a great
Trade. It is faid to contain 2 ,ooo,ooo of Souls.
The 10th of January, at fix in the Evening, we
proceeded inlitters, and took up our Lodgings about
four Leagues and a half from thence at Chao pe, a
large Town : W e travell'd great Part of the Way
on a fine Caufeway, on the Side of a Canal. The
I I th, after having travell'd [even Leagues without
itopping, we arrived at Kaojeou tcheou : This Coun-
try is flat, and almofi all under Water : W e travell'd
upon a Caufe\vay of about thirty Foot broad, and
ten or twelve high,. cover'd in tome Places with
Marble, etpecially on the Side towards the Canal,
which we lett on our Right Hand.
Beyond this appear'd a great Lake, a League in
Breadth, which is parallel to the Canal. The Coun-
try on the Right Hand is likewife overflow'd, ex-
cepting a few Spots which aie hwn with Rice, and
on which appear feveral Hamlets, whofe Houfes are
mver'd with Reeds, and the Walls made of Cane
daub'd with Clay : The vafi Number of Barks, un-
- der Sail, and rowing through the Fields, yielded a very
diverting SpeAacle.
We were inform'd that Tao yeou tcheou is a fine
City, but we did not Ge it our felves, we only paffed
by the Side of the Walls about 1 2 0 0 Paces. In the
Suburbs we faw a Tower feven Stories high, and
another fquare Edifice near the fame Height, whofe
Di-
Dimedons decreafid like, a Pyramid, but did not, -
like it, end in a Point : The Suburbs were large and
well built.
T h e I 2th in the Morning we travell'd fix Leagues
on the Caufeway, which lies between the Lake and
the Canal : Here the Lake appear'd like a vait 0-
cean, with an infinite Number of Barks under Sail.,
W e alto hw large Flocks of Wild-fowl, which,
when they were upon the Wing, feem'd to darken
the Sky : In the Afiernoon we travell'd fix Leagues
farther to Pao bing hien, our Road lying itill between
the Lake and the Canal. On the Right the Coun-
try is flat and well cultivated, but a great Part of it
is under Water.
On the rqth, afier having gone eight Leagues far-
ther, we came toHoai ngan fou, which feem'd to us to
be a more confiderable City, on all Accounts, than
Tang tcbeou. The Grand Mailer of the Waters, Ca-
nals and Rivers, has'his Refidence here, who then
took up the publick Inn, where thofe whom the
Emperor fends for ought to Itdge, infomuch that
we were obliged to content our felves with a wretched
Hut made of Mats ?nd Reeds, notwithitanding the
Coldnefi of the Seafon, and the Snow, which drove
into the Places where we lay. Three Mandarins
lodged with us, who were greatly pleafed with the
Sight of fome of our Books, and the Images of Pa-
per which they found therein : W e made them a
Prefent of a French Crown, for which they return'd
us the fame Weight in Silver, and invited us to
drink Tea in their Apartment, where they regaled
p with fiveral kinds of Fruits.
On the 15th in the Afternoon we went to lodge at
lcbin kiang pou, a large Town about three Leagues
farther : T h e Country is flat, well cultivated, and
in fome Places half under Water, vthich renders it
fit for bearing Rice: Here are Plenty of -fe,
Wild-Ducks, Pheofants, d c .
G 3 We
86 G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
We did not l e d e this Place till the I 7th, which
was dmoit entirely taken up in trolling Hoang ho,
or the Yellow River, on account of the Ice which
fetardad our Paffage, The River at this Place is no
inore than 450 Toifes, or goo Yards in Breadth, the
Mouth of it being tnent five Leagues d i h t : T h e
Channel is indifferently Xaight, the Banks are of 4
rellowifi Clay, which mixing with the Water makd
tt of the f ~ m eColour, whence it derives its Name,
If this River was not kept within its Bounds by
Dikes, it would make dreadhl Hatrock in the Coun-
try, fbr which Reafon they are very careful ta keep
them in Repair.
W e took up our Lodgings in a Country T o w n ;
the Road to it WAS egceeding fmooth and plearant,
the Plains well cultivated, and full of Hamlets, fome
not fifty, and none mote than 2 0 0 Pxc: diftant
from each other. About a .League from tl : River
we met with a Caufeway difcontinuccl in on5 ?lace,
over which is a kirld of a Wooden Bridge, fiL ,;ported
bv large Stones of ten or twelve Foot hig!i Tht
8;.idge I about 3 ~ oPaces in length, paved very
handfomly with ipuare Stones. W e aftefwards pafs'd
a Canal parallel to the Yellow River, which runs
? dire&tly North, and took notice ofthree other fine Caufe- \
ways as we pafi'd along, which are the common Roads
to different Cities,
Hitherto we had not met with one Flock of Sheep
In our Journey, but we had feen Plenty of white I
Goats, and black Hogs, but few Cows and BufMoes,
a great many fmall Mules, Ages, and a forry kind
of Horfes, which are generally ufed for Travelling.
The People are To numerous that they prform the
Offices of Beafts of Burden themfelves, even to the
carrying each other ; and tho' the Land is very fruit-
ful and well cultivated, yet it would not fuffice to
idd Sufienance both for Man and Beaft. T h e
hollies of the Suburbs m d C o w r y Towns, bc-
, yond
 &PC. 87
CHIRA,CHINESE-TARTARY,
. $nd Hoai ngon, are i a d e of Reeds and Earth, and
cover'd with Straw.
The 18th we travell'd eleven Leagues to Sou t/en
&en ; the Country itill continued flat and level, with
fiveral large Caufiways, the Defcent or Slopes on
each Side of which are kept in good Repair : Thefe
Caufeways are commonly ten or twelve Foot high,
and twenty five or thirty broad, which renders Tra-
velling very commodious and pleafant.
Almofi all the Day our Journey lay by the Side
of a fmall River, whofe Stream is very fwift ; by the
Courfe it is probably the fame k e miitook for an ar-.
~ : The Land here is
tificial Canal the ~ G e n i nbefore
marfhy,full of Water, and the Trees which grow in
that Place refimble the Birch-Tree.
Sou tJim &en h n d s upon a rifing Ground, the
Walls are half in Ruins, and the Suburbs are much
referable to the City : Near the Walls appear'd a
[ind of a Palace newly built, which is a Monument in
honour of the Emperor Cang hi, who pafi'd through
this City on his Way to Sou tcbeolc. The principal
Part of this Edifice is a fort of an oblong f uare Sa-
4
Ion, open on all Sides, with a double Roo cover'd
with Yellow Tiles.
O n the 19th we left Sou @en ; about half a
League beyond it we found feven flat Bridges lying
all in the fame Line : They are each roo Foot long,
with Rails on both Sides, and Triumphal Arches at
each End, made of Wood ; beyond this they werc
building another, and itill farther we found a ninth,
but not very neatly built. T h e Number of the Ca-
nals, which fern here to form a kind of a Laby-
rinth, make the& Bridges neceffary ; the Country
itill continues flat, but not fo fmooth and level as
before, nor yet fo well peopled nor cultivated as on
tbe preceding Days; the Soil is hard, black and
barren, and the Houfes made of Straw and Earth.

G 4 This
88 L I S T O Raf
li5e G E N E R AH Y
This Day and the following we travell'd but Six
Lcagucs, and itop'd at h-ong boa pcu, a pretty large
Tcwn, where the Country had a better Afpe&t, and
the H~mletswere more frequent. W e alfo met wi:h
3 fort of Centry-Boxes for Sentinels, placed at pro-
per Diitances : The Caufeway reaches no farther than
Scu #en. On this Day we difcover'd a Flock of
Sheep, which was the firit we had feen ; .the Reafon
of this perhaps is, kcaufe they let none of their Land
lie uncultivated, and confequently there muit be but J
httle GraG.
The 2 rit we began to fee feveral Orchards plant-
ed with Fruit-Trees: The Road in general, beyond
Tang tcbeou, is extremely good and commodious ;
for tho' it was the Depth of Winter, we did not find
one bad Step ; there is neither Dirt, nor Stones, nor
the leait Inequality : Afier Dinner we went Six Lys
farther; on our Right we faw a Hill, whofe Ridge
runs North and South ; we lodg'd at Li hia chunng.
As far as this Town we had feen lying in the
Fields a great many Rollers, fome hollow in the
middle, fome folid, which ferv'd to level the Ground,
and keep it finooth. On the 22d we croPd the little
River, on whofe Bank the Town itands, and four
Leagues beyond came to T tcheou, where the AfixQ of ,
the Counti-ycontinu'd fiill the fame, and the Roads were
Gry and findy : This City feem'd to be no more
. than h ~ I fa League in Circumference; the Walls
were of Brick, and in good Repair.
The Governor made us a Vifit in our Inn, and dif-
patch'd a Meffenger to give Notice of our coming
along the Road, which prov'd very firviceable to us,
otherwife we fhould have found it difficult in this Pro-
vince [Charz tong] to have got a fufficient Number of
Porters to h ~ v ecarry'd our Baggage.
W e paL,'d into one Part of the Suburbs, over i
Efldge with five fmall Arches ; it is of Marble, with
Rails of the fitne, adorn'd withLions very indifferently
I .

carv'd.
-
C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T&A
c. R Y , 89
carv'd. Without the Suburbs are a great Number of
Tombs made of Earth, in the Form of a Pyramid,
with Infcriptions engrav'd on Marble : W e lodg'd
Four Leagues beyond Y tcheou, at a wretched Town,
whofe Houfes were made of Earth cover'd with Stub-
ble ; the soil is fandy, which renders the Road
troubleibme to Travellers on account of the Dufi.
Beyond Y tcbeou the Country is not ib open, for one
begins to fee quick-fet Hedges of a itrong rugged
kind of a Thorn : At the difiance of every halt League,
we met with Sentinels in their Boxes, or Huts,
which are about Twelve Foot high, made of. Earth
or Turf: They make Sigrrals in the Night by put-
ting Fire on the T o p of their Huts, and in the Day
by hanging up Pieces of Cloth.
The 23d we travell'd Nine or Ten Leagues : In
the Morning the Country was very unequal, and
fometimes we were forc'd to go down very iteep De-
fcents ; the Land in many Places was barfen ; but in
the Evening we came into a very fertile Plain, lying
between two Ridges of Mountains, one on the E d ,
the other on the Weit ; thefe latter were high, fieep,
and craggy, and frighdul to behold on account of the
nalted Rocks.
The Houfes of the Towns that we faw are built
of Stone, in a very coarfe manner ; the People are
generally employ'd in fpinning or weaving the gray
Silk of Cban tong. It was there we firfi faw the
wild Silk-Worms that live indifferently on all forts
of Leaves, which produce a greyiih Silk, of which
is made the Stuff call'd Hien tckeou ; it waihes very
well, and is ufed throughout the Empire ; tho' it is
not very gloffy, it is worn by Perfons of Qality in
their own Houfes.
The 24th we travell'd all the Day between barren
Mountains, but the Valleys are well cultivated and
peopled. W e din'd at Mong in hien, a fmall City,
whofe Walls are but Twelve Foot high, 'and in bad
Repair:
go !Be G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Repair : Tho' the Road was full of Afcents and De-
fcents, it was very ciry and good, but dufiy.
The 25th we went Eight Leagues, and pafi'd
through the Suburbs of a fmalI City, [ Sin lai
bien.3 Our Road lay through a fine level Country,
well-inhabited and cultivated, and abounding with
Fruit-Trees : The Ridge of Mountains fill conti-
nued on both Sides, about a League fi-om the Road ;
here and there 'appear'd an open Space, through
ivhich one might fee the Country at a vail Dihnce.
The 26th, after having travell'd three Hours a-
mong frightfd defart Mountains, we came to a Plain
well-cultivated, and abounding with Fruit - Trees.
Afier Dinner we found the Country equally charm-
ing, till we came to f i i ngan tcbeou, which lies at .
the Foot of a hideous Mountain, which covers it
from the North-Winds: This City has a very a-
eeable Situation, and the Walls are Twenty-five
Fmt high; but the Houfis within are very ddpi-
"bl\T e 27tb we refied to give Time for our Bag-
gage, which came a different Road, to overtake us.
The t 8th we travelI'd Nine or Ten Leagues among
k p craggy Mountains, where very little of the &d
was cultivated, ~ho' the Towns were numerous e-
nough, and well-peopled(: One Third of them had
large Wens or Swellings in their Necks : I t is fup-
'
pofed that the Well-Water, which they are oblig'd to
make ufe of, is the Caufe.
The Inns are very inconvenient ; the Beds are mly
Brick Forms of the Length of a Man : The En-
tertainment is alfo very bad, tho' Phedants are not
much more than a Penny a piece. The Mountains,
which I mentim'd before, are not extremely high, ,

bur they are generally without any Trees : Some of them

are cover'd with @ah, and were formerly cultivated 3
'
and their being negle&ed now, is the only remaining
Sign of the Ravages of War that we have hitherto
per-
pcrceiv'd: Any ather Kingdom would have been
cxhaufted of Men, afier fo many unheard of Ma6
hcres ; far it is fcarcely credible how many Millions ,

of Men have perifh'd by Famine and Sword, fincd

the lait Emperor of the Dynaity of Mng. The De-
cline of this Dynaity began by an almoit general
Famine : This Calamity was favourable to a great
Nmber of Banditti, whofe Intention was to live by
open Violence ; they enter'd, Sword in Hand; ints ,
the Towns and Cities, and taking from thence the
c h i d y m Men, they maffacred the reft of the'
Farngy, to tf e end that they having neither Father,
nor Mother, nor Houfe, nor Home, might remain
firmly attach'd to their Intereft. r
The Heads of thefe Banditti made away with each
other, till at length there were but two left, one of
whom was ib ambitious as to afpire afier the Em-
pire ; to facilitate which Deiign, he made himfelf
Mailer of Peki~rg,and oblig'd the Emperor to hang
himfelf thro' Defpair ;evkn whole Provinces were de-
populated ; t i which if you add the War made by the
firtars, who were invited to fupprefi the Banditti,
and the l& Civil War, it will be no hard Matter ta
conclude, that no Empire but China could undergo
fuch Devahtidns without being intirely nlin'd.
T h e 29th we travell'd three Leagues between
Mountains as rugged and craggy as before : We
pds'd by one in Shape of a Cone, on whofe Top was
a fmall Pagod, to which they afcended by very dif-
ficult Stairs of about 2 0 0 Steps. Soon after there ap-
pcar'd in view an extenfive Plain, wherein we tra-
vdlwd the reit of the Day, very much incommoded
with Dufi, otherwife the Road was extremely good.
At the end of Nine Leagues we took up our h d g -
ing ; but about two Leagues before we arriv'd, we
pafs'd near a fmall City call'd "I'cbang t / i ~him; we
were oblig'd to pafs over a Bridge built b e h n thc
Gate ~f ttg City, acrofs a River which was then dry.
I This
92 Z?& G E N E R AHLI S T O R Y Of
This Bridge confifts of Nine Arches, fupported by
very large f uare Stone Piers, which make the
?
Arches but mall : T h e Poits which fupport the
Rails are rudely carved in the Shape of Animals;
the whole is made up of a kind of' blackifh Mar-
ble, quite rough and unpoliih'd, and the Pavement
of the Bridge is of the fame. W e found a great deal
of this Marble in the two Provinces that we pafi'd
thro', but efpecially in this of Cbnn tong, wherein we
are ; and it is probable that the Mountains which we
&w coniifi of it, becaufe in thofe Places where the
Earth was waih'd away, they had the f m e Appear-
ance.
T h e 30th we travell'd Ten Lcagues iri a cham-
pain Country, well cultivated, and abounding with
large Hamlets or Villages, which one might eafily
miflake for Country-Towns. T h e Road is dufty,
which incornmodcs Travellers very much : In every I
Town are feveral Pagods, which are the only Edi-
fices built with Brick ; all the reit are of Earth and
S t r d : T h e Roofs and Parts near them are full of
Qrnaments, fuch as Foliage, Birds, and Dragons,
ard are cover'd with red and blue japan'd Tiles.
In the Country we beheld, from time to time,
feveral Tombs made of Earth, in the Form of a Py-
ramid ; and there are generally in thefe Places fmall
Groves of Cypreis, with a flat Leaf,,which look vr-
ry pretty. Betore Noon we r'd near 2% tcbing
PAS
bien ; it is a fquare City, who e Walls' are made of
temper'd Earth mix'd with Straw ; and, in feveral
Places, of Br:cks harclen'd by the Sun, and rough-cait
with Potiers C!ay ; the Publick-Houf'es, or Inns,
are the moil wretched we have yet feen.
Befides a, great number of Towns which lie acrois
the big11 Koad, we often meet with Inns on the Bor-
ders of' it ; thek are miferable Huts wade of Reeds, ,
or at beit a kind of Coitages, with Walls made of
Mud
 Mud and Earth, nluch frequented by the Vulgar : On
the greateit Part of the Towers may be feen Iron Bells,
very inanificially can.
The Extent of our Journey on the 3 r i t was Twelve
Leagues : Within two Leagues of the Town where
we lodg'd, we Caw on our Left the City Pin y e n
hen, which feem'd to be about two Leagues in Cir-
cumfereficc. We faw in the Suburbs we pafs'd thro'
an infinite Number of l'eople, and a grcat many
Timber-Yards full of Wood, for which there appear'd
to be a great Demand.
Eight Leagues fiom this City we found l e tcbeou,
a large City, fituate on the great Royal Canal, and
encompafs'd with fine Brick Walls: That Part of
the Suburbs through which we pafs'd, appear'd like
a City for Extent and Number of People. From r e
tcbeou the Road, which was before a little hollow, be-
came level with the Ground about it, and, excepting
the Dufi, was exceeding pleafant. The Plain is as
levy1 as a Garden, full of fmall Towns furrounded
with Fruit-Trees, and diverfif)'d with Groves of Cy-
prds planted near the Tombs, which form a very a-
geeable Landskip ; the Soil is a kind of Potters
Clay, but fomewhat more gray and fofi, and the Carts
are drawn by Oxen, in the fame manner as by Horks
in Europe ; the Hodes are mofily made of Earth,
and are very low, with almofi flat Roofs. They are
compos'd of Reeds cover'd with Earth, and fupport-
ed with Mats which lie upon the Spars and Joiits.
One may judge by this Specimen of the Goodnefs of
the Inns, which are not fo well built by much. They
ui'e no Fire-Wood ; their principal Fuel is Pit-Coal,
and that cannot be cheap, for in the Inns they burn a
great ~ u a n t i t yof Reeds and Stubble, of which there
is abundance.
.The Royal Canal, which lies to the North of this
City was frozen up, on which for half a h g u e to-
gether
\
gether we faw a Row of W k s , which lay fo near
each other, that they feem'd to t w h . Beyond
Hang boa pou we Caw freque~lya f m of ipuare
Towers made of Brick, c o n f ~ drwo
g Stories: Their
Height is about Forty-five Foot, their Length Fiky
or Sixty, and their Breadth Eightmn or Twenty,
~ i t Sevcm
h &ttlemermts on one Side, and Threeon the
other : Their Towns are incloiid with linle Mud-
Walls, with two Gates at each Extremity of the chief
Gtteets, and over M e Gates are the Pagods, or I d 4
Temples.
The 18 of February, four Leagues frorm*tbcPhce
where we lodg'd, we enter'd the Province of Pe tche-
6: W e pafs'd through rhe Extremity ~f the Suburb
of Kkg t c h e ~; the Walls feem'd to be made qf
f i r t h ; we judg'd it to be fquare, like the r& of
the Cbinge Cities. W i t h the City appears an Hem-
onal Tower of eleven or twelve Stories, b~ decrea-
f mg in Circumference as it rife higher: There were
Windows on all fides of each $tory. W e beheld k-
veral of the fmaUer Towers in the North and South
Pwts d the Suburbs : The Inbbitants m&e uk .9f
thefe Towers Lo fecure their Effc&s in troubkfbme
Times, and when they few an irruption of Robbers :
The Hods of the Cauntry-Towns are of E a r t h a d
Straw, and their Roofs are almoft flat. T o fpeak in
general, in all our Journey from Nlag po we did not
take notice of one Building, except the Pl~blickones,
that was worthy of Ohiervation : W e took up o w
Lodging five Leagues beyond Kiwg tcheou, at a Cit~r
call'd Fwc tcbing hen. It was there that we learn'd
that the Emprefi, Mother of the Emperor Caug hi,
died an the 27th of the preceding Month. In con-
formity to the C d o m of the Empire, we took from
our Caps the Tufts of red Silk ; this is accounted a
DiitinAion or Sign of Mourning This Ceremony
is obferv'd for twenty-feven Days throughout tbe Em-
pire,
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTABY,
, &c. 95
pire, accounting from the Tim the News firit u-
nv'd, and if any Perfon fails herein, he is liable to
be punifh'd.
T h e 2d was the Beginning 6f the Chinfe Year;
this is obferv'd as a Time ot Rejoicing for fever;\l
Days : Befides the common Salutatians, there were
publick Diverfions, Illuminations, and Fire-Works.
This Day, afier having din'd at a large Tow0 G-
yen Leagues 'from Fou tchng, when we Ick the Town,
we pafs'd over a fine Marble Bridge, about twenty
Foot long ; the Rails were of Marble alfo, with Fi-
gures in BaJo reEieuo, more accurately done than what
we had feen before : There is a great uantity of
5
Marble in this Province ; the Country is eve1 and
well cultivated, full of Towns and Villages. The
little Towers we mention'd before are alib very n*
merous, infomuch that one would, at a diitance, take
the Towns to be fo many Fortreffes ; all the Houfks
are made of Efarth, with flat Roofs, cover'd with
Straw. W e met upon the Road a great number ef
-Couriers, with little Boxes at their Backs, wrap'd in
yellow Stuff, which is the Imperial Colour ;they were
robably carrying the News of the DeceaG of the
'$hprefs to different Places. This Evening we tra-
vell'd four or five Leagues ; and, after hkvingpaii'd
near H e n him, we took up our Lodging at Xic
kia lin.
Our Journey the 3d was eleven 'Leagues : Aher
we had travell'd about two Hours, we paii'd near
the Walls of Ho kienfou, which might be about two
Leagues in CompaCs ; the Figure of it was fquare,
the Walls and Parapets were of Brick, and in very
good Repair : W e took up our Lodging at a City
call'd Gin kieou hien. T h e Face of the Country that
we pai's'd through, was much the fame as the prece-
ding Days : W e obferv'd in divers Places Marble
Monuments, with Infcriptions placed perpendiculax-
ly on the T o p of a great Marble Tortoile. From
bring
h5.g po we had beheld neither Woods nor Foreit, but
all the Land was well cultivated, except that which
was flooded, and 'a few barren Mountams.
T h e 4th we left Gin kieou bicn, which is a City of
An oblong fquare Form, about 1400 Paces in Cir-
cuit : T h e Walls and Parapets are of Brick, with
Towers at certain Diitances, and are more than thir-
ty Foot high ; the Houfes, as well as thofe of the
Country-Towns, are likewife of Brick, whofe Roofs
are very handibme.
Five Leagues fiom this City we pafs'd by a large
Trading Town, in the middle of which is a Triumphal
Arch ; immediately beyond this Town 3 Caufeway
begins, and a League farther we came to marthy
Land, through which the Caufeway is continu'd a-
bout 500 Paces, at the End of which is a large Town,
with three Wooden Bridges over the fame Number of
Canals.
T w o Leagues from hence we pafi'd through the
City Hiong hien. The Street we'went thro', is adorn'd
with four Triumphal Arches ; the Pillars itand up-
on Bafes of white Marble about three Foot high,
compofed of four Stones bound together with Iron
Hoops, and faiten'd with large Pins of the fame Me-
tal ; the Pillars themfelves were of Wood.
After we left Hiong bicn, where we dined, we went
four Leagues farther to Pe keou ho, a large Town,
where we took up our Lodging. At the two Extre-
mities of this Place are two Gates, with Pagods
built over them ; the Country-Towns begin 'now
to be more neat, and the Houfes are cover'd with
thick Tiles.
The gth, at the 'diitance of two Leagues fram the
Town, we p a P d feveral Canals ; and one League
farther we crofs'd Sin tcbing him ; it is of a ipuare
Figure, and is no more than 1 2 or 1300 Paces in
Compafs.
 97
E-TABTARV,-&,
CHINA,CHI.IBS
Afar Dinner we wd'fi the City vochew; through
the principal Street, which is very brqad, and lies in a
,

right Line. This City is 3000 Paces in Circumference,

and is h e r peopkd than the reit. The Suburbs on the
North aad South Sides of it are very large, the S ~ e e t g
handf~ncand Itraight ; but the Houf'es are low, after
the Ch:& manner, none of them exceeding twoStories,
At m Departure out of the North Part of the Su-
burbswe met with a very agreeable Profpe& ; on the
Rigt was a fpacious Plain, which, as far p our
Sigt could reach, was witheut the leait Eminence or
Inquality ;on thelefi- was a Chain of Mountains, on
th Side of which our Road lay to Peking, and which
km'd to be the Bounds of the Province Pe tcbe li.
Soon after we came to a Bridge of nine
hich are fu ported by Piers of {quare Stone :
R
Phole Wor is folid and itrong, and the Brjd
paved with large fquare Stones, and the Sides
are wall?d or' rail'd with large Pieces of /b!ar-
ble, two Foot and a Half high, which flick
Grooves in the Sides of P o h made crf the we:
Side.
There are iixty-two of jheE
The Pieces df Marble in the
Foot long, but they decreafk
End of the Bridge. One
to a Cadeway made nf Earh, about 500 ?aces. ln
Length ; at the End of it is another Bridge m d e like
the former, on each Side of which =e thirty-four
P o h . at the Entrance we left on tbc Right 8
Cbc pk, that is, a large Marble Stone placed in a
large fquare Room made of Brick 3 u i s Cupported by
a Marble BaE, two Foot and a Half high, and four
P w fquaie. It is, doubtlefi, a Monumenr fle&ed
the Mamory of fome illuhiouo ? ~ r f o ~of . which
we had feen feveral near the Road.
For three Days pafi fie Soil Gas more grey qnd
h d than ufua], and we eantinued to meet an infinite
~ u m b ofa PaEengers going backward an4 'Ward.
" .
Y Q f.: lo J? t"r9
98 . L S T O ROfY
G E N E R AH
We took up our Lodging twc Leagues from Tfi
tchtou, at a large Town call'd t a u li ho. We tra-
veWd this Day twelve h p e s .
The 6th we left this Town, ad as foon as we
wtre got our of the Suburbs, we f o r d a very hand-
fame Bridge, about a hundred Geometrical ?aces in
Length, and twenty Foot in Breadth, with t* large
Triumphal Arches at each End. The Rails o.Side-
Walls of the Bridge confifi of large &t S t o ~ ~ , f o r n c
white, others grey, which are fupported by ;naH
Pillars of the fame, very much rekmbling Par-
bfe. Thefe Stones are artificially cut, and ado4'd
with variety of Mouldings. The Bridge is paid
1- handfome Bat Stones, to which is join'*
great Caufeway, twenty Foot broad, and fir or fevq
hundred Paces long ; it is paved in the fame manner,
our Leagues from Leou li ho is fituate Leang hag
a confiderableCity, but very.indifferent1y wall'd.
A ~ Q aULeague beyond this, we pafs'd over a fine
&*id& the Rails or Side-Walls of which are largt
harrjhtne white Stoner : At the four Extremities
were Yaced dre Figures of Elephants. We raw ano-
ther~tht reat Stones on the Side-Walls of which
Were carv.% lib, Rails. W e trarell'd this Day but
three Leagues.
W e fiop'd at a Village ei&t Leagues on this tide
Peking, to wait for News from the Fathers of our So-
ciety, who were at Court. We there learn'd the me-
lancholy News of the Death of P. Ferdinand yer-
bw, which happcn'd the 28th of Jamarj. ~k
Emperor fpared nothing that was neceffary for tiis pm-
fervation, whom he honour'd with his Favour. om
of his chief Phyficians was order'd to attend, but too
late, for he inform'd the Emperor, to ufe his own
Exprfion, ?'at Nine Part5 of him in Ttn werr nlTea4
dud ; and he accordingly expired a few Days aftu:
T h e 7 t h the Fathers at Court fent an officer df
the Mathematical Tribunal to condu& to Pekikg,
None
/C -I-*

i '
W+r,F'~
P'. qb*
't
:
 None of them were permitted to come in Perfon, on
Account of Mourning for Pcrc Verbid, which they
were oblig'd to obkrve after the Chi@ manner.
- on our Journey about One in the
W e fet forward
Afiernoon.
On this Road, which is forty Yards and upwards
in Breadth, there was fuch a dreadful Noife caufed
by the Multitude of People, Horfes, Mules, Affes,
Qmels, Chaifes, Litters, and Carts, that it is ini-
'pofible to give you any tolerable Notion of it.
We crofs'd LOUkeou kiao about three Leagues from
Peking : It is a little Citg, about zloo Paces in com-
pa6 ; the Appearance of it w s very agreeable, the
Walls were ekzitmely well built, and it had two
double Gates, with a Place for Arms, and handfom
Rooms over it. At the E n m c e of the Cit we ,
i!
pafs'd over a Bridge, the fineit we had yet een ;
the Ardhes were h a l l , but the Walls on each Side
were made of a hwd whitifi Stone refcmbling Mar-
W. Each Stone wan fife Foot long, three high, and
Cven or eight Inch@ thiak, fupported at each Znd
with fmall Pillars, adorn'd with Mouldings, and the
Figures of Jions. 2: reckon'd, on one Side only, 147
of theii Pillars. It was paved with large flat Stones,
joined as eatatkly together as the F h of a Hall.
The Wall$ of the City are ha.ndfmly built, ~d are
Forty Foot high. The Rampart is not very thick ;
the raiiid Way is brad, and zrtificiall m&, qs
well as the Parapet, the Battlements of ch are vq-
ry near each other. TheRoad from this City to P e k i q
'.
looks like one continued Street, there is fuch a Numbqr
of People continglaily padling backward and fixward.
Four or five hundred Paces from the farther &Gate
we wee Rop'd at the Cubm-Hode, h t our m e
was iuffeid to pafs without Examina~isn. During our
Stay, a Perfoh open'd the Window of my Vehicle,
and demanded if we were come ao w~ Tribute to the
fimpexor j fer it i s-worth ob~enthi,;hi&- rbc Cbimj
2 think
100 B e G E N E R AH
L S S T O RofY
think thenifelves to be, by far, the moft confiderable
Part of the World, and all thofe Nations that fend
Prefents to their Emperors are their Tributaries. Thus
they not only place Korea, Japan, Bengal, and Sar-
macand in that Number, but even all the Mabometans,
and the M@mites themfelves.
About a League before we arriv'd at Peking, we
faw all the Country over-run with little Groves of
pretty tall Trees, and enclos'd with Walls made of
Earth. Thefe arc fo many different Burying-Places.
About Four in the Afternoon we enter'd Peking,
thro' a double Gate, as all the other Gates of the City
are. It was quite cover'd with Iron Plates, faiten'd
with a great many Rows of very large Nails. T h e
Walls are from thirty to thirty-five Foot high, on
which are placed fquare Towers at proper diitances.
T h e Street thro' which we pafs'd lay in a dire& Line,
and was in Breadth from forty-five to fifty Foot. We
pai's'd along it a good half League, in the midit ,of
an incredible Throng of People; and yet not one
Woman was to be fin among them. Every now
b
and then we met with a kind of Mountebanks or Jug-
glers, with Crouds about them of fifty or fixty Men.
A Stranger would naturally conclude it was the Time
of fome great Fair, or other publick AiTembly.
W e could not perceive the End of this large Street,
when we turn'd fhort into another almofi as large as
the former, and the Throngs of People the fame. In
both thefe Streets the Houfes are low, being nothing
but a Ground-Floor ; and there is nothing to attraCt
' the Eyes, but the Shops of the great Merchants,
which for Neatnefi and Riches excel mofi in Europe.
T h e Entrance into there Shops is finely adorn'd with
Gilding, Paintings, and Sculptures, in a Manner
which is very beautihl to behold.
At the End of this Street weenter'd into the Second
City, that( is, the City of the Tartars : The Gate at
this Place was double, as before : The fecond or in-
ward
ward Gate has a large Edifice built over it, with a
dbuble Roof; it confifis of two Storie : ?'he, Tiles
are japan'd, and the lower Part is adorn'd with
Painting and Sculptures. The Advance-Wall in the
Place, which mfwers to the Gate, has likewife an
Edifice ere&ed over it, much larger than the former :
It is four Stories high, with twelve fquare Windows in
each, which yields an agreeable Profpea at the En-
trance of the fecond Street of the Chinqe City.
When we were through both the Gates, we turn'd
on the right Hand to the Pcrtugztge Jefuit's Houfe,
which is over-againit, and not fir from the Rampart.
' W e paif'd thro' three little Gates, into a fquare regu-
lar Court,, on each Side of which was a handfome
fquare Tower, the Tops of them were built in the
Manner of an Obiervatory. In that on the right Hand
was a very fine Organ, and in the other a Clock with
fveral Bells.
At the Beginning of the Chin@ Year, all Peking
came to fee thefe Curiofities, and the Court was nc-
ver empty from Morning till Night, during which
Time the Organ play'd, and the Chimes went ; and
many went into the Church, who were inform'd, by a
Perfon appointed for hat Purpofe, of the Myfteries 8
reprefinled by the P a L n g s ; infomuch that feveral,
who only fought to fatisfy their natural Curiofity, met
unawares with Motives for their Converfion to the
C h r i f t i Faith.

An Account of tbe Journey of certain Chinefe

from Siam to China by Land; extraEted from
their own Memoirs.
TOcording
travel from the Kingdom of Siam to China, ac-
to iome Cbineji Memoirs, it is neceffary
to cro& the Kingdom of Lahoj; the principal and
H 3 befi
 beit peopled Cities through which they paii, are Gang
baii, Kiang jng, Kemeret mobang j n g , the C3pital of
Lahos mohang l<e, Mohang long, the Capital of another
Principality or Province, and Mobax Vinan, which
borders upon Cbina, or which is Part of Cbina itGlf.
From Kiang haii, or * Mohang kiai, to M. Kiang
j n g , is reckon'd &veil Days Journey ; from M. Kiang
Seng to M. Keinaral, feven other Days Journey.,from
M. Keinaral to M. Leng, eight Days Journey ; from
M.Leng to M. Lee, feven Days Journey ; from M.
Lee to M. Meng, eleven Days Journey ; from M.
Mxz going towards the North, we came to M. finan,
from whence in a little time we come into Cbim.
F i ~ mthe Confines of the Kingdom of Siam to
M.Lcng, the Capital of Labos, there are a great ma-
ny Woods and Rivers, and numerous Plantations,
They met with neither wild Beaits nor Bobbers in all
their Journey ; the greateit Part of the Roads arc
impaffable with Carts.
Mi Leng, chc Capital, hath neither Walls nor For-
W E s , but is incornpaired with Palifades ; its Cir-
cuit is about 400 Senes, every ,Sene is twenty Sia-
mgi Fathoms.
On the Weit of this Capital is &. Cojzng pu, and
fiill further Weitward is the great For& of Pabima
pan. M. Co hng *i was heretofore inhabited by a
certain People called TM'yai, and the Country which
they were Mailers of was a very large Kingdom ; it
took up three Months to travel round it, but at pre-
fent it is no more than a vafi Foreit, which joins to
that of Pahima pan.
The Siamej have often been heard to fay, that on
the North of the Kingdom of Siam there were a
People who had the fame Religion, the fame Cu-
ftorns, and the fame Language with dxmfelves ; and

* AIl rht/c pretended Cities arc dignrjfed w i t h the %tie af Mohang,

.which I f i n R gftnwardr jpify 6y the Letter M oto aw:d Rcpe-
titioh.
that
that it *was fiom this PeolIe they had borrowed all
thefe things, even to the wry Name of their King-
dom: And this Nation, =cording to the Siamfi
themfilves, is the fame d y the C l z ~ inj their Me-
moirs call f a i yai.
But $ecade the Siame/2 afim that in this Nation
the Priefis are the principal Rulers, it is very likely
that the Country which the Cbinejr call Tai jai, is the
fame the Tartars call LaJa, which is the Do- -
minions of the Sovereign Yontif of the Lamas ; and
that the City of Co /brig pii is the fame as Baranto-
la, where the Grand Lama keeps his Court, and go-
verns all his SubjeRs with an abfolute Authority.
This appears the more likely, not to fay certain,
becauie the Rel:&ion of the L a m greatly refernbles
the Siom/e ; they have b t h the fame Idols, the fame
Shape, and Garments of the fame Colour. Befides the
S i d w of h&a d y uadrates with what the
Cbir* call Taijui, and wi& the Kingdom to which
tbe Siam@ M a r e their Religion and Language are
owing. They are both fituged on the North of Sicm,
in a cold Climate, where Snow falls in D c c d u ,
January and February: All the Difference is, that the
Talapoim of Siam are itria and conitant in the Ob-
f w a t i m of rheir Laws, whereas the Lamas are mcie
~ o and G u n c m h t : But this Diveriity is ra&r a
;Sign of the Difference of their Manners, thar want
.of Conformity jn their Religion.
Mobang Zen-, Capital of ,?,abos, is fituatt: on the
&nks d@an tai, or Menan lai, which is the Ndme
of.the River that runs through it, which River is full
ofRocks, and hath its Rife in the North in a Sfoun-
@in called Pmlg yeng, then taking its ~ o u r ftwards
e
M.Camorel, it falls into the River Menang koq towards
Btm k ~ pThe . River of Siam has its Source in a Moun-
rain called King dgun, and that of Kiang h i dxcllW?
it ielf into the principal River of thc ~ i n & o m of
Skm, commonly called Menan.
H 4 in
 ,

$04 G E N E R AHL I S T O R Y
in the Capital of the Kh dom of Labm t h h is d
f
great Plenty of Rice, ana o very cheap, that for a
a Foua, wh~chis a few Halfpence of our Moneyj one
may buy fifty or fixty Pound.
There are few Fiih, but to make amends for that;
there is the F l e h of Buffaloes, Deer, 6 ' 6 . in great
Plenty. The Months of May, June and July, are the
Seafons for Fruit ;whichare the fame Sort that we meet
with in the Kingdom of Siam, except the fioureon,
or Doarion, and Mangeuiton.
Five Days Journey from ~ o b a kZtng towards the
North there are Mines of Gold, Silver, Copper, and
a kind of Red Sulphur of a very itrong Smell ; zoo
Senes from the fame City, and the fame Side, there
is a Pit of Mine of Precious Stones full rco Stnes deep,
from whhce they get Rubies, fome of which are as
large as a Walnut. There are alfo in the fame Placea
kind of Green Stones, or Emeralds, and it is faid that
the King of Labos hath one as lafge as an Orange ;
there are alfo Stones of feveral other Cdlout-s. There!
is a Brook which runs thro' this Mine, and carries
feveral along with its Stream, of which they hme:
times gather an Ounce-weight at a time.
As fok the Silver Mine, the King receives from it
j9 Catis ycarfy ; they are Chin+ who work in the
hhs, and refine the Silver :The Mountains in which
it is dtf: are 300 Senes in height, they are quite covered
with Grzis, which the Dew preferies continually freh
and green.
There is alfo found here a Phyfical Root, which
the Wj call Tong c~vei,and a kind of a Tree c a l l d
~ e n d;ang,
c which bears Flowers as thick as one's Gin-
ger, yielding a very delicious Smell ; when thefe
Flowers open they are of feveral Colours, as red,
pellow, bhite, and black, and *hen the Fruit comes
toPerfe&ion it is of the Shape of a Duck. There are in
this Cw~ntrya @eat Number of thele Trees, efpecial-
4.y "here the Dew falls mofi.
Thr
 CH~NA, A I ~ Y- ,f q
C H I N E S E - T A R TQc.
T h e Inhabitants of Mobang leng trade with theit
Neighbours, without giving themfelelv'cs the Trouble of
going amongit them. Their Commodities are chi:fly
Precious Stones, Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead, S:llphur,
Cotton, and Skeins of Cotton, Tea, Lac, Braji Wood;
the Phyfical Root Tong koui.
T h e Merchants of Mobang lee bring Elephants to
trade with, the Chineb raw and manufaffured Silk,
Musk, white Hair as fine as Silk, which they get
from a certain Animal ; of this tiair they make the
large Tufts that adorn the Ears of the Ele hants,
down
CK
which the King of Siam rides upon, and whi hangd
the Ground, as well as the red Tufts wore
by the CbingG in their ordinary Caps or Hats.
T h e Merchants *hi& come frorfi Tuiyni, which
lyes W e h a r d , iniport Iron, red and yellow Sandal
Wood, Linen Cloth, printed Callicoes, Venifon, a
k i d of red Phyfical Paite, and other Merchandifes
from IndmrJtan,
, Thofe of Mi K ~ mand' l M. Kiang go to M. Leng
to fell their Cows and Buffaloes for Silver, Tin and
Sulphur, M. Leng is u i b u q to Havair, and an
Ambaffidor is fent every Year to pay their Tribute ;
this does not hinder the Labor from appointing a
'succeffor wht% the King dies, but they are oblig'd
to inform the King of Havasr thereof.
T h e King of Labos has but one Miniiter, who
takes Cognifmce of the Affairs of State. There am
i-eckoned eight Cities or Places in this Kingdom,
which have each of them a Garrifon of 1000 Men ;
befidts the 36b Catis, which he has yearly from the
Mine s t the North of MI Leng, he raiies 860 more
in the fell of the Kingdom.
Mobang Meng, the Capital of a particular Pro-
vince, hath on the Weit M. Pan and M. Kaa, on the
fjouth M. S j e , on the Eait M. Tcbeong and M. Kou,
all which depend on Mang Yinizn ;this whole Coun-
try is on this fide the Tropick, 6 that the Sun is
hever direAlg over their Heads. Thd
 The Province of M. Htng is fgventeen Days Jour-
ney from North to South, and about feven from Eafl
to Wefi ; there are feven Cities which depend on the
Capital ; a great River runs croCs it, which rifes in a
Mountain ofthe North, andlofes it felf in Mensng cong.
Menang cong having run by M. Lee, M. Kiang
and M.Lantchng, it enters the Kingdom of Cambye,
croffi it, and falls into the S a at the Bar of Bafich ;
this River carries large Barks from M. Kiang kong
and M. K i w Seng as far as the Sea. *
The Soil of M. M e ~ g produces all forts of Fruit
which are found in Siam, except the Dourion and
MangwPotz ; towards the Wefi it hath Mines of Tin,
on the North are Mines of Silver, Copper and Iron,
and on the South there is one of Salt.
The Cbine/e traffick with M. Heng, and import
their Merchandifes upon Horf'es ; they take in this Di-
firi& the Anilnals that produce Musk ; there are alfo
many of them in the Diitritk of M. lai ysi ; the A-
hima1 that produces Musk is as large as a little Goat,
its Body yields a very agreeable Perfume ; it has un-
GINits Belly a Purfe -three or four times as thick
as one'r Thumb ; when they cut it off it f'eems like a
Piece of Greafe or Bacon ; they dry it till it is fa
Confihnce that may be powdered, and €hen fell
it in the Country for the fame Weight in Silver ; the
Powder is yellwiih, and of a moil delicate Scent.
The Natives are forbid to fell the true Bags to Stran-
gers, for which reafon they make a counterfeit Sort
of the Skin of the Animal, which they fill with its
Blood and other Humours, to which they add rotten
Wood, and tye it up, and dry it. The Peafants bring
great Quantities to M. Meng, which they exchange
for things of little Value, and thofe of M. Meng fell
it for a .great Price to Strangers.
Mohang Kemaral is a kind of Capital of a Diltria
of the fame Name, it is about 400 Senes in compafi,
and eight Days Journey in length, and is tributary
to Hauau ; at the time when the Chin@ pairid thro'
the
I
 CHINA,C H I N ~ S E - ' P A R TWC.
A R Y ,107
the Country, their King was called Pra tcbiao olang ;
they [end Ambfladors yearly to the Ki of Havau
?
to carry their Tribute, which confifis o two finall
Shrubs, one having its Leave and Flowers of W d ,
and other of Silver.
There are elevep Cities arColanies iR the DiPtriQ
of Kamavett ;&ey are acquainted in rho& Pms with
the Ufe of Fire-Arms, and have great a d h a i l -4

non, Muskets, Darts, and Crofs-bows.

When the Tattars artempted to mrtke themfelva
Maaers of Cbina, a great Nurrhr of C&m/e Fugi-
tives from the Province of Tglp mn ,difpof@kdd u d
Weigfrbour3oftkeir Land, and f ~ t l e dt k e t M f v e g ,
and the Inhabitants of Katwrett were fmed lo ad
bandon their City.
Before the Chinde had driven them away, &e),
&me regularly every Year m trade with this Pa-
ple, and i m ~ t a dfrom Chna Yelms, Silks, Garma
lets, Carpets, Hair, b1p.v and Mrtck Cotton Cloths,
Musk, Quickfdver, Cbinfl Hats or Caps, Gtrles
and other Utenfils of Copper, een jewels, Gold,
d
Silver, and China Ware ; ~ n i t e of which h y car-
ried away Carson-Thd, I v q , &k of W, or
Phfl~cd&&ecdl@d gadme, ampher f . of Phyfi-
ca! Wood, called Inge by the Porh ue e and Maha
in b the &am$, Opium, a kind ofdi% -! e icinal Roab.
dedl Cot jo : All thefe Merc11andife were brought
Qom b?kv(s#,and the Cbinej came EO fetch them in
tke Months of January, February 4 Marcb, with
a Defign to murn to C&na in the Marrrh of April.
M. Z'chai w M. Yinun is a Pr~viilceof Cdina,and
probably the Province of Tan nalr i for the Cbinej
Memoirs f p k of tour Rivers which take their Rifc
in it, whereof the 4ii-iltakes its CourCe into the Pro-
vince of @an t q , the fecond paires by M. Tckia
long and M. Lun tcbanp, the third by M , Motima, an
is called Menang koong, the fourth runs by M. Hava,
3
and is called Menam kiou, and all four leaving the
Province of Tan nan at length diicharge themfelves
Into the Sq, ADVER-
 ADVERTISEMENT
to the Reader.

IandHave taken Notice in another Place, that there is /carre any

Di erence between the g r e a t 8 Part .f the Cities .f China,
tfat tAq are all near alike, /o thatfieing one is fifcient
t o form an Idea a all thr reJ. lhryare for the mojl part
sf
are, when the ituution admits it, and firrounded with high
tF alls, with %ers built ag&J them at proper DiJances :
5'759 have /ametimes Ditches, either dry, or ull of Water.
G e r e are other lowers either round, heragma[ or oAagonal,
right or nine Stories hi h, Triumphal Arches in the Streets, to-
f
lerable b a n f i n e le* e~conficratrd t o Idols, or Monuments e-
reAcd to the Memory ofthe Heroes q t h i s Nation,
who have dona /erne rmportant Service to thp State,
the publicd Good; in fiart, j m e ublick StruAures are morr
I
remarkablefor their va/t Extent t an fer their Magnijcencc.

d
Add to this ome pretty large Squares, lon Strrets,jme very
wide, others ut narrow ; the Houjs on eacf Side have onb d
Ground Floor, or one Story higher. There err Shops adorned
,

rhujissfar the Sign of

flerr is jmetimes

5% Beauiy ofthe Chinefe Cities conjJing thit$y in this, I

d
tbought i t proper to give at$$ this general Idea e them, that
I might not be oblk'd t s make u/rle/j and tedious epctitions in
/Beading o f the rinc4al Towns of each Province. For this Rea-
/on 1/hoN c o n b t ny /elf to what is remarkabb in them, either .
rn ref e n of their Situation, their Trade, or the Fertility oj+
I
their oil ; and pall enlarge on th@ which are ofthe mo/t Re-
putation, and are the mojl f?equented ; what I&ll fay of the
rthsrs, will Cc/n$;cient t o give a neceJary Knowledge of them.
 Geographical Defcription
QF TYE

PROVINCES of CHINA.

Tbejfrp Pa ovr N c E of the Empire of China,

Pe tche li, og Tche li, w Li pa fos.
HIS Province, which is the Firit and
the Chief of the whole Empire, is bound?
ed on the Eait by the Sea, on the North
by the Great Wall and by a Part of Tar-
t a r ~ ,on the Weit by the Province of
Chan /F, froin which it is fepamted by Come Moun-
tains, and on the South by the Provinces of Cban tong
and Ho nan ; its Figure is Triangular. It is divided
into nine different Countries, which have each a Fou,
or principal City of the Firfi Rank, on which Eeveral
ofher Towns are dependqnt. Thefe Towns are 140
in Number, twenty of which &reTcbeozy, or Towns of
the fecond Rank, and 120are &lien, or Towns of the
third Rank ; not to rnwtiop an infinite Number
of
5

C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4'
''2
 of Boroughs and Villages, iome of which are as large
as Cities, but have not that Name, becaufe they are
not enclokd with Walls or Ditches.
The Air is temperate; yet, tho' its greateft Latitude
does not exceed forty two Degrees, the Rivers are fro-
zeri four Months in the Year, viz. from about the
middle of November to the middle of March : Unlefs
the Wind blows froin the North, the Froit does not
caufe that piercing Cold which is felt in Earope at fuch
a Time, which may be attributed to the nitrous Exha-
lations which rife fwm the Earth, efpecially when
the Weather is clear, which is ib conitant that during
the Winter the Sun is very feldom obfcur'd ;the rainy
Seafon is only towards the End of July and the Be-
ginning of AuguJ ; it feldom rains at any other time,
but the Dew which falls in the Night moiitens the
Earth, which is obferv'd to be dewy every Morn-
ing. This Moiiture dries at the Rifing-of the Sun, and
is iiucceeded by a very fine Duit , whxch penetrates e-
where, and gets into Rooms which are h u t up
"7,
wit the utrnoit Care. Thafe who have tender Eyes,
when they travel on H o r f h c k , wear a look Veil which
covers their Faces, and is a Defence fiom thofe Whirl-
winds of Duit whish rik all around them, or they &
othet Pf-ecautions, which I fhall mention in another
P11rm. The Country is plain, but fandy, and mt ve?
t)t fruithl ; it produces lefs Rice than the Southern
Parts, becaufc it has but few Canals ; neverthelefs,
befides *hat is fown dong the Sides of the Rivers,
there is fome fown dry in feveral Places, which
- gmws very well, but is harder, and therefore not fo
eafily dt.elGkd as the other Sort.
-
In other refpeAs it plentifully produces all other
forts of Grain, and chiefly Wheat and Millet ; all
fins of Cattle, Pulfe, and great Plentyof Fruit, l-uh
as Apples, Pears, Plums, Chefnuts, Wqlnuts, Figs?
Peaches, Grapes, Wc.
 T h e Rivers are full of Fifh, and excellent Cray-fib.
T h e Mountains filrnik a great Quantity of Pit-Coal,
which is burnt i n h d of Wood, it being very karce.
Codidering the. fpace of Time whioh thcfe Minee
have given Fuel to this Province, they mu8 certainly
be inexhaufiible.
Among the different forts of Animds of this Pro-
vince, there are a particular ibrt of Cats which the .
Chinge Ladies are very fbnd of, and which they keep
very tenderly; they have long Hair, and k n g i n g
Etus.
But what renders this Province the molt confider?
able is, that the Riches of the whole Empire are
brought hither, the Northern and Southern Province
itriving to outvy each other in furniking it with e-
very thing they produce, that is moil uncarnmon and
delicious.
T h e People in general are not fo polite, nos fo apt
to l m n the Sciences, as thofe of the Southern Provin-
ces ; but they are itronger$ more warlike, and k t d r
able to undergo the Fatigues and Hardfhips of Wat.
In this they refemble the other Cbineje who inhabit the
Northern Provinces.
T b BrP City, Peking, or Chun tien fou, tht Cqitwl
ofthk Province, and of tbt whole Empin4

THIS Capital of the whole Empire of Cbina, and

the ordinary Refidence of the Empenxs, is fituated
in a very fruitful Plain twenty Leagues diftant from
the Great Wall. I t is called Pekizg, or the Court of
the Nbrth, as the Capital of the Province of K i a ~ g
nan was named Nan king, which is, The Court of the
South, when the Emperors refided there formerly :
But at that time the firtars, a reftlefs and warlike
Nation, who made continual Irruptions into the Em-
pire, obliged this Prince to remove his Court to the
Northcsn Provinces, that he might be nearer at hand
to
 to oppofe them with the numerous Troops which
confiantly attend his Perfon.
The City is an exaR Square ; it is divided into two
Cities : That which contains the Emperor's Palace is
called Sin tching, the New City ; it 1s alfo call'd the
Tartar City, becaufe the Houf'es were given to the
Tartars, when the prefent Monarchy was efkbliih'd.
The f'econd is nam'd [Lao tching] the Old City :
it may be alfo call'd the old Chinde City, becaufi
when the Cbineji were expelled the other City, fome
of them retired into this, whilfi others fled towards
the Northern Provinces, and were at length obliged
to quit the Country, becaufe not only the Houfes of the
New City, built heretofore by Tang lo, about the Year
1405, when the Court left Nan king, but the Lands
adjoining to the City, and to the neighbouring Cities,
to a certain Difiance, were difiributed amongit the
Tartars, with a perpetual Exemption from all Taxes
whatever. In lefi than eighty Years the Tartars are
fo greatly increas'd, that they &cupyl almofi all the
New City ;the Chin+ pogefs the Remainder, fo that
there is no Place empry in this, altho' there is a Va-
cancy in the Old City.
T h e Circuit of the Walls of the two Cities t o g d e r ,
without taking in the Suburbs, has been meafured, and
does not exceed fifty two Chinge Lys, fo that it is lefs
than Nan king ; but there is a vafi Difference between
the Height, the Breadth, and the Beauty of the Walls
of thefe two Cities : Thofe of Peking are grand, and
, worthy of the Capital of the greatefi Empire of the
World ; but t b f e of Nan king are narrow, and do
not Gem to have exceeded thofe of the Old City of
Peking, which are no better than the Walls of the
commoit Cities of the Empire. A Horfeman may
afcend the Walls of the New City by a Ramp of a
great Length ; in feveral Places there are EIoufes built
for a Corps du Garde : The Towers are built within
bw-fivt of each other ; one of which, after a certain
EJumbei?
 CH'IWA,
CHINESE-TARTARY,
&c, 113
.Number, is much larger than the others, in which
may be placed iinall Bodies of 'Rei'erve. The Gates
d the City, which are high and well vaulted, f ~ p -
port very large Pavillions nine Stories high ;each Story
has Openings either of Windows or Port-holes ; the
loweit Story forms a large Hall, where the Officers*
and Soldiers retire who come off the Guard, as well
as thofe who are to relieve the Guard, Before each
Gate there is an open Space left of above 360 Feet,
which f w e s for a Parade, furrounded by a femicircular
Wall, equal in height and breadth to that which in-
clofes the City, into which Parade the Entrance is aj-
ways on that Side which does not face the great Road
which comes into the City ; this Way is again con!- -
manded by another Pavillion like the firft, ib that as
the Cannon of one can demolifh all the Houfes of the
Town, the Cannon of the other commands the neigh-
bouring Couhrry.
All the'Gates of the City, yhich are nine in Nuni-
ber, have a double Pavillion built alike on the Plat-
farm of the Walls; and hrnilh'd with Artillery : Any .
other Fort or Citadel wodd be neidlefs, for thefe For-
tifications are more than fufficient to keep the People
in Obedience.
T h e S m s of this Great City are fb&, alrnolt all
laid out with a Line, at feafi a League in Length,
and about I 20 Feet wide, with Shops for the mofi
part on both Sides of the Way : 'Tis Pity there is
fuch a Difference between the Streets ;rnd the Houfcs, ,
which are poorly built in Front, and very low. It
is furprizing to fee the innumerable Multitude of Peo-
ple who croud thefi Streets, and not a Woman a-
mongfi them, and the Confufion caufed by fuch a
vaft Number of Horfes, Mules, Affa, Camels, Carts,
Waggons and Chairs, without reckoning the various
Crowds of 100 or 200 Men in the Streets, at fome
Diitance from each other, who gather about fame
Fortune-Tellers, or Players at Cups and Balls, or
V o L. I. I Bdlad-
3x4 Be G E N E R AHLI S T O ROf
Y
Ballad-Singers, or to hear fome Fellow who reads or
relates a comical Story to make them merry, m
elie to hear a fort of Quacks, who diftribute theit
Medicines, and explain their admimble Ere& with
. Rhetorical Flourifhes : Perfons of Diitintlion would
be Ropt every Moment, if they had not a Horfkman
to go before and clear the Way. the Riches and
the Merchandizes of the Empire are continuafly pour-
ing into this City : It is uiual either to be carried in
a Chair, or more commonly to ride thro' the Streets ;
it is eaiy to find Hackney-Hodes or Chairs in many
Places; for twelve or fiheen Pence one may hire
a Horie or a Mule for a whole Day ; and as the
great Crowds of People fill all the Streets, the Owner
of the Horie or Mule ofien leads hi Beaft by the .
Bridle in order to make way ; thefe People know
cxattly the Street and H o d e where any confiderable
Pcribn lives : There is alio a Book fold, which gives
an exa& Account where every Perfon liva that has
r
any fblick Emplo ment.
T e Governor o Peking, who is a Mantch Far-
tar of DifiinBion, is called [h men ticou] the Ge-
neral of the nine Gates ; and the People, as well as
the Soldiers, are under his JurifdiAion in every thing
that relata to the Civil Government and the Publick
"%
T Policy cannot be exceeded, and it's furprifing
m
mongft
h? the r elk Tranquillity that is maintained a-
fuc an almofi infinite Number of C h q €
and Tartars. It feldom happens in many Years, chat
'

any Houie is broke open by Thieves, or that any

Murder is committed : There is indeed iuch exaR Or-
der obfm'd, that it is next to im fible that fich
Crimes mould be committed witk? any manner of
Impunity.
All the great Streets, which are drawn by a Linc
fiom one Gate to another, have feveral Corps de Garde.
. Night and Day the Soldiers, with their Swords by
their
&eir Sides, and Whi s in their Hands, are ready to
E
chafiife thofe who ma e any ~iiturbance; they have
Power to take *o Cuitody whocqr ~ f J t osr cr-
WY Q u a d
The little*~ne*s,which GOFIE into the greater, have
Gate$ made in the tnahner'of a Lattice, which do no!
revent feeing all that paCs along 5 they are*draug
Ey the ~ o r p r ~ m i eplaced o v a qpinft em m
thg Great Street : There are al@ fome Soldiers on Du,
t y about the Middle of almoft all the& Streea : The
Lattice Gates are h u t at Night by &t Corps de Gwk,
and are feldom open'd but to Peribns known, who
~ r r ay Lanthorn m their Hand, and who give a good
PeaCon for cpming oq, fuch as it would Q fkJ,
p Phyfician.
As fooh 1)s the firit w e is given by h e Watch .
on a great Bell, a Soldier or two come and go from
one Corps de Gsrds to the other, and as they
'$ohg they play continually on a fort pf Raqle.
They do not fufferany Pedon to go about pt Night,
jmd they -mine thofe who are rent upon @e Em+
or's B u h & if they find their Anfwers any wa
Epicious, they put them in CuRody of the h c q s
Gar& : This Corps de Garde mufi alfo anfwer every
'4
Call of the Centinel who is on Puty ! 'Tis by, thu
beautill Order, which is obferv'd with the p t e Q
Stri&r@s, t4at Peace, f%ilence, and Safety
ghroughout the Ci : It muit be added, that not on y
?'
&e Governor is ob iged to walk round the Town, a d
comes when iealt e;lrpe&ted, but the Offtcen alfo who
,
keep G w d on the Walls, and on the Pavillions of
the Gates, where they beat &e Watches on great
J h m s of Bra& fend Subalterns to examine the uar-
P
ten which belong to their r e f e i v e Gates: The 4
N I& is pynilh'd t,k nu(r pay, p d the Officer L
jxze.
This ex& DXcipline, which prevents all N & r d
Agealies, will no doubt a p d r very enrpordinary
12 in
 in Europe, and will not p l d e Pedons of ~ a l i t the
~ ,
Rich, ar,d what we in general call the Grand Monde:
But is it not the Duty of the principal P d o n s af a
State to prefer good Order and publick Security to Di-
verfions, which give Rife tq an infinite Number of At-
tempts againit the Goods and Lives of the Inhabitants ?
Nothing appears more agreeable to Reaibn, fince the
Tartars, a People without Learning, lately come
from the midfi of Woods and Foreits, and who are
not enlighten'd by the True Religion, are govern'd
by thefe Principles, and by this prudent Vigilance
cut off the Root of the many Crimes which are but
too common in States,which are not fo well regulated.
This Regulation is indeed very expenlive to the Ern-
peror, for Part of the Soldiers 1 have mentioned are
kept entirely -to take care of the Streets : They are
all Foot, and their Pay is large: Befides their Watch-
ing Night and Day, it is their Duty to f'ee that every
Perfon cleans the Street before his Door, that it is'
h e t every Day, and water'd Night and Morning
1
in ry Weather, and that the Dirt is taken away af-
ter Rain ;and as the Streets are very wide, one of their
chief Employments is to work-themielves, and to
keep the middle of the Streets very clean for the
Convenience of Paffengers : After they have taken up
the Dirt they level the Ground, for the Town is not
paved, o r they dry it after it has been turn'd, or mix
~t with other dry Earth, fo that two Hours after great
Rains one may go clean to all Parts of the Town.
If the Writers of fome Relations have affirm'd that
the Streets of Peking are commonly very bad, they
mufi mean thok of the Old Town, which are narrow
and not fo well kept as the other ; for in the New
Town the Soldiers are continually employ'd to keep
the Streets clean, even when the Emperor is abf'ent.
There is a fccond Wall in the New City, which is
bui low and narrow, yet it is adorn'd with great
Gates, where a Guard is kept: This Wall is call'd
[Hoang
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c. 117
[Hoang tching,] ,the Imperial Wall ; its I Southern ,
Gate is alfo the Gate of the Emperor's Palace, about
xoo Fathom D i h n c e from the Principal Gate of the
City, and which has the fame Situation, and is call'd
Sien men by the People ; tho' the true Name [Tcbing
yan men] the Gate fronting the Mid-Day Sun, is in-
fcribed on it in Tartar and Chin*.
This Palace is a prodigious Heap of great Build-
ings of vafi Courts and Gardens ; it is enclofed by a
Wall of Brick about twelve Chin$ Lys round : This
Wall has Battlements along the Courtaine, and is a-
domed with little Pavillions at the Angles ; over each
. ,

Gate there is a more lofty Pavillion, itronger built, -

and furrounded by a Gallery, which is fupported by

Pillars, and refembles our Periityle : This IS properly
calrd the Palace, becaufe this CompaG includes the
Apartments of the Emperor and his Family.
T h e Space which is between the firit WaJl [Hoang
tching] and the Inclofure of the Palace is above fifteen
Lys in Circumference, and is taken up by Houfis
which belong to particular Officers of the Emperor's
l?oufehold, or to the Eunuchs, or to the various Tri-
bunals, fome of which have the Care ofproviding Ne-
ceffaries for the Service of the Prince, and the others*
are to preferve the Peace, to judge all Difputes, and
determine all Caufes, and to punifh the'Faulu corn-
mitted by the Servants of the Imperial Family. -
Notwithilanding, in cak of any flagrant Crimes
fully proved, thefe Tribunals of the Palace, called
the Inner Tribunals, fend the Criminkls to the Exte-
rior Tribuhals, which are the Great Tribunals of the
Empire.
Altho' the Architeeure of the Imperial Palace is
entirely different from the European, pet it itrikes the
Eye, by the Grandeur and regular Difpofition 9f the
Apartments, and by the Stru&ure of the Roofs, which
have foqr Sides, and rife very high. The whole is
I 3 cover'd
#I$ T ~ d~f Y
Be O E N ~ ~M~I AS L
bver'd with varnifh'd Tiles of fuch a beautiful ~ e f
low, that at a Diitance they appear almoit as bright
as if they were gilt: Anothcr Roof as bright as thd
former fprings from rhe Walls, and rangks all round
the Buildings, and this is fupported by a Foreit of
Rams, Joifis and Spars, all japan'd with gold Flowers
on a green Ground : This fecond Roof, with the Pro-
je&kion of the firit, make H fort df Crown to thefe
5truAut.es, h i c h has a vefy fine Effee! Whatever
difference there may be in the Goiit of Archite&urej
it is certain that thefe Apartments, with theif. Courts
ILrmunded by Galleries, and ranged one after the
other in regular Order, form one entire Struthre,
which is cxtremeIy rand, and worthy the greateft
Empire of rhe Wor d. k
The T e r r a f i upon whieh the Apartments are built<
tontributc very much to give them that Air of Gran-
d,eur which ltrikes the Eye : Thefe Terraires are about
fifieen Foot high+ cas'd wikh white Marble, adorn'd
CithBalliWers of pretty good Workmanihip, and open
\
bnly at thr! Steps placed on each Side, and in the!
Middle and Corners of the Front : The AEent in the
Middle is only a Slope of Marble confifting of one or
hro Hocks, having neither Steps nor Landing-place.
N o Perfbn is permitted to pafi this Way into the
Apacttnents, the Emperor alone is carried tho' in
his covqr'd chair upon Days of Ceremony, T h d e
kerr&s, befwe the Windows of the A irtments,
make a broad Plat-form, ved with Mar Ie, which
K"
in their length from Ea to Weft always projeB
f
Even oc eight Feet beyond the Building ; fuch is the
Apartment where the Emperbr reiides, and fuch $
that which is more to the South, and which is open
to all the Mandarins of the ~ i n ~ i;r ite is call'd F l a i
bo tien] tbe Hall of the Grand Union.
The Mandarins range themfelves in the COurt of
this H a l on the Days appointed for the Ceremonies,
I
which
6
 CHINESE-TAR'PARY, & r ~ . . g E g
CHINA,
which are kttled by the Laws of the Empire, to re-
new their Homage : Thde Ceremonies are perfbrm'd
as well in the A b f m of the Emperor, as when he
is prdcnt ; it is very common to ftr& the Forehead
on the Ground before the Gate of the Palace, or be-
fore one of the Royal Halls, with the fame Ccremo- ,
nies and Refpea as before the Emperor himfdf feat-
ed on the Throne.
This Hall is about 1 3 0 Foot long, and 'almoft
f i p r e ; the Cieling is carved Work japan'd green,
and chargd with gdded Dragons; the Pillars with-
in, which fupport the Roof, are about fix or fmm
Feet in Circumference at the bottom, incrufied with a
kind of Paitc, and japan'd with Red ; the Pavement
is partly cover'd with an ordinzry fort of Carpets,
imltagng thofe of firkey ; the Walls are deititute of
all Ornament, very well whited, but without Tap-,
Looking-Glaffes, Sconces, or Paintin s.
&
The Thrdne, which is in the mi of the ml,
conIifts of a lofiy Alcove, very neat, but not magni-
ficent, and without any Infuiption but the Word.
Cbing, which feveral Authors have tranflated by the *
Word Holy i but it is not always us'd in that W e ,
fbr it is fornetimes better interpreted by. the Latin
Word Eximius, and by the EwZifi Word ExcelZent,
PcrfiB, WijJ : On the Platform before the Hall are
I d great and maEy Veircls of Brafi, in which
5-es are burnt during tbc ceremony, ~ l can-
d
dleiticks made in the Sha of Birds, l a v enough to
!?
hold Flambeaus : This P atforrn in canunued beyond
the Hall [Tai bo tien,] extending towards the North,
and has two other leffer Halls, but which are hid
from Sight by the [Tui bo tien ;] one of thefe fmaller
Halls is a very pretty circular Room with Windows
on all fides, and fhining with Japan of various Co-
lours. Hcre the Emperor (as it is affirm'd) repofes
fome time b&re and after the Ceremony, and changes
his Habit.
14 Thin
 .. -
126 - Be G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY .
This circular Hall is but a few Paces diitant fiom
a fecond, that is l o n p than wide, the Door of
which fiands towards the North. T h e Emperor is
oblig'd to pafs thro' this Door when he comes from
his Apartment to afcend the Throne, and there to re-
ceive the Homage of' the whole Empire : H e is '
then carry'd in a Chair, by Chairmen dreii'd in a long
red Veft embroider'd with Silk, arid wearing a Cap
with a kind of Plume of Feathers.
T h e Court which is before this Imperial Hall [Tai
bo tielel is the largeit in the Palace ; it is at leaft
3co Feet long, and 250 wide: Upon the Gallery
which furrounds it ate the Emperor's Magazines
of all valuable Goods, for the Treafure or Finances
of the Empire are kept in the Sovereign Tribunal
[He pou :] TheG Magazines are open'd on cer-
tam Occafions, as upon creating an Heir to the Em-
pire, or an Emprefs, or Queens, €3~.One contains
Vaks and other Works of dfferent Metals ; a f'econd
has a vaft Quantity of the fin& Sort of Skins ; in a
third are kept many Habits Iined with various Furrs
'. of Foxes, Ermine, or Zibelinc, which the E;mpe-
. ror iometimes kfiows on his Servants ; there are
&me of Precious Stones, of uncommon curious Mar-
ble, and of pearls which are found in Grtary: T h e
g~eateft Mag mine confih of two low Stories, and
is full of Chefis of Drawers, which hold all manner of
Silks that are made on purpofe f ~ the r Emperor, and
his Family at Nan king, Hang rcheou, and Sou tcbew :
Thefe are the befi Silks of the Empire, becaufe theF
are made under the Care and Dire&ion of a Manda,
rir, who prefides over thoie Works, and who would*
be puniihcd if they were not in the greatefi Per&
feeion.
T h e other Magazines are for Arrows, Bows, and
Saddles, whether they are made at Peking, br6ught
froin foreign Countries, or prefented by great Princes,
qnd gefign'd for the Ufe of the Emperor and hi%
Chil-
Children. There is one alfo where they coIle& all
the moil exquzte Sorts of Tea that are to be found
in Cbina, with various forts of Simples, and other
Drugs which are moft in eiteern ,
This Gallery has five Doors; one to the Eaft, a-
nother to the Weit, and three more in the South-
Front, but thofe in the middle are never open'd but
fbr the Emperor: The Mandarins, who come to per-
form the Ceremony before the Imperial Hall, enter
by the Side-Doors. .
There is nothing extraordinary in this Front ; it
has a large Court befbre it, the Defcent to which is
by a Stair-We of Marble, adorn'd with two great
Lions of Copper, and a Balufirade of white Marble ;
the Steps are made in the Shape of a Horihoe, on
the Bank of a little Serpentine River that runs tho'
the Palace, over wbch there are Bridges of the fame
Matter. It would be endlefs to defcribe all the Edi-
fices of this Palace ; thefe are the moil magnificent in
tfre Opinion of the Cbinfi and the Tartars, and are
fufficient to give an Idea of this Work.
The Palaces of the Emperor's Children, and the
other Princes of the Blood,' are very neat within, ex-
trcmely capacious, and built at a great Expence ; the
firm Mi runs thro' the Body of the Work, and in
the Ornaments, uiz. 3 ROWof Courts, adorn'd with
Buildings on the Sides, and in Front a Hall japan'd,
and rais'd on a Platform three or four Feet high,
borddd with great Blocks of hewn Stone, and pav'd.
with large fquare Tiles : The Doors, which gene-
d y open into fome By-Streets little frequented, have
no other Ornament than two Lions of Brds or white
Stone of but indierent Workmarifhip, without any
Order of Arch'iehre, or any Sculpture in Stone,
iiuch as there generally is in the TriurnphalArches.
I ihall enlarge no farther here on this pompus
Edifice, wbch is the only one of this great City that
&lieryes our Ateqion? becaufe I ihall f@ of it in
another
 mother Place ; what I hill fay of it in the S uel,
with what I have here dehibed, will give a1 the*I
Knowledge of it that can be dcfrred.
The Tribunals of the Sovereign jurifdk9iona are
&o of vafl Extent, but ill built, and worfe repair'd ;
they are no ways anfwerable to &e MajeRy of the
: I have already faid there are Six, which I
EmP!e
ha1 juft mention, becauie I hall her&er fpeak of
them more particularly,
The Firit, which is the Lii pbu, recommends the
Mandarins, who arc to vern the People.
The Second [Hov pm!hperintends the Tribute.
The Third [Lipou] IS to maintain the Rights and
Cuitoms of the Empire.
The Fourth [Ping posl] has the Care of the Troops,
and of the P o h which are in the great Roads, and
which are maintain'd at the Emperor's Expence.
The Fifih [ King pou 1 dctermina aIl criminal
Cauits.
-

. The lait [Kong pou] has the Infpeaon of all pub-

lick Works.
All shde Tribunals are divided into d i f f m t
Rooms, amopg which the Bufinds is difhibutd ;there
are not the fame Number of Rooms in each Tribu-
nal, fome having much more Employment EIWI
others, There are feveral inferior Tribunals under
theE fix Sovereign Coum ; fbr Initance, the Tribu-
nal of the Mathematicks [Enticn kien] is dependant
on the third f mention'd : It is a l h divided into two
Rooms, of which the principal and moit numerous,
[Li ko] has the Care of calculating the Motions o f
the Planets, and of every thing that belongs to Afiro-
nomy : The other [Lukou) btfides its proper Buii-
neis, is employ'd to determine the Days moil con-
venient fbr Marriages, Funerals, and other Aaions
of the Civil Goverment, about which they take but
little Trsuble, copying generally an ancient Chine)
kook, in which thck things are already fettled, ac-
cording
 cording to the current Year of the'kagenary Cycle,
or Chinge Century.
Thefe fiu Sovereign Coutts do nbt rheddle with
Affairs of State, but whcn they arc referr'd to them
by the Empersr, who commands them to deliberate
u on fuch Affairs, or to ut them in Execution f
Qpon thefe Occnlions, as t&y itand in netxi of ea+
other, they are obliged to agree together, to the wd
that the Money, the Troops, the Officers, and the
Equipages may be ready by the Day appointed ; ex-
cept in thefe Cda every Court is confined to their
bwn proper Bufbefi, and they have undoubtedly Brn.
ployment enough. In fuch a vaft Country as Clink,
the Care of Repaiiing the publick Works, the Go-
vernment of the Troops, the Re ation of the Fi-
, a"
nances, the Adminiftration of Ju ice, and efpecidb
the Choice of Magiftrates, being different Funltions,
wue united under one Tribunal, it would certainly
produce a ConMon in their Refitions, and a Slow.
nds in AElion, that would ruin &cry thing ; hence it
h s expedient to Crete fuch a Number of Mandarins,
both at Court and in the Provinces.
'- But as in fuch a Multitude it would be difficult to
find the proper Perfon to apply to upon particulat'
Bufinefi, 'to remedy this Inconvenience there is a
Book fold, which may be call'd, Tbe State of China,
which contains all the Officers Names, their Surnames,
their Employments, and diitinguiihes their Degrees
of Do&or, Batchelor, €36. and whether Tartar or
Chine/"c: It alfo hews in partictllar the Changing of
the Officers of the Army, as well thofe that are in
Garrifons, as thofe that are in the Field ; and to de-
note thofc Changes without re rinting the Book, they
&
make ufe of moveable Chara ers,
All the lurta? Families live at Peking, or in its
Neighbourhood, and are nor fuffer'd to remove from
thence without the fpecial Order of the Emperor ;
hence it is that all the firtar Troops, who cornpie
rhe
24 The G E N E R AHLI S T O I Tof
the Emperor's, are always in a manner near his Per-
fon ; here are alfo fome Chin@ Troops, who former-
ly enter'd into the SerCrice of the Tartars, and who
are called on this Account the fartaris'd Chin* ;
they are well paid, and always ready to fly, on the
firit Order, to extinguiih the Fire of Sedition where-
ever it breaks out, which is perform'd with wonderful
Secrecy and Expedition.
Thefe Troops are divided into eight Bodies, each
of which has a Banner difiinguifh'd by the Colours,
v i z Yellow, White, Red, and Blue ; or by the Bor-
'
der, viz. yellow with a red Border, white with a
red Border, red with a white Border, and blue with
a red Border. The Green belongs to tho& Troops
ghat are entirely Chin@, which are therefore call'd
[ L o g ki] I b e Soldiers of the green Banner. Each Ban-
~ l e ofr the Tartars has a General, call'd , in Tartar
Mbntcbeeu, Cou Santa : This General has under him
Everal great Officeis [Meirn'ntcbain] who are like
our Lieutenant-Generals, and on whom depend five-
ral other Officers rubordinate to each other : As each
h d y is at preient comps'd of Mantcheour Tartars,
Mongol Tartars, or of Chin@ Tartaris'd, the Gene-
ral has under him two Officers of each Nation :
Each Body has roooo effe&ive Men, divided into
I oo [Nu rous] Companies, each of I oo Soldiers ; ib
that if we reckon the Emperor's Houihold, and
thofe of fuch a Number of Princes, who have their
Attendants [Po j o nu rous] with the Pay of Officers
and Soldiers, we fiall readily allow the Truth of
t b t common Opinion, That there are a!ways I 00,000
Norfernen maintain'd at Pekiizg,
By this we may judge of the Forces of the Em-
pire ; for befides the Cavalry I have mention'd, if we
ihould reckon the Foot-Soldiers that are at Pckz'ng,
thofe along the Great Wall, in the vaft Number of
Forts built to defend it (tho' they are not fo nume-
rous as when they feafd the Irruptions of the Tart
tars)
ti
\
tars) with the other Forcq fcattered thro' the Em-
pire, it would be found that the Nunher will amount
to 6oo,ooo, as it is affirm'd ; fo that we may hy,
that Cbina keeps up, in time ,of the moil profound
Peace, an Army able to refifi the mofi formidable
Powers, and that o d y to maintain the publick Tran-
quillity, to provide again@ Seditions, and to extin-
guiih the fmal1efi:Sparks of a Revolt.
Such a vafi Body as Cbina muit necATarily be rerri~
bly agitated upon any Commoticrn, therefore all the
Policy of the Cbinej2 Magiitrates is exerted to prevent,
and ftifle immediately all publick Difiurbances :
There is no Pardon to be expelted fcr a . Mandarin
whok People revolt ; let him be never fo innocent,
he is at leaft look'd upon as a Perfon of no Talents,
who ought to be depridd of his Employment (if
puniih'd in the moil gentle mhner) by the Tribunals
of the Court, to which thefe Matters are always re-
fmed by the Viceroys and Governors' of the Proi
vinces : Thefe Tribunals.deliberate upon the Ink-
mation, and prefm their Opinion to the Emperor,
who confirms or rejds it.
Thefe Svereign Courts have no Superior but the
Em aor, or the Grand Council : When this Prince
thinis convenient to call o w upon fome important
Affair which has been already decided by one of theCe
Courts , they prefent their Opinions in Writing on
the Day appointed, and often treat with the Empe-
ror himiif, who confirms or rejekts them by f ~ n i n g
them with his owtl Hand : If he retains them, they
wait forne time for his Orders, and 'tis then the Bu-
fmefi of the great Mandarin, call'd in Chine/e, Coim,
and in Tartar, Alia gata, to learn his Pleafure. -
The Papers prefented by the Prefidents of tkfe
Sovereign Courts, called in Chintj, Chan chu, and
in fat-tar, Alia gamba, ought to begin with a Title
of the Subje& of the Bufinefs it relates to, and end
with the Opinion of the Court, whofe Cognizance the
A ffiir properly belongs to. -. The
 The Emperor difpofes in the f i e Manner of all
b e Employments in *e Em ire, wfiout being ob-
jiged to give them to thoIC &t arc propofid ; tho?
be. generally confirms them, &er havmq himfe1f 8x4
mined thofc who have drawn their Em oyments by
Lot, in the Manner here;l!kr dekribe$ tk to the
chief Pofts of TJ/'orl p.and Vkaoy, they are alwayq
tou
,
named by the Emperor himklf : It will fcarcely bc
believ'd that the prefent Emperor condt$cends to e p
mine himielf the Croud of Mandarins, of whic4
fome are advanced $0 fuperiar Ofka, and others en-
tering upon the fitft Em l o y m e ~ ;s nevertheleii it is
certainly true, d this $m his grtat Application to
$he Government of the State, he will fae every thing
with his own E y q and will tmft na $?ei$$n in chu-
ling Magiitrates for the Pebple,
His Authority is abiolute, and almoft: unlimited :
& Prince of the Imprial Blood cannot ufe the Titles,
mw r m i v e t k IiIimws of his Ratik, without the
E m p r o d s Permigum ; ;tnd if his Behavbdr does not
anfwer che E x p t a of the Publick, he ldes his
Quality and Revenues by the Emperor's Order, and
js only difting&Wd a b a s d a by the Yellow Girdle,
which is worn both by Men and Women of the
Imperial Family, who k v e a tolcrgble -on
out of the Royal Treafury. There is no Remedy,
by the Laws, againit the Abufe of Authority, but by
$he way of Remonitrana ; for this Purpofe the Laws
have eitabliih'd Publick Cenfors, who& Duty it is to
admoniih the Emperor by Petitions, which are dif;
perfid. thro' the Empire, and which the Emperor can;
not reje& without hurting his Reputation ; the Nay
s
tion looking upon this Em loypent as an Heroic Bra-
very, the Emperor woul do them roo much H o -
nour, if he fhould happen to ufe them'ill, and draw
u p himfilf fome odious Names, which the Hifto-
riws wuld with @eat Care tranfrnit to Poiterjty.
 CHINA,CHINESE-TA~TALY,@
$97
Thefe C e n h fddom or m e r will be denp'd : Ef
the Cwrt or the greet T r i b d e n b v o u r to evade
the Juitice of their Complaints, by Come Rebuff, they
return to the Charge, and make it ap ar that they
f
have not anfwe!red conhrmabiy to the ws. Some
of thek Cenfors have perfevered two Fats tog&w, \

in accufing a V i m y fupported by tb Gtatulm,

without midifig M p s and O p p f i d n , or -being
frighted at h e d terrifying Menaces, rill at length
the Cowt has bekn forced to degrade him, t h e it
might preferve the gcKsd Opinion of the Peopl~. 1

But if in this fort of Combat mft the Wine

and the State, ih whde Name the Cenfm fi>eaks,i b
Prince happens ro yidd, he is immediately prais'b
fin it in a e i d c rnkmner, iurd loaded with Paw
$yricks by the whole Empine the Sovereign C6urtb
of Peking return him Thanks, and what he has d w
.br Juftice is e&xrti*da Gngular Favour.
'Tis owing EO this ppd Order which is &f&d
a P e k e , and that fefs an E* to 6ther Placc$t6
'that the Empire enjoys furh a long P e and b a r n
TranqrailPity : It may alfo be a t t W e B po the 4 b
vowable Sitmeion of Cbi~u,which has no Neigh&
t m m but link Nari~ls,that are W hb&iam, and
m a b k to wldertake m' thing again& fwh a -4%
Kingdom, while its Forces ate d l united under th
Authority of their Sobctrdgn, The M h t c b s ~ k ' x ado
,
conquefd it, took Advantage of the Troubles of the
State, which was over-run with Rebels and R&+ '
and were brought in by the fitithhl Cbiwfe, who dc-
f d to revenge the Death of the Emperor.
I mukl not help enlarging on this Capital, becaue
k is like the Soul of this great Empire ; but I hall
be much ikorter in dekribing the other Cities,
efjpecially thofe which contain nothing remarkable.
I ihall ddy add, that befide the general Jurifdici
zim that Beking has over the whole Empire by its
fix Sovereign Courts, it has alfo a particylar Di-
ftri&
 itria which contains menty-fi C i k , fix of which
gre of the Second Order, and twenty of the Third.
I b e Second City, Pao ting fou.
1N this city refides the Viceray of the Province :
There are twenty Cities in its DiitriCt, three. of which
are of the Second Order, and the other Eventeen of
the Third Order : T h e Country is very p l d a n t
and fertile : T o the South of the City t h e is a
h a l l W e , famous for having a great Number of
thoE Flowers which the Cbinge call Lien boa ; they
we a fort of Flowers that rei'cmble the Nenupban or
Nympbea, which are little valued in Europe, but
inghly efteemed in Cbida, becaufe the Flowers are
double, and the Colours more lively and vqried, and
f9r feveral other *tzlities, which I have elfewhere de-
fcrib'd.
. There is no Road from Peking to the Province c$
Cban /i, but that*which paires thro' this City, but
the whole Way is exceeding fine and pleafant : The
Country is level and well cultivated, the Road, very
good, and plaatd on both Sides with Trees in many
Places, with Walb to pderve the Fields ; it is COQ-
tinually full of Paffengers, Carts, and b i t s of Burthen
loaded. In the Space of a Lectgue you pds through
two or threevillagm, without reckoaing thofe &at
are fm in the Country on all Sides, as far as the
Eye can fee ; the Rivers have very fine Bridges of
fevml Arches. .I> , _
G e Gird City, H o kien fbu.
T H I S Ciry was call'd Ho kien, from its Situa-
tion between two Rivers : Its Walls are high and
itmight, and well repaired : It is reckoned near
qooo Paces round. On this Place depend two Towns
of the Second Order, and fifteen of the Third. The
. Rivers are full of good Fiih; and the Clay-fiih,
which are very plenty, are well tailed.
Iba
 f i e Fourth City, Tchin ting fou.
T H I S is a hrge City, near 4000 Paces in Circuit,
its Figure is nearly an oblong ReLtangle ; the Walls
.
are good, and flank'd with Towers at certain Di-
h c e s :It is iituated not far from a fine River, which
runs into the Lake Pai hou a few Leagues OK Its
Jurifdieion is very extenfive, it contains thirty two
Cities, five of the Second Order, and twenty h e n
of the Third ; it has Mountains on the North,
where the Chin$ fay they find a great many Simples,
and farce Herbs for Phyfical Ufes. There are fome
Monuments, or a kind of Temples built in Honour ,
of their Heroes, and amongit others one confe-
crated to the Memory of the firit Emperor of the
Dynafiy Hun.
D e E i h City, Chufi te fat.
T H E Difiri&t of this City is but h a l l , it contains
only nine Cities of the Third Order, but they are
a11 of Note, and very populous. The Country is very
pleafant and exceeding fruithl, thro' the great plenty
of Water : The Rivers produce various Sorts of ex-
cellent Fifh : There is found a very fine Sand which
is made uie of in poliihing Precious Stones, and is
fold all over the Empire ; it is alfo uied to make
Cbina Ware, but this does not come near in Good-
neh to what is made ar King te ching, a Borough of
the Province of Kiang /i. Cbun te fou alib furniihes
Touchitones to try Gold, which are accounted the beit
in the Empire.
Zbe Sixth City, Quang ping fou.
T H I S City is iituated in the Southern Part of Peking,
between the Provinces of Chan tong and Honan, it has
' bitt nine Cities of the Third Order under its Jurif-
diAion ; this whole Territory is water'd by ieveral
Rivers, which produce very good Fiih ; the Country
VOL.I. . K is
-
is pleafmt and fruitful : There is nothing remarkable
in this City to d d h g y f h it from the refi of China. ,
T'be Scuentb City, Tai ming hu,
T H E R E is nothing mose remarkable in this City
than in the former, from which it is not fir diitar3, but
this Country is more fruitful and pleafant, and the Ri-
vers equally a b u n d in Fiih. Its JurXdi@ian cwtahq
d y one City of the Second Order, and e&teeq ~f
the Third.
The Eighth City, Yung ping fou.
T H I S City is advantagmufly fituated, but its JurX-
diaion is not very extenfive ; it contains but one City
- of the Second Order, and five of tbe Third. It is en-
viron'd by the Sea, by Rivers, and by Mountains,
cover'd for the moil art with fine Trees: This makes
the Country lefr f&, but the neighbowing Bay fup-
plies its Want with great plenty of all the Nece&ies
of Life.
+
Not Eon, this City h d s a Fort nam'd C b ~ n
bai, wh~chis the Key of the Province of Lcao w e :
This Fort is near the beginning of the great Wall,
which is built for a League together in a boggy
Mar& &om the Bulwark in the Sea.
5% Nntb City, Suen hoa 6 u .
T HI S City is remarkable for its Grandeur, for the
Number of its Inhabitants, for its fine Streets, and for
its Triumphal Arches ; it is fituated in the midit of
the Mountains, and pretty nigh the Great Wall. Its
Government comprehends two Cities of the Second Or-
der, and eight of the Third Order, and alfo fome
Forts along the great Wall.
TheE Places have numerous Garrifons : I n the
Mountains are hund fine Cryital, Marble and Por-
phyry.
Among
8
 CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, &c. 131
Among the Animals this Country produces there
are a great Number of yellow Rats, much larger than
thofe of Europe, whofe Skins are greatly prized by
the Cbin&e. B4des the Fort of Cbna bai beforemen-
tioned, which defends the Entrance into China from
&ru) tong, the Gates of the Great Wall arc f ~ i M
on the Infide with feveral pretty large Forts. The
Forts are 23 fi~gk m , in the Latitude of 4a0. 16' ;
'~eupe km in 4a0.43'. the Emperor generd paC
fi thrd this Gate when he goa to hunt in Zrlary6
T i cbe kern in 4 I Q.I 9'. 2d13 and Tcbang kia keeu
in 48. 51' 1511. Thefe two Entrances are ~ e r ynoted,
becadi the Ways lie thro' them, which the Tartars
rhat are hb* to the Empire take to came to PP.
4-
AJI thefe Places in this Prwince along the Great
Wall are terraw, and c& with Brick on both'
Sida.
I do not mention Cities of the Second d Thi~d
Order, the Particulars would be endlds 2nd tirelbrmei
there is one however I cannot 4,that has a greatts
Trade, is much more populous, and richer than moftr
dther Cities, tho' it is not of the Firit Order, aar&
has no JurifdiRian : It is called Tien tcbilrg om', and
fmce the Map was made it is placed in the Rank of
t c h u , or Cities of the Second Order ; it is hated
at the Place where the Royal Canal, which come% -
fiom Lin tchn thew, joins to the River of Peking.
A great Mandarin [Ten yslen) ref& here, and he
is a Principal of the Officerswho prefide over rhe Salt-
Works along the Sea of the Provinces of Pe tched
and Cban toug : All the Veffels which bring Timber
h m Eafi lartary, after they have crofs'd the Bay of
Leao tong, come to unIoad in this Port, which is but
twenty Leagues fiom Peking.

K 2 Tbe
 B e Second Province of China,' Kiang Nan.
T H I S Province is one of the moit fruitfid, the
mofi trading, and of courfe one of the richeit Pro-
vinces in the Empire ; it is bounded on the Weft by
the Provinces of Ho nun and Hou quang, on the South
. by the Provinces of lcbe kiang and Kianc /i, on the
Eafi by the Gulph of Nan king; the reit borders up-
on the Province of Cban tong.
Here the ancient Em rors always kept their Court,
F
till they were obliged or Reaibns of State to remove
nearer I'artary, and chufe Peking for the Place of their
Refidence. It is of vafi Extent, and contains fourteen
Cities ofthe Firft Order, and ninety three of the
Second gnd Third Order : Thefe Cities are very go-
pulous, and of the greatefi Note in the Empire, e-
f ~ i a l l yfor Commerce ; it is the Rendezvous of all
the great Barks, for the Country is full of Lakes, Ri-
vers and Canals, either natural or the Effe'eB of La-
bour, which communicate with the great River Tang
@ kiang that croKks the Province ; here are few
Mountains, but towards the South.
The Silks,' the Japan'd Goods, the Ink, the
Paper, and in general every thing that comes, as
well fi-om Nan king as from the other Cities of the ,
Province, which carry on a iurprifing Commerce, is
much more efieem'd, and bears a greater Price than
what is brought from the other Provinces. In the
fingle City of Cban bai, and the Towns belonging
to it, there are reckoned above 200,000 Weavers of
plain Cottons and Muflins : There are many Sdt-
works along the Sea C o d , and the Salt they produce
is diftributed almoit thro' the whole Empire ; here
- is alfo found a great Quantity of Marble. In ihort,
this Provin~eis fo plentiful and rich, that it pays the
Ern-
 +
Emperor annually about 32,000,000 of fuels, with-
out reckoning the Dues of Imports and Exports, for
the Receipt whereof feveral Officers are eitabliih'd.
The Inhabitants of this Province are very polite,
they have fine Senfe, and an extraordinary Difpoiition
to learn the Sciences ;and indeed it fends out a great
Number of M o r s , who obtain by their Merit the
Employments and Dignities of the Empire. a

T h e Province is divided into two Governments ;

the Eailem, whok Governor refides at Sou tcheoufou,
and the Wettern, whofe Governor has his Reiidence
at Ngan king fm : Each Government includes fevcn
fou, or Cities of the Firit Order.
G e I;i$ City, Capital of the Province, Kiang ning
fou or Nan king.
I F we may believe the old Cbinfe, this was the
finefi City in the World ; when they fpeak of its Ex-
tent, they fay, that if two Hodemen were to go out
in the Morning at the &me Gate, and were to gal-
lop round a different Way, they would not meet be..
fore Night ; it is without doubt the largefi City of
China ; the Walls of it are fifiy fwen Lys about, as
they were meafur'd upon taking the Plan, which a-
mounts nearly to five great Leagues and a half, and
466 Fathom.
It is about a League diftant from the great River
Tang t j kinng, and Barks may enter the Town by fe-
veral Canals which come from the River : On theie
Canals are fen a vait Number of Imperial Barks,
which are almoft as big as our midling Veffels.
T h e Plan of Nan king is irregular ; the Mountains
which are in the City, and the Nature of the Ground,
would not admit any other Difpoiition without great
Inconveniences : It was formerly the Imperial City,

# A Tad is an Ounce of Silver, near the Y ~ i u eofour Crawr.

K 3 for
-
for which reafon it is called Nan king, whki ligni-
fies, The Court of the Seuth,as Peking does The Court
% of the North : But iince the fix great Tribunals,
which at that Time wore equally kept in thde t w o
Cities, are all u n M at P&g, the Emperor has
nam'd it Kian ning : It is Ml mentlon'd in Conver-
f
$ition by its rmer Name, but this would never be
permitted in the publick A h ,
Tbs City is greatly fallen from its antient Splen-
dor 5 it had formerly a q p f i c e n t Palace, of wh*
&re are not the lea& Remaim, an ObGetvatory
which is now fodiken and almodt d d i l h e d ; here
were alfo fome Temples, fome Sepulchres of the Em?
eror, and other itately Monqments, of which there
Rmaina only the melancholy Remembrance, he
firit Tartars, who made an Irruption into the Empire,
demdihed the Temple and the Imperial Palace, de-
Rray'd the Sqxlfchres, and ravag'd almoit all the o~
&r Monuments, to gratify their Avarice and their
)I@ tp the reigning Dynait)..
About a third Part of the City is quire deiblate,
the reit is well inhabited: Sonre Parts carry on ficlq
r gnat Trade, and are fo p o p W , that one would
karcely believe there could be more No* and Hltrc
r y in any Place, which would be more &narkat&
if the Streets were as wide as thofe of Peking, but
$ ~ yare not, above half or one third part GIbroad ;
get they are handfbme, well paved, and bordered
with neat Shops richly furnifhed.
I n this City rtiides oape of thde great Mandarina
nam'd Vmg tea, to whom there lies an Appeal in all
impartant Afiirs, not only from the Tribunals ofthe
&fk an<l Wcit Divihn, but alfo from the Prwinct
of KimgJ. The fartars keep a great Garriibn here,
t W h a General of their own Nation, and live in a
art of the City feparated from the reR by a plain
 CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, @c. 835
T h e Palaces of the Mandarins, whether rartars or
Cbinqe, are not more fpaciotls nor better built thati
in the other Capital Cities: Here are no publick
Buildibgs, which are anfwerable to the Reputation of
fuch a famous City, if we except the Gat& which
r
are ver beautiful, and ibme Temple3 dedicated to
Idols, uch as that which has the celebrated Tower of
China Ware : It is 200 Foot high, divided into nine
Stories, within fide by plain Floors, and without bf
Corniihes, at the Rife of the Arches, which iup-
rt little Roofs cover'd with Tiles varniih'd green :
P" have defcrib'd it in another Place. This Tower
is without doubt the higheft and the moit beautifir1
in Cbina, where thefe fort of Works catl'd Ta arc
fb common, that in feveral Provinces there are fome
in all the Cities, and even in fome large Towns.
This City is alfd famous for cultivating the Arrs
and Sciences, furniihing alone more D o h r s and great
Mandariis than many Cities together ; here arc the
gfeateit N u m k t of Libraries, the Bookfellers Sho s
are ktter itock'd urith the bed ImprefEons, and t e
Paper fold here is reckon'd the beit in the Empire.
R
Nothing can appear more natural, than the artifi-
cial Flowers that are made here of the Pith of a Shrub
called fong quo ; the making of thefe Flowers is
Trade of it felf; this Art is fo greatly fpread in .
Cbitra within thefe few Years, that it is a confiderable
Branch of Trade.
T h e Satins of Nun king, either plain or flower'd,
are the beit axid moit efteem'd at Peking, where thok
of Canton are fold much cheaper : There is alfo made
here pretty good Woollen Cloth, called Nan king then
d
from the Name of the City ; what is m e in other
Places is not to be compared with this, that being
almofi like a fort of Felt without any Weft.
T h e Ink, called the Ink of Nan king, c ~ m e sall
@om Hoej tcbeeu in the fame Province ;its Dfiia is
K4 fiall
136 7i5a G E N E R AH L I S T O RofY
full of great Villages peopled by Workmen who make
it, or the Dealers that fell it ; thefe Sticks of Ink are
&en adorn'd with green, blew, or gilt Flowers :
The make it in all Shapes, as, like Books, Bark of
~ m L Lions, , ~ c .
N a n king was formerly a very fine Port, by rea-
fon of the Breadth and Depth of the River Tang tJ=
kianx :The famous Corfair, who beiieg'd it during the
lait Troubles, came up to it with eafe ; but at pre-
Ecnt great Barks, or rather the Chin+ Jonks, do not
enter it, either becade the Mouth of it is itopt up,
or becaufe the Chineb out of Policy do not make ufc
of it, that by degrees it may be intirely unknown.
In the Months of April and May there is a great
plenty of excellent Fiih taken in the River near the
City, fome of which are fent to the Court during the
whole Sedon ; they are kept freih by being cover'd
with Ice ; there are Barks wholly employ'd for this -
Purpofe, altho' it is above 200 great Leagues from
hence to Peking ; thefe Barks make fuch Difpatch, that
they get there in eight or ten Days ; they keep mo-
ving Night and Day, and have Relays all the Way
. to draw them continually: While the Seafon of F i h -
ing laits t v o Barks go off twice a Week loaded with
fhefe id.
Altho' N a n king is the Capital of the whole Pro-
vince, it has but eight Cities of the Third Order in its
Juriidiltion.
Cbe Second City, Capital of Y tong, the Eajern P a r t
of the Province, Sou tchcou fou.
T H I S is one of the mofi beautiful and moil a-
greeable Cities of China ; the Eu~opcanswho have
been here compare it to Venice, with this Difference,
chat Venice is in the midit of the Sea, and Sou tcheou
in frefi Water ; one may pafs thro' the Streets either
by Land or MTster, the Branches of the River and
the
 the Canals are almofi 'wery where deep enough to
carry the largefi Barks ; they may alfo go thro' the
City, and from thence to the Sea, which is at moit
but two Day3 Paffage : It trades with all the Pro-
vinces of the Empire, and alfo with Japan, fiom
which it is fqarated but by an Arm of the Sea,
that is croii'd fometimes by little trading VeEeIs in
two or three Days.
This Country enjoys the fineit Situation and Climate
in the World, there is none more populous or better
cultivated, there not being an Inch of Land without
Fruit, Wheat, or Rice: There is no Country better
water'd with Rivers, Canals, and Lakes, upon all
which there are a great Numb& of Barks of all Sam
and Sizes, painted or gilt ; fome full of P&m of
Difiinfion, who have neater Apartments here than
in their Houfis ; others loaded with rich Merchan-
dize; many defign'd for Parties of P l d w e . This
Place may Ee called, as well as H a ~ gtcbeou in thc
Province of Icbe bang, a City of Pleafire ; n e
thing is wanting here to complete the Pleafiies of
. Life ; therefore in the Chin+ Books there is an obi
Proverb that Cays, Cbang yeozc tien tang, Hia yeou fm
bang, Paradiie is above, but below is Son tcbaou and
Hang tcbeou : One may truly fay that the& two Cities
are the Terreitrial Paradife of Cbina.
This City, like Hang tcbeou and fome others of the
Empire, may be reckon'd three ; one within the Walls,
which is above four Leagues round; another the
Suburbs, which extends a great Way u n the Banks
of the Canals; and a third in the BarE, which are
fo many floating Houfes, rang'd upon the Waters in
fevcral Rows for above a League; many of thefe
Barks are as bi as our Third Rate Ships.
?
It is impofib e to conceive the P l d i e of feeing all
thefe Things together, tho* never fo well defcribed :
This great City has but fix Gates by Land, and fin
by W4tv : U p ~ nfceeing &c continual Motion of the
innumerabk:
 -
inntlrnerable Crowds of People, who come either to 1
buy or Ell, orie w ~ l imagine
d that all the Provinces
Came to trade at Sou tcbeou. The Wotks of Em-
&oldcry, ahd the Brocades that are made here, are
rnerned all ,over the Empire, becaufe they ate beau-
dfilly wrought, and urchafd at a modekite Price,
&
‘$'he Viceroy d the h t n Part of this Provitice re-
fides here : Its articular Jurifdilkion contains eight
R
Cab, one! 6f t e Second Order, and feveh of the
Third : they die 911 fim Cities, and are a Lague and
W, ur tw6 L&gws irl Circuit.
Fbe nird city, Song kiarlg fou.
'F H I S kg is h i l t in tht Water, and the Vefifs,
er r a r h the Cbineji Jonks, enter the Town on all
Bides, and frm thence fall down tu the Sea, which is
not fir off: The vait Quantities of Cotton and of
fi'nd Goods of a11 Sons, with which it hrnifhes the
Stnpire, as well as foteign Cmntries, render it famous
and mush ffequented ; thefe Cotton Goods art fo fine
~ awhen r they arc dyed they are taken for the firied
h * d
T k e ate but four Cities in this JurifdiBion, b&
pet it is +ery rich md drtile, for altho' tkfi Citie
cur of the Third arder, they are equal to the f i n d for
Extent, and for the g r w Aefort of Traders, who ,
come hither fibin all Parts a11 the Year round, to car-
ry on variow~Branches of Commerce : Such, for in-
Ripce, is a d n g bal biefi, where Ships belonging to
60kien ate c:mtinually coming in, and going out to
Trads at J e a n .
B e Fourtb Citj, Tching tchmu fou.
T H I S iJ zu Med City, wd of great T r d e ; it
b fituattd n w ' flie C a d by which the Barks go
frbm Soiz Mtott to tk Rber Tang tjk kiang ; it ,is a-
&mPd with five& Triarfipkl Arches, and the Banks
bf the ~mttfthirl' Lads to it are &d with h e m
Stone :
 @
CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, &c. 139
Stone :It has five Cities of the Third Order under i e
jurXdi@.ion, but they are for the mofi part very hand-
iome and populous : YiJe bicn, for i n b c e , is at
kaQ a League and half round, without taking in the
Suburbs, which are half a L e ue in Length : It is
T
encompds'd with a great Ditch 11 e a Canal ;its W&
are twenty five Foot high, and kept in good Repair ; .
it has great Plenty of Water, which is very good,
""r idly for Tea, to which it gives an agree-
able F vour that it has not in any other Place.
There are earthen Vef%els made in another City of
fie fame D i A , which are thchght to ive alfo an
?
admirable Smell to the Water that is u ed for Tea,
on which Account the& VeKels are pderr'd before
the fineit China u£ Kin te tcbing ; this City carries
is
oa a great Track in the e Veffels.
firbe Fiib Cifg, Tching kiang fou.
T H I S is not one of the largefi Cities of %e Pro-
vince, for it is not abave a League in Circumference,
but it is one of the moil coniiderabIe for its Situation
and Commerce ;it is the Key of the Empire towards
the Sea, and is alfo a FortreCs, where there is always
a itrong Garrifon s the Walls are above thirty Foot
h@ in fieral Places, and built with Brick of four
or five Inches thick : The Streets of the City and
Suburbs are pav'd with Marble ; it is fimated on the
Banks of l a kiang, which in this Place is half a
Le;llgue wide, and to the Eait of an artificial Canal,
which has been brought quite to the River. Six hun-
dred Paces from the Shore there is a Mountain in the
Ever, nam'd Kin sban, or the Golden Mountain, for
its pkaht Situation : On the Top of it itands a
T o w of feveral Stories. This Ifland is at leail 500
Paces round, and is border'd with Mol Ternpks and
#w W e s of the Bonzes.
On the other Side of the River, half a League
&p rcljn &q, &wbl@wc :Alrhg' pbcc
L
is not call'd a City, and is only efieemed a A42 teou,
or Place of Trade, it is as confiderable as the largeit
Cities : The Suburbs of lchin kiang are Ioeo Geome-
mcal Paces in Length, and as populous as the City
it felf; the Communication is preferv'd by Stone
Bridges : There are fuch vait Crowds in the Streets,
and chiefly on the Port, that it is difficult to pafi a-
lorig : Near the City fome very pleafant Hills rife in
View: This JurifdiAion is of h a l l Extent, for it has
only Authority over three Cities of the Third Order.
f i e sixtb'city, Hoai ngan fou.
T H I S City, which is fituated in a marfhy Soil,
and enclofed with a triple Wall, is wealthy, tho' not
very populous ; it is in danger of being overflown
by an extraordinary Rife of Water, for the City lies
lower than the Canal, which is confin'd in many Places
by Dikes of Earth ; but at two Leagues Difiance there
is a Town in its JurifdiAion, named TJng kiang
pou, which is like the Port of the River Hoang bo, and
is very large, populous, and fill of Noife and Hurry.
In this Place refides one of the great Mandarins call'd
Tjng bo, which fignifies Surveyor-General of the
Rivers, or Grand Mafier of the Waters : This Man-
darin has a great many Officers under him, who have
each their DifiriR, and are fiation'd at convenient
Places.
On the other Side of the Hoang bo there are fome
Cities upon the Canal, which the Mahometans have en-
deavour'd to improve, by bringing a Trade to them,
but without Succefi : Their Mofques are very high,
and built entirely different fiom the ChineSe Taite:
After fuch a long Series of Generations they are itill
look'd upon as People of a foreign Original, and arc
now and then infulted on this Account ; but a few
Years fince at Hang keou in the Province of Hou quang,
the Populace, bcing incenlicd by fome rafh M a h o m ~
tans,
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T&c.
A R Y , rqr
tans, demoliih'd theMofque that was built there, tho'
the Magiitrate endeavour'd to itop their Fury.
Marble is very common in the DiitriB of thir City,
whofe Fields produce Rice and Wheat, and are water'd
with Rivers and Lakes, which yield all Sorts of Fifh :
Its JurifdiBion includes eleven Cities, two of the Se-
cond Order, and nine of the Third.
The S~vmthCity, Yang Tcheou.
T H E Air of this City is mild and temperate, the
Country pledant and fruitful ;it is built on the Bank
of the Royal Canal, which extends fiom the la kiang '
northwards to the River Hoang bo, or the Yellow
River: I t carries on a great Trade in all manner of
Cbin~eWorks, and is render'd extremely populous,
chiefly by the Sale and Diftribution of the Salt that is
made. on the Sea Coaits of this JurifdiBion and the
Parts adjoining, and which is afterwards carried along
h a l l Canals made for this Purpofe, which end in com-
munication with the great Canal beforemention'd.
On the reit of the Canal from hence to Peking,
there is no Town that can be compar'd to this ; a great
many rich Merchants tranfport this Salt into the Heart
of the Empire, at a vafi Diitance from the Sea: The
City is divided into feveral Quarters by feveral Canals
of frelh Water ; there is fuch a Multitude of People
in the Streets, and the Canals are fo crowded with
Barks, that there is but juIt Room enough to pa&:
Here is alfo a Tartar Garrifon : Overagainit the-Eait
Side there Aands a Bridge and a large Suburb ; the
Crowd is always fo great at this Place, that the Bridge
prov'd too narrow for the Paffengers, fo that it was .
found abfolutely neceffary to keep a large Ferry-Boat
about thirty Paces diitance, which is fcarcely fufficiene
to carry all that come, tho' this Water is but twenty
Paces wide. Tang tcbeolc is two Leagues in Circuit,
and is reckon'd to contain z,ooo,ooo Souls ;it has but.
fix Cities of the Third Order in its JurifdiLtion. The
Inha-
Inhabitants are much inelin'd to Pleafure ; they edud
cate with great Pains many young Girls, and learn
them to fing, to play upon Initrumcnts, to paint, and
e v q thing that is requifite to complete a genteel
Education, and then it11 them at a dear Rate te gmir
Lords, who make them their Concubines, that is to
fay, their fecond Wives.
5 5 6 Eightb City, Capital ej the Wflm Part of the
Froui~ce,Ngan kiang fou.
T H I S City is finely fi&ted, it borders upon
three Provinces, and tho' but five Days Journey di-
itant from the Capitai, it has a particular Vicemy.
This Mandarin keeps a great Garriibn in a Fort that
commands the Lake Po y q , at the Envance of the
Prmince of K i n q J , and of the River Tang tJc hmg :
h is very confiderable for its Trade and Riches, and
iP the Thoroughfire for all that comes to Nm k i q .L .
All the Country, of this Dif?ri& is very pleafane,
open, and f i u i m ; it co~tainsfix Cities of the Thiid
W r .
Z%e Nilstb City, Hoei tcheou.
T H I S is the moit fouthern City of this Province,
amd sne of the richeit in the Empire : The Air at this
Php is healthfid and temperarc, altho' it is furrounded
with Mountains; its JurifdiAion comprehends only fix
Towns of the third Order : Irs Inhabitants ape reckonad
very skilfid in Trrtffick ; there is no Town of the
laaft Commerce without f m e Merchants of Hok tcheo~,
par any Bank or Fund in which they are not form of
tL rincipal B e d m concernad.
'&h common People are fiugal, and;ontentcd with
a fmall Matter ;but they arc bold and enterprizing in
Commerce : There are !erne Mines of Gold, Silver,
awl Cap er in thefe Mountains, and it is faid that
tk M 'fagrows in this Country. .
 This City alfo makes the be@ Indiap Ink i a Chka,
and with which the Ifiealers of Nw Jring fur+& them-
feelves.
The Art of making Ink, as d l a~ 41 t h Arts
which any way relate to the Sciences, is accounted
honourable in ckin4, where the Dignities sf the Em-
pire are ody q~ain'dby Skill in the Science!. me
an'd Works w b h are ma& at Hsn' tfboe#,
J"S
q prefc$d before all others, becwk t b y we
hutiful and heaer fiW than in, my a k Flaw :
d f o upon its Canfines, *c,h join ta the Qil~&
of Iao tcbeou, in the Province of Kiaag Ji, there 4
fomd the Earth which is partly cqried ta &g pq
tcbhg ta rmke China-Ware.
Zbe Te~ibCity, Ning koue fou.
T H I S City fiands upon a tolerable River, W
ruw into the great giver rang t j k i m g : The Corn .
try about it is very uneven, being f w d d by ,
Mountains, bw its Hills are very pleafant, nd th
Mountains oov$d with W d s product excelle~t
Phyfical Herbs. Here are many MwufaRum o f Pa*
per, which they make of a fort of Recd ; it b3g,
Citi_es of the Tly~dOr&r under its Juriiilibn.
Tbe Elevehtb City, Tchi tcbeou fbu.
0 N this City depend fix o k r s of the T k d OF
der ; it is Cltuated on the Btwks of thR GW Rivw
Tang @ kiaxlg, and tho' eaviron'd with M w + h
the Soil is neverthetefi fruitful, a d produces plw-
tifully the Neceiraries of Life ; if it h l d ha-.
to want any thing, it m&t be fupply'd, by t k
Ki'ang, which bears contisually the R K ~ ~f S faye-
ral Provinces.
(7pe gwelfrb City, Tai ping fou.
T H I S City is very opulent, and well fituatd h
Trade, Randing~penthe great Rirer Ki~grW ~ B
it
144 76e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
it rdeives three Arms of other Rivers, which makc
it look like an Ifland ; its Territory is alfo water'd
by two Lakes, and contains only three Cities, of which
You bou bien is the richeit.
T%eI'birteentb City, Fong yang fou.
T H I S City is fituated on a Mountain not far
from the Yellow River, and enclofes within its W a s -
h e r d Hills: This Dfiri& is very extenhe, for it
contains eighteen Cities, five of the Second, and thir-
teen of the Third Order, befides a great Number of
M a teou, or Places of Commerce, f d c d upon the
Rivers for the Convenience of Trade, and of colleQ-
ing the Emperor's Duties. This Extent is ei hty
,
Leagues wide from Eait to Wdt, and about lxty
Leagues in Length fiom No& to South, which is
f
greater than the largeit Province of Europe : As this
was the Birth Place of Hong you, fifl Emperor of the
preceding Dynaily, he had a Defign to render it fi-
mous by building a fiatel City here for the Capital
K
of the Empire, which e undertook in the Year
I 367. After he had driven out the witern Tartars,
who had ruPd China during eighty feven Years, he fix'd
his Court at this Place, and call'd it Fong Tang,
which fignifies, The Brightnefs of-the Eagle. H e in-
,tended to make it the great& and moil celebrated
of the Empire, but the Roughnds of the Ground,
the Scarcity of fweet Water, and the Neighbour-
hood of his Father's Monument, made him alter
his Refolution : By the unanimous Advice of his
principal Officers he remov'd the Court to Nan king,
which is much more beautiful and convenient, and
is but thirty two Leagues diitant from Fong yang.
As foon as this was refolv'd upon, the Works
which were begun immediately ceafed : The Imperial
Palace, which was to have had a triple Inclofure, the
Walls, that were to be nine Leagues round, the Ca-
nals that were projetted, were all abandon'd .: There
were
 WC. 145
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
,
were only three Monuments finifhed, which are itill
remaining, the Grandeur and Beauty of which fhew
how magnificent this City would have been, if the
Emperor had compleated his firft Defign.
The firit remaining Monument is the Tomb of
Hong vou's Father ; it is adorn'd with every thing
that the Chinfle Induftry or filial Gratitude could in-
vent, that was moil beautiful in its kind, and is call'd !

[Hohng lin, or] 7 b e Royal Tomb.

The fecond is a Prifon built in the midfi of the City ;
its Shape is an oblong ReBangle, and is one hundred
Foot high, divided into four large Stories, founded
on a mafiive Pile of Brick forty Foot high, a hun-
dred long, and fixty broad ; it is accounted the high-
efi in Cbina, and is fecn at a great Difiance.
T h e third is a fiately Temple ere&ed to t i e Idol
Fo, and was formerly a little Pagod. Moag vou be-
ing reduced to Want, by the Lois of his Parents, re-
tired to this Place at Seventeen Years old, and fqved
here Gveral Years as Scullion ; at length being tired
of this lazy Life, he entred himfelf a Soldier under
a Captain of fome Banditti who revolted againit the
Tartan, where f i n giving Proofs of his Valour,
the Captain, whofe Love he had gain'd, made
him his Son-in-law, and foon after he was decla-
red his Succeflor by the unanimous Confent of his
Troops.
Upon this, feeing himfdf at the Head of a-confi-
derable Party, he began to extend his Views even to
the Throne: His Reputation had already brought
to the Army a great many People of Credit, at
the Head of which he valiantly attack'd the Tar-
tars, and entirely defeating them feiz'd on Nan king
and feveral neighbouring Cities, and continued to
purfue them, till he had driven them quite out of Chi-
na: H e was Conqueror in all the, Battles he fought, -
for which Reafon he was nam'd Hong vozl, which
fignifies, a Prince always vittorious.
VOL.I. L As
 he was made Emperor he causqd this
befor@-mention'd to be built for the
had reliev'd him in his Diltrefi, ra-
to Them, than for any Regard
to the Idols. It ws begun by a Row of five great
Apartments, built like the Impera Palace, and flank'd
with feveral Halls and Lodgings for the Bonzes ; he
a@gn'd them a Revenue to maintain conveniently
200 Perfons under a Chief of the See, whom he
conftituted a Mandarin to govern them independant
of the City-Magiitram. This Pagod was call'd,
[Long bin /c, that is,] f i e Temple from whezce t h e
D w p z d t d , becaufe the Emperor's Arms arc ;r
Dragon with five Claws : It was kept up all the
time of the preceding Dynafiy, but afierwards, du-
ring the Civil Wars, it has been almoft dcmo-
liih'd, and there remain at p;efmt only five large
Buildings.
The prefent D y n e of the Tartars have taken
no Care to repair this Temple, fo that now there
are not above twenty of thde idolatrous Prieits
remaining, and they are almofi reduc'd to Beg-
gary.
There is fcarce any thing worthy of Notice in 3'0%
yan befides thefe Monuments, for it has been ib ruin'd
51
by t e Wars, that h m an Imperial City it is dimi-
nifh'd to a large Village : It is pretty well Peopled, and
indifferently built in the middle, but all the refi con-
iifts only of low Thatcht Hodes, or open Fields that
bear Tobacco, which is the only Wealth and Com-
merce of the Country.
In the neighbouring Mountains there is found n
gkat deal of Talk, and Red Wormwood, which the
Phyficians ufe. This Country is made fruitful by
fome fine Rivers, and among others the great River
Hai bo, which rifing in the Mountains of the Province
of Ho nan crofis the whole Country, and after a
long Course pa% thro' the b k e Hollp tji, and then
dif-
 difcharges itfelf into the Hoang ho, about thirty-nine
Leagues before it arrives at the Sea.
f i e fiurteentb City, Liu tcheou fou.
T H E Countr wherein this City is fituated is very
f
plerifant and fruit ul ; the Lake Irioo, in the midft
of which there is a Mountain, yields all forts of
Fiih, and waters the Fields fo welI, that they pro-
duce all kinds 6f Grain and Fruits, and dpccially
4 the beft Tea in great Plenty ; and 'tis,chiefly for the
latter t h t this Country is famous: They make here
alfo very gbod Paper. Its Mquntains, efpecially
thde in the Neighbourhood of Lou kiang bien, are
cover'd with vdy fine Trees ; and there is a y-
ddrkiib'k %id& miar Losr xati tcbeou. Its Diftrl&
is pretty large, containing eight Cities, two of the
Seed Orckr, and fix of the Third.
The $and of Tfohg ining.
T H l S Ifland, which b in the Prgvijce of E a q
nan, is f e e e d ftom it on the Weft only by an
Artn of the %a, which is but h e or fix Leagues
over : They Fay it wbs form'd by degrees of the Earth,
which the great River Tdng @ kiang wafhes down
fiom the many Provinces it waters, for which rea-
hn, befides Tjng ming, it is commonly call'd [Kianx
cbe, which fignifies] the Tcngue 4 the River, either
k a u f e , being much longer than broad, it refembles the
Shape of a Tongue, or becaufe it is placed juft in the
Mouth of this great River. In former Ages this
was a defart and fandy Country, overgrown with
Reeds, infomuch that the greatefi Criminals and
Robbers were tranfported to this Ifland, with a View
to purge the Empire ; and the firit that were fet on
Shore found themielves under a N d i t y either of
w i n g , or getting their Fo6d out of the Bofom of
the E m h : The Lave of Life mad%them a&ve
and induitrious, fo that they clearsd this uncultivated
L2 Earth,
- Earth, ibw'd the few Seeds they brought with them,
and it was not a great .while before they reap'd the Fruits
of their Labour. At length fome Chinge Families, who
were ready to itarve on the Continent, bethought
thedelves alfo of going to this Ifland, that by cul-
tivating it they might relieve their extreme Indi-
gence ; accordingly they wen~hither,and divided the
Lands amongit them.
Thefe new Comers, not being able to clear all the
Land they had appropriated to themfelves, call'd other
Families from off the Continent to their Afliitance,
and yielded to them for ever a Part of the Lands, on
Condition that they ihould ay annually, in divers
!
Goods, a Rent proportionab e to their Harvefi ; the
Dues exa&ed by the firit Proprietors are call'd xuo
tern, and continue to this Day.
The Ifland of Tjng ming is about twenty Leagues
long, and five or fix broad ; there is but one City in
it, which is of the Third Order ; the Walls of it are
very high, well terrars'd, and furrounded with Ditches
full of Water ; the Country is divided by an infinite
Number of Canals, that have high Banks to defend
it from Inundations, for the Land is level, hav-
ing no Hills ; the Air is healthhl and temperate,
and the Country agreeable : Here are large Towns
f'catter'd about the Ifland at convenientDihnces, where-
in are a great Number of Shops well hnifh'd with
all manner of Neceffaries and Conveniencies of Life,
and difpers'd bet\keen each Town: There are as rna-
ny Houfes about the Counuy, as there are Families
employ'd in Tillage ; but thefe Houfa are not very
fine, except fuch as belong to the Rich, and they are
built with Brick, and cover'd with Tiles, while thofe
of the ordinary People are thatch'd Cottages, made
of little elfe but Reeds. The Trees planted along
the- fides of the Ditches full of Running - Water,
which furround their Houfes, hi an Advantage ow-
ing to Art.
. The
-
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T@c.
A R Y , 149
T h e Highways are very narrow, and are bor-
dered with little Shops that fell Refreihments to
Travellers ; and indeed one would almoit imagine
the whole Ifland to be but o& exceeding large Vil-
lage. Here are no Wild-fowl, but great Numbers
of large Gee& Ducks, Hens, Hogs, and Buffaloes,
but there latter are Sed only for Tillage. Here
is but little Fruit, except large Lirnons and Small
four Oranges proper for Sauces, Apricots, great
Peaches, the Fruit narn'd T'e t/e, which I defcribe
in another Plate, and large Water-Melons ; but all
forts of Herbs and Pulfe may be had in all Seafons
of the Year.
, T h e Land is not alike throughout the Ifland,
the Produce of it being very difirent : That to-
wards the North is not cultivated, but tho Reeds
which grow here naturally produce a. confidexable
Revenue : As there are no Trees in the whole Ifland,
they ufe part of thefe Reeds to build Houies in the
Country ; the other Part ferves to burn,
andfor ome
Fuel not only for the whole Ifland, but alfofupflies
~ r oft the neighbouring Csntinent. The fecond Sort
of Land is that which extends from the firit quite to .
the Sea on the South-iide ; this produces two Cro s
1
every Year, one of Grain, which is generally in t e
Month of May ; the other of Rice or Cotton ; of
Rice inqeptember, ef Cotton a little later : Their
Grain are Rice, Wheat, Barley, and a fort of Beard-
ed Corn, which, tho' it refembles Wheat, is never-
thelefi of a different Nature. There is a third Sort of /

Land, which, tho' it appears barren, produces a great-

er Revenue than all the reit; it confis of a whitifl~
Earth found in feveral Parts of the North-Gde of
the Ifland, from whence they get fuch a great Quanti-
ty of Salt, that it fupplies not only the Ifland,
but Part of the Continent. I t would be difficult to
give a Reaion why certain Portions of Land, fcat-
tered up and down a Country, fhould be fo full sf
L3 Salt
Salt as not to produce a Blade of GraG, while the
contiguous Lands are very fruitful in Corn and Cot-
ton ; it dfo frequently happens that the fiuitful Soi!
grows full of Salt, while the Salt Earth becomes fit
to bear Corn.
Thefe are thofe Secrets of Nature which Human
Wiidom in vain endeavours to difcover, and which
ought to increak our Admiration of the Power and
Greatne$ of the Author of Nature.

Tbe Third Province cf the Em#ira of C H I N A,

Kiang ii.
I

T Hof 1Kiang
S province is bounded on the North by that
nun, on the W& by Hou quang, on the
South by guang tong, and if ,has on the E& Fo kiea
and r ' e kiang ; the Mountains which it has to the
i
South, and which oin to thofe of the Provinces of
%ring tong and Fo ien, are almoit: inacceflible ; but
we may difcover afterwards very fine Vallies, and the
Country thereabouts is very well cultivated.
Neverthelefi it is fo we11 peopled, that, tho" it is fo
very fruitful, it does. not yield much more Rice than
what is fufficient to nouriih its Inhabitants : Belid-
they are accounted of a very fordid Difpfition, and
their covetous Humour draws upon them the Jefis
of the Chin$ of the other Provinces : Otherwifi they
have an excellent Genius, and this Province furnither
a great many Learned Mea who obtain the Degrees,
and advance themfelves in the Magiitracy.
Kiang Ji is water'd with Brooks, Lakes, and Ri-
vers, which abound with all manner of Eiih, efpe-
cialIy with Salmon, Trout, and Sturgeon. The
Mountains, with which the Province is furrounded,
are either cover'd with Wood, or fanlous for their
Minerals,
 €PC. . 1 5 1
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
,
Mimrals, 3imples, and Phyficd Herbs. The Sbil
produces all the Neceffaries of Life in great PIenty,
and is very rich in Mines of Gold, Silver, L a d ,
Ifon and Tin. They makc here v e v fihe
Sruffs ; and their Wine, which is made of Rice, is
rcckon'd delicious by the Cbinej. I t is above all fa-
mous for the fine Cbina Ware which is made at King
tc tcbing, and for the Rice it produce, which is
much efteem'd in the Empire ; at Kiang Ji they load
many of the Im rial Barks with it.
T h e FlowerEL, n boa, which is much v d o d in
China, is found almoft every where, but grows chiefly
in Lakes, like the Ncnqbar in Europe, which is found
in Standing-Waters, but. it is very different from
Newpbar both in Rmt, Bl'uffolh, and Fruit: No-
thih is more agreeable than to Ceo whole Lakes full
f
of lowcrs, improldd and renew'd every Year by the
!3!ed which they Cow ; the great Lords keep rhefe
Flowers in l h l e Ponds, and fometimes in great Vef-
fels, filkd with Mud and Water, which they place in
their Gardens and Courts, by way of Ornament.
This Fbwer, which rifes above the Water two
or three Cubits, is not unlike our Tulips, and has a
little Ball fupported by a Cmall Filament, like that
which is found in Lillie ; i n Colour is either Vio-
let, or White, or part Red and part White ; its Smell
very agreeable, the Fruit is as big as a Nut, and the
Kernel which i t includes is white and OF a good
T a i k : The Phyficians e*em it, and think it is of
a nouriihing and fireagthening Nature, therefore they
prdcribe it to tho& who are weak; or thofe who af-
ter a great Sicknefs recover their Strength with Dif-
ficulty. Its Leaves are long, and fwim upon the Wa-
ter, communicating with the Root by long Strings ;
the Gardencis uii them to wrap up their Goods ; the
Root is knotty, like that of Reds, and the Pith and
Pulp are very white; it is reckoned very gyd, and
much eaten, efpecidly in Summer, becaufe it is very
L4 cooling.
 cooling. There is nothing in this Plant but what is
ufeful, for they make of it wen a kind of Meal,
which is employ'd for different Purpoks.
The River Kan kiang divides the whole Province
into two Parts, which contain thirteen Citiq of the
Firit Order, and feventy eight of the Second and
Third Orders.
The fir! City, Capital of the Prmlime Nan
tchang fou.,
T H I S is one OF the befi Cities which are fituated
on the Banks of fine Rivers : It was formerly deitroy'd
by the Tartars, whofe Yoke it refufed to bear ; for
which reafon they burnt it, and there remain'd no-
thing of it but the Walls; but it is lmce rebuilt.
The Circumference of the Walls is not very great ;
the River is pretty deep in the Harbour; but that
which makes it fo great a Trading-Place are the
Canals and Rivers, from whence they may land on
all Sides : It is not far from the great Lake Po yang.
At the end of this Lake the River pares, which
comes from the Southern Extremity of the Province,
after having receiv'd almofi all the Rivers of this
Country into its Channel.
T h e China Ware, which is made in the DiitriA of
lao tcbeou fou, built .upon the Eafiern Side of the
fame Lake, is the Me~handifeon which all its Corn-
merce depends, and which draw s hither a great Num-
ber of Merchants from all the Provinces ;.for that.
fort of Cbina Ware, which is made at 'Canton in the
Province of Fo kien, and in fome other Places, is not
fo much efieem'd in China, as Earthen Ware is in
Europe :Strangers cannot be miitaken in it, for it is as
white as Snow, does not ihine, nor is fiain'd with any
kind of Colour.
It is likely that the Water of the Place, where they
rnalte this China Ware, contributes to its Beauty and
Goodnefs ; for they do not Succeed fo well in orher
Places,
 Places, although they. make ufe of the fame Mate-
rials. Thefe Materials are not only found upon the
Confines of this Province, but in a like Place upon the
Confines of the Province Gang nun ; but what Sort of .
Earth, and how it is to be work'd, $all be hewn in
the Sequel of this Work : A d as a Defcription only
is not fufficient to diitinguifh exakily the Stones and
Earth which they make u k of, I have had fomeSam-
ples fint me from China of thefe different Materials, .
which are in the Poireflion of the le'arned Mr. De
Reaumur, one of the illufirious Members of the Aca-
demy of Sciences, who is very capable of finding the
like, if there is any in France.
There are eight Cities depending on Nan t c b a ~ ~
whereof feven are of the Third, and one only of the
Second Order. Its Fields are i'o well cultivated, that
they fcarce find Places where their Cattle may graze.
It has always hrniihed a great many Learned Men,
and is full of Percons of DiitinEtion.
Here the Viceroy keeps his Court, and here live fe-
veral coniiderabIe Officers and Magiftrates : Under
the preceding Dynafiy many Princes of the Imperi;ll
Family refided here, whofe Fortune was incumber'd,
but not without Luitre : At prefent all the Princes arc
at Court, and are not permitted to retire from it.
Tbe Second City, Iao tcheou fou.
THIS City, which has in its JurifdiAion feven other
Cities of the Third Order, is very finely fituated, and .
itands uljon the Northern Bank of the Lake Poyang,
and is furrounded with Rivers which run into this
Lake. T h e whole Country is flat, and the Rivers
which water it render it extremely fertile ; but above
all it is famous for the fine China Ware which is made
in a Town in its DiftriA, call'd King te tching.
This Town, where the beit Makers of Cbina Ware
live, is as populous as the greateft Cities of China, and .
wants nothing but Walls to make it a City. Thefe
Places
Places are call'd fching, that are of grckst Refort and
Commerce, but not Wall'd. They compute ih this
Town more than I ,oao,ooa of Souls : They confum
hen every Day more than ro,ooo Loads of Rice, .
and above a 1000Hogs, without mentioning other
Animals which they feed. upon. The Lodgings of t k
great Merchants take up a vait Space, and contain
a prodigious Number of Workmen.
Etrg te tching is a League and a half long, itanding
on the Side of a fine River, and is not a confukd
Heap of Idouks, as one would imagine 8 the Streets
are very long, and cut and croft one another at a ccr-
rain D i h c e ; all the Ground is made u& of, ib
that the Houfes are rather too much confin'd, and. the
Srreets too narrow; in going through them one
f m to be in the middle of a Fair, and hears on 111
iides the Moifi the P o r n make to clear the Way.
The Chargeof Living is here much more confider-
able than at Iao tcbeou, becanfe they &h from sther
Places every thing they mnlirme, even to the Woad
they burn in their Stoves, which at prefart comes near -
a hundred Leagues off. Yet, notwithfiandkg the dear-
nefs of Proviiions, this Place is the Refirge of an infi-
nite number of poor Families, who have not where-
on to fubfifl in the Cities round. about. Hat is
Employment for the Young and the Weak, and
even the Blind and the Lame get their Livelyhood by
grinding the Colours. Formerly they computed here
btlt 3oa Stoves fbr Cbina Wan; now thty amount to
about 500.
Xing te tching is iituated in a Plain environ'd with
high Mountains ; that towards the E d , on whofi
Side it itands, forms outwardly a iort of a Semi-circle.
The Mountains which are on the Side give Paffige
to two Rivers which unite ; one is little, the other
my great, and forms a fine Port near a League long
in a great Bafon, where it lofes much of its Rapidity :
One fees fometimes in this vaft Space two or three
Rows of Barks following one mother.
 When we enter by one of the Straights into the
Port, the Vortices of Flame and Smoke, which rife in
different Places, cauE one immediately to obferve
the Extcnt, the Breadth, and Windings of King te
tcbing ; at Night it ferns like a vait City on fire,
or like a great Furnace which has many Vent-hala
Strangers are not permitted to lie at fi?g de d c h g ;
they muA either pa& the Night in their Barks, or
lodge with their Acquaintance, who pafi their Word
for their ConduB. ?'his Policy, join'd to that which
is ohGerv'd Night and Day in the Town, in the fame
anner as in the Cities, keeps every thing in Order,
E d eftab1ifhcs perf& Security, in a Place whfk
Riches would excite the Mire of aa infinite num-
ber of Thieves.
n e Zbird City, Keang fin fbu.
ALTHOUGH this City is fituated in the midit of
Mountains, which for the mof+ part are very high, and
of a great Exknt, the Country is not the kfi hilie
or inhabited ; a g R i i B many of thefe Mountains are
dividd into plow'd. Grounds, which yield In nothing '

to the moR &tile Plains, and contain a great mmy

Towns and Villages. Some of the Mountains are
cover'd with Fords, and others produce o fine Cry-
fid : They make here very g d Paper, md the M
Can& in the Empire.
All this Country borders upon the Rovinces of 2%
&en and Tcbc kiang ;, it is fo eafy t~ tqke Refuge in
the Mountains, that it gave an Occafion formerly to
Thieves of committing Robberies unpupihect, and the
Emperor kept a itrong Garrifon in the City ts p u h e
them. As the Entrance into the Province on thia
fide is through narrow Lanes, which the Mountains
lock up on both Sides, it is very eafy to d e h d thefe '
Paffiges, and, in cafe of an E n f u e i o n of a Nei h-
bouring Province, to fecure themfelves fiom an n- K
vafion. The Juriiaiftion of Koang /in Jbsr ' containa
feven Cities of the Third Order. Tbe
 Tbt Fmrtb City, Nan hang fou.
T HI S City, which has in its Diitri& but four Cities
of the Third Order, is iituated upon the Banks of
die celebrated Lake Po yang, This Lake is thirty
Leagues long, and about forty broad ; it affords all
forts of excellent Fiih, and divides into two Parts
this Diitrikt of the Province : The Fields produce
great Quantities of Rice, Wheat, Fruits, and Pulfe.
T h e Mountains are cultivated, and partly co-
ver'd with thick Woods, fome whereof are five Leagues
in length: A ibrt of Hemp grows about the City, of
which they make Cloaths very convenient for Summer.
Be fifth City, Kieou kiang fou.
THIS is a large and very great trading City ;it is
fituated upon the Southern Bank of the River Tang
@ kiang, and nigh the Place where the great Lake
Po yang unites with the River ;fo that it is incornpalEd
with Water on the North and Eait. It is the Ren-
dezvous of all the Barks which go and come from
the other Cities of this Province, and the Provinces
of Kiang nun and Hou uang. Although it is a hun-
P
4 e d Leagues d i h t rom the Sea, they take in the
River, which waihes its Walls, Salmon, Dolphins and
Sturgeon : It ebbs and flows every New and Full
Moon, and its Waters glide fo flowly fiom thecity to
the Sea, that its Current is fcarcely perceivable.
I;be/ixth City, Kien tchang fou.
T H I S City ftands u p o ~the Frontier of the pro:
vince Fo kicn, in a pleafant. and fruitful Country.
Five Cities of the Third Order are dependant on it ;
it is now famous, but was much more fo formerly.
T h e Wine which they make here of Rice is pretty
good, but the common Rice is little valued, and the
People of Note fetch it for their own Ufe Crom an
adjacent City ;yet they have a fort sf red Rice, which
is
is pleafant to the Tafie, and very wholefome. They
make here a fort of Cloth of Hemp, which is &eern'd
and made ufe of during the Heat of Stimmer.
!i"&c Seventb City, Vou tcheou fou, or Fou tcheou fou.
T H I S City is fituated upon the Bank of a River; in
'a great and pretty fertiIe Plain ; the Circumference
of its Walls is larger than any City of France, ex-
cept Paris : Its Juriiili&ion reaches twenty or five
and twenty Leagues ; fix Cities of the Third Order
belong to it.
If one may judge of it from what remains, it
was before the late Wars one of the mofi flouriih-
ing Cities in the Empire; but fince it was fack'd
by the Tartars, it is nothing but a Heap of Rub-
bifh, among which there are here and there fome
Houfes, which they endeavour to repair, and which
form forts of Hamlets, Villages, and Towns, within
the Circumference of the City, except on the Eait
Side, which is well builr, where moit of the Manda-
rins Tribunals are fituated.
They. reckon in the City and Suburbs there are
near forty or fifty thoufand Souls . The Country
is likewife very populous, and very well im-
prov'd. In many Places they have two Crops of
Rice every Year, and it is from the Diitri&tof this
City that they take, mofi commonly, the great& Part
of the Rice, which the Province is oblig'd .to fur-
niih every Year to the Emperor : The Rice herea-
bouts is very good, and' white as Snow.
The Air is fine and very wholefome ; nothing can
be more pleafant than its Mountains, from whence
iffue fweral Brooks and Rivers, which water the
whole Country, and render it fruitful. They have
alfo Provifion in abundance : Figs grow here
very well. A Mifionary in this Place planted
Vines in his Garden, which bore very good black
Grapcs, of which he made Wine ; but as for other
Fruits
-
Fruits they hardly come to Perfeltion, probably be-
caufe the Soil is too rnoifi.
Ibe Eighth City, Lin kiang fou.
IN the JurifdiCtion of this City, and at three
Leagues diftance upon the Bank of a great River,
which coming from the South runs through all the
Province, there h n d s a lching or T o w n , in
which there is a great Trade for Drugs and Simples,
becaufe it is a noted Port, where the Barks loaded
with Medicinal Herbs, of which they compofe their
I
Remedies, refurt from all the Southern Parts, and
where they come fiom other Provinces to purchafe
them. As for the City itfelf, it is but thinly peo-
pled, has but little Trade, and they live vefy fpdring-
ly therein ; and they fay of it, by way of Derifion, that
one H o g ferves the whole City two Days. There are
but four Cities, and zhok of the Third Order, de-
pendant on it.
It is fituate two Leagues and a half from the Great
River, and Rands upon the Banks of the River Tu ko.
Its Soil is goocl, and rhe Climte wholefome : They
have excellent manges, which they tranfport into
the adjacent Provinces, and is the chiefeit Branch of
their Commerce. The Mountains round about are
eirher cover'd with great Trees, or are cultivated
in the r n m r of Terras-Walks, rifing one above
another.
f i e llrmb City, Ki ngan fou.
N I N E Cities of the Third Order are under
the JurifdiCtion of This, which is fituated on the
k k s of the River Kan biang. It is here that one
begins to perceive the Danger of going down
this River ; the Water running with great Swift-
neb amongit Rocks, which lie
i* the
Surface of it, one runs the Risk o perifhing, with-
out a skilful P h t ; thofe Barks which have none,
provide
 - -

6°C.
CHINA,CHIN'ESE-TARTARY
159
provide them in this City to guide them through
thele dangerous Places, at leait they hire Men to d i f k
in navigating the Bark ; for there are eighteen
Currents, which require much Strength and Dexttri-
ty, ' either going up or coming down : They call it
Cbepa tan : Although the Country is uneven, the
Vallies and Fields are neverthelefi agreeable and fer-
tile. They fay that the Mountains afford Mines of
Gold and $ilver.
2 % ~Tentb City, Choui tchcou fou.
T H IS City is fituated upon the Banks of an Arm
of the Kan kiang : Two Enclofures of theWalls make
it refemble two Cities, which are leparated by a Ri-
ver that is navigable for great Boats all the Year
round, d'ially from February to AuguJ, when it
is fwell'd by the Rains.
Thek two Enclofures communicate with one ano-
ther by two Bridges, one of Stone, which has more
than ten Arches well built, and the other is of
Boats, which rife or fink according as the Water in-
d e s or decreaks. In one ofthefe Enclofures, *hi&
they call the North City, all the Mandarins of what
degree foever make their Abode, Mandarins of the
People, Mandarins of Arms, and Mandarins of Li-
terature ;they likewife call it the Mandarin City. The
sther Inclofure, which they call the South Cky, in-
cludes all the Families of Note, the Burghers, and
the Common People ; there is not one Mandarin. As
'the Gates of borh the Ciries an fhut during the
Night, if there fhould happen any Difttxbance in
this lait, the Mandarin could not remedy it as loon
as might be neceirary in fome Cafes.
T h e Air is mild, and fo ~ o l c f o m ethat they
have given it the Name of Hippy. The Country is
water'd with Rivulets, in which rkey find Panicles
of Gold and Sihrer. Its Fields ore very ktile, and
yield Rice enough, b&da w k d?ej ufc to pay
the
 the Tribute to the Emperor. T h e ~ o u n t a i n sand
Foreits round about make an agreeable Profpe& :
They get Lapis Lazuli out of thde Mountains.
B e Eleventh City, Yuen tcheou fou.
T H I S City yields to none in regard of the Fruit-
fulnefi of its Soil, and the Plenty of every thing
which can be deiir'd ; it ftands upon the Banks of the
River 2% ho. There is in its Out-parts a little Lake
border'd with Pleafure-Houfes, where its Inhabitants
go o h to regale themfelves ; it furnikes the reft
of the Empire with Plenty of Vitriol and Allum ; as
for the reit, its Liberties are fmall, for they contain
b u t four Cities of the Third Order.
Tbc TweIfth City, Kan tcheou fou.
THIS is a City of great Refort, which may be
compar'd for its Extent to Roan ; it is fituated on
the River from which it has its Name, although it
receives another in this Place, which they call Tcbang
bo :It is almofi as great a Trading- Place as the
Capital.
They C%y there is an abundance of Medicinal
Herbs in its Mountains, as well as in thofe of L&nng
Jin fog, at the Bottom of which the Chief of the Bon-
.ze Tao fii, known by the magnificent Name of
Tienj, that is, Heavenly Mailer, has his Reiidence.
Between Kan tcheou and Nan ngan, which 1 fllall
fpeak of prefently, there are nothing but Defarts ;
but from Kan tcbeou to Nan tchang, that is, for more
than iixty Leagues by the River, the Country is de-
lightful, populous and fertile.
A Day's Journey from Kan tcheou is that very rapid
Current, twenty Leagues in length, which I mention-
ed in the Defcription of the City Kt ngan fou. When
we have once paft this dangerous Place, we come i n t ~
a fine River, fix times larger than the Seine atRoan,
and
 and io cover'd with Barks, that at any ~ o u r ' o the f
Day one may count more than fifty Ships of Burden
under Sail.
This Country bordering upon the Provinces of
Hou quang, F o kien, and cuang tong, was formerly
' infefied with Robbers, on account of the Facility of
flying out of h e Province into another; they efia-
blih'd here a I'ao ye, which is a Governor of two
Cities of the Firit Order : They ere&ed here like-
wife a Cuftom-Houfe, to receive the Duties on Mer-
chandizes, which are tranfported on the two Rivers.
Near the Walls of Kan tcheou, and where thefe .
two Rivers unite, there is a Bridge of Boats, which
are fafien'd to one another with Iron Chains : Near
this Bridge is the Office, where a Receiver comes every
Day to vifit the Barks, and examine whether they have
paid the Duty which I mentioned before : One of
thefe Boats belonging to the Bridge is fb contridd,
that they can open a Paffige to let the Barks through 5
but it is not done till afkr they have been exarnin'd.
The JurifdidiRion of this City extends a great Way,
for it contains twelve Towns of the Third Order ; but
what is moit remarkable is, that its Soil roducw a
g
great many of the Trees from which t e Varnifh
diitills, and this Varniih is reckon'd the beit in
China.
S e ZZrteenth Ciy, Nan ngan fou.
- T H I S is the mofi Southern City of the Province ;
it is as large as Orleans, populous, and handfome,
has a great Trade, and is a Place of much Refort : It
is here that they muit land all the Merchandizes
which are tranfported from the Provi~ceof guang
tong. Its Suburbs are larger than the City ; there
are but four Cities of the Third Order dependant
on it.
T o go from Nan ngan to Nan hiong, which is
the firft City you come to in the Pravince of %ang .
VOL. I. M long,
 to~g,you mufi go about ten Leagues by Land: A t
the end of two Leagues there is a Mountain, fo fieep
that they have cut it like Stairs ; at the T o p of the
Mountain there is a Rock about forty Fogt deep,
through which they were obli$ed to cut, to open a
Paffage. Although thefe Mountains are not cultivated,
the Spaces between them are, and produce as much
Rice as the mofi fi-uitful Vallies.

Tbc Fourth Province of tbe Empire of China,

Fo kien.
T Hrichefi
I S is one of the I d,and yet one of the
Provinces of the Empire; .its Situation is
commodious for Navigation and Commerce, the CIi-
mate is hot, but the Air is very pure and healthy :
As Part of it borders upon the Sea, they take there
, a great Quantity of Fifh, which are dried and filed
in order to be carried into the Midland Provinces of
the Empire: Its Shores are very uneven, by d o n of
the Number and Variety of its Bays ; there are many
Fortreires built there to guard the C o d : It con-
tains nine Fou, or Cities of the Firit Rank, and fixty
Hien, or Cities of the Third Rank : Among the nine
Fou is reckoned Tai ouan, Capital of the Ifle of .For-
mfi: Its Mountains, by the Induftry of the Cbinc e,
L
are alrnofi every where difpofed into a kindof Amp -
theaters, with Terraffes placed one above another, and
all covered with Rice ; the Fields are watered by
great Rivers and Springs that iffue from the Moun-
tains, which the Husbandmen condutt in fuch a
manner as to overflow the Rice when they plde,
becaufe it grows befi in wauy Ground ; they have
got the Secret of raifing the Water to the Top of the
higheit Mountains, which they convey from one
Mountain '
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,&C.
, 1 6 ~
Mountain to another by Pipes of Bamboo, which is
found in great Quantities in this Province.
Befides that the Province of Fo kicn abounds with
every thing that grows in moft other Provinces of
the Empire, the Commerce which the Inhabitants have
with Japan, the PhiZippines, the Ifland of Formoh, -
Java, Camboya, Siam, kc. renders it extremely rich :
They have Musk, Precious Stones, Quick-filver, Silk,
Hempen-Cloth, Callico, Steel, and all forts of Uten-
fils wrought to the greatefi Perfeltion ; and they im-
port fkom other Countries Cloves, Cinnamon, Pepper,
Sandal-wood, Amber, Coral, and many other Com-
modities of this Nature : Its Mountains are c o v d
with Trees fit for building of Ships : They have Mines
of Lead and Iron s 'tis hppofed they have aIfo Gold
and Silver, but it is forbidden to dig for thefi un-
der Pain of Death. As for Fruit it produces excel-
lent Oranges, larger than commn, which have the
Tafte and Smell of Mufcadine Grapes ; the Peel of
thefe 0rstnge.s comes off eafily, it is thick, and of a
golden Colour ; they prekrve them with Sugar, and
fend them to other Provibces : Befides thefe there are
fine red Oranges, of which we have given a Defcrip-
tion in another Place. The mofi remarkable Things
that grow here, as well as in the Province of @ang
teng, are two forts of Fruits peculiar to Cbina, which
are highly valued, Yiz. L i c h and Long yuen, which
are mentioned in the Beginning of this Work : I only
add, that there is hardly any Fruit in the World to
be compared to Li cbi for its Delicioufnefi, efpecially
if it be that Sort which has a fmall Stone or Kernel
in it. The Plant called lien boa which grows there,
and the Dyers ufe to dye Blue, is much more
efieemed than that which grows in other Provinces.
Every City there has its particular DialeA, dieer-
ent fiom the rdt, which is very incommodious to
Travellers : The Mandarine Language is generally
fpoke by all, egcept by a few of the learned Men in
M ? this
 thii Province:' Beiides they have naturally a good
Genius, and apply themfelves vigoroufly to the. Study
of the Chine/"eSciences : For this reafon you f e great
Numbers of good Scholars come out of this Province,
who arrive to great Preferments in the State.
, B e $r/t Capital City of the Province, Fou tcheou fou.
T H I S is the firit and moit confiderable City of
the Province, nine Cities of the Third Order are un-
der its JurifdiAion ; beiides the Viceroy, the Intendant
General of this and the Province of lcbe kiang relides
there ; it is chiefly famous on account of its Situation,
Commerce, Multitude of learned Men, the Fertility
of its Soil, fine Rivers that carry the largeit Barks of
Cbina almofi up to its Walls, and lafily for a furprif-
ing Bridge confifiing of more than IOO Arches, all
built with fine white Stones acrofs the Bay ; all its
Hills are filled with Cedar, Orange, and Limon-
Trees.
9 Throughout the Extent of its Jurifdi€tion they make
exceeding fine Sugar: They have a great many of thofe
Trees that bear the Fruits Li cbi and Longyuen ; the
firft is fo agreeable to the Taite, that when you eat
it you know not when to have done; the fecond is
very good, but lefs efteemed than Li chi : They dry
thefe Fruits, and fend them to all Parts of the Em-
pire, and no doubt they are as agreeable when they
are dried as when freih gathered ; beiides they are
very wholfome, and are given often to iick People.
The Second City, Tfuen tcheou fou.
T H E Situation of this City is moit agreeable, and
makes it a place of very great Trade ; it is built
upon a Promontory, and almoit furrounded with.Wa-
ter ; the largeit Barks enter within its Walls ; it has
- in its Jurifdiltion feven Cities of the Third Rank ;
all thefe>Cities are very populous, and carry on a
great Trade j the Houfes aregikewiie convenient, the
. Streets
Streets paved with Brick, including two Rows of
fquare Stones, and adorned with Triumphal Arches :
There is one Temple among the reil that defcrves
particular Notice, having two Towers built of Stone
and Marble, each of which has feven Stories, and
round every Story there are Galleries jutting out to
walk in : Not f s from the City there is a Bridge,
which is extraordinary for its Magnificenceand Beauty;
it is built with a kind of black Stone, and has no
Arches, but is fupported by above 300 Stone Piers,
that terminate on each Side in acute Angles, the bet-
ter to break the Force of the Cui-rent: This Bridge
was built at the ~ x ~ e n cofe a certain Governor of
the City, who, being concern'd to fee an infinite Num-
ber of Boats overfet by the Violence of the Tides, war
deiirous of prefeming his People from the continual
Danger of being drowned : W e are told this Work
coil him I ,400,000 Ducats. From this, and other
Cities in its DifiriA, a prodigious Number of Vef-
fels go out every Hour, in order to traffick among
foreign Nations.
Tbe %rd City, Kien ning fou.
E I G I-IT Cities of the Third Order are under
the Jurifdidtion of this Capital City, which is fitwed
on the Side of the River Miiz ho ; 'tis a Place of
plentiful Trade, becaufe all Commodities that are
carried up and down the River pais through it :
As the River ceaf'es to be navigable near the City
of Pou. tcbing hen, which is about thirty Leagues
from Kien ning, the Goods are unloaded there, and
Porters carry them over the Mountains to a large
Town near Kiang tchan, in the Province of T~.hekiang,
to embark them upon another River: 18000 Por-
ters are employed there to attend the Barks, who get
their Living by palling and repalling continually over
thefe Mountains, that are very fieep, and Vallies that
are equally low ; they have endeavoured to level this
M 3 . Road,
 Rogd as much as the Nature of the round would
permit ; it is paved with fquare Stones, and all along
there are little Towns filled with Inns for the Accom-
modation of Travellers 3 there is an Office fixed at
$024 tcbing bicn to receive Toll of all Goods, and
4
the Revenue produced thereby is appointed for ktep-
ing the Road in repair. At the Time when the l a r -
tars conquered Cbina, lltien ning fuilained two Sieges,-
and fiill rehf'ed to fubmit to the Tartahan Govern-
ment ;but at length after the fecond Siege, which laft-
/ ed a long Time, the Tartars took it, and entirely
burnt it, and put all the Inhabitants to the Sword ;
the greateft Part of the Houfes have been fince re-
built, bst lcfi magnificent than before : Hard by Ken
ning h n d s a City of the Second Order, called Fou
ning tcheou, which is pretty confiderable, h u f e it
has JurifdiQion over two Cities of the Third Order,
viz. Fou ngan hen, and Ning te bien ; the Country
where they are iituated is of vafi extent, but almofi
all covered with Mountains ; thoh towards the North
are alrnofi inaccefible, neverthelefs nothin is want-
ing there, the Sea which is hard by k n i if es it plen-
tifully with all the Necewies of Life.
238 Fourth Ciry, Yen ping fou.
T H I S City is placed on the Side of a Hill, be-
low which runs the River M i n bo ; fo agreeable a Si-
tuation makes the City look like an Amphitheatre
to the View of thofe who are u n the Water, who
P".
can fee difiinRly every Part o i t : It is not very
large, but pares for one of the rnoft pleafarit Cities
of the Empire, and is naturally fortify'd by inaccef-
iible Mountains : In this City the Water, which
comes down from the Mountains, is convey'd by Pipes
into every Houfe. There is another thing for which
this City is fingular, the Inhabiednts univerfally fpeak
the Mandarine Language, which is that of the
Learned ; by this it is fuppofed that it was peo-
pled
 - --

C H I N A , CHINESE-TART ART, @c: ' 167

p!ed at by a Colony that came from the Pro-
vlnce of Kiung nun : The Barks of the whole Pro-
vince paiS under its Walls. Cha hien, which is one
of the Cities under its JuriMiBion, is commonly
called The Silver-City, by reafon of the abundant
Fruihlnefs of the Lands thereabouts ; the Soil be-
longing to the other Cities is not much lefs fertil.
n e Aftb CCity, Ting tcheou fou.
T H I S City is built at the bottom of the Mopn-
tains, which divide the Province of Fo kien from that
of Kiang f i : Among thefe Mountains there are
fome all cover'd with Flowers, efpecially in the
Spring, very agreeable to the Eye ; in which Gold
Mines might be found, if it were ermitted to
E
dig or bore for them ; others of fuc prodigious
Height, that they are almoit inacccfible. The
Country abounds with every thing neceffary for
Life, tho' the Air is not very wholfome, and they
have but little Trade there. Seven Cities of the Third
Order belong to this City.
Ihe Shtb City, Hing hoa hou.
T H E Name of this City fignifies a Springifit
FZower, and it muft be confefs'd that it is fituated in
the moil beautiful a d f&l Country of the Province,
and near the Sea; and tho' it has no more than two
Cities of the Third Order within its DiitriR, yet it
pays a very confiderable Tribute in Rice : Through-
out its Jurifdihion you fee fuch a great Number of
Towns and Villages, that you would be apt to
take it for one continued City; fome of theft
Towns, for the Largenefi and Beauty of their Edi-
fices,. might be ranked among the Cities, and great
Numbers of rich Merchants dwell there, who trade
throughout the Empire ; the Roads are very conve-
nient, broad, and almofi every where paved with
fquare Stones, ;md the City beautify'd with many
M4 Triumphal

C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4.'
''2
Triumphal Arches ; the Fruit Li tcbi is better there
thap in the reiI of the Province ; they catch there ve-
ry good Fik of all forts, and the Country likewife
furnifhes Silk.
fie Seventh City, Chao ou fou.
T H I S City, which is one of the Keys of the*
Province, was not very confiderable in former Times,
tho' it is now become fuch, and its Situation renders
it a Place of Strength, and very commodious : It
is furrounded with Forts and Strong-Places, which
are not difiinguikable from common Towns, but by
the Troops which are there in Garrifon. . In the Di-
ftriR o&this City there are ManufaLtures of curious
Cloths, made of a kind of Hemp, which are much in
requefi in the Empire, becaufe they are cool in Surn-
mer, and when you fweat they don't flick to the
Body : It has no more than four Cities of the Third
Order under its Jurifdi&ion.
The Eigbtb City, Tchang tcheou fou.
T H I S City, which is the moil Southern of the .
Province, has in its JurifdiEtion ten Cities of the
Third Order ; it is Gtuated upon the Bank of a Ri-
ver which ebbs and flows, over which, to the South
of the City, Rands a very fine Bridge confiiting of
thirty-fix Arches ; the Paffage over it is fo fpacious,
that both Sides thereof are filled with .Shops, where
they fell every thing that is valuable in the Empire,
or that is brought from foreign Nations ; for it lies
near Port Emouy, which is a Place of very great
Trade, and all Conlmodities pafs continually up the
River that walhes the Walls ~f Tchang tcheou : This
Advantage makes the City exceeding populous and ,
famous, and they find in the Mountains about it the
.fineit Cryfial that can be ieen, whereof the Chinej
Artificers make Buttons, Seals, Figures of Animals,
c . The Inhabitants are very Ingenious and indu-
'

. . fiiciuo,
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A
&c.R Y , 169
fiious, having a good Capacity for Trading. There
grow in its Territories great Numbers of Orange-
Trees, ' which produce Oranges far larger than any
that are in Europe, and have the Tafie and Smell of
Mu/"cadine Grapes ; they preferve them with the Peel,
and fend 'em to all Parts of the Empire, and to fo-
reign Countries. There are found in this City fome
Marks of the Chrifiian Religion ; whether they be -
ancient or modern, is not known; this is certain,
that P.Martini faw at a learned Man's Houfe- .an
old Parchment-Book, wherein the greatefi Part of the
Holy Scriptures was wrote in Gothick Chara&ers j
he offer'd a Sum of Money for it, but the Peribn;
tho' he knew nothing of the Chrifiian Religion,
would not part with it, becaufe it was a Book that
was preferved in his Family a long time, and- which
his Anceftors regarded as a rare and valuable Piece
of Furniture.
Hiamen 5 or, Ihe Pmt of Emouy.
T H I S is a famous Sea-Port, call'd Emotcy from
the Name of the lfland which forms it, for it is prot /
perly a Place for Ships to ride at 'Anchor, and one
of the beit Harbours in the World ; it is hemm'd in
on one Side by the Ifland, on the other by the Con-
tinent, and by abundance of other Iflands, which art
very high, and fielter it from every Wind ; it is
fo fpacious withal, that it tiam contain many thou-
fands of VeiTels, and the Sea there is ib deep, .that
the largeit Ships may come hp clofe to the Shore, ahd
ride there in perfeA fafety : You fee there, at all times,
a great Number of Chin$ Barks, which are on
their Voyage to the Countries bordering upon China:
'About twenty Years ago you might fee there many
European VeiTels, but now they come thither but fel-
dom, and all the Trade is removed to Canton. T h e
Emperor keeps lix or feven thoufand Men there in
Garrifon, under the Command of a Chin@ General.
In
8
 ,In entering into the Haven you double a Cape, or
Rock, and this Rock divides the Paffage in two, a h
moft as Mingant does the Port of Bug : The Rock
is vifible, and rifes ieveral Feet above Water.
Three Leagues &om thence there itands a little Ifland,
having a Hole through which you fee from one fide
to the other ; undoubtedly for this rwfon it is called
l3e bored Ijlaand.
Tbe pan& of Pong hou.
T H E Iflands of Pong bou form a iinall Archipe-
lago between the Port of Emouy and the Ifle of For-
&fa, which is inhabited by a Cbine/e Garrifon ; there
lq however a learned Mandarin who relides there,
to have an Eye upon merchandzng Veffels, which
go and come from Cbina to Formga, and from For-
poJa to Cbina 3 thefe Veflels are almofi continually
p&g and repaffing, from which a confiderable Re-'
venue arifes to the State. As thefe Iflands are no-
thing but Sand md Rocks, all the Meceffaries of Life,
even Fuel, are brought thither either from Hia-
\
hs or F o m q : There is neither Bufh nor Bramble
to be' reen ; one only wild Tree is all their Orna-
ment. The Harbour is convenient, and ibeltered from
all forts of Winds ; it has a fandy Bottom, and &om
twenty to five and twenty Fathom Water. When
the HolZanders were Mailers of the Port of Form@,
they built a Fort at the Exvemity of the large Ifland
of Pong bou to defend the Entrance ; there remains
no more at prefent than the Name of Hong ma0 tcbai,
which fignifies the Fort of the Red-hair'd Men (fo the
Chin@ call the Hollariders.) This Port, tho' in a wild
.and uninhabited Place, is abiblutely neceirary to For-
moja, which has none of its own, where a Vgffel that
draw4 above eight foot Water can come.

Tai
 CHINA, CHINESE-TARTARY,
&c: 371
,
T a i Ouan; or, The Ijland of Formofa.
I hall treat a little more largely of this Ifland, both
becaufe it was a long time unknown even to the Chi-
a@, whofe firfi Entring into it was in the Reign'd
the ];lit Emperor Cang hi, tho' it lies at no great Di-
b c e from them, and becailfe the Government, Man-
ners, and Cuitoms of thefe Iflanders, which are dif-
ferent from thofe of the Cbincji, and .the Courfe t h q
toak to get Poffefion of the Ifland, deferve an ex&
and copious Relation.
The whole Ifle of Farm@ is not under the Domi-
nion of the Chin+; it is divided by a Chain of Moun*
tains into two Parts, Eait and Weit: That Part on.
ly which lies on the Weit of thefe Mountains belan
to Cbina, and is included between 2 2 O . 8'. and 2 4B ,
201. of Northern Latitude. The Inhabitants of t L
Eaftern Part, if we believe the Cbinge, are BarbQ-
rians :T h e Country is mountainous, and uncultivated.
The Charalter they give of them, differs little from
what is reported of the Savages of Pmerica: They
ddcribe them as more civilized than the Irapois,
and more chafte than the Indians, of a fwet and
gentle Difpelition, loving, and rnutudlly atEfiingone .
;mother, difinterded, makin no account of Gold
and Silver, of which 'tis faid tf ey have kveral Mines 6
but e x ~ ~ v e revengeful,
ly having no Laws nor Ci-
vil Government, living upon the Fleih ofBeafis and
Fiih, without any Tokens of Worfhip or Religion.
This is the Defcription which the Chintj have drawn
of thc People who poffeis the Eaftern Part of Fmmo-
fie: But as the Cbinc/"e are not to be thoroughly cre-
dlted when they fpeak of Strangers, I will not war-
rant this Account to be true, more efpecially as there
are no Dealings between the Cbin$e and thefe People,
and they are in continual War with each other.
T h e Chinq2 knew there were Gold Mines in the
Jfland before they conquered it, which they had no
fooner
= 72 7Ze G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
iooncr done, but they fearch'd every where for the&
Mines : As they found 'em not in the Weitern Part,
whereof they were Mailers, they were refolved to f i k
ibr them in the Eaitern Part of the Ifle, where they
were affurd they might find 'em ; accordingly they
fitted out a fmall Veffel in order to go thither by
Sea, not caring to expofe themfelves in the Moun-
tains, where their Lives would have been in Danger.
They were coutteoufly received by the Iflanders, who
generoufly offered them Lodgings, Proviiions, and
all forts of Afiitance. The Chin$ continued there
about eight Days ; but all their Endeavours to diico-
ver the Mines were to no purpofe, whether it was
the Fault of the Interpreter, who opened their Defign
to thefe People, or Policy and Fear of giving um-
brage to a Nation who had Reafon to dread the Cbi-
nefi Government : However it was, they difcover'd
only fome Ingots in the Cottages,' which the poor
People had little Value for, yet thefe were a dan-
gerous Temptation to a Chin$.
Little pleafid with the Succefs of their Voyage, and
impatient at the Sight of thofe Ingots, they bithought
themfelves of a moil barbarous Stratagem ;they fitted
. out their Ve-Eel, and thefe innocent People furniihcd
h e m with every thing neceffary for their Return. They
invited their Hoits to a grand Entertainment, as they
faid, to tefiify their Gratitude ; they made the6
poor People drunk, and while they were faft afleep,
h e Chin@ cut their Throats, and fail'd away. This
cruel AAion was not long unpunifhed, but the In-
nocent fuffered for the Guilty : For as ibon as the
Report of this was fpread in the Eaftern Part of the
Ifland, the Inhabitants took up Arms, and made an
Irruption into the Northern Pan which belonged to
china, and flew without Mercy all that oppofd
them, Men, Women and Children, and fet Fire to
their Dwellings : Since that Time the two Parts of
the Ifland have been continually at ,War.
That
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T&c.
A R Y , 1\73 \

That Part of the Ifland Form@, poffefs'd by the

Cbinqe, certainly deferves the Name they gave it : Ir
is a moit- pleafant Country, the Air is wholefome and-
every where ferene,,. it yields all forts of Grain, and
is water'd by feveral h a l l Rivers, that defcend fiom
the Mountains which feparate it from the Eaitern Part ;
the Soil brings forth plenty of Corn, Rice, Mc. there
is reafon to believe that the Ground would alfo pro-
duce our European Fruit-Trees, if they were planted
there. You fee there Peaches, Apricots, Figs, Grapes,
Chefnuts, Pomegranates ; there grcxws a Sort of Me- *
Ions, which they call Water-Melons ; thefe are much
larger than thofe in Europe, oblong, and ibmetimes
round ; the Pulp is khite or red, and they are full of
fweet Juice, which is very agreeable to the Taite of
the Cbinfi. The Tobacco and Sugar that come from
thence are perfe&iy good ; all the 'Trees are ib beau-
tifully ranged, that when the Rice is planted, as ufual,
in a Line and chequer-wife, all this large Plain of the
Southern Part refembles a vafi Garden, which indu-
itrious Hands have taken Pains to cultivate.
As the Country was not inhabited till of late Years,
but by a favage PeopIe, and under no Government,
Horfes, Sheep and Goats are very rarely feen there ;
even Hogs, which are fo common in China, are dear
there ;but they have great Numbers of Hens, Ducks,
and Geefi, and likewife abundance of Oxen, which,
for want of Hod'es, Mules and Affes, ferve for com-
mon Riding ; thefe,are difciplined betimes, and they
go as good a pace and as fwift as the beit Horf'es ;they
have Bridles, Saddles, and Cruppers, which are often-
times of great Value. You fee there a great many
Stags and Apes, but few Deer ; and if there are any
Bears, wild Boars, Wolves, Tigers, and Leopards,
as in Cbina, they are in the Mountains of the Eaitern
Part ; you fee none of them in the Weft. There are *

but few Birds ;the moit common are Pheafants, which

the Fowlers will fcarce fuffer to multiply. If the
Water .
274 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Water of the Rivers was as g o d to drink, as it is
to make the Land fruidll, there would be nothing
wanting in this Ifland.
The €blm/Gdivide the Lands which they poffds in
the lfle of Formo/b into three Hien, or fubordinkte Go-
vernments, which depend upon the Capital of this
I&. Each of thek Governments have their particu-
lar Magifbares, who are immediateJy fubjea to the
Governor of this Capital, and all to the Viceroy of
the Province of Fo kicn, whereof l a i ouan, or Fot.mo/aa,
makes a Part. The Capital, which is called lai ouan
fm,is V U populous,
~ and a Place of great Refort and
Commerce ; it is equal to moil of the b$t and mofi
populous Cities of Cbina. Yoh find there every
thing that can be delired, either what the I h d idelf
fiun~fhes,as Rice, Sugar, Sugar-Candy, Tobacco,
W, hunted VenXon, which the CbincJ much ad-
mire, Fruits of every k i d , Cloaths of various Sorts,
Wool, Cotton, Hemp, the Bark of certain Trees,
cvtain Plants which much rdemble a Nettle, great
quantity of Medicinal Herbs, many of which are not
known in Europe ; or what is imported thither, as
Cbina and India Cloaths, Silks, Varniih, Chins Ware,
the f m l M a n u F d b of Europe, &c. There are
but few Mulberry-Trees in this Ifland, and confe-
uently there is but little Silk made in the Country.
If the C h j 2 had Liberty to go into Form@ to icnle
thae, many Families would gladly do it : But before
they can go thither, they mufi have PaKprts fiom
the Mandarins of Cbina, which are obtain'd with Dif-
f i dty, and they muit give !kcurity beiides. When
they arrive in the Illand, the Mandarins there are ve-
ry diligent in examining thofe who come in, or go
out, and Come of them exalt Money under-hand. This
Excefi of Caution is the EEe& of good Policy, to
hinder all Sow of Perfons fiom paffing over to For-
m$~, dpecially when the Tartars were Mafiers OF
China. &rmcs/b is a Place of great Importance,
and
 -
and if a Chin+ ihoald Eize it, he might excite gnat
Troubles in the Empire, therefore the Emperor keeps
there 1900 Men in Garriion, commanded by a T/6q
Ping, or Lieutenant-General, two Major-Gends,
and feveral inferior Officers, whom he takes care to
change every three Years, or ofiner if there be Oc-
don.
The Streets of the Capital are alrnofi all drawn
in a Line, and all caver'd feven or eight Months in
the Year, to defend &em from the Near of theSm.
They are from thirty to forty Foot in breadth, but
fome of them ahnoit a League in length. They
are almofi all lin'd with Shops of Silk, Ckina WM,
and other Commodities in admirable Order, in which
the Cbinej excel. 'Twere a Pleafure to walk in thefe
SEW, if they were better paved, and lefi crowded by
Paibgers : The HouCes are all covered with Straw,
and built fbr the mofi part with Clay and Bamboo ;
but that Difignxablenefs is out of Sight, by reafon of
the Tents that cwer the Streets, fo that you can iix: .
nothing but the Shops. I s i ouan f i has neither For-
tifications nor W d s : The Tartars do not intrench
their Forces, nor confine their Courage within a Ram-
an, but love to fight on Hodeback in the open
'5ielicld. The Harbour is iheltered from cvay Wind,
but the Entrance into it becomes more difficult every
Day : Formerly there were two Ways to enter into
it, one called 70 kiang, where the greatefi VeK&
floated with eafe, and the other Loulb men, the Bot-
tom of which is Rocky, and not above nine or ten
Foot deep at high Water. The Firfi is now uhpaf-
file ; in fome Places thcreare no more than five Foot
Water, and no where above feven or eight ; the
Sand which the Sea drives thither, fills it u every
P
Day r By this Ta kiang the Dutch Veffels ormerly
mtred into the Harbour, and in order to prevent the
coming in ~f itrange Ships, they m e e d . a Cittadd
on the Extremity of the Ifland, to the South of fa ,
kia~~,
 kjang, which wodd haue been much admired, if it-
were not built upon the Sand; but however it was
veryL neceirary for their Defence againft their moit
f i a b l e Enemies, the Chin+ and the Japan@.
That Part of Form@, which is fubj& to the Chi-
n+, is compofed of two different Nations, the Chi-
n$ and the Natives ; the former for Lucre's fake
came thither fiom feveral Provinces of C h a . Tai
ouanfou, Fong chan hien, and Tcbu lo bicn are inha-
bited only by Chin@, for the three Hicn or Govern-
ments I mention'd before are all in the DiftriCt of.
the Capital : The Natives ferve as .Domefiicks, or
rather as Slaves. Beiides thefe three Cities, the Cbi-
ne/e have many Villages, but not one confiderable
Fort except Ngan ping tching : This Fort ftands at
the Foot of the Caitle of Zelad, for that is the Name
- which the Hollanders gave the City I fpake of. There
are at Ngan ping tching four or five hundred Families,
and a Garrifon of 2000 Men, commanded by a Ma-
jor-General. The Government and Manners of the
Cbinge at Forrnfa differ nothing from thofi of China,
$0 that I &all only obferve what is the Genius of
the Natives of the Ifland, and the Nature of their
Government. The People of Formfa, who are fub-
jell to the Chin@, are divided into forty five Towns,
or" Plantations, which they call I'che, thirty fix in
the North, and nine in the Southern Part. The
Towns of the North are very populous, and the
Houfes little different from thofe of the Chin@. T h o k
of the South are only a heap of Cottages made of
Clay and Bamboo, cover'd with Straw, raifed upon
a kind of Terrafi threeor four Foot high, built in the
Form of a Funnel inverted, and from fifteen, twenty,
thirty, to forty Foot in Diameter ; fome are feeparated
by Partition-walls. They have in thefe Huts neither
Chairs, Bench, Table, Bed, nor any Moveable; in
the middle is a fort of Chimney, or Stove, raifed two
or three Foot or more from the Ground, where they
drefi
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c. 177
drefi their Vi&uals. Their common Food is Rice, -
iimall Corn, and any Game they can take, which
they do either by running or with Arms. Their
Swiftneis is furpriiing, they will outrun Horks
that go full fpeed, which proceeds, as the Chi-
neje fay, fiom their Cufiom of binding their
Lains and Knees tight and hard, till they are four- 1

t e n or fifteen Years old. For their Arms they ufe

a kind of Dart or Javelin, which they hurl the Di-
h n c e of ieventy or eighty Paces with the utmoft Ex-
aanefi ; and tho' their Bows and Arrows are very
ordinary, yet they can kill a Pheafant flying as
fbre as they do in Europe with a Gun. They are
very flovenly in their Meals, ufing neither Dilhes,
Plates, Spoons, Knives nor Forks : They place what
is provided upon a piece of Board or Matt, and uii:
'their Fingers to eat with, as the Apes do. They ear
Flek half raw, and the lefs it is roailed the more
agreeable it is to them. Their Beds are the freih
Leaves of a certain Tree very common in the Coun-
try, which they gather and fpread upon the Ground,
or on a Board in their Cottages, and there lie down ,
to fleep. Their Habit is only a piece OF Cloth, which
they wear from the Waifi down to the Knees. Pride,
fo rooted in the Heart of Man, finds a Way to in-
dulge it felf even in Nakednet ;it puts there People to
more Expence and Trouble, than thok who are more
civilized, and addi&ed to Luxury and Magnificence.
Some borrow the Hair of Beaits, and the Silk of
Worms, which they imbroider with Gold and Sil-
ver ; fome are content with their own Skin, in' which
they imprint many odd Figures of Trees, Beaits,'
Flowers, €96. The Operation is fo excefively pain-
ful, that it would certainly kill 'em, if it were done
all at once ; they are imploy'd in it many Months,
fome a whole Year. Every Day during the Opera-
tion they muit put themielves to fome Torture, and
a11 this to fatisfy the D:iire they have of diitinguifh-
V O L. I. N- ing
 i11g themfelves from the Multitude, for it is not per-
mitted indifferently to all forts of Peribns to wear
thefe Marks of DifiinAion. This Privilege is
granted only to thok who, in the Judgment of
the moit confiderable Men of the Town, have ex-
celled others in Running or Hunting : But all are
allowed to blanken their Teeth, wear Ear-rings,
Bracelets above the Elbows and Wrifis, ColJars, and
Crowns made up of h a l l party-coloured Beads, dif-
pofed in Ceveral Ranges ; the Crown terminates in
a Plume of Feathers, either of Cocks or Pheafmts,
which they carefully join together.
thefe fantaitical Ornaments upon a ManIXt a fine en-
ofus
der Shape, olive Complexion, with his Hair han ing -
negligently upon his Shoulders, armed with a bow
and Arrows, his Garment no more than a Piece of
Cloth two or three Foot long, round about his
Body from the Waiit to the Knee, and we have a
true Portrait of a Beau of the Sauth Part of the Ifle
of Formoja.
In the North Part, where the Climate is lefi
warm, they clothe themfelves with the Deer-Skins
which they k i
ll in Hunting, of which they make a
Garment without Sleeves, not much unlike a Dalma-
tick. They w a r a Cap in the Form of a Cylinder,
made of the Stalks of Banam Leaves, embellifhed
+ with feveral Crowns placed one above, another, and
tyed tight together with Fillets and fmall party-co-
loured Strings. On the T.op of the Cap is ftuck a
Plume of Feathers of Cocks or Phedants, in tlx
fame Manner as is done in the South.
Their Marriages are agreeable enough ;they don't*
purchafe Wives as they do in China, nor have any
mercenary Views on one fide or the other ; perhaps
the Parents may have fome fmall Interefi to confult.
When a young Man is inclin'd to Matrimony, a d
has found a hfi whom he likes, he goes for Gveral
Days after with a MuIical Infirument to her Door ;
if
if ihe confenrs to have him, ihe goes out to meet
him, they agree together upon Terms, and lait of all
acquaint their Parents with their Intentions. T h e
Wedding-Entertainment is prepared at the Houfe of
the young Woman, where the young Man abides af-
terwards, and returns no more to his Father. From
that time the young Man looks upon the MOUEof
his Father-in-Law as his own, and he is the Support
of it ;as for his own Father's Houk, he regards is
no more than the Women in Europe do, who it
their Fathers H o d e to go and live with their &f-
bands. Therefore here they think it no Happinef,
to have Male Children, they deGre only Daughters,
who 'procure them Sons-in-law that will be helpful
to them in their Old Age.
Tho' thefe Iflanders are entirely fubjea to the Chi-
n4e, yet they preferve fome Remains of their ancient
Government. Every Town makes choice of three
or four of the oldeit Men, the moil difiinguiihcd for
Probity, who by this Choice become the Htads and
Judges of the reR of the Town : Thefe finally det?r-
mine all Diffenences ; and if any one refufes to abide
by their Judgment, he is infiantly turned out o f the
Town, without Hopes of ever returning thither, and
ru> ather Town dares to receive him.
They pay their T d m t e to the Chin.$ in Corn, in
Tails or Skins of Deer,'or in other things ofthis Na-
ture thrvt are eaiily found in the Illand. T o regu-
late what concerns the Tribute, there is appointed in
every Town a CbinG, who underitands the L a n g u ~ e ,
to ferve as an Interpreter to the Mandarins. TheG
Interpreters, who ought to procure the Eafi of the
poor People, and hinder them from being oppreffed,
are fo many petty Tyrants, who exercife the Patience
not only of the Iflanders, but of the Mandarins alfo,
who are forced to continue then1 in their Emploxs to
avoid greater Inconveniences. Of the twelve 'Towns
.which were ful?jrR to the CbinPJe in the Southern Part,
N 2 there
 there remain but nine ; three haverevolted, anddrovea-
way their Interpreters,, paying no moreTribute toChina,
but haveunited themfelves with the Eafi Part of theIfle.
Under the reigning Emperor many of the Towns
have fubmitted, and 'tis hoped that by degrees others
will follow their Example. Tho' thefe People pafi
in the Account of the Chin@ for Barbarians, they
Gem to approach nearer to true Wifdom than many
Philofophers of China. By the Confefion of the Chi-
n+ themfelves, there is amon@ 'em no Cheating,
Thieving,Quarrelling or Law-fuits,except againit their
Interpreters ; they are juit and affetkionate one to ano-
ther : If any thing is given to one of them, he dares
not touch it, till they who have fhared with him in
the Labour and Toil partake alfo of the Reward.
It appears that there were Chriitians among thefi
Iflanders, when the Hollanders were Mafters of the
Port. There are many who underitand the Dutcb
a Language, who can read their Books, and who in
Writing ufe their Letters, and many Fragments of
pious Dutcb Books are found amon@ them.
Thefe People adore no Idols, but abominate every
thing that has any Relation to them, and yet perform
no A& of Religion, nor recite any Prayers. Never-
thelefi there are ibme amongit them who acknow-
ledge one God, the Creator of Heaven and Earth, one
God in three Perfons, Father, Son, and Holy Ghoit ;
and who fay that the firfl Man was called Adam,
and the firit Woman Eve ; that for difobeying God
they drew his Anger upon themfelves, and all their
Defcendants; that it is neceffary to have recourie to
Baptifm for to wak off this Stain. They know even
- the Form of Baptifm, yet it is not certain whether
they baptize or no.
Tho' Formofi is not far from China, yet the Chi-
n@,- according to their Hifiory, had no knowledge-
of it, till the Time of the Emperor Suen ti, of t h e
Dynafiy of Milrg, about the Year of our Lord 1430,
when
 when the Eunuch Ouan fin pao, in returning from the .
Weft was cafi by a Storm upon that Ifland.
This Eunuch finding himielf in a itrange Land,
where the People feemed as barbarous as the Country
was beautiful, fiay'd there a confiderable time, that he
might get fome Intelligence whereof he might inform
his Mailer: But the EffeR of all his Enquiry was that
he brought from thence fome Plants and Medicinal
Herbs, which are itill ufed in China with Succefi.
In the forty k o n d Year of the Emperor Kia l/ing,
and in the Year of Chriit 1564, fi ta yeou, a Com-
mander of a Squadron of Ships, cruifing along the
Eaitern Sea of China, met with a Pirate named Lin
.
tao kien, who had made himfelf Maiter of the Ifles of
Pong hou, where he left Part of his Men ; he was a '
cruel and ambitious Man, thiriting after Glory ; and
to render himfelf famous, he no fooner perceived Ti
ta yew but he came upon him with full Sail, attacked
him briskly, and had inhllibly beaten the Chin@
Squadron, if the Commander thereof had been a Per-
ion of leis Skill and Bravery. Tu ta yeou received the '
firit Fire with unconcern, after which he attacked in
his Turn Cin tao kien ; the Engagement lafied five
Hours, and the Night put an end to it, when Lin
tao kien made off towards the Iflands of Pong bou, in
order to refrefh his Men, to take thesoldiers he had left
on Board, and to return towards the Enemy : But Tu
tnyeou, an experienced Captain, purfued him fo clofe-
- ly, that Lin tao kien found by Break of Day the En-
trance into the Port of Pong bou blocked up by the
Enemy's Ships : His Forces being much diminiihed
in the Engagement, and Terror having feized the reit,
11ejudged it dangerous to attempt to enter the Har-
bour; he then refolved to continue his Courfe, and to
go and water at Fommoja.
Tu ta yeozr purfued him thither, but meeting ,
with Shoals, and having no knowledge of the En-
trance of the Harbour, he was unwilling to expafi *

N 3 his
182 23e G . E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
his Ships, and retired to the tfla of Pong hou, of
which he made hiidelf Mafier, and takingrhe Soldiers
Prifoners that were kft, placed a good Garrifon chere,
returning vi&orious to China, where he gave an Ac-
count of his Difcoveries and his Expedition. T h e
Court received the News with Joy, and nominated
a Mandarin of Learning for Governor a f the Iflands
af Pang hou. Formoja, fays the Chimj Hiitmian,
was then an uncultivated Place, and inhabited only
by Barbarians. En tao ken, who had grand Defies,
did not think this 3fiand, in the Condition it was in,
convenient for him ; therefore he nairacred all the In-
habitants that fell into his Hands, and with ctnpard-
lel'd Barbarity heared his Veffels with the Blood of
thde unfmnate People, and prefentiy fming iail he
retired to the frovince of @ang bong, where he died
miiErably.
At the End of the Year 1620, d i c h was the firft
of the Emperor %'?en ki, a Japnnefe Squadron of
Ships came upon the CoaR of Formfi : The Com-
mander finding the Csuntry, tho' uncdtivatd, apro-
per Place to fettle a Colony, took a -Reiblution to
ieize upon it, and to that End left there a Party of
his Men, with Orders to get Information necegary to
the Execution of his Deiign.
.About the fame Time a Dutch Veffel, in her Voy-
age from Japan, or in her Return thither, was forced
by a Storm into F~rrnoSa, wwhe they found the
g npnnej in no condition -of oppofing them : T h e
ountry appearing beautihl to the I~vlZandcrs, and

UP
advantageous for their Commerce, ey pretended
w a n t of Refrefhtnent, and TI,' gs neceffary &I
refitting their YeGI, which was damaged by the
Storm: Some of them made an Excurfion inta
rhe Country, and having examined it, returned on
h a r d . The HoElalzdcrs did not work at their Veffel
during the Abfence of their Companions, and it was
not till aftor their Return that they thought of refit-
ing
ing her. They beleeched the Japange, with whom
they had no mind to be at Variance, for fear of
hurting their Commerce, to permit them to build an
Habitation upon the Brink ofthe Ifland, at one of the
Entrances into the Harbour, which might be fervice-
able to them with r e f p a to their Commerce to Ja-
pan ; the yapan@ at firit reje&ed the Propofal, but
the Hollanders preffed the Matter fo that the Japanefi
at lait confented, when they affured them they requir-
ed no more Ground than what could be incompaffed
with an Ox's Hide.
T h e Hollanders then took an Ox's Hide and cut it
int6 fmall Thongs, which they tied end to end, and
therewith meafured rhe Ground they delired : The
Japan+ were at firit a little vexed at this Trick, but
afier fome RefleRions they laughed at it, and .were
pacifjed, and hffered the Hollanders to do as they
pleafed with the Piece of Ground. Upon this Spot
they built the Fort I mentioned ; over the Gate are
itill feen the& Words, The CaJle of Zeland, 1634.
By building this Fort the Hollanders had the Com-
mand *of the Harbour, and the only Paffage where
great Veirels could come in : Perhaps the Japane/"e
perceived too late the Importance of it ; but however it
was, whether they took Difguit at the new Fort, or .
did not find their Account in this Ifland, a little
while after they quitted it entirely, and returned home.
By this means the Hollanders became fole Maiters of
FormJa, for the Inhabitants were in no condition to
oppofe them. The better to fecure the Harbour, they
built on the other Side, over againit the Fort of Zeland,
a Fortification confifting of four Half-Baitions.
A t this Time China was all in a Flame, imbroiled
with a Civil War, which was the Defolation of many
beautihl Provinces, and fufiaining at the fame Time
a War againfi the Tartar, who at lait feized upon the
Empire, and founded the prefent reigning D y n e .
Qne of tbofe who ihewed mofi Valour and Courage
F/4 in
184 ' Be G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
in oppofing the Tartars, was Tchiurg tchi long of the
Province of Fo kien, a Man raired by Fortune from
a fmall Beginning to be the richeit Merchant *of
China. Tcbing tcki long fitted out, at his own Expence,
a fmall Fleet againft the Tartars ; he was prefintly
followed by a vait Number of Chinge Ships, and
thereby became the Commander of as formidable a
Fleet as was ever feen in thefe Seas. The Tartar of-
fered him the Dignity of King, upon condition he
would pay him Homage, which he refufed, but did not
long enjoy his good Fortune.
His Son Tching tching cong fucceeded him in the
Command of this numerous Fleet ; more zealous
itill for his Country and Fortune than his Father,
he made feveral Attempts,, befieged many confider-
able Cities, as Hai tching in the Province of Fo kien,
which he took afier having cut in pieces the larta-
vian Army that came to its Relief, Ouen tcheou in
the Province of lcbe kiang, Nan king in the Province
of Kiang nun, &c.
This firft Succefs lafred not long, for he was at
length overcome by the Tartars, and drove.out of
China : Then he turned his Views and Ambition to-
wards Fovmoja, refolving to drive the Hollanders out of
the fame, and ere& a new Kingdom there. I t was
the I 7th Year of the Emperor Chun chi the Fa-
ther of Cang hi, and I 661 of our Lord, when fching
.tching cong quittcd China in order to retire to For-
m@: In his Paffage he took the Iflands of Pong bog.
The Hollanders believing they had nothing to fear
from Chin&, which was itill embroiled, took no Care
to fortify Pong hou and l a i ouan : Therefore Tcbing
tching cong foon mafiered thefe 1flands, and Ieft there
zoo Ships to guard them, and continued his Courfe
towards Fovmt$a. There were no more than eleven
Hollnnderi left to defend the Fort and Harbour of For-
mob ; the reit of the Garrifon was made up partly
of fizdia Blacks, and partly of the Inhabitants of the
Country ;
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T &c:
A R Y , 185
Country : ~ o t w i t h k a n d i nthis
~ Inequality of Forcer,
the Hollanders refolved to defend themfelves, which
they did with Courage and Bravery. lcbing tching ,
wng entered the Harbour with his Fleet compotied of
goo Sail, by the Channel of. Loulh men, a League a-
bove the Fort of Zelalzd ; he landed Part of his Men
with a Defign to attack the Fort by Sea and Land:
T h e Siege lafied four Months, in which Time the
' Hollanders defended themfelves with their Cannon,with
more Succefi than they could hope for. lching tcbing
cong was inraged to Ge fuch Oppoiition and Courage
in a Handful of Eirropeans againit an Army ib nurne-
. rous as his. As the Cbinge had not the Ufc of Can-
non, they could not anfwer the Hollanders; io they
had no Hope of reducing them but by Famine,
which would require a long Time, during which they
might be relieved by their Ships coming from Bata-
via, or thofe that traffick to Japan. *

fching tching cong was fenfible of the Difficulty of

his Enterprize ; but he law himfelf ihut out of China,
without Hopes of ever returning thither under the
fartars, againit whom he had waged War ; he knew
befides that if Formoja was not open to him, he had
no h t h e r Remedy lefi : For thefe R d o n s he refolv-
ed to ufe his utmoit Efforts againit the Hollandeus.
Thefi had a h l l y four Ships in the Harbour, and
they had put on Board each of them one of their own
Men, together with Indians to guard .it ; the other fe-
ven Hollanders remained in the Cittadel or Fort of
Zeland.
The Chine e Captain being determined to make a
i
Sacrificeof ome few of his Veffels, turned them into
Fire-ihips, which having the Advantage of a high
Wind from the No;-th-Eait, drove upon the Veffels
of the Hollavders, and burnt three of them out of four.
When he had thus-tiucceeded in his Wiihes, he fum-
moned the llollanders to furrender, declaring that he
would give them Leave to depart with all their
EffeRs; 4
I 86 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
EB&s, but if they refded would give them no
Quarter.
The Hollanders having no more than one Ship left
for their Affiance, willingly accepted the Offer :
They loaded their VeGl with all their Effe&s, de-
livered the Place into the Hands of the Cbineji, and
departed.
Tcbing tcbing con-, having now none to oppofe his
Deiigns, difiributed a certain Number of his Troops
jn that Part of Farmoja, which is at this time in
, the PoGfion of the Chineje, and placed a Garrifon
at Xi long kbns, a forfaken Fortreis which the Spa-
niards formerly built. H e ereffed a Fortrefi at Ian
h i tzbing, upon the Mouth of the River fan chui,
where the Cbinge VeiTels might lie at Anchor, and
pitched upon thofe Places where Tchu lo jen and Fong
cban bien now Rand, fbr the Building of two Towns,
which he called ficn bing &en, and Ouan nied hicn :
H e appointed the Capital of thefe new-ereaed States
at a Place now called Tai ouan fou, and gave t o
this City the Name of Ching tien fau : His Palace and
Court he fettled in the Fort of Zeland, and gave it
, the Name, which it itill preferves, of Ngan ping fou.
I t was then that Formqa began to receive a new
Form, for he eftablifhed there the fame Laws, the fame
Cufioms and Government as in China: H e en-
joyed his new Conqueft but a ihort Time, for'he
died within a Year and fome Months after he took
PoIfefZon of this Ifland. His Son I'cbing king mai
fucceeded him : As he was a Perfon addiaed to Books,
h e took little Care of cultivating the Country, which
his Father had procured for him with fo much Toil
and Labour : This abated the Courage and Zeal' o f
the Troops for his Service.
In the twelfi Year of the Reign of Caag bi, and
in 1673 of the Chriflian B r a , the Kings of guang
to% and Fo kicn revoked from the Emperor. Tcbing
h g m i , deiirous to reanimate the Ardour of his
Soldiers,
Soldiers, took a Refdution to join the King of Fo
hen againft the fartar : H e f i t d out his Fleet, and
went in order ro have an Interview with him upon
the Coafis of his Province. Becauk he would be
&ted like a Sovereign Prince, and the King of Fo
&en would have the Precdncy of him, he was fo
p~ovokedthat. he d e w War agahft him u p the
Spot.
They fbught with Reklution and Gurage on both
Sides ; but the Forces of lching king mai king com-
pokd of Veteran Soldiers, 6 many E r g g e m s
were lo many ViRories. The King of Fo kien at Jaft
found bhimfelf obltged go undergo the Tonfure once
more, and to furrender h i d i l f to dx Difcreton and
Clermency of the Tartars. ltbing klqg mai returned
to Form., where he died f i a f~k , leaving his Son
~ i n keg fin, who was Pery young, for his S d -
tor, under the Care of liw kwc can, and Fox /ifm,
two OAicers well aaach'd to him.
The Revolt of Fo kien terminating in the Advnn-
@ge of the Tartars, they aboliihed the Title of King,
and in the Ykr 1682 appointed for Governor of
chis and the Province of fcbe kiatlg, a F/"Bngtm,
which is a Dignity Comething above that of Viceroy.
The firit they nominated was Tjng tau jao; p
M m of great Capacity, civil and engaging. He no
fboner mered upon his Charge, but he publiihed a
CaKml Amnefly, which reached wen Formoh, for
all &ofe who would fubmit to the Tmtarhn Govern-
ment, p~omifmg- to procure them the f~rneEmploy-
mats, $andthe Same Honours and Privileges they en-
joyed under their own Governors.
This Declaration had the EEe& which f f i tow
JUOdefired ; the greateit part of thofe who had fol-
lowed I ' c b i ~tcbing c o q having abandoned their Na-
tive Country, Wives and Children, and living in a
itrange Land, uncultivated, and almofi uninhabited,
a d defpairing af drawing any confiderable A d v p
"
tag=
 I
tage from it, were tranfported to find a favourable
Opportunity of returning to their Families ; fome did
not deliberate at alI, but immediately forfook Tchng
L f i n to go to Fo kien.
Tjng tou ym received them with much Civility,
! and conferred great Favours upon* them, infornuch
that they were followed prefintly ,after by .many o-
thers.
ffing tou yao believed then there was a favourable
ConjunQure to feize upon Formfa, and immediately
fent away.a codiderable Fleet under the Command of
a liton, or Lieutenant-General, to reduce the Iflands
of Pong hou. The Tifozc found more Reiiftance
than he expetted ; the Soldiers with the help of the
Hollanders Cannon made a vigorous Defence, but they
were at lafi forced to yield to Numbers. The Ifle of
Pong bou being taken, the young Prince's Council
judged it impofible, confidering the Temper of his
Troops, to preferve Formfa ; and without waiting
for the Arrival of the Ti tou, to attack 'em in Form,
they difpatched away a Packet-boat, to carry a Peti-
tion to the Em eror in the Name of the young Prince,
?
by which he ubmitted to his Majefty. Were follows
the Petition, as it was tranflated from the Chin@.
Tching ke fan, King of Yen ping, ,Chief Commander
of the Army, prc/c'ents this Petition to the Emperor.
W H E N I proitrate my felf at your Majefiy's
Feet, and reflea on the Grandeur of Chna, that its
' Reputation has always been maintain'd with Ho-
' nour, that it has boaited of a very numerous Suc-
cefion of Kings, I cannot but acknowledge that it
' is the fpecial Providence of T'en which made choice
' ofyour illufiriousHoufe to govern the nine Earths.*
' Tien had not brought about this Revolution, but
lbdt is * b y , all the habitable World. f i r Chinefe divide
rbr Earth into ninr Sorts; I . Mountainavr good Earth. 2. Stony
Momn-
' for the Perfeaion and Improvement of the j- Five
' Virtues, as appeats plainly by the good Manage-
' ment and happy Succefi of all your Majeity's Un-
' dertakings. As for my Ancefiors, they bore true
' Allegiance to theit Sovereigns, and in this they en-
' deavoured to teuftify their Gratitude for the Favours
' they received from the preceding Dynaity, at a
' Time when my Family had received none from
' your gIorious Dynaity. This Attachment to his
' Prince obliged my Grandfather Tching tching cong
' to forfake Chinn, to feek for Shelter "Ithe unculti-
' vated Lands of the Efij?. M y Father Iching king
' nzai was a hdious Man, nor caring to expofe him-
' felf to Dangers ;like the Kings of Y e Zang, he whol-
' ly employed himfelf in governing and infiruRing
' his People ;contented with this Spot of Land in the
' midfi of the Sea, he had no further Views. Hi-
' therto I have enjoyed Advantages derived from my
' Anceftors, and tefiify my Gratitude continualfy, by
' calling to mind the Favours which they received
' from Heaven, without a$Thoughtof aggrandifing
' my felf upon Earth. At prefent I behold your Ma-
' jeity refembling the Heavens, which cover all things
' by their Expanfion and Height, and alfo the Earth
' which by its Firmnefs fuuftains them, always inclin-
' able to ihew Mercy, and to fiop the EffeCt of too
' rigorous a Juitice ; which Clemency is the Founda-
' 'tion upon which your Government Rands. Your
' Majeity is become like the rifing. Sun, which no
' fooner appears in the Horizon, but its Light is diffu-
' fid in an inibnt over the whole Earth, and difipates
' in a Moment the flight Mifis which obfcure the Sur-
' face thereof; how then dare fthink-but oi applying
' myfilf to my Perfeltion, as the only Expedient of ma-
' king my Life eafy for the future. If I had thought
tains. 3. Hilb. 4. B(ac.4 and dry Earth. 5 . J%ip Eavth. 6.
Sandy Earth. 7. Rich Eartb. 8 . Yellow Eart5. 9 Red Earth.
-t Charity, JuJice, Decency, Prudence, and Fidrlio.
' of
1 go.
-
i'
6 of failing Wefiwsd of China, I confefs I had been
tb blame ; for, alas ! how few remaia of my Fa-
mily which came to Formo/a E They arc become
6 like early Dew, which vaniihes at the Appearance
of the Sun. How then durit I underrake any thing
againit your Ma&* ? I fmerely affirm that my
6 Heart f u h i t s entirely td your Majeity, and my
- 6 future Behaviour will make it evidenc. I am fen-
6 Gble now that I have been engagcd in a bad C d e ,
6 2nd for the fbture I will venture to walk freejy in

6 the Baths of Charity, after the ExampleofK; Iixg,

6 I ardently wilh to fee a perfea Harmony &ween

6 Heaven and Earth : The poor People of this Lfle
6 &re no more than to live in o frugal: Manner,
6 they are Stxangers to Gluttony and Drunknnefs.

If they are treated with Humanity, they will ba m r e

' iacl1'nable to SubmiIEion, It is the Nature of Fifh
to love the dapeil Wa4ers ; they cam enjoy a long
' Life in the midR ofi the Waves of the Sea. Thus
have I laid open to your Majefip in this Perition
6 the time Sentiments of my heart, and if not in. the
fincercit Manner, m y I never enjoy the cori3fsrt-
' able Light of the Sun! '
T h e Empew, in anfwer to this Petition, ordered
f ~ k i n gke fa to kave F ~ Iand, come to Pe-
kiag. fcbing ke@%, who was afraid to go to Peki~g,
iignified to the Emperor in a kcond Petirim, which
he Ent by &me of his principal QBicers, that being
b ~ r nin the Southan Countries, and of a weakly
Confiitutian,lPe dreaded the cold Clk~areof the North,
therefare he bqkched his Majefiy to give him leave
t~ retire into the Province ot Fo Eim, from whgtace
his,Amefiors cam. This lafi Petition had no Ef-
&& ; fo that the unforumate Prince, iieiag hi&lf
Jmdt h d o n ' d , was conitrained to deliver Formo~
fi into the Hands of rhe Tartars, and to go to Pe-
king, where ypon his arrival at Court he was in-
veiled with the Quality of Count, in the twenty fe-
cand Year of Cang hi, and I 683 of the Chriftian B r a .
8 Ibc
 l'be Fzpb Province of tbe Empire of China,
Tche kiang.
T H IS is one of the mofi fertil and trading P m v h
ces of the Empire. It is bounded on tbc Eait by
the Sea, on the South by the Province of Fo on
the North and Weft by the Ymvinces of Kiang nun
and Kiang Ji. It contains eleven Fsu, or Tawns of
the Fir-it Qrds, which are Like Eo many Provinces,
and feventy h e n Towns of the Second aad Third Or-
der, without reckoning an infinite Number of Towns
and Villages exceeding populous.
The whole Country is inter@erf'ed with Mountaim
Jmofi all cultivated, and fruitful Fieids with Rivers
and Channels, cut out either by Nature or the Induftry
the Cbinfe. Thefe Channels are large, deep, and
baak'd on each fide with Free Stone, having Bridges
over them at proper Diilances, which maintain a com-
munication between one part of the Country and ano-
ther, fo that a Man p a y travel by Land or Water
thro' the whole Province. T h e Springs of freih Wa-
ter and Lakes, wherewith the Country abounds, con-
tribute much to its Fertility.
The Inhabitants are of a iweet and affable D ~ Q -
lition, and have a great deal of Wit and Politen&;
their Silks, which are ingeniodly made, and imbrai-
der'd with Gold and Silver, are the beit of any that
are made in China, and fo cheap, that a Garment
made of the fineft Silk cofis le6 than one of common
Woollen Cloth in Europe. W e y have there a great
many Fields full of Dwarf Mulberry-Trees, which
are reitrain'd in their Growth; they plant and
prune 'em almofi like Vines. Long Experience has
taught the Cbinge, that the Leaves of the fmall Mul-
berry-Trees make the befi Silk.
They
 They nouriih in this Province fo great a Number
of Silk-Worms, that one may affirm this alone is
capable of funiihing Japan, the Philippines, and Eu-
rope with Silks of all forts.
Every thing neceffary for Life is found here in a-
bundance ; the Mountains which lie to the South and
Wefi are all manured ;in other places, where they are
rocky, they furniih Timber for building Ships and
Houfes.
In the Lakes of this, Country is found the
Golden Fiih, of which I gave a Defcription elie-
where ; there is here excellent Crawfiih, and in great
In fome Places there grows great Plenty
%ri'Y.uihrooms,.which are carried over the whole Em-
of
pire. Afier they have pickled 'em in Salt, they dry
'em, and kee 'em a whole Year ; when they have
P
a mind to u e them, they iteep 'em for fome time in
Water, which makes 'em as good and fkfh as when
firft gathered.
The beit Hams of Bacon are made in this Pro-
vince. Here is likewik found that extraordinary Tree
called Ou kieou mou, which produces Tallow, :and
alfo thofe fmall Trees bearing a very white Flower,
which refembles Jeffamin, except that they have grea-
ter quantity of Leaves, and their Smell is fir more,
pleafant. One of the Flowers is fufficient to per-
fume a whole Houfe : Therefore the Cbine e have io
d
great a Value for them, that to prefervc efe imall
Trees, they take the fame Precautions that are did
in Eurqe to defend Orange-Trees from the Rigor
of the Winter.
Tho' the Fruit called Pe tci is found in other
Places,. yet it is moil common in this Province : It .
grows in Fenny Ground, and is about the bignefi of
a Chefnut ; its Kernel is covered with a thin Skin,
the Pulp is white, and full of pleafant Juice, hard,
and a little fourifh.
'some
 Some pretend, that if a Piece of Copper Money
be put into the Mouth along with the Fruit, the
Teeth can break it as eafily as the Fruit it felf; Per-e
Martini reports this as a Truth, but other MiEona-
ries, willing to make a Trial, did not end it fro.
Throughout the whole Empire thoce Canes or
geeds are to be found which the PortugueSp call Ban-
boos, but Tcbe kiang has greater plenty of them than
any other Province ; there are whole Foreits of them
i n it. Thefe Bamboos are of great ufe in C b i h ;
they are very large and hard, and tho' they are hol-
low within and knotty, yet they are very firong, and
will bear the heaviefi Welght. The Leaves are long,
and turn up at the Ends; as hard as they are, they
iplit eafily into finall Strings, and they make ofthem -
Matts, Boxes, Combs, €5'6. As they are naturally
hollow, they are very proper to make Pipes to convey
Water from Place to Place, or they may ferve for
Tubes of Telefcopes, and other things of the hme
kind.
2 % A$
~ City, Capital cf the Prdrr)2cc,
Hang tcheou fou.
THIS is one of the richeft and fargeh Cities of
the Empire : It is chiefly confiderable on account of
its Situation, which is the mofi advantageous that could
be defired, the prodigious Number of its Inhabitants,
the Conveniency of its Canals, and the Trade it car-
ries on of the fineft Silk in the World.
If we believe the Chin@ Proverb, it is the Terre-
itrial Paradife : It is almofi of a round Form, and a-
bout forty Lys, or four Leagues in Circumference,
without including the Suburbs ; thefe Lys ought to
be 360 Paces. From the Eafi Gate to the North,
they reckon ten Lys; one of our Mifionaries, in ,
counting the Steps of the Chairmen, readily judged
that a Lys has tI~lrtMeahre.
I94 Z&e G E N E R A H
- LI S T O RofY
As to the Number of Inhabitants, it amounts
to more than a million of Souls. A Chrifiian Gentle-
man affured a Mifionary that refided there; that with-
in the Cit alone, without comprehendihg the Sub-
!
urbs, whic are very large, the Officers who levy the
T a x have upon their Lifts about 300,000 Bou, o r
Families ; this Number is called in the Chin+, Sun
che voan, which lignifies thirty times 10,ooo.
The Walls of Hang tcheou are very high and thick :
The Water in the Canals of the City is not clear, and
there is upon thok of the Suburbs a prodigious Num-
ber of Barks, where whole Families dwell as in a Can-
ton. The Streets are very narrow, but the Shops
are convenient, and the Merchants are reckoned very
rich.
Thefe Streets are adorn'd with Triumphal Arches,
but chiefly in Places of great Refort ; there are many
Monuments raifed in honour of fuch Mandarins as
had difiinguifhed thedelves in the Difcharge of their
Office, or were advanced to the chief Dignities of the
Empire : You fee there alfo four great Towers of fe-
veral Stories. There are 7000 Men in Garrifon under
the l j a n g kiun, or Tartan'an General, and 3000 un-
der the Fou yuen, or Viceroy.
Tho' there are large Gardens in the City, and the
Houfis have but one Story, it is furpriiing how po-
pulous it is : The great Streets are crowded like t h o 6
of Paris, with this Difference, that you fee no Wo-
men there : The Tartarian Troops have a Fortrefi,
which is feparated from the City by a Wall. T h e
River lcien tang kiang runs clofe by the Walls, and
in this Place it is a large League in breadth.
W e may fay, without an Hyperbole, that Hang
trheozi is properly the Region of Silk, becaufe that is
the chief Commodity that is wrought there. T h e y
pretend they have 60,000 People at work within the
Walls ; and if To, there mufi be many hundred thou-
rands in the adjacent Parts, and Places depending upon
Kia
fia hirgfou, and Hou tcheou fou, iince there is fcarce
a little Village where Silk is not wrought.
T h e floweid Taffetaes, and Satins called Lin $,and
others quite plain, but clofe work'd and even, called
Lao an ji, which are made in this City, are count-
ed d LR in the whole Empire, and moR in re-
queit : But that which renders this City delightfui
is a h a l l Lake hard by, called .Si hou, which is a-
bout two Leagues in Circumference, the Water of
which is as limpid and clear as Cryflal, fo that you may
fee the fmalleit Stones at the bottom ; the Sides, where .
the Water is ihallow, are all covered with the Flow-
ers of Lien boa. There are laid upon Piles in this
Lake handhme Walks, which are paved with large
fquarc Stones, b r the Conveniency of thofe who pafs
on Foot. There are likewife Caufiways made, and
lined with Free-Stones, with Openings for Boats to
pafs through, over which there are Brid es.
H
In the middle of the Lake are two mall Iflands,
where People commonly refort afier they have taken
their Pleafure upon the Water, in one of which there is
a Temple buik, and proper Houfes for Entertain-
ment : The Sides of the Lake are likewife adorned
with Temples, and large MonaReries of Bonzes, toge-
ther with fine Houfes, among which there is a h a l l
Palace for the Emperor's Uie, who lodges there when
he makes a Tour into the Southern Provinces.
%be Second City, Kia hing fou.
A L L this Country is water'd with Lakes and
Canals cut by the Indufiry of the Cbint$; the Ci-
ty is large, populous, and carries on a good Trade ;
its Suburbs are of great Extent, and there are feveral -
Bridges over the Canals and Ditches : There is not a
Houfe where they don't breed Silk-worms.
Canals are cut thro' all Parts of the City,whofe Sides
are lined with fine Free-Stone, and in all the Streets
there are handfome Piazzas, under which one may
02 walk
!
/ 196 n e G E N E R AH
LI S T O RofY
walk fiee. fiom Rain ; there are. many Triumphal
Arches, both within and without the City, and fif-
teen Marble Towers on the Sides of the Canal that
lies to the Weit of the City, by which all the Barks
pa fi.
The Fruit called Pe tcbi, which I mention'd before,
grows every where in Standing Waters and Moorfi
Ground. In Autumn they catch l i d e Birds, which
they preferve in Wine made of Rice, and kll all the
Year ; they take likewiie very good Cray-Fiih.
In the Neighbourhood of the City Hai yen, which
is upon the Sea-Shore, there are Salt-Pits, fiom which
they gain a great deal of Salt ; and on all fides you
ii little elie but Silk Manufa&ures : The Country
is flat, and hath not fo much as one Mountain ; the
JuriidiQion of this City contains fiven Cities of thc
Third Order.
f i e G i r d City, Hou tcheou fou.
T H E great Lake, on the Banks of which this
City itands, gives it thc Namc of Hou tcbeou ; it is
one of the greatefi and moit confiderable Cities in
China, with ref €t to its Riches, Trade, Fertility of
its Soil, md Beauty of its Canals and Moun-
tains.
The Quantity of Silk which is manufahred
there is inconceivable ; the Tribute which one City
in its Dependance [Te f j n hen] pays alone, amounts
to 500,000 Taels or Ounces of Silver ; this is alfo
th: chief Place in Cbina for making Writing-Pencils,
and the Crop of Tea is here very plentiful ; it has un-
der its JuriidiQion one City of the Second Order, and
' fix of the Third.
f i e Fourtb City, Ning p fou.
N I NG P 0, which the European~ have called
. Liam po, is a very good Port on the Eaitcrn Sea of
China, overagainit 3apan ; it is a City of the FirR
Order,
 C H I N A , ' C H ~ E ~ E - T A R T A R Y ,&c. 157
Order, and has four of the Third under its Jurifdic-
tion : It is fituate on the Confluence of two h a l l Ri-
vers, which, afier their Union, form a Channel reach-
ing to the Sea, and is deep enough to bear Veffels of
zoo Tun ; one of thefe Rivers, which the Ckinfe call
Kin, comes from the Sotth ; the other, named Ti,
from Weit North-Weft : Thefe Rivers water a Plain
firmunded almofi on all fides with Mountains, and
form a fort of an Oval Bafon, whofe Diameter from
Eafi to Wefi (drawing a Line acrofs the City) may
be about ten or twelve thoufand Toifis, the Chin.+
Toife being, as I have already faid, ten Foot : That
from North to South is much greater.
The Plain, which refembles a Garden for its Le-
velnefi and Cultivation, is full of Towns and Houfes,
and divided by a great Number OF Canals made by
the Waters which fall fiom the Mountains ; the Ca-
nal, upon which one Part of the Suburbs is fituated,
reaches to the Foot of the Mountains, is fepmted in-
to three Branches, and is about five or fix thaufand
Toifes long, and fix or [even broad.
Within this Extent of Ground there are reckoned \
fixty-fu Canals on the right and lefi Sides of the
principal one, Come of which are broader than the
principal itfelf: This vafi Ouantity of Water, con-
dueed with Art, renders the%lain exceeding fnidul,
and caufes it to yield two Crops of Rice ; beiides the
Rice, they alfo fow Cotton and Pulfe ; there one may
alfo behold a great Number of Trees which hear
Tallow.
T h e Air is alfo every where wholefome, and' the
Country pleafant and open. T h e Sea fupplies a great
Quantity of Fiih, all Sorts of Shell-Fifh, and good
Lobfter6 ; among others, in the beginning of the
Summer, they catch a Fih called Hoang, that is to
Eay, the Yellow Fifi, which are much fought after
on account of their delicate Taite ; but as they will
not keep long out of Water, they take care to put
O 3 the4
 ne G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
them into GlaiTes, and by this means tranfport them
throughout the Empire.
T h e Walls of Ning Po are 5074 Geometrical Paces
in Circumference ; and from the Eafiern to the Weft-
ern Gate, through a Street which lies almsdt in a di-
re& Line, there are reckoned 5274 large Paces :
The Walls built of ~ree-Stone are in good Re-
pair, and capable of refifiing every thing but Cannon-
Balls.
There is an Entrance into the City through five
Gates, two of which are towards the Eait, becaufe
the Port is on that Side; not to [peak of the two
Water-Gates, fo called by the Cbinge, which are two
great Arches that open through the Walls to give
Paffage for the Barks in and out of the City, it be-
ing divided by ieveral Canals. On the South-Weft
Side thereof there is not one Building which is worth
our Notice ; but there is a Tower fweral Stories high,
built with Brick ; and before the Eaitern Gate, which
lies moil Southward, there is a Bridge over the Kin
made of' fixteen flat-bottomed Barks faftened toge-
ther with Iron Chains, which may be about forty
Toiies long.
That which is moft agreeable to the Rules of Ar-
chitdture, is what the Chin@ call Pai leou, or Pi
fan, and we fiiumphal Arches. The Streets, which
are very narrow, appear more fo on account of the
Pent-houfes which are over the Shops, infomuch that
two of our large Coaches could not pafi without Dif-
ficulty. This City was plunder'd and fack'd during
the late War, but for iome Years pait begins to flou-
rifh again ; it is a large Garrifon.
The Entrance into Ning po is difficult, efpecially
for large Veffels, there being but fifteen Foot Water
over the Bar in the highefi Tides ; in coming up the
River, you leave on the left Hand Tin h ~hicn,
i which
is under its Jurifdiaion.

This
 Z

CHINA, &.R Y , 199

CHINESE-TARTA
This City, which is an oblong Square, is roo0
Toifes in Circumference, and is commanded by a
Cittadel built on a very high Rock, by the Foot of
which all VeiTels mufi neceffarily pafi, at half the
difiance of a Pifiol-Shot ; 'they enter in during the
Space of one Tide, along a very fine River about
1 5 0 Toifes broad, and feven or eight Fathom
deep, having Salt-Houfes on each Gde, with Towns,
and a well-cultivated Country, which at a great di-
fiance is bounded with high Mountains.
T h e Chinge Merchants of Siam and Batavia go
thither yearly to buy Silks, which they know to be
the fineR in the Empire ; thofe of Fo kien, and other
Provinces, refort thither continually : They alfo
have a great ;Srade with Japan ; Nanga Zacha be-
ing difiant from thence but two Days Sail, the Chi-
n@ carry thither Silks, Stuffs, Sugar, Drugs, and
Wine, and bring back Copper, Gold, and Silver :
About eighteen or twenty Leagues from AGng po is
an I k n d called I'cheo cban ; the Port is very good,
but not commodious for Trade ; and it is here the
EngEifi landed by chance at their firR Arrival, not be-
ing able to find the way to Ning po among the
Iflands on this Coait.
C

TZe Ffth City, Chao hing fou.

T H I S City is iituated on one of the mait beau-
tiful Plains in the World j there are Canals in every -
Street, and no City fo much refembles Venice as this,
tho' it's vaftly preferable to that, becaufe the Canals
here are filled with very clear Running-water.
W e may pafs and repafs into any Part of the Ci-
ty on all fides, by the Afifiance of Boats, there be-
ing not one Street without a Canal ; for which rea-
ion there are very high Bridges, and many that have
only one Arch.
On each iide of every Canal are large clean Streets,
paved with great white Free-Stones, for the mofi part
04 fix
$00 T6e G E N E R AHL I S T O RofY
fix or feven Foot long ;and here are a great many Tri-
umphal Arches very handfomly built. It is faid to
be at leafi four Leagues in Circumference, for which
reafon it is divided into two Hien or Subaltern Ju-
riidi&ior,s, which have their diitintk Governments,
one of which has the Name of Cban in, and the other
gzei ki.
Several Houfes (which is feldom feen in the reit of
the Chinfe Cities) are built of Free-Stone, extremely
white; thefe Stones are got out of an almoQ inex,
hauitible Quarry, which is in the Mountain called
N a o metz cban, two Leagues from the City ; the
Walls which encornpa& it are between two Ditches,
the one within the City, and the other without ; thefe
Ditches are fiil'd with Water as clear w d limpid as
that of,the Canal.
Cbao bing is, in fome fenfe, a City of Learned
Men, and its Inhabitants are the moil formidable for
'Sophiltry in all Cbina, being very well skill'd in the
Laws ; there is no Viceroy or great Mandarin, who
is not defvous of one out of this City to employ as
his Secretary : There are reckoned in this Diitrilt eight
Cities of the Third Order.
The Wine, which is made here in p t Quanti?
ties, is very much efieemed, and tranfported through-
out the Empire. About half a League from the
City is a Sepulchre, faid to be that of the Grand Tu,
who made his way ta the Throne in the beginning
of the Monarchy, by draining a great Bart of the
Empire which lay under Water. On the fde of the
Sepulchre is ere&ed a itately Edifice, by Order of the
late Emperor Cnzg bhi, who, in the 28th Year of his
Reign, went to pay due Honour to the Memory of
this great Prince.
Not far off there is a remarkable Mountaih cal-
led The Mountain of Apes, becaufc it is fomething
pf that Shape ; it is a Pldce of great Reibrt, where
People go ta take all kinds of Pivgrlion : One f e ~ s
there
 there a handfome Summer-HouE, which ferves to
feaft in, at the bottom whereof is a Pond exceeding
deep, in which are kept Fiih of an extraordinary
Bignefi ; they appear at the top of the Water, and
Bread being thrown down fiom the Window of the
Summer-Houfe, they fwallow it whole.
B e Sixth City, Tpi tcheou fou.
T H I S City, which hath T i others in its Di-
firiR, is fituate on the Bank of a River, in a very
mountainous Country ; tho' it is not ib rich and cow
fiderable as the Cities of which I have been fpeaking,
yet the Neigbbourhood of the Sea fu plies it with al!
things neceffary. The mofl remari able thing is,
&it they catch a kind of Thornback, whsfe Skin is
roper for feveral Ufes, efpeciaIly to make Scabbardo
$r CutlaGses.They carry gn a great Trade with them
in the Country, and tranf'ort them into Japan, and
throughout the Empire. '
Z'be'SeventhCity, Kin hoa fou.
T H I S City is 'placed in the Heart of a Pro-
vince, and on the Bmks of a fine River, into which
fkreral little ones difcharge themfclves : It was for-
merly of great Extent, and fimous for the Beauty of
its Buildings ; but the People, who are of a warlike
Difpiition, having long refifled all the Power of
the fartars who invaded China, were at length fub-
dued, and one Part of the City burnt ; it is now re-
built, as w d as a .lar e Bridge which is on the Weit-
f
flde, an4 an&ey Q p a t s near the City Laig ki
hien, which is the fineit of all thofe which the far-
tars burnt.
Kin boa hath eight Cities of the Third Order in its
Rjitri& ; they are pmly fituated in a level Country,
and partly among the Mountains. Rice grows h u e
in great P1ptyZ and the Wine rmde of it is much
cft;ee~nqd. I

They ,
 *They here drive on a great Trade with large dri-
ed Plumbs, and Hams, which are much efteemed,
and fent into all the Provinces of the Empire. There
are almoit every where feen little Shrubs, with -a
white Flower not unlike Jeffamin, which produce
Tallow that makes very white Candles, which will
not Rick to the Hands, nor yield any bad Smell when
extinguifn'd.
fhe Eigbth City, Kia tehcou fop.
T H E Situation of this City is agreeable enough ;
it is built near a fine River, and between two others
that are haller that run into it : It is the moft
Southern City of the Province, and borders on the
Provinces of Kiang j and Fo kien; but the Road
which leads to this lafi Province, which is but three
Days Journey, is very difficult to travel in, becaufe
of the Mountains which there is a Neceflity of pa{-
A

iing.
This Road begins in the Neighbourhood of the
City of Kia~g than hien, wherein one is oblig'd to
travel near thiiy Leagues on Mountains, whore
Afcents and Defcents are very fteep ;there is one that
hath Stairs on the Gde of it of more than 300 Steps
made of Stone ; the Travellers find fiom time to time
convenient Inns. The reit of the Country hath no-
thing remarkable ; it hath five Cities in .its Di-
itri&.
fie Nintk City, Yen tcheou fou, and Men
tcheou fou.
/

T H 0' this City is fituate on the Banks of a Ri-

ver that runs nigh its Walls, and is near enough ano-
ther which carries pretty large Barks, yet it is not
to be compared to the other Cities of the Province
for the Grandeur, Number, and Riches of ,its Inha-
bitants,
bitants. The Hills and Mountains, of which this
Country is full, render it very unequal.
There are found here Mines of Copper, and Trm
that yield Varnifh, which gives a Value to the Ca-
binet-Work fo much efteemed in Europ ; when this
Varnifh is once dry it never melts again, and will
bear boiling Water. The Paper M a n u h h r e of this
Place is in equal Efieem, and for which they have s
great Demand : Sk Cities of the Third Order are i~
its DifiriA.
Ihc Tenth City, Ouw tcheou fou.
T H E Situation of this City is in Marfiy Land,
very near the Sea, and the Beauty of its Buildings
gave it the Name of Little Han tcheou. The Flux
%
and Reflw of the Sea afcends to t e very Walls, where
one may fee a great Number of Barks and large
Veffels, that lie there in a fafe and commodious
Haven.
The whole Country is a Mixture of fertile Plains
and barren Meuntains, fome of which are very crag-
gy and fieep, efpecially in the Neighbourhood of
Fo kien ; it hath five Cities of the Third Order in its
Difiri&.
fie EZtventb City, Tchu tcheou fou.
T H I S whole Country is encompaFed with vaft
Mountains, the Vallies are very fruitful, and Rice is
very cheap, on account of the Difficulty of tranf-
porting it elfewhere ; the City is fituated on the Banks
of a fine River, which is navigable as far as the Sea:
T h e Mountains are cover'd with handfome Trees, and
among others with Pines of an extraordinary Thick-
nefi ; there are fome, as we have been airur'd, that.
will hold more than thirty Men in' the Cavity of their
,Trunk ; they fern for building H o u k a d Chinfi
Veffels.
The
304
B e G E N E R AH L I S T O RofY
The Rivulets are bordered with Forefts of Reeds
or Cane, called by the Eurqeans, Bamboos ; fome
grow up to the Height of thirty Foot, and the fmall-
& are not lefi than ten ; if they are burnt wMe
green, there proceeds a Water from them look'd up-
on by the Phyficians as very wholeibme, and is given
to thofe who have their Blood coagulated by any
Bruife or Fall, it being pretended that this Water
has the Virtue of freeing the Body from this corrupt-
ed Blood. It hath ten Cities in its DiitriB.

Tbe Sixtb Province of tbe Empire of China,

Hou quang.
T HEmpire,
I S great Province is placed in the middle of the
between the Provinces of Ho nan, Kiang
am, King Ji, 3 u a q tong, Xuaug J , Koei tcbeou, Se
tcbuen, and Cben Ji ; the great River, Tang $? kinng,
'
runs crofi it from Eail to Weft, dividing it h two
Parts, the Northern and Southern,
The North Part contains eight Fou, or Cities of
the Firit Order, and iixty Cities of the Second and
Third Orders, without reckoning the Towns, Villa-
ges, and C i t k of War.
The greateft Part of this Province is a flat open
Country, watered in all parts with Brooks, Lakes,
and Rivers ; there are great Numbers of all kinds
of Fiih, and great Plenty af Wild-Fowl upon the
Lakes.
The Fields nourih &ifis without number; the
Land produces all forts of Grain and Fruits, efpeci-
ally Oranges and Citrons of all kinds ; the Moun-
tains contain great Plenty of Simples and Medicinal
Herbs ; fome of them abound with Talk, and others
are cover'd with hrge OM Pines, fit to make the
great
8
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTA
&c.R Y , 205
great Pillars which the Cb;mfi Architelks make d e
of in their finefi Buildings.
In the Sands of the Rivers and Brooks which de-
fcend fiom the Mountains they find Gold ; there are
Mines of Iron, Tin, Tottenague, and fuch iike Me-
tr
tals, alfo great Quantities of Pa , made of the
Bamboos which grow there : In e Fields there are
great Numbers of little Infe&s that yield Wax, as
well as Bees which produce Honey.
In a word, there is fuch great Plenty of all forts
of Commodities, that it is commonly called the Ma-
gazine of the Empire; and it is a Proverb among
the Cbinge, B a t tbe Province of Kiang fi may fur-
nrfi China with a BreakfaJ, but none but Hou quang
can wbol~maintain it.
There was formerly in this Province a great Num-
ber of Princes defcended fiom the Royal Family of
Hong vou, but this Family is now almoft extingdh-
cd by the Tartars.
B e Nortb Part of tbc Province of Hou quang.
She At$ City, and Capital of tbe Province, Vou
chang fou.
T H I S is both the Capital of the Province, and
the North Pan of it, called Hm pe, where refides
the Tong tou of both Parts of this Province ; it has
under its particular JurXdiCtion one City of the Second
Order, and nine of the Third.
you cbang is almoit in the Cenu-e of the Em-
pire, and fituate in a Place which may mofi eaiily
communicate with the reit of the Provinces. This '
City joined to Hun yang, from which it is feparated
only by the Breadth of the River Tang l/e kiang, and
the little River Han forms a Place the befi Peopled,
acd of the great& Refort in Cbina ;
pare the Extent of this ,City to Paris, Oan
n e s lElan
a y rang
to Lyons, or Rmen : Add to this, an incredible
Num-
 n e G E N E R AH
L I S T O R ofY
Number of Barks of all Sizes, which lie fome in
one River, fome in the other, for the length of two
French Leagues, to the number of eight or ten
thoufand Veffels, among which there are hundreds
every way as large as the msit part of thole that lie
at. N a n t ~ . Certainly, if one confiders &thing elfe
but this Foreft of Maits which are upon the fine Ri-
ver Tang @ kiang, about a League broad in this
Place, tho' it is I 50 Leagues from the Sea, and deep
enough for the greatefi Veffels, it will juitly raife
our Wonder; but when one gains the T o p of any
Afcent, and difcovers fuch a vait Extent of Ground
covered with Houfes, we fhould fcdfcely believe our
own Eyes, or at leaft mufi think it the fineit Sight in
the World.
One may judge, by the Number of Rivers and
Lakes with which this Province is watered, how
fruitful it is, and how eafily the Trading with rhe .
reit of the Empire, by nleans of the great River Tang
ve kiang, mufi needs inrich it.
What is farther worthy of Obfervation, is the fine
Cryftal which is dug out of the Motlnfains, the
plentiful Crops of the beit Tea, and the extraordi-
nary Demand for Bamboo Paper, which is rnanufac-
tured here.
Sirhe Second City, Han yang fou.
T H I S City, which is feparated from the Capi-
tal only by the River Tang tji kiang, is alfo fituated
on the Banks of the River Han, from whence it de-
rives its Name, and has within its Walls, and with-
out, feveral very venomous Lakes, whereon great
Quantities of Wild-Fowl are taken : Its Situation,
and the great Relort thither to purchaie Merchan-
dizes, render the Inhabitants extremely rich.
There are feveral Sons of Oranges and Citrons,
but they never grow to be perfe&ly ripe. It is re-
markable for a very high Tower, formerly ere&ed
to
 CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, &c.- p ~ j l
to the Honour of a Maid, who& Innocence and ~ j r -
tue were cleared in a miraculous manner. Han tchuen
bien is the only City in its DiitriA, which is quite fur-
rounded with Lakes and Rivers.
Z'he %bird City, Ngan lo h.
T H I S City fiands upon the Banks of the River
Hun, in a vafi, Plain, equally pIeafant and fruitful ;
its Trade with the famous Cities, which I have juit
fpoken of, contributes greatly to the Riches and Wel-
fare of its Inhabitants ; befides this there is nothing
worth mentioning : It has in its DiftriCt two Cities of
the Second Order, and five of the Third.
B e Fourth City, Siang yang fou.
*
T H I S City is iituated on the Banks of the fame
River Han, and has the fame Advantages as the
preceding, with ' refpea to Commerce and ail- the
Neceiraries of Life. A great Quantity of Gold is
gathered out of the Sands of its Rivers, and it's ve-
ry likely that rich Mines might be found in the
Mountains, if it was not rohibited.
They get h r n thence $is L a u l i , and rr Green
Stone much ufed in Painting : There are a great
many old Pines, fit for the Pillars of large Build-
ings: The Mountains with which one Part of the
Diftri& is covered, render the Country very rough,
and the Roads difficult to travel in. There grows
a great deal of Houfe-leek and Simples uled in Phy-
fick: One City of the Second Order, and four of
@e Third depend upon its JurifdiAion.
The fiJb City, Yuen yang fou.
T H I S is the mofi Northern City of the Pro-
vince, and the nearefi Chen Ji : It is built upon the
Banks of the River Han, in a Plain fufficiently large ;
it is furrounded with Mountains of ealy Afcent, which
renders the Country very agreeable.
The
208 he G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
The Mountains produce fiveral Sorts of Medicinal
H&s, and a great Quantity of fine Tin :The Soil is
fertile in every Part, and there grows here a very una
common Shrub not unlike Ivy ;it creeps up the out-
fide of Trees as that does, and produces Flowers of a
yellowiih White ; the Extremit1e.s of the Branches arc
as fine as Threads d Silk.
This City hath fix Citia-of the Third Order under
its JurifdiB~on;one of them, called lcbeow cban bicn,
is on the Banks of a River that difcharges it filf in-
to the Hun, its Water is uCeful to take Spots out of
Silk,and to fharpen Edge-Tools ; beyond all queition
there are certain Salts mixed with the Water that give
h this Virtue.
l 3 e Sixtb City, T e ngan fou.
T H I S City is not fir from the River Tang t/c
kiang, is fituated on the Banks of a River that runs
into it, and which communicates by feveral Branches
with divers Lakes which lie near it : Six Cities of the
Third Order are in its DifiriCt. The Country is en-
dofed on the North by Mountains, and on the South
by Rivers, which render it very fiuithl : There is no-
thing particular belongs to it, but a kind of White
Wax, produced by little White Infe&s, which do
not require an Care like Bees, but are found in the
open Fields :d ey make Candles of this Matter, which
is whiter than Wax, yields a clearer Light, and while
burning a more agreeable Scent.
B e Snientb City, Kin tcheou fou.
T H E DiftriB of this City is confiderable, it con:
tains thirteen Cities, two of the Second Order, and
eleven of the Third ;it makes a fine Appearance, the
Lakes which are round it do not a little contribute t o
render the Land h i t f u l and pleafant ; beiides it hath
a grzat Trade, is well built, and is not lek populous
than the Capital : I t is divided by a iingle Wall into
two
 iog
two Pans, one of which belongs to the Cbinfi, the
other to the I a r ~ s of, which the Garrihn codIfts.
There are Plenty of Oranges of a little ihar ifh
Tafie ; the ditfaent Lakes furniih Variety of the %eft
Fiih. Tlie ,Redon why the Tartars havea\builta Cit-
tadel in this Place, is to keep the Government of the
City in their own Hands, the Situation of which ren-
ders it of great Confequence ; it's commonly faid thdt
thofe who are poffeKed of Kin tcheou have the Key sf
China.
I h e Eighth City, Hoang tcheou fou.
T H E Situation of this City is on the Banks of the
+
River Tang kiang ; its fmall Diftance fiom the Ca-
pital, and the Number of Lakes which furround it, ren-
der it a moil agreeable Place for Habitation ; it is
extremely well peopled, and for Trade gives place
to few other Cities. There come there daily a fig-
prifing Number of Barks, loaded with all ibrts of
Merchandize.
T h e whole Diitrie is admirably well cultivated,
and agreeably diverfified by the Rivers and Brooks
that water it, as well as by the Mountains which
bound it on the North ; fome of thefe Mountains are
covered with Trees, which are of great fervice to the
Inhabitants ; there are alfo Fountains, which have the
Property of giving Tea a delicious Tafie.
There are taken in the River near the City great
Numbers ofWortoifes, fome great, fome fmall, which
the Nobility keep in their Gardens for Diverfion, and
alib at their Pleahre-Houfes. They make excellent
Arrack, which is very ftrong, and takes Fire in an
Initant, and hath no bad Smell ; there are alfo very
good Chefnuts, and very large. Its Diitria contains
nine Cities, one of the Second Order, and eight of
the Third.
 Zbe Soutb Part of the Province 4 Hou quang. 1
f i e A$ City, and Capital of tbe Soutb Part,
Tchang tcha fou.
T H I S is the Capital of the South Part of .the
Provi~ce,called by the Cbinge Hou nan : I t is iituate
, on a large River, which hath Communication with
the great Lake Tong ting bou : The Rivers and Lakes
wherewith the Country is watered, and the Eafe with
which Husbandmen convey the Waters into their
Grounds by Machines, of which I have eliewhere
fpoken, renders the Soil rich and fruithl, infomuch
that there is no fear of Famine in Sedons of the
greateit Drought. There is great Plenty of Fifh in
the Rivers, and efpecially of very fine Lampreys.
The Country is partly flat, and partly mountainous,
fiom which they get fine native Cinnabar, and plenty
ofchalk, which the Chin$ Phyficians turn into Lime,
and mix with their Wine, which they pretend is ex-
cellent to prefuve Health. This Capital hath in its
Diftria one City of the Second Order, and eleven of
the Third.
The Inhabitants of this City have given occaIion
to a great Fefiival, which is celebrated in the fifth
Month throughout the Empire : T h e Mandarin who
governed this C~ty,and was much eiteemed and beloved
by the People for his Probity and Virtue, happening
to be drowned in the River, theyinOituted a Fefiival
to his Honour, which is celebrated b y Sports, and
Feafis, and Fights upon the Waters, as if they in-
tended to k r c h for the Mandarin, the Obje& of their
Love and Grief: This Fefiival, which was at firit
particular to this City, came afterwards to be obferved
throughout the Empire
They prepare for this remarkable Day fmall gilt
Barks, long and narrow, one of whofe Ends is of
-the Shape of a Dragon, whence they are called Loax
tcbuen. Formerly they had Skirmiihes upon the Wa-
ter,
ter, and there were Rewards ailigned to thofe that
got the Vi&ory ; but as thde forts of Diveriions were
attended with dangerous Confiqaences, and fome-
times were accompanied with fatal Adcidents, they
were prohibited by the Mandarins almofi all over the
Empire.
T&e Second City, Yo tcheou fou;
T H E Situation of this City is uncommon ; it
b d s on the Banks of the great River Tang 9 k i q ,
and the great Lake long ting :This Lake, which re-
fembles a Sea, is remarkable for the Greatnei's ofits Cir-
cuit, 'which is more than fourkore of our Leagues ;
for the Quantity of its Water, efpecially in certain
Seafons, in which the two great Rivers of the Province,
fwelled with Rains; difcharge themfelves into it, pair
iing out on the .other Side infenfibly diminifhed, and
for the aitonifhing Quantity of fine Fifh which are
caught therein. The great Number of Barks sod
Merchandizes which are brought thither, render it one
of the richefi Cities of the Empire ; its DiftriQ con-
tains one City of the Second Order, and feven of the
Third ; fome of thefe Cities are on the Eaft Side
of the Lake, and others on the Weit: It is every
where extremely fruitful, and full of different kinds
of Orange and Limon-Trees.
Several of the Mountains are covered with For&
of different ibrts of Trees, ef~ciallyPines; in fome
are found Lapis Lazzlli, and the Green Stone, which
reduced to Powder hrniihes Painters with a very h u -
tifd Green ; out of others are got Chalk, and little
black Stones, which the Phyficians likewife reduce in-
to an impalpable Powder, and give it as an efficacious
Remedy againfi Difeafes of the Throat, efpecially
the Quiniey.
 a c fiird City, Pao king fou.
T H I S City h n d s on the River Lo kiang, whofe
Stream runs into the Heng kinng, which hath a Corn-
inunication with the Lake Tong ting. Its Difiri& .
confis of fruitful Vallies and pleafant Fields, which
are moun~inoustowards the Province of %%ang J .
It hath in its JurildiAion one City of the Second
Order, and Four of the Third.
On the North of the City Ou kiang tcheoa the Ri-
ver is dangerous, and the Barks p& along with diffi-
; itsstream pares acrofs the Rocks with a won-
culX,
der 1 Swifinefi. There is a Column of Cop'per e-
reaed, to which the Barks are made fait till the
neceffary Meafures are taken to get up the River
with Safety.
f i e Fourth City, Heng tcheou fou.
The Difirim of this City is of a pretty large Extent,
it comprehends one of the Second Order, and nine of
the Third.; is is fituated on an Angle, made by two
Rivers that inclofe part of its Bounds. Its Mountains
are pleafant and well cultivated, forne of which are
cover'd with Evergreens. The Country produces all
the Neceffaries oflife ;there is great plenty of Game,
and feveral Mines of Silver, but the Opening of them
is prohibited. They alfo make very good Paper ; in
ihort, every thing is plentihl, and this is not one of
t the leait Cities of the Province.
Z%e Fifth City, Tchang te fou.
I T is a large City, fituated on the Banks of the
River Tucn kiang, and at a iinall Diitance from the
great Lake long ttng,wherein the River difcharges it
felf. Its Extent is fmall, having but four Cities of the
Third Order in its Diitria ; but the Land is the moit
fruitful of any in the Province, and the River, which
is
 is navigable almoft throughout, caufes Trade to flou-
riih ; every thing grows there in great plenty.
That which is uncommon, is a particular Sort OF
Orange-Trees, which bear no Fruit till the Seafon in
which others bear is pait : This makes the Cbinge
call them Winter Orange-Trees : They have a ve-
ry delicious Taite.
The Mountains are full of Deer : There are alfo
plenty of Cedars on them, whofe Fruit is not good
to eat, but they hang it up in their Rooms, becaute
it yields a very agreeable Scent. There is alto great
itore of Lapis Lazuli, as well as the beit Manna.
B e sixth City, Tching tcheou .fou.
T H I S Cit). is fituated on an Angle made by two
Rivers ; the Country is watered by a great Number
of Brooks, which makes the Vallies exceeding h i t -
ful ; it is very full of Mountains, which yield plenty
of .QUlCkiilver, Lapis Lazuli, and Green Stones fbr
Panting : 'There are alfo Mines of Silver and Gold.
The People who inhabit thefe Mountains are not
fo polite as the reit of the Chin# ; on the contrary,
their rude and ravage Manners make them to be
looked upon as Barbarians : The Diitri& of this Ci-.
, ty contains one of the Second Order, and nine of the
Third.
C6e Seventh City, Yong tcheou fou.
TH I S City, the moft Southern of the Province,
is furrounded with Mountains, whofe Verdure renders
a very agreeable ProfpeB, and is iituate on the Banks
of a River, which not far from thence runs into the
Siang kiang. The Water of this River is ib clear and
limpid, that in the deepeft Places you may count the
Stones and Flints that are at the Bottom : There grows
plenty of Bamboos in fome pan of this DifiriCt, and
P3 in
 -
in others the Lien boa, with yellow Flowers : There
are eight Cities in its Jurifditkion, one of the Second
Order, and feven of the Third. ,
Befides thefe principal Cities, there are two of the
Second Order, which are not fubjee to any Fog, or
City of the Firit Order, and have each a JurifdiCtion
over other Cities : The firit is called TJn tcheou, and
is on the Frontiers of the Province of Koei tcheou, it
has in its Diitrie three Cities of the Third Order :
The fecond is called Tcbing fiheou, a very large and
populous City, built between two Rivers ; five Ci-
ties of the Third Order are fubjea to it, 'all fitu-
ated on the Frontiers of the City of 3uang tong :Tho'
this City is full of Mountains, yet they do not hin-
.. . its Cultivation.
der

The Seventb Province of the Empire BjC China, t

Ho nan.
H I S Province, for the Mildneis of its Climate,
and Fertility of its Soil, is generally efieem'd a
delicious Country, and is called by the Chin@ Toxlg
hoa, that is, The Flower of the Middle, becaufe it is
iituated near the middle of China. It is bounded on
the North by the Provinces of p e tcheli and Chan /i,
on the Wefi by Chetz Ji, on the South by Hou quang,
.
1
I
,

and on the Eafi by Chan tong ; it is water'd by the

\ River Hoang bo. Befides the Forts, CaRles, and Gar-
rifon Cities, it contains eight Fou, or Cities of the
Firit. Order, and 1 ~ of 2 the Second and Third Or-
ders.
The Chinej fay that Fo hi, the F~rfiFounder of
their Monarchy, kept his Court in this Province ;
fome of their Authors A r m ' that he began his Reign
2 9 5 2 Years before the coming of ChriJiF: If their O-
pinion
-
 pinion be true, it confirms the Chronology of the Sep-
tuagint. The Air of this Country is very temperate
and healthful ; it abounds with Corn, Rice, Paiture,
Cattle, Oranges of all forts, Pomegranates, and all
.' kinds of Fruits as Europe does. The whole Province
. is a Champaign Country, excepting towards the Weit,
where there are Mountains covered with Foreits ; but
towards the Eaft it is cultivated like a Garden ;the
Chin+ call it The Gardeh of China.
It is alfo well water'd with Fountains, Brooks and
t Rivers, which make it very pleafmt. There is a
I Lake in it remarkable for giving an inimitable
b Luitre to Silk, with which this Country abounds.
In one of the Cities, named Ndng yag, there is a
kind of Serpent, whofe Skin is fpeckled with white.
Spots, which the Cbinge Phyficians itee in a Phi01
P
h l l of Wine, and give it as a Remedy or the Pal$.
f i e Firj C i o , and Metropolis oftbe Province,
Cai fong fou.
THIS is a large, rich, and populoqs Place, fitu-
ated in a fine Country, in the middle of a large and
well cultivated Plain, within two Leagues and a half
of the River Hoang bo ; it hath this Inconveniency,
being fituated. in a Bottom, that the River is higher
than the City.
T o prevent the Inundations they have made great
Dikes of more than thirty Leagues long f in the Y w
I 642 this City was befieged by the Rebels, who6
Army c o n f i d of upwards of ~oo,ooo Men ; the
City had endured a Siege of fix Months ;the Genera1
of the Army, who was come to fuccour the City, find-
ing it impratlicable to relieve it, ordered the Dikes
of the great River Hoang bo to be broke open, in order
to overflow the Country. The Inundation was fo vio-
lent that it drowned the City, aqd 300,oo~Inhabi-
tants periihcd.

p4 Cai
 Cai fong was then three Leagues in Circumference ;
it has been rebuilt fince that Misfortune, but is not con-
fiderable enough ro be placed in the Firit Rank of
the Cities of China. Its DiitriQ is very large, and
Contains four Cities of the Second Order, and thirty
of the Third.
B e Second City, Kouei te fou.
T H I S City is fituated in a vait Plain between
two fine Rivers ; its Diitrilt contains feven Cities,
one of the Firit Order, and fix of the Third: Thefe
Cities are rich, and well peopled ;the Country is flat,
and well cultivated : The Air is very pure, and the
Soil fruitful in all ibrts of Grain and Fruits, efpecial-
ly Oranges and Pomegranates.
The Third City, Tchang te fou.
T H I S City is fituated in the Northern Part of
the Province ;its DiitriCt: is not large, being b i g h t -
ned by the Provinces of Pe tche li, and o f ChanJi ;it
is well watered with feveral Rivers, which make its '
Soil very fertile ;they dig out of the Mountains, which
are not very high, Loaditones, and they bear divers
kinds 'of Wormwood. In the PrecinEt of this City
there is one City of the Second Order, and fus of the
Third.
The Fourth City, Ouei kiun fou.
T H I S City is built on the Bank of a River in
a fandy Ground, whore Soil is not fo rich as the re@
of the Province ; it has in its'Piitri& but fix Cities of
the Third Order,
I h c Fift City, Hoai king fou.
T H E Territory of this City is but of a very
h a l l Extent ; it is bounded on the N h t h by the
Mountains which feparate it from the Province of
Cbanz, and on the South it hath the great River Hoang
bo i
 bo ; its Diftri& contains but iix'cities of the Third
Order. The Air is mild, and very healthful, the
Soil is equally fertile, producing all the neceflgries of
Life' in abundance :There are great Quantities ofSim-
,.pies and Medicinal Plants, which fupply the Province.
f i e Sixth City, Honan fou.
T HI S City, which has the fame ~ a m e ' w i t hthe
Province, is iituated between Hills and three Rivers.
T h e Chin@ thought formerly that it was the Center
n f the Earth, becaufe it is in the Center of their Em-
pire. The Soil about it is fertile, and the City is
very large and populous ; its Difiria is of great Ex-
tent, and contains one City of the Second Order, and
thirteen of the Third. One of thefe Cities, called
Tengfong hien, is remarkable for the Tower which the
famous I'cbeozl kong built, and in which he ufed to ob- ,
krve the Celeftial Motions ; there is yet remaining
an Initrument with which he yfed to take the Alti-
tude'of the Sun at Noon, in order to find the Lati- -
tude : He lived upwards of iooo Years before the
Birth of Chrifi ; the Cbine/"epretend that he invented
the Mariners Compafi.
I b r Smtnth city, Nan yang fou.
\ T H E Country about this City is Very fine,
large, and of a wonderll Fertility ; the City is fitu-
ated on the Banks of a h a l l River, being neither
large, rich, nor populom, and is furrounded with
Mountains ; ibme of them have the Lapis Lazuli.
There are alfo Serpents fpotted with White, as l
mentioned before, and which the Chin@ Phyficians
for the Cure of the Palfy. The Jurifdiktion of
is City is vaRly great, and comprehends two Citics
of the Second Order, and fix of the-Third.
 Zbe Ekbtb Cip, Yu ning fou.
T H I S c i t y is fituated upon the Banks ofthe Ri-
ver Tu bc. The Country within its Diitria is very
large, and' is pardy flat, and partly mountainous,
efpecially to the North and South ; it is watered with
feveral Rivers, which renders the Soil very fruitful.
There are two Cities of the Second, and twelve of the
Third Order under its Jurifdiaion.

The Ekhtb Province offbe Empire of Chins, .

Chan tong.
H I S is one of the moft fruitful Provinces of the
Empire : It is bounded Wdhvard with the Pro-
vince of Pe tcbe li, and. Part of Ho nan, Southward
with Kiang nan, Eaitward with the Gulph of Ritrng
nan, and Northward with the Gulph of Pe tcbe li.
I t is divided into iix Countries ;rhere, are in it fix Ci-
ties of the Firit Order, and I 14 of the Second and
Third Order, beiides fifteen Forts built along the
Coafis at the Mouth of Havens and Rivers, and fe-
veral Iflmds in the Gulph, which are very populous,
and have very good Havens. T h e Imperial Canal paf-
fes through Part of this Province ; it is through this
Canal that all the Barks, which go from the Southward
to Peking pafs ; the Duties which they pay for the Mer-
chandif'es they carry amount to ~o,ooo,ooo. T h e
Length of this Canal, the Thicknefs and the Height of
rhe Dikes through which it runs, and which are made
of hewen Stone, with Ornaments at proper Diitances,
fhew the admirable Induitry of the Cbinfe. Befides
this great Canal it is well water'd with Lakes, Ri-
vers, and Brooks, which render it very fertile. It
abounds with Rice, Millet, Wheat, Barley, Beans,
~ an4
i
1
C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T @c.
A R Y , 2'19
and all forts of Grain and Fruit, and alfo with a11
forts of Fowls, as Capons, Pheafants, Partridges,
Quails, and Hares, which are very cheap ; and alib
Fifh, which are ib plenty that they are fold for little
or nothing.
There are Fruits of all kinds, efpeAally Pears,
which are excellent, Chefnuts, fine Peaches, divers
forts of Nuts, and multitudes of Prunes ; the Prunes
and Pears are dry'd, and afterwards fent into other
Provinces. There is a fort of Fruit which the POF-
tugue/^e call Figs, and the C&"n'ngeSetfe, which is to
be found no where but in China ; altho' it g r o 6 i n
other Provinces, this of Cban tong hath the greateft
Plenty of it.
-
This Fruit, of which I have fpoken in other Ph-
ces, is never ripe but towards the beginning of Au-
tumn : I t is commonly dry'd as the Figs are in Europe,
and fold in the Empire, when it becomes white as if
Flour had been thrown on it, and is covered by little
and little with a Coat of Sugar. Some of it is excel-
lent for Taite, and eats like our beit dry'd Figs ;fuch
is that which is gathered in the Province of Chanji. ' -
' There is another Kind, which is green, and is never
tender w h e full
~ ripe, but is cut with a Knife like
our Apples : The Trees which yield there Fruits,
have very little need of Dreffing. There are a kind of
Worms, like our Caterpillars, which fpin in the Fields
a fort of white Silk, whofe Threads ftick to the
Buibes and Shrubs, of which they make a coarfer
Silk than that which is made of the Silk Worms
brought up in Houfes, but clofer and thicker.
The A@City, and Metropolis of tbis Province,
Tii nan foil.
ALTHO' this Capital is not built near the great
Canal, yet all its Trade is u on it : About a League
i'
from this Town there ifi a arge Village called L e ~ u
. kern,
220 Z e G E N E R AH LI S T O RofY
keou, which is on the Banks of a River calld TJng
bb, which runs into the Canal, and by which all the
Merchandife of this Town is convey'd to it. T h e
principal Commodity of this Country are the Silks
called Kien tcbeou, which are made of the Silk of the
Worms like Caterpillars, already defcribed, and. are
very laiting, and very cheap. The other Commo-
- dity is Chin.$ Glafs, called Leou li, which is made
at a large Town called Ten tcbing, within the Di-
firit3 of this Capital :This fort of Glafs is more brittle
than that of Ezlrope, and breaks when expofed to the
Incltm~enciesof the Air.
BJ nun is a very large and populous Place ; there
are feveral Lakes within its Walls, from which Ca-
nals have been made through the City ; it is alib
beautified with very fine Buildings. There are within
its D f i i l t four Cities of the Second Order, and
twenty fix of the Third. T h e Country about it-, which
reaches to the Sea, is very fruitful in all kind of
Grain, and abounds with Cattle. In fome of its
Mountains there are Iron Mines, and the Lakes are
well flocked with Fiih. The Flowers called Lien
boa, which I have mentioned feveral times, are very
plentiful in this Country.
Fir'be Second City, Yen tcheou fou.
T H E Territory depending upon this Capital is
incloied between two confiderable Rivers, one to the
North called Ta tchn bo, and the other to the South
call'd Hoang ho, befides feveral other fmall Rivers
and Lakes, which abound with F i k , and make the
Soil very fruitful. The Country is very well cul-
tivated, and the Mountains are covered with Woods,
and the Air mild and temperate. There are twenty
ieven Cities within the JuriMiaion of this Capital,
whereof four are of the Second Order, and twenty
three of the Third. One of thefe Cities called, lei'
ning tcheou, is in no wife inferior to Ten tcbeou, either
m
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T &c.
ARY, 221
in Magnitude, Number of Inhabitants, or Riches;
being feated in the rnidft of the great Canal, it
is one of the mofi coniiderable Marts of the Em-
pire.
There is another City called Kio fcou kien, which
is remarkable for being the Birth-Place of Confucius,
the great Philofo her of this Nation, in Honour of
5,
whofe Memory e Cbinge have eretled feveral Pub-
lick Monuments.
%3t %rd City, Tong tchang fou.
, T H I S City is iituated upon the Banks of the -
r a t Canal, and is very rich, and a Place of great
Frade. The Country within its DiRritl produces
Corn, and Fruits of all forts in great abundance, fo
that nothing is wanting either for the Neceffaries or
Pleafies of Lik. Therc are three Cities of the Se-
cond Order, and fifteen of the Third, within its Ju-
rifdiaion,
There is one of thefe Cities called Lin b/in tcheog,
which is very conIiderable for its Trade, and it is
there that the grand Canal joins the River Ok brr :
It is one of the mofi populous and trading Cities of
the whole Empire, and is no leis remarkable for its
fine ~uildings,but above all for a Tower of eight
Stories high, which is without the Wall, whofe Out-
iide is of Porcelain, adorned with diverfe Figures,
' and the Infide of poliih'd Marble of different Co-
lours ; in the Wall there is a Stair-Cafe, and at every
Story a fine Gallery of Marble, with Iron Rails
gilt ; at the Corner of each Gallery there are lirtle
Bells, which, being ihaken with the Win'd, make an
, agreeable Sound ; there are alfo feveral Idol Tern-
ples of curious ArchiteLture.
The Fourib City, Tfin tcheou fou.
T H E Territory depending upon this City is
partly watered with Rivers, and partly mountainous ;
the
8
222 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O Rof Y
the Soil is very fruitful, and the Neighbourhood of
the Sea fuppIies it with all necefiries of Life ; it a-
bounds with Fifh, whofe Skins bring great Profit t o
the City. In this Country the Cows breed in their
Bellies a yellow Stone, called by the Chin@, New '

hang, which iometimes is as big as the Egg of a

Goofe, but no harder than a fofi Leaden PenCil, and
is more efteem'd by the Cbine,fe Phyficians than the
Bmoar-Stone ; they fay that when it is pulverts'd in
hot Water, it immediately cures Deflugions and Ca-
tarrhs, in the fame manner as the Stone which g r q s in
a Bullock's Gall-Bladder cures the Jaundice. .
There is one City of the Second, and thirteen of
the Third Order, within the JurifaCtion of this
City.
Zbe ~ f i hCity, Ten tcheou fou.
T H I S City is built on the Sea-Shore, and has
a very convenient Harbour, with a itrong Garrifon,
and ieveral Veffels which guard the Gulph. * Within
its DiitriR are eight Cities, one of the Second Or-
der, and fmen of the Third : Part of thefe Cities are
OR the Continent, the others are Sea-Ports, where
there are very good Oiiters. Altho' the Country i?
mountainous, yet it is well watered with Rivers, and
the Soil very fi-uitful.' The Stone of Nitou boattg is
ta be found here, as well as in the preceding City.
The Bamboos or Reeds are fquare here, altho' round
every where elfe.
2%e Sixtb City, Lai tcheou fou.
'
T H I S City is built upon a Promontory, and is
fmounded by the Sea on one fide, and by Mountains
on the other. There are two Cities of the Second*
Order, and five of the Third, within its JuriMic-
tion, fome of which ftahd by the Sea-fide, efpecially
Kiao tcbeou, the Situation of which renders it almoit
impregnable. The whole Country is warered with
Rivers,
 C H I N A CHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c. 2z3
Rivers, which makes it very fruitful I and it is h-
termix'd with Plains and Mountains, cf'pccially a
wards the Sea-coait.

?be Ninth Province of the Empire of China,

Chan ii.
'
T HIS is one of the fmallefi Provinces of Cbinn,
bounded on the Eafi by P e tche li, on the' South
by Ho nun, on the Weit by Cbenji, and the North ,
is feparated from Tarfury by the Great Wall. It
has but five Cities of the Firit Order, and eighty
five depending Cities : Th6re are alfo feveral Forts
built at certain Diftances to defend the Great Wall,
and Gveral Garrifons, which are larger and more po-
ulous than many OF the other Towns. We learn
Hiitory, that the People of this Province were .- -
the firit Inhabitants of Cbirza.
The Climate is healthful and agreeable, but ve- .
ry molmtainous ; fome of thefe Mountains arc v ,
"3:
fwitful, and have abundance of Coal-Mines, , W ~ I
&rve them for Fuel, Wood being not very plenty in
this Province.
It abounds with all manner of Corn, excepting
Rice, and furnithes Wheat and Millet~oother Pro-
vinces : Its Vines haye very good Raifms, fit to
make Wine of, if the Cbinge chofe it, but they ody
dry them, and fell them to the whole Empire.
There is a great abundance of Musk, of Porphy-
ry, of Marble, and Jafper of divers Colours ; the
Lapis Lazuli is very common here; and there are
many Iron Mine, which Iron, when wrought, is af-
terwards fent into the other Provinces. *

There are Lakes of Salt-water from which they

draw Salt, and many Fountains of hot and boiling
Water.
Ibe
 .Tbe FirJt City, and Capital of rht Province,'
Tai yuen ,feu.
T H I S City was formerly very fine, and beauti- ,
-ffd with a great many fine Palaces, which belong'd
to the Princes of the lait Imperial Family, l a i ming i
cbao ; but they are all fallen to Ruin, and hme
Parts of the City are almofi ddolate, tho' the Place
is healthfill and agreeable. IMdes the Silks which are
wrought here, as elfewhere, they make fine Carpets,
fuch as the furkey ones, of all Sizes ; and as the
Mountains hrniih them with Iron, they have a great
Trade in that Commodity.
This City is very ancjent and populous, near three
Leagues in Circuit, furrounded with ftrong Walls,
and fated on the Bank of the River Fuen ho ; it has 1
a very large DifiriA, which comprehends five Cities
of the Second Order, and twenty of the Third.
A There are on the neighbouring Mountains fine Mo-
numents of Marble, and fome of hewen Stone, be-
fides Triumphal Arches, Statues of Heroes, Lions, -
Horfes, and other Animals, very natural, and the
whole furrounded by Forefis of ancierrt Cyprefs-
Trees, planted chequcr-wife. This Country a-
bounds with Musk, and here we fine Veffels made of
Earth ; Lapis Lazuli is alfo very common here. 1
T h e River Fuen ho, which is ofiea mentioned in
the rnoit ancient Chin+ Books, runs through this
Capital, as the River Ouei does thro' the City of Si
nganfou, and afierwards both of them fall into the
rellm River, by which means they water the Pro-
vinces of Ho nan and of Kiang nun.
Tk; Second City, Pin yang fou.
A LT H 0' Pin yang is only the fecond City of
. this Province, it is not at all inferior to the Capital,
neither in Antiquity, Fertility of Soil, Extent of Di-
firi&, or Number of Cities depending upon .it,
which
 which are thirty-four, viz. fix of the Second Order,
and twenty-eight of the Third ; feveral of them are
very confiderable, beiides great numbers of Towns
and Villages that are very populous. It is feated on
the Bank of the River Fuen ho, and is upwards of
four Miles round.
T h e Country, which is within its DifiriA, is partly
Champaign, and partly Mountainous, and is well cul-
tivated ; the ireat River Hoang ho runs through it
from Weit to North ; thcre is a Lake of Salt-water
near Ngan y hen, from which they mqke Salt,
f i r firhird Citg, Lou ngan fou.
'l'H E Territory of this City is not very Iarge,
having but eight Cities of the Third Order under its
JuriidiBion, but it is fituated in a very agreeable
Place, almofi at the Head of the River TJ3@ng ho,
Altho' the Country is Mountainous, yet it is fruitful,
and produces all Ncceffaries of Life. - This whole Di-
itria is very thick fet#with Towns and Villages.
TEe Fourth City, Fuen tcheou fou. .
T H IS City is ieated between the Capital and Pin
yang, about half way ; it takes its Name from the
River Faen ho, on whofe Banks it is built in a very
commodious Situation for Trade : Its DiitriR is not
very large, for it contains but one City of the Second
Order, and feven of the Third, and the greater Part
of them are built between the great River Honng ho,
and the River Paen. Tho' the Country is Moun-
' tainous, it is well cultivated, and abounds with ali
Sorts of Grain and good Pafiure. There are a great
many Baths, and Fountains almofi boiling hot, whofe
Waters differ in Colour and Tafit?.
Bbe Fifth City, T a i tong fou.
T H I S City is neither fo ancient, nor To large as
the others of the fame Ptovince ; it is built in a very
VOL.I. Q Moun-
 Mountainous Country, and is the only Place expofed
to the Incurlions of the fartars ; it is very well forti-
fied, according to the Manner of the Cbinge, and has
a very itrong Garrifon ; its Territory is furrounded
with the Great Wall, which has Forts from Place to
Place 5 its Jurifdihion is very large, and extended
over four great Cities of the Second Order, a d feven
of the Third ; its Mountains abound with all kinds
of Simple and Medicinal Habs, which the hcih
gather with great Care ;LapisLawli is in great plenty
here ; and here is a kind of f af' which is tranipa-
rent, and as'white as Agate ; Porphyry, Marble, and
. Jafpei- of all Colours arc very plentiful ; and here is
dfo a great Trade for Skins.

6 c %nth Province of tbc Empire of China,

Chcn fi.
HI S Province is divided into two Parts,the EaR
and WcR, and contains eight Fou or Citia of the
Firit Order, and I 06 of the Second and Third Orders,
Mdes a great many Forts on the Great Wall. Ka#
tcbeou, and So fcbcou, are the moit confiderable Garri-
ions of this Province ; the Air is temperate, the Peo-
ple are mild, and more civil and aEable to Strangers
than the other Northern CbinG ;the.overflowing of the
Rivers renders the Soil very fertile, which abounds
with Wheat and Millet, but produces very little Rice.
There are abundance of very good Gold Mines, but
they are not f i r ' d to be open'd : There are alfo
great Qantities of Drugs, as Rhubarb, Hone*
Wax, Musk, Cinnabar, and odoriferous Wood re-
fembling Sandd, and abundance of Coal - Mines.
Thcre are many Quarries of a certain fofi Stone or
Mineral, call'd Hiung boang, of which they make
, -VdEls ; and the Phyficians efteem it as a fovereign
Remedy
 WC.
, C H I N A , . C HESE-TARTARY,
IN
h c d y againit aH forts of Foifm, malignant Fe-
vers, and contagious Heats in :he Dog -Days. . They
k p this Mineral in Wine; it is of a pale-red Co-
low, with a yellowifh Cait, and fptted with little
. black Points, and looks like the Subfiance of a Crajo&
There is alfo a h a l l , dark blue Stone, itreak'd with
white; the Chin@ iay that when it is ground, and
reduced to Powder, it's an ercellent Remedy.
Stags and Dcer are here in great multitudes, be-
fides great numbers of Bears, Wild-Bulls, and other
Apimals r e h b l i n g Tigqrs, whde Skins are very cu-
rious ; there is a kind of Goat, fiom whence they get
Musk, and certain Animals yho have Wool on their
Backs, whofe Tail is very long, and the Flefh well
tailed ; there is %KOa iingular Kind of Bats as large
as Hens, which the ChineJe prefer to the ,mofi deli-
cious Birds. They mix Wool and Goats-Hair, and
make a very fine fxtof Stuff, which they wear next
to their Skin in Wintei-. There is a kind of Bird too,
.which is very beautiful, called the Golden Hen.
There are all fmts of Flowers, particularly one
<which they call Fbe @een of Rowcr~, refembling
the a o f e but finer, and hath larger Leaves, tho'
-the Smell is not lo pleafant ; it has no Prickles ; its
Colour is Motley, Red and White, yet there are ibm:
,of them Red and Yellow ; the Shrub on which they
grow rdembles our Elder-Tree ; in hot Climates
they are obliged to.cover it, to prdwve it from the
Heat of the Sun.
Z b e EaJtem Part of the Province of Chenii, Ytong,
I
X5e Fir-.City, and Capital, Si ngan fou.
N E X T to Peking this is the largeit and fineit
City of Cbina ; it is built in a great Plain, and is the
Reiidcnce of the Ffing tou of the two Provinces of
Cban /i and Ss tcbuen, as alfo the Governor of the
Eaikrn Part of this Province. There are *in its Jurif-
Q2 diaion
228 B e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
dieion fix Cities of the Second Order, and thirty-one
of the Third.
This City, for feveral Ages, was the Seat of the
Cbinej Emperors, and is yet very populous, and a
Place of grcat Trdde, efpecially in Mules, which
they breed up in great Numbers, and fend to PC-
ki;g, where they are fold for five or fix hundred
Livres apiece, it being the ufual Cufiom for all Per-
fans of Difiineion to have a Servant ride before them
in the Streets.
The Wills of this City, ,which are well fortify'd
, with Towers, and furrounded with a deep Ditch,
are about four Leagues in Circuit, and are very near
a Square, the Sides being almoit equal : Some of the
Gates are very magnificent, and remarkable for their
Height : The Houfes are but very low, and ill-built,
as they are generally over all China ; the Furniture
is but ~ndifferent, and Porcelain fcarce, the Workmen
being le6 skilful.
There is a flrong Garrifon of Tartars in this City,
commanded by a TJan kun, or General of their Na- 1
tion, which are in a feparate Quarter of the City,
from which it is parted by a Rrong Wall : There
are great Numbers of Mandarins here, who are moil
Tartars.
The Natives of the Country are fironger, braver,
and more ufed to Fatigue than in the other Pro-
I
vinces : The Mountains which arc in the Territory
of Si gnan fou are very agreeable, and afford a kind
af Earth which is extremely white, and highly valu'd
by the Ladies, who ufe it to whiten their Skins.
The Second City, Yen ngan fou.
T H I S City is feated in an agreeable Plain, aiong
the Banks of the River Ten bo : There are within
its DifiriA three Cities of the Second Order, and fix-
teen of the Third. Within its Walls is a high
Mountain, which is remarkable for the fine Buildings
that
that are upon it : There drops. from its Mountains
a certain Liquor ehey call Oil of Stone, which they
burn in Lamps : The Country is very rich in Sable-
Skins, and other rich Fur; and there is Marble of all
forts.
G e Third City, Fong tiiang fou.
T H I S City is large, the Buildings are fine, and
the Air temperate ; the Country in its Territory is
well cultivated, and fruitful, being plentifully watered
with Rivers and Brooks. In its DiflriR there are one
City of the Second Order, and feven of the Third.
The Fourth City, Han tchong fou.
T H I S City is feated on the Ranks of the River
Hun : In its Territory there are two Cities of the
Second Order, and fourteen other Towns of the
Third ; it'is watered by feveral Arms of the River.
T h e City is large, and very ~ p u l o u ;s the high
Mountains and the Foreits that urround it, make it
very flrong, and ferve for Bulwarks ; the Vallies are
agreeable, and produce all Neceffaries of Life in a-
bundance.
This Country has great Quantities of Honey, Wax,
and Cinnabar ; Deer, Stags, and Bears are alfo very
.
common; the Feet of thefe lafi are delicious Food for '

the Chin{e. . /
The Way which was formerly made through the
Mountains leading to the Capital is very furpri-
fing, upwards 'of one hundred thoufand Men ha-
ving been en~ploy'd to complete it ; they levell'd
the Mountains, and made Bridges from one Moun-
tain to another, and when the Vallies were too wide
rhey ereAed Pillais to fupport them ; there Bridges
are part of the Road, and are prodigio~~fly high,
and upon which four Horfemen can ride abreafi:
There are Rails on each Gde to prevent Travellers
from falling down ; and Villages with lnns in them
%3 for
 for their Conveniency. Within the Diitrfi of this
Place there is a Bird of prey which is very rare,
<;ailed Hai ~ n g ,fomething like oar Falcbns for
Quickdefi and Courage; but when any are caught
they immediately carry them to the Emperor's Fal-
conry.
f i e WCJternPart of tbe Province, Pii.
BE Fijb City, Ping leang fou.
T H I S City is fituated upon an Arm of the Ria
Ver Kin ho. Here is Plenty of all things 3 the Cli-
mate is very moderate ;the ProfpeEk of the Mountains
which furround it, together with the Waters, ,render
it very agreeable : It has within its DiitriQ three
. Cities of the Second Order, and ieven of the Third.
%beSixth City, Kong tchang fou,
T H I S City is very populous, and drives a great
Tmde t It is built on the Banks of the River Hoe;,
and furrounded with very high Mountains t It affords
&andance of Musk, and the Mountains produce the
Mineral H i u q hoang, as alfo the dark blue Stone,
white-ftreaked, both which I have already mentioned.
This City has in its Territories three Cities of the Se-
cond Order, and feven of the Third.
Tbr Seventh City, Ling tao fdu.
T H I S City is built on the Banks of a River
which falls into the Hoang bo, or Yellow River.
Great Quantities of Gold are found in the Sand of the
neighbouring Rivers and Brooks: 'The Country is
very mountainous, abounding with Wild-Bulls, and
a certain Kind of Animal refembling the Tiger, whofe:
Skins are very valuable.
The Vallies are covered with Corn, and thofe that
arc near the Rivers with Cattle,; in ihort the whole
s - Territory
 Territory is very fruitful : It confiits of two Cities
of the Second Order, f i d three of the Third.
5% Eigbtb City, Kin yang fou.
T H I S City has always been look'd upon as a
Barrier againit the Incuriions of the Tartars, and is
- very Rrongly fortified, according to the Cbinej way ;
the Country about it is very fruitful ; there is a kind
of Herb called Kin fie, that is to fay, Goldsn Sdk,
which is look'd upon as a good Remedy,as likewife a
kind of B a n which, as' they fay, isan adrnirabkspe-
cifick againit any fort of Poikn : This City has in its
Diitri& but one C i q of the Second Order, and four
of the Third.
A noted City of tbe Sec8nd Orrler, Lan tcheou.
T H 0' Lan tckeou is a* City only of the Second
Order, and depmding on the Preceding, yet it is z
noted one in the Province, being the beit of all thofe
that are built on the TeE1ow River. The City is not
very large, tho' it is the Capital of the Weitern Pro-
vince, and the Refidence of the Governor. T h e
chief T n d e of this Place is Hides, which are brought
from fartary through Si ning and fi pa ; as alfo
Woollen Stufi, the principal and mofi eiteem'd of
which is call'd Cou jong ; it is a kind of Serrge, very
fine, and almoit as dear as the common Satin, but-
i t is hard to prcferve it fiom being moth-eaten.
There is another Stuff called PCjong, which is fub-
je& to the fame Inconveniency; and a coarfe Stuff
made of Cows Hair, called Mum jong, which is ve-
.ry ufeful in fnowy Weather. Notwithitanding all
this Commerce, Lan Icbco~is not accounted a rich
City in C h a .
TLe Eleventh Pvozlince of rbe Empire of China,
Se tchuen.

H E Province of Se tchuen is bounded on the

North by Cben J , on the Eait by Hou pang,
op the South by Koei tcheou and Tun nun, and on the
Weit by the' Kingdom of Thibet, and fome other
neighbollring Countries. I t is divided into ten DiT
itric*, which comprehend ten Cities of the Firit Or-
der, and fouricore and eight others of the Second
and Tliird Orders, befides Garrifons and Forts i~
great number.
The great River, Fang ge kiang, runs through the
Province, which is vaitly rich, not only by reafon
of the great Quantity of Silk that it produces, but
in Mines of Iron, Tin, and Lead; in its Amber,
Sugar-Canes, excellent L~ad~Stones, qnd Lapis La-
zuli ; this lap is o f ' a very fine Blue, I t abounds al-
io in Musk, q d great Quantities of Orange and
~ i m o n ' - ~ r e e: s There are alfo fine Hories, which
are fn~alland pretty, and very fwifi ; likewife Stags,
Deer, Partridges, Parrots, and a certain kind bf
Hen with Wool like Sheeps-Wool ; they arc: ve-
ry fmall, have very fiort Feet, and are of great
efieem among the Chinfi Ladies, who keep them.
for their Pleafure.
The bdt Rhubarb comes from this Province ; and
the pue Root of Foulin, which has under its Bark a
kind of Pulp, fpongy and glutinous, which the Phy-
ficians make vie of in all their eemedies ; there ip
a110 lime in the other Provinces, but it is wild and
pot io good as this : There is alio another Root
called F e n j , which bears a great Price, and confe-
quently is not fo commonly made ufe of. As this
f rovince is far from the Sea, and cannot ger Salt fo
con-
convmiently as fome others, they dig Pits in the
Mountains from which they get Salt-Water, which
evaporated by Fire leaves a Salt behind it, but is- not
fo good as that of the Sea.
The At$ Cify, and C~apitalof fbc Province of
Tching tou fou.
T H I S was formerly one of the fineit Cities in
the Em ire, but was ruined in the Civil Wars in the
l'
Year I 42, as well as the whole Province: Since that
Time it has not recover'd its ancient Splendor, how-
ever it is a populous and trading Place: Its Dieria
is very large, having fix Cities of the Second Order,
and twenty five of the Third.
The Land is well cultivated, and the Country well
watered with Can&, both natural and artificial ; two
of its Rivers are very rernark?ble, the firit for gi-
ving a fine Lufire to Velvet, and the other for tern-
pering of Iron.
Tb'e Second City, Pao ning fou.
T H I S City is feated between two Rivers ; it is
fmall, but neat and a Place of Commerce; the
Houfes are well built, the Country about it is cover'd
with Mountains, where there are Deer and Stags in
great number: It abounds with Musk, and has ten
Cities in its Jurifdiaion, two of th& of the Second
Order, and eight of the Third.
Tbe %rd City, Chun king fou.
T HI S City is fiated on the Banks of a fine Ri-
ver, and has within its DifiriR two Cities of the Se-
gond Order, and feven of the Third : It is furround-
ed with Mountains, fome of which are covered with
orange Trees ; there is more AydbJe Land than in
ghe Territories of Pao qirrg.
234 B e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
Y a
It roduces eat quantities of Silk, as alfo Oranges
of a1 ~ b r t s , t e Root Scotzonera, and a kind of
Chefnut very agreeable to the Taite.
B e Fourtb City, Su tcheou fou.
THIS City is feated on the Banks of the River
+
Tang kiang, which makes it a Place of great Com-
merce, and opens Communication with the Capital,
and with feveral other Places of the Province. Al-
tho' the Country is mountainous yet it is very fruitful,
there being nothing 'wanting for the Convenicncies
and Pleafirer of Life. There are a raft - l r i ~ of
W a called Bamboo, which the Cbiwfi make uL of
in various Works : There are ten Cities of the Third
Order in its JurifdiBion.
5% RftbCity, Tchong king fou.
T H I S is one of the find, and moil trading Ct
ties of the Province, and has in its DiRrikt three Ci-
ties of the Second Order, and eleven of the Third :
It is built at the Confluence of two remarkable Ri-
vers, which make its Trade with the whole Province
confiderable.
fcbong king is built upon a Hill, the Houks feern
io rXe one above another like an Amphitheatre ; the
Country, which is depending upon it, is of a vait
Extent, and mix'd with Vallies and Mountains ; the
Air is very temperate : They make very pretty Trunks
here of Canes twified, and painted with divers Colours.
The Rivers abound with excellent Fifh, and Tor-
toiies are in high eiteem there.
5% Si~ctbCity, Koei tcheou fou.
T H I S City is feated on the Banks of the great
River Tang t/e kiang, and is the Key to the Province,
where there is a Cuftom-Houfe kept to receive the
Duties of the Merchandizes which are brought here;;
it is very rich thro' its great Commerce. There are
ten
 C ,H I N E S E - T A R T&c:A R Y ~235
C~INA
ten Cities within its JurifdiAion, one of the Second
Order, and nhe of the Third: Althd he Country is
mountainous, yet the Induftry of the Husbandmen
hs made it very fruitful. There are great Qantities
of Musk, and of thofe Wells &om which they pro-
cute Salt : m g e and Limorr-Trees are very com-
mon here. In the Northern Parr the Mountains are
very a p e d and b p , and inhabited by a very bar-
barous eople, when compared wirh the common
Chin@,
fbe Seventb City, Mahou fou,'
T H S S City is built on the Banks of the River
Xin cbn kiang,and has but one City of the Third Or-.
der in its DiitriA, which is very fmall, but very fruic-
ful : In fome of its Mountains there are Stags.
The Eightb City, Long ngan fou.
A L T H O U G H thh City has but threecities of
the Third Order within its DiitriB, yet it is look'd
upon as one of the moil important Places of the Pro-
~inde,being the Key of it, and having h e r d Forts
mder its J u r i i i l i b , which were formerly of great
ufe to prevent the Invaiions of the Tartars : The
Country abounds both with , k p Mountains and .
fiuitful Vallies.
The Ninib City, Tfun y fou.
T H I S City has nothing remarkable, only rhat it
is fated on the Frontiers of the Province of KO&
tcbcou, and is capable of defending the Entrance of it
on that Side: It hath two Cities of the Second Order,
,
and four of the Third Order in its JurXdiEtion : The
Country is very mountainous, and is fruitful enough
in Come Places.
 Ibc Tentb City, Tong tchuen fou.
T H I S is a ~ i k t a Place,
r ~ as well as the Cities
of Ou mong, Tau fou, and Tchi~hiung tou fou: They
are thus called becaafe the Inhabitants are old Sol-
diers, the ProfefIion defcending frcm Father to Son :
Befides their Pay they have the Lands which furround
the C ity : ThefeTroops are disbanded in time ofpeace,
and to make them amends they are placed in all the
Garrifons that are in the Frontiers of the Empire:
Befides thcfe Cities of the Firit Order there are others,
which tho' they are only of the Second Order, yet
have fome of the Third Order depending on them,
and many Forts, or Places of War, fuch as thofe
that follow.
lbng tchouen tchcou, whofe Country is watered with
feveral Rivers, and is very fruitful, the Air very
healthhi, and the Vallies and Mountains well culti-
vated; there are abundance of' Sugar-canes, which
produce the beit Sugar : There are a great Number
of Villages well peopled.
Kia ting tcheou, whofe Territory is well watck'd
with Rivers, and produces abundance of Rice, and
hath Musk wry plenty.
Ta tcbeou, which is the neareft Town to ZZibet, and
commands feveral Forts upon the Borders of that
Province.
' /

The Twelfih Province o f the Empire of C H I N A ,

wangtong.

H I S Province is the mofi confiderable of the

Southern Provinces of Cbino ; it is bounded on
the North Eait by Fo kien, on the North by KiangJi,
, on the Weit by .!?&an$ /i, and the Kingdom af Tong
ki.vg ;
king ; the other Part is encornpaired by the Sea, and
has feveral confiderable Havens on the Coait. It
is divided into ten Countries, which contain ten Ci-
ties of the Firit Order, and eighty four of the Second
and Third Order, befides Forts and Garrifons, to-
gether with the Town of Macao, and the Ifle of Sw-
cian, of which I fiall give an Account, both being
now well known in Europe.
T h e Country confiits of Vallies and Mountains,
and is fo fertile as to yield two Crops of Cor yearly :
F
Whatever can contribute to the Pleafures o Life a-
bounds here ;as alfo Gold, Jewels, Silk, Pearls, Pew-
ter, Quick-Silver, Sugar, Brafs, Iron, Steel, Salt-
Peter, Ebony, and feveral forts of odoriferous Wood.
There is alfo plenty of all hrts of Fruits, as Pome-
granates, Raiiins, Pears, Prunes, Chefnuts, and
Peaches, which tho' they do not ripen very well
make pretty good Sweat-Meats : There are others
that are excellent, as the Bananacs, the Ananas, the Li
tcbi, the Long y u e ~ ,with Oranges and Limons of all
forts.
There is a particular kind of Lirnon, which grows
upon Trees as thorny as the Citron-Tree, but is
much larger ; its Flower is white, and of an excellent
Odour ; when diitilled it yields a very agreeable Li-
quour ; the Fruit is near the Size of a hian's Head,
zk Rind nigh the fame Colour as other Oranges, but
the Fruit is either reddiih or white, and the 'raite is
between fweee; wn id four.
There is another fort of Fruit, larger than cdm-
mon which grows out of the Trunk of the Tree;
its Bark is very hard, and within it has a great num-
ber of little Cell$, which are foll of a yellow Pulp,
very fweet and agreeable when the Fruit is ripe.
Fifh is very plentihl on the Coait ;there are all forts
of Oyiters, LobAers, very good Crabs, and Tor-
toifes of an extraordinary Size. The Chin# make
q very .
 'r

n e GGINERA HLI S T O RofY

rolg ,fine works of their Shells : Tharc are +-
dance>of-wild and tame Peacocks, which are ihnt to
other Provinces. .
There are prodigious Numbers oftame D u c h ;they
hatch the Eggs in the Oven, or in Dung, and put the
young )ones in Boats, and carry them to the Sea~f&ore
at tow-water, .where .they feed an Oyiters, and Q-
ther Shell-Fiih : Several Boats go together, and con-
fquently feveral Flocks of rhefe Ducks are inter-
mixed upon tk Shore ; but as foon as they itrike on
a Bafon each Flwk returns to its own Boat, as Pi-
geons do to their .Houfes.
There is a~emarkableTree in this Province, which
the Portugu+ call (Iron-Wood, refembling Iron not
only in @olour, but alfo in Hardnefs and Weight,
-which laft prevents its Swimming upon the Water.
There is another fofi of Wood, called Wood of
Rofes, it is abetween Bltick and Red ;I the Chin@ make
,Tables, Chairs, and 'other Houihold Goods of it.
There are Crab-fifh taken out of a Lake in the Ifle
of Hai nan, which when taken out of the Water be-
come as hard as Stones, and are a good Remedy a-
sgainfi Fevers. !

The Mountains are covered with a vait Qantity qf

-anadmirable kind of Ofiers or Willows, which are the
Size of one's Finger, and which creep upon the'
-Ground, and produce very long Sprigs, refernbling
.twiited Cords ; they are very limber, and not eafily
broke ; they wake of them Cables and Ropes for
-Ships, Baskets, Hurdles, Seats, and very commodi-
.ous Matts, on which the chi^$ lie in Summer, they
-being very cool.
The People of this Province arc very indufirious,
and tho' they are not quick at Invention, they are very
skilhl in imitating any fort of Work that is hewn
them from Eurepe, and which they improve to great
Perfet%on.
 '
As the Province of,%ua~gtong is a Maritime Pro-
g d the furtheit d i h t from the Court, its
G ment is one of the moil confiderable of the
Emp& : The ffin tou of it is alfo that of the Pro-
vince of %tang Ji and refides at T'cbao king, which is
the"naarii to the b u r t . .
.-
Tk Fw- City, ond Capital of tbe Province of c
Quang tcheou fou.
' T HI S City is called by the Europeans, Canton ;
/ and is one of the richeR and mofi populous Cities of
Cbina ; it carries on a great Trade with the neigh.

I bouring Kingdoms, as aKo with Europe.

I t is h e d on the Banks of one of the fineit Ri-
vers of the Empire, called f a bo, which comes from
the Province of 2uang J ; it meets another River,
which is deep enough to bring up large Veffels from
the Sea to the City, and is carried by Canals into fe-
vmi Provinces ; its Mouth is very wide, and more
remarkable for its Name, which is Hou men, that is,
Gate of the Tyger, than for its Forts, which have
been built to prevent Cbine/e Pirates. T h e Countries
bordering on it are well cultivated, and full of Rice,
or of a ion of Trees which are always green.
T h e great Qantity of Money, which is brought
here from foreign Countries, draws the Merchants
from all the Provinces to this Port, where all the Cu-
rioiiaes of the Empire are to be bought : Neverthe-
lefi the Manufabres of this Town are not much e-
fieem'd at peking, excepting the Silk-Stufi called Cha,
which are the beit of the kind, efpecially thofe that
are itrew'd with Flowers with Holcs in it like Lace,
which are very much ufed in Summer, being very
cheap and neat.
The Number of Tradefmen in this City is almoit:
incredible, and yet not fufficient to fupply the Trade
which it hgth: They have efiablifhed a great many
Falkories
 Faffories at Fo cban, which have rendered that Bo-
rough very confiderable. .
Fo cban is within four Leagues from Canton; ia
Circuit is upwards of three Leagues ;it is in no wife
1
inferior to Canton, in refp& either of Riches, or
Number of Inhabitants, which by report is upwards
of a Million of Souls.
The Refidence of the Vice-Roy is at Canton the
Diftria of this Capital comprehends ieventeen Cities,
one of the Second Order, and iixteen others of the
Third.
T h e Profpea of this City and of the adjacem
Country is the fineft that can be, for in going up the
River that runs to this City the Country on both
Sides perfealy fmiles, being fine Green Fields as far
as the Sight can extend, intermix'd with pleafant
Groves, and little Hills one above another, which
are like an Amphitheatre, Roclts cover'd with Green
I Mofs, Villages in little Woods, md Iflands cut out
into Canals, the whole making a beautiful Landskip.
The City is very large, and made of three different I

Towns, feparatcd by fine Walls very high, but fo

n e d y join'd together, that the fame Gate that krves 1
to go out of one ferves to 50 into the other : The ,
whole forms a Figure fomething like a Square. I

The Circumference of this City is very near to that

of Paris, tho' there are no void Spaces nor large G?r-
dens, but iome very beautirul Squares.
The Streets are long and firaight, and paved with
hewen Stones very hard, tho' they are but narrow,
excepting a few which are a little wider ; from Place
to Place there are Triumphal Arches : There are like-
wXe covered Places, which have the fineit Shops un-
der them. The Hodes are not magnificent, the ge- 1
nerality of thkm being level with the Ground, built
wi& Earth, with fome Ornaments of Bricks, and co-
vered with Tiles. The Streets are full of Shops, ex-
tremely neat. The Quality and Gentry are carried in
Chair,
 CHINA, CHINESE-TA'RTARY, &PC, 2241
Chairs, but the common People walk the Strkets
/
I
bare-footed, and often bare-headed, or clfe with a
Straw Hat of a vafi Circumference, and an odd Fi-
gure, to defend them fiom the Sun and Rain. There
are .no Carriages for Goods, but all forts of Merchan-
difes are carried by Porters.
The Idol-Temples, furrounded with the Cells of
the Bouzts, are remarkable ; as alfo the Hall of Con-

I
fucius, and the Academy where the Lcarned meet.
T h e T a men, or Palaces of the Mandarins, are re-
markable for their Beauty and Magnitude : The Ri-
1 ver is cover'd with a Multitude of fmall Barks, which
contain an infinite Number of Perfons, and appear
like a floating Town : Thefe Barks are placed in
Ranks, and form Streets ; each Bark contains a Fd-
mily, qnd is divided into different Apartments like
Houfes; the common People, who inhabit them,
go a Fiihing early in the Morning, or to the Rice
Harvefi, of which they have two Crops a Year: The
Number of the Inhabitants of Canton is computed to
exceed a Million of Souls : At the end of each Street
there is a Barrier, which is fiut every Evening Coon
after the Gates of the City, To that every body is
oblig'd to be at home early at Night ; this Method
prevents a great many Diforders in China.
B e Second City, Chao tcheou fou. .

T H I S City is iituated at the Confluence of two -

navigable Rivers, one comes from the Town of Nan
biong, and the other runs fiom the Province of Hotc
qwang. T h e Bank of one of thde Rivers, which is
to the Weftward of the City, is joyn'd to it by a
Bridge of Boats, and is well inhabited.
This Country is very thick f a with Villages, and

i vxry fertile in Rice, Paitures, Fruit, Cattle, and

Fiih, but the Air is not healthful, and very olten,
fiom the mi& of Wober to the Month of December,
VOL.I. R DX-
I
I
 Diiafes reign there,which fweep away great ~ u r n b e r s
of the Inhabitants. There are fi Cities of the Third.
Order within its JurifdiQion, near one of which grow
black Reeds, which look like Ebony, and of which
tRey nuke rnuiical Inftruments.
Within a League of Chao tcbcou there is a Mona-
fiery of Bonzcs, which, as they fay, formerly con-
tained a thoufand of them ; its Situation is the fineft
that can be, all the Country adjoining belone to this
Monafiery, which was founded between eight and
nine hundred Years ago. The Founder of it, whofe
Body is greatly rever'd, lived in extreme Auitcrity,
'
and wore an Iron Chain alwa s round him, which
corrupted his Fleih, and brtxr Warms ; he was fo
fet upon mortifying himfelf, that he pick'd up the
Worms as they fell off, and replaced them, faying,
that there was fiill ibmething to prey on. His Suc-
ceirors, the Bonzes, followed his Example but very
ill, profefing Charity, and yet r a w ~ n gall manner
of Debauchery. Formerly the gilgrims complained
that they ufed to rob and plunder them, but now there
are Orders to prevent it.
B e a r d City, Nan hiong fou.
T H I S is a I'arge trading City, feated at the Foot
of a Mountain, which f i t e s the Province of %.tang
Tong from that of Kiangj, fiom which run two great
Rivers, one towards the South, and the other to -
wards the North ; this City has but two Cities o f
the Third Order under its JurifdiRion. Between Nan
tong, and Nan ngan, which is the firfi o the 'F.
hiong, which is the lait City of the Province of uang
Province of KiangJi, there is a high Mountaid call'd
M k lin, over which there is a remarkable Road. 'The
Difiance from one Place to the other is ten Leagues,
and the Paffage over the Mountain is fornewhat more
than a League, beiig furrounded on both Sides with
Precipices ;
Preci Ices ; but as it is very wide, no unliappy Acci-
dent f~asbeenyet known.
From the T o p of the Mountain one may fee a
great way into the two Provinces : There is a kind
of Temple er&ed in honour and to the Memory of
the Mandarin who contrived this wonderfil Road,
which is the mofi remarkable of all Cbina, being the
grand Paffage for whatever comes either from the
Eafi or South, and is throng'd at all times almofi a
much as the Streets of great Towns.
The Fourth City, Hoei tcheou fou.
T H I S City is almoit furrounded with Water+
and is built in the mofi fertile Part of the whole Pro-
vince. It hath eleven Cities eithin its DiitriCt, one
of the Second Order, and ten of the Third. All
fbrts of E'iih are very plentifil in this Country, as
Oyfiers, Crawfiih, Lobfters and Crabs ; as alfo Tora .
toif~sof a rnonftrous Size, There are two remarkable
Bridges, one of which has forty Arches, and joins,
to the Eafiward, the Banks of the two Rivers which
meet there ; the other is to the Weit upon a little
Lake which waters the Walls of the Town. This
Lake is but one League in Circuit, and is lined with
Stone quite round ; the Shore is beautify'd with fine
Gardens and Trees. There are two Iflands on this
Lake, where they have built PleaIh-e-Houfes, which
have a Communication one with another by means of
a beautihl Bridge,
In one of the Mountains of this Diftria there is
a particular kind of Butterfly, which, on account of
its Beauty and Size, is fent to Court, and made
of for certain Ornaments, which I havedefcrib'dz-l&-
where.
B e Fifth Cio, T c h o tcheou fou.
' ' T H I S City is feared near the Mouth 6f the ~ k r
Han kinng, and the Tide ebbs and flows here ;it ,ha$,
R2 ' P
244 ZZe G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
a fine Bridge on the EaR, which is very long and r w
portionably wide. There are eleven Cities o the ?
Third Order in its Diitriff ; this Country is fepa-
rated fiom the Province ofFo ken by Mountains, and
is generally very fiuithl.
The Sixth City, Tchao king fou.
T H I S City, according to the Opinion ofthe greateft
Judges, is the beit built and the fineit in the whole
- Province, and is the Place of Refidence of the Tott
ton of the two Provinces of Xuang teng and %uangfi :
It is fated on the River Tabo ; there is a Tower of
nine Stories high at the Eait of the City ; the Ha-
ven is very fpacious, and is at a Place where three
Rivers or Canals meet, one of which runs to Canton,
From lcbao king to Canton both Sides of the Ri-
ver are lined with Villages, and fo near to one ano-
ther that they feem to make but one. There is one
dpon the Lefi Hand of an extraordinary Length, con-
taining near 2 0 0 Houfes, which appear like fo many
fquare Towers. There is alfo the Village of F o cban,
in which it is computed that there are I ,ooo,ooo of
Souls. There are upwards of 5000 Barks upon tho
River, which are longer than our fmall Veffels, in
each of which there is a Family ;befides a vafi Nurn-
ber of Fiihing-Boats, and Canoes to crofi th<River
with, there being no Bridge over thefe great Rivers.
In this Country there are abundance of wild and
. tame Peacocks ; as alfo Cbina Wood, and the Wood
which the Povtugzrej call Pao de RoJa, as likewife the
Iron-Wood, which I have already mentioned. There
is one City of the Second Order, and five of the Third
within the Diftrilt of fcbao king.
The Seventh City, Kao tcheou fou.
T H E Tide flows and ebbs as far as this Town,,
fo that the Cbinge &Barks go up to it ; the Country
is very fruitll. This City has within its Diitri&
one
8
 WC.
C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A R Y , 245
one City of the Second Order, and five ofthe Third.
This D i f i ~ i bis furrounded on one fide by the &a, and
on the other b Mountains1; there are a great Num-
l
ber of Peacoc s, and other forts of Birds of Prey.
There is alib a kind of Stone like Marble, which na-
turally reprefents the fall of Waters from the Moun-
tains, and Landskips ;they cut it in Leaves, and make
Tables and other curious Houfhold-goods of it. There
is a kind of Crawfiih like the common fort, but ,
, when they are out of the Water they petrify with-
out l o f i g their natural Form. The Cbinej Phy-
ficians d e them f o a~ Remedy againit burning Fea-
vers.
The Ekhth City, Lien tcheou fou,
T H I S City is a very convenient Harbour for the
Cbinej Barks : I t has but one City of the Second Or-
der, and two of the Third within its DiitriR : This
Country is on the Borders of the Kingdom of long
Ring, fiom which it is feparated by inaccefible Moun-
tains : There are great Numbers of Peacocks : They
fiih up Pearls out of the Sea and there are abun-
dance of fine Works made of 5ortoife-shells.
f i e Ninth City, Loui tcheou fou.
T H E Territory 'of this City is the fineit and the
moft fertile of all the Weitern Cities of this Province :
It is alrnoit all furrounded with the Sea, and is fepa-
rated &om the Ifland of Hai nun by a fmall Straight.
There are many Villages whofe Inhabitants live by
Fifhing : Here grow thofe long Oiiers which I have
already mention'd, with which they make Ropes, Vc.
Within the Diitria of this City there are only three
Cities of the Third.Order.
246 Zie G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
of thc @e qf Hai nan,
$be I'ezth City, and Capitd
Kiiw tcheou fou.
Hai nun iignifies Soutb ofthe Sea, arid is a large
Ifland, bounded on the North by the Province of
$&tang /i, which may be feen in calm Weather; on
the South by the Canal which is formed by the Bank
of Paracel, and the Eaftern Coafi of Cocbin Cbina;
Wefiward by part of this Kingdom, and part of l o n g
, king, and Eaitward by the, Chin$ Sea.
Its greateft Length h m Eafi to Weft is between
fixty and feventy Leagues, and its Breadth from North
to South is between forty and fifty Leagues : The
whole Circuit is near I 60 Leagues.
T h e Soil of the Northern Part of the Ifland is a
Plain, reaching from the Sea-iide about fifteen Leagues
, into the Country ; on the contrary the Southern and
Eaftern Parts are very Mountainous. There are fome
Valleys in the Centre of the Ifland which are culti-
vated, the refi being mofily barren Land ; yet there
pre two Crops of Rice every Year, which fupply
the Neceflities of a sumerous People.
. The Climate of the Northern Part is very un-
healthhl, efpecially on account of the Water; the
Inhabitants are obliged to boil the Quantity of Wa-.
ter in the Morning, which they defign to ufe all that
Day.
The Ifland is in the DiftriA of the Province of
quang dong ;Kiun tcbeorj, its Capital, is built on a Pro-
montory, and Ships lie at anchor under its Walls. T w o
Sorts of Mandarins command here, as in all other Parts
of Cbina, that is, Mandarins of learning, and Man&.
rins of Arms, or Officers. There are three Cities of
the Second Order, and ten of the Third under its
Juriidi&ion, and they are all near the Sea-fide.
The greateit part of the Ifland is*fubje& ta the Em-
pcror of China, except the middle called Li moil cban,
pr Tchi cban, which is independant, and is inhabited
6

bp
by a f+ee People, who have never been conquered, nor
have fubmitted to the Authority of the Mandarins ;
bur, they have been obliged to abandon their Plains
and champaign Country to the Chin+, and to retire
into the Mountains in the Cgtre of the Ifland, where
they are ihelter'd from their Infults.
Formerly theE People ufed to trade with the Cbi-
n@, and exchange Gold, Cbina Wood, and Calam-
ha Wood for other Commodities, which brought
i m r n d e Profits to the Cbine/e Governors ; but the
Emperor Cang bi, hearing what great @antity of
Gold his Mandarins ufed to get by it, for@ them on
pain of,Death to trade with thefe People. However
iometimes they carry on a clandeftine Trade with
them, but this has been very inconfiderable within
this thirty Years to what it ufed to be.
Thefe Iflanders never appear, unlefi it be fome- '
times when they make Irruptions into the Villages
which arc n q e f i to the Cbinefi ; but the are fuch
Z
Cowards, that fifiy Cbinej2 will put to flig t a thou-
fand s f them. NevertheleG there are other Iflanders
more traaable, and have fubmitted to the Cbinej
who live in the Plains, having no Commun'ication
with thofe of the Mountains ; others are Shepherds
to the Cbim-, and labouring Men : There are great
Numbers of them in the Eaftern and Southern Part
of the Ifland : They are generally deformed, very
fhort, and of a reddiih Colour.
Both Men and Women have their Hair in a
Ring over the Forepart of the Head, and upon it a
little Straw Hat, ty'd under the Chin with two Strings.
Their Habit is a Piece of Cloth made of Cotton,
which is either black or of a deep blue Colour, which
covers them from the Girdle down to the Knees ; the
Women wear a fhort fort of Waificoat of the fame
Stuff; they likewife paint their Faces, from their Eyes
downwatd, with blue Srreaks made with Indigo. Both
Sexes wear P e n d a n ~to their Ears, either of Gold or
R 4 Silver
 , .
248 f i e G E N E R AH
LI S T O Rof.
Y
Silver made in the Shape of a Pear, and very well
wrought.
Their Arms are Bows and Arrows, in which they
are not very skilful ; they have alfo a kind of Hanger -
which they carry in a 'little Basket ty'd behind
- them r I t is the only Initrument which they have t o
do all their Carpenters Work with, and to cut Sticks
and Briars when they crofi Foreffs. Befides the Gold
Mines which are in the &idit of the 1fle, there are,
in the Northern Part Mines of Lapis Lazuli, which
is carried to Canton to paint the blue Porcelain ; the
fin& Woo , both for Scent and Sculpture, is taken
from the A iountains of Hai nun. .
T h e choicefi Wood, next to that of Cbina, is the
Hoa li, called by the Europeans Rofe-Wood, or Violet-
Wood, becaufe of its Scent. There is a yellow Wood
which is very fine and incorruptible ; Columns of a
certain Size made of it are fold at a. very dear rate, '
and kept as well as the Hoa li for the ible Ufe of the
Emperor.
The lfland not only the fame Fruits as '

grow in China, but alib Sugar, Tobacco, and Cot-

ton ; Ivdigo likewife is very common here. Betides
th&e is a Harveft of the Nuts of Arepuier, and a
Crop of Ratnn : They catch abundance of all forts of
Fiih, which are falted and fent abroad. In ihort, the
Ifldnd of lhi nun, confidering its Situation, Magni-
tude and Riches, may be placed in the Number of
Chc mofi confiderable of the Ajatick Iflands.
In the North of the Ifland there is a Port where
all the B.lrks of Canton come, which is formed by
a wide River, whofe Mouth is defended by two little
Forts, and has but ten or twelve Foot Water : Within
two Leagues of this Port is the Capital, between them '
is a large Plain, in which are a great many fine Chi-
71ric;? Sepulchres, among which there is a Crois raifed
o n the Tomb of an Italian Jefuit, who was the firit
MifXonary that came into this Ifland. There is a
fine
 CHINA, WcR.Y , z+,
CHINESE-TARTA
fine Port to the Southward of the Ifle at the Bottom of
a great Bay, where there is near twenty Foot Wa-
ter ; on the Shore of this Port there are abundance of
maritime Plants, and of *Madrepores of all kinds :
$here are T r w which yield Dragons-Blood, and
many others of different Sorts which diitil, an Inci-
fionlbeing made, a white Juice, which as it hardens
turns red, but is not at all of a Confiitence like Gum
or Rozin. This Matter b e ' i r h r o w ~into a Per-
fuming-pan burns flowly, and diffufes a Smell weaker
but more agreeable than Incenfe.
Among the Rock. in the Sea there is little kind
of blue Fiih rcfembling a Dolphin, in greater Eiteem
among the Chinej, than the W d e n Fifh which is
in their Rivers ; this blue Fiih lives but a ihort time
out of its Element.
Among the Animab of this Ifland there is a rc-
markable kind of great black Apes, whofe Phyfiog-
nomy refembles very much that of Mankind, having
Features well made ; but this Kind is very Earce :
There are others that are grey, and very ugly, but
very common.
All forts of Game are very plentill here, there is
is, very fine Hunting of all kinds ; befides Wood-
Hens, which are excellent, there are abundance of
Turtle-Doves, as alfo both kinds of Wood-Pidgeons :
Stags are alfo very common here, and Maron Hogs,
which are a kind of Wild-Boars.
There are alib feveral forts of curious Birds, as Ra-
vens with white Circles about their Necks like a Neck-
cloth, and Starlings which have the Refemblance of
the Moon upon their Bills. There is alfo a kind of
Bird, not unlike a Black-bird, of i deep blue Colour,
with long yellow Ears about half an Inch long, which
f p k and whiitle in perfedion. There is likewife a
fmall Bird of the Size of a Linnet, the Colour of

* A S;mPlant /omrlhing liks Coral, but white.

which
-

which is a fine bright Red, and another whke Fea-

thers imitate Gold ; and tho' thefe are of a different.
Kind they flock together.
There are Serpents and Snakesof a m o ~ u Size; s
. but they are thought notto be dangerous, for the I&
habitants carry no Arms to defend themfelvcs againfb
them ; befides they are fo fhy, that the leaft No& ,

frights them away.

What fome Authors have publiih'd concerning a
Lake, which they affirm is to be found in this Illand,
of a petrifying Qality, is a Miitake. *
Tbe Port of Macio.
T H E Portugu+ .have been in PoffeiTmn of this
Port upwards of IOO Years, and formerly they had
a great Trade here, when they were Maficrs of a
confiderable Part of India, but now they have only a
Fort with a very fmall Garrifon.
T h e City is built upon a Penidula, or fmall Ifland,
bcii feparated from the Continent by a River. As
f
for t e Houia, they are built after the fame Manner
as in Europe, but very low : The Chiwj are more
numerous than the Portugufe, who are mixt with
People of different Nations, and are born in India, OF
at Macao. They are not very rich, and but little e-
fteem'd by the Cbinej.
The Fortifications of Macao are pretty good, and
well itock'd with Cannon, but the Garrifon is but poor-
ly maintain'd by the Clint$, who are Mafters here.
There is a Portuguqe Governor, as well as a Cbimj
Mandarin, to take care of the City and neighbouring
Country ; the Palace of the latter is in the lniddle af
the City, and the Portuguge Governor is oblig'd to
obey his Orders, efpecially where the CbinGJc are con-
cerned.
The Portuguc/e became Mailers of this Port by
the following Accident : In the Time of Hong tcbi,
the Eurqcans traded at Canton, or at Nng po, in the
Pro-
 CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, @c. 251
Province of fibe kiang, but in the Time of Kia f i g
there was a pirate called I'cbangj lao, who t m k Ma-
cao, and befieged the Capitalof the Province ;the Man-
darins ddved the Maiters of the European Ships that
were there to lend them Afiflance, which they did,
and p d u e d the Pirate to Macao, and Cill'd him
there. T h e Tong torc having inform'd the Emperor
of this V i h r y , he publifh'd a Decree, in which hc
.
gave Macao to the European ~ k c h a n t s ,that the+
might eitabliih themfdves there.
B e $and of Chang tchuen chan, o r of San cian.
St. Francis Xauier, whom the Portugu+ call the
Apoitle of fndia, is buried in this Ifland, where he
died, and his Sepulchre is at the Foot of a Moun-
tain. This Ifland is not defolate, as fome have af-
firm'd, for there are five Villages in it inhabited by
poor Eifhermen, who live upon what they catch,
and a little Rice which they fow. Here is a pretty
Chapel, which was built about thirty Years ago by
fome Port~gufiJefuits.

Tbe TbrirfeentbPrrmince of the Empire of China,

Quang fi.
T Htong,I S Province is iituated between thofe of Zuang
Hou p m g , Koci tcbeou, Tun nan, and the
Kingdom of Tong king, and contains twelve Cities of
the Firfi Order, and eighty of the Second and Third.
It produces fuch Plenty of Rice that it fupplies the
Provinca of xuang tong, which otherwife would not
be able to maintain its numerous inhabitants ; not-
withitanding which it is not comparable to moft of the
other Pmvinces in reipokt of its Extent, Beauty and
Q m m p e : It is watqd by feveral large Rivers ;the
Eaitqn
 B e GENERAL H I S T O R~fY, '

mitern and Southern Parts are pretty well culti-

vated, being a flat Country ; but every where elk,
efyecially towards the North, it is fill of Mouqains,
which are covered with Tress.
There are Mines of all kinds of Metab in this'pro-
vince, dpecially of Gold and Silver, whichsthe Chi-
ncj, out of Policy, prohibited to be open'd for fome
time, to avoid the Diiorders that might be occafion'd
thereby ; but thky have at lait ventur'd to open the
Gold Mine at the fole Expence of the Emperor.
There is a particular Tree in this Province, which
i k d of Pith hath a fofi Pulp, of which they mak6
Flour, and whok T&e is pretty good.'
In this lfland there are plenty of little Ink& that
produce White Wax, of which I have fpoken 'elie-
where : The Cinnamon that grows here diffu6.p an
Odour much more agreeable than that of Ccylan. They
make Silks here, and there are Parrots, Porcupines,
and Rhinocerofes.
Tbc A$ City, and Capital 4 the Province of
Quei ling fou.
T H I S City is fituated on the Banks of a R' er
that runs into the la ho ; and tho' this River is con-
fiderabie yet it is unnavigable, on account of its Nar-
rownefi and Rapidity, and confequently is unfervice-
able for Trade. The Name of this City, 3uei ling,
fignifies a Foreit of the Flowers of %ei, they being
more numerous in this Province than in any other,
efpecially in the Diitria of this City ; it grows upon
a great Tree, whoie Leaves are like thoie of the
Laurel ; the Flowers are fmall, and yellow, and
grow in Tufis ; they ibon fall off the Tree, and then
others fucceed : In Autumn this Tree is full of Flow-
ers, whofe Smell is ib agreeable that the whole Coun-
try is perfum'd therewith.
In this Country are found the beit Stones which the
Learned ufe to make Ink of, and thefc are Birds
w hofe
whore Feathers are diverfiwd with variety of Co-
lours, which are wove into their Silks.
This Capital has but two Cities of the Second Or-
der, and feven of the Third within its Diitri& : It is
almoit furrourtded with fivage and barbarous Peoples
who inhabit the neighbouring Mountains. I have al-
ready given an Account of their Manners, and of the
Difference between thofe that lived under the Chin@
Mandarins, and thofe that were independant.
'
The Second City, Lieou tcheou fou.
T H E D i i & of this City is large, and well wa- '
ter'd, but the Country about it is very mountainous ;
there is abundance of Simples for the Ufe of Phyfick ;
there. are two Cities of the Second, and ten of the
Third Order under its Jurifdi&ion : In the Number
of the latter is You &en bien, famous for the Genius
of its Inhabitapts, for there are no Examinations at
Pekip for the Degree of D d o r , until feveral Learned
M e n of this City have taken it firit, in order to be
employed in Affairs of State.
The B i r d City, Kin yuen fou.
T H I S Chy is not pleafant, tho' it is built on the
Banks of a large River, becaufe it is fiurrounded with
craggy Mountains, and is not fir diitant fiorn thofe
of the Province of Koei tchem, which are alrnoit in-
acceable, and inhabited by none but a People almoft
hvage.
The Vallies, which are between thefe h i f i l Moun-
tains, are full of Villages and Forts, and they find
Gold in the Rivers. It has two Cities of the Second
Order, and five of the Third in its Diitria.
Tbe Fourth City, Se nguen fou.
T H E Diftria of this City is fmall, and contains
but one of the Second Order, and two of tbe Third,
and is f m d e d with Mountains : The People were
formerly
 formerly very brutifh and Gvage, but are become more
p l i t e rice they have been incorporated into the Em-
pire.
Aftb City, Ping lo fou.
T H I S City is fituated on the Banks of a great
River, which is not very fit for Navigation, becade
it runs through feveral very b a i t Vallies, and a-
bounds with Willows. I t hath one City of the Se-
cond Order, and Seven of the Third in its Diitrikt,
which are all furrounded with Mountains, that render
the Country very difagreeable, and yet fome are ca-
vered with Orange-Trees, and there is a great Qan-
tity of White Wax.
5 5 e Sixtb City, Ou tcheou fou.
A L L the Rivers of this Province unite near this
City, which joins to the Province of 2uang tong, and
is the Key of the whole Province, and the moit con-
fiderable City for Commerce in it : It hath one City
t
of the Second Order, and nine of the Third within its
JurifdiBion. The Country is partly mountainous, and
partly flat : In the Mountains is found Cinnabar, and
she uncommon Tree called *ang lung, which in-
fiead of Pith hath a fofi Pulp, of which1 they make
Flour, and whofe Tafte is pretty good.
Befides other Animals, which are common in Cbina,
there is the Rhinoceros, and a kind of yellow Ape,
whofe Shape and Cry refemble thofe of an ordinary
Dog.
G e Seventb City, Sin tcheou fou.
T H IS City is fituated at the Confluence of two
Rivers in an agreeable Country, when compared with
the refi of the Province ; it produces a kind of Cin-
namon, which is not near fo good as that of the
illand of Ceylan, either for Smell or Tafie ; there are
alio
alfo Trees that produce the hard Wood called Iron-
Wood. They make here a kind of Linen Clorh of
a fort of Grafi, which is ofien fold dearer than the
common Silks ; and there is likewik a yellow Earth
which they affirm to be good againit all foru of Poi-
ion. The DiitriCt of this City is not confiderable,
and contains but three Cities of the Third Order.
St Eigbtb City, Nan ning fou.
T H I S City is almoit furrounded with Rivers and
imall Lakes ; it hath four Cities of the Second Order,
and three of the Third within its DikiA, which is
fill of Mountains and Vallies. There are large Par-
rots which f i n learn to talk, and very large Porcu-
pines, as well as Iron Mines in fame of its Moun-
tains.
!lk Mntb City, Tai ping bu.
T H I S City is built on a Point of Land which
is almofi furrounded by a River ; on the Landiide
it is fortif)'d by a Wall that reaches from one Arm
of the fame River to the other : The Territory of
this City is very fiuihl, very populous, and well
cultivated, being the' beit in all the Province : There
are a great Number of Forts, b u f e it is near the
Confines of the Kingdom of Tong king.
The Cbinej call the Inhabitants of this Country
Barbarians, becaufe they are not fo polite as them-
felves : There are within the DiitriA of this City twelve
Cities of the Second Order, and two of the Third.
Kbt Tcntb City, Se ming fou.
T H I S City is likewife h a t e d in the Neighbour-
hood of the Kingdom of Tong king, in a mountainous
Country, near the Pillar which the fonkinc/e have
er&ed for the Limit of their Kingdom, and which I
have defcribed in another Place ; the Mountains are
well itock'd with Wood : It has but four Cities of the
Second
 Second Order in its DiitriB : This Counay pro-.
duces all the Neceffaries of Life ; but the Inhabitants
are not near fo poIite as they are in the r& ~f the
Empire.
f i e Elewntb City, Tchin ngan fou.
A G R E A T Part of the Diitrie of this City
is dependant on the Kingdom of long king, and 'has
but one City of the Second Order. Formerly it was
.but open Towns, which the have enlarged, and
l
furrounded with Walls, i o ma e it a City of the Se-
cond Order. The Manners of its Inhabitants are
not different from thofe of the CbinG, and the
Country produces all things neceffary for Lik. Here
is great Plenty of Honey and Wax..
I h e I'weIfth City, Se tchin fou.
T H E Diitrib of this City. is very fmall, and
comprehends but two of the Second Order ; it is ii-
tuated at the Confluence of two fmaU Rivers which
join near its Wall. The Country is partly flat,
i and partly mountainous, and fiands on the Frontiers
of the Province of fin nan ; it is full of Towns that
are well peopled.

T'b Fourfcentb Province of fbe Empirt of China,

Yun nan.
THpire,I Sandis one of the rich& Provinces of the Em-
is bounded by the Provinces of Se tchuen,
Koci tcheou, and 2uang ji, on one fide ; and on the
other with Tbibet, and a Savage People little known,
and the Kingdoms of Ava, Pegu, Laos, and Tong king.
-
It contains twenty-one Cities of the Firit Order, and
fifty-fiveof the Second and Third, and is well wa-
ter'd
ter'd with Rivers and Lakes, which render it very
fruitful.
Ali forts of Proviiions are very cheap, and they
receive great Profits from the G d d which they find a-
mong the Sand in the Rivers, and Torrents that if-
fue from ibme of the Mountains in the Eafiern Part ;
this gives reafon to believe that there is abundance of
Gold Mines that would bring in irnmenfe Riches if
allow'd to be open'd.
Befides the common Copper Mines, which are
found in other Provinces,' they have here a particular
kind of Copper call'd P e tong, which is intirely white;
it alfo produces red Amber, but no yellow : There
are Rubies, Saphires, Agates, Pearls, Precious-
Stones, Musk, Silk, Benjamin, a fort of Incenfe
which is greatly admired, Lapis Lawli, and verp fine
Marble.
There is alib of that kind of Marble which is na-
turally painted with divers Colours reprefenting Land-
skips, with which they make Tables ; fome think
Rubies, and other Precious-Stones, are brought here
from the Kingdom of Ava.
They have excellent Horfes, that are very &ong
and vigorous, but low ; there are alfo a particular
kind of Stags, that are no larger than our common
Dogs, which the Nobility keep in their Gardens for
their Diveriion, as likewife great Numbers of Gold-
en Hens, called En ki, which I have defcribed in
another Place.
Thefe People are very itrong, couragious, wittg,
and apt to learn.
Tbe I"i'/t City, and Capital of tbo Prouincc,
Yun nan fou.
TH I S City is fituated on the Banks, of a large
Lake, which they call the Soutbcrn Sea, which fome
Years ago was remarkable for its Beauty, and was up-
wards of a League in Circuit, and adorned with fine
V o L. I. S Build-
258 I h e G E N E R AH
L I S T O R ofY
Buildings and Gardehs. A Cbitnfi Ptince formerly
kept his Court there ; and the Tartars, who were
then Mailers of China, had granted him dxi InveRi-
ture of it, with the Title of King ; but this Prince'
'
havirlg revolted, and raken Anns againfi the Empe-
ror in the Year I 679, Ais Family was ~ i n ' d , and he
dying ioon after of Old Age, his Troops were di-
+erEd.
The Trade for Metals is greattr h e than in any
other Province : T h e ~ eis a kind of Stuff which is
uncommon, called Tong h i t a u n n j , that is, Satin of
the &Jern Sea; it is thick, made of Silk-Thread
I
twified, plain, without Luftre or %%was, and is
dyed into all ibrts of Cohurs, as the l'an tj,or
common Satin ; they make alfo fine Carpers.
The City of Tun nan has more Repuntion than
Riches, the Shops are but poorly hrniih'd, the Mer-
chants are not wealthy, the Buildings h t indiffe-
p n t , and the Inhabitants thin when compared with rhe
Ca itals of other Provinces.
$he @ng tou, or Governor-General of'the Ra-
vinces of Yin nan, and of Koei tcheou, MI&Shere,
as alfo the Viceroy of the Province. Within its Di-
firid3 are four Cities of the Second Orckr, and f m
of the Third.
The whole Country is very agreeable arrd fertile,
the Warers are very good, the Climate is temperare,
and the Canals are made large enough to admit confi-
derable Barks.
T h e Inhabitants have Wit as we11 as Courage, and
their Employment is either the Exercife of A m , or
Agriculture. The IQorfes of this Country are fmalJ5
but ftl-ong and lively : Lapis Lazuli is found here, as
Afb the Trees vrphofe Wood is called. a@-Wood.
f i e Sccowd C h t ~Ta li f a N

I
'F I S City is alfo built on the Banks of a Lake,
which is very long, and well fiock'd with aIi ibrts of
Fiih ;
 kilh ;the City is large d populous, the Clirna ve
ry mild, and the Soil fruitful,
This i s the principal Place where they makecurious
Tabla, ~ACI other Ornaments of fine Marble, which
, is $&om a Maintain d e d iknn/aag, and is nant-
trl y bewtifjr'd with difkrent Wours, ib that onc
ivould imagine an able Paiqter had embelliih'd it with
Mountains, Flowers, Trees', and Rivers. Ta li has
under its Jwifdklion four Cities uf the Second Or-
der, wd three of &e Third.
46 fbh-d City, L i e ngan fbu.
6
T H E DiilrZt of this City, which contains fbur
cities of the Second Order, and five of the Third,
conClRs of Plains, Vallies, and Mountains, whok
Pdp& i s not difa~reeablej it is watered by two
Lakes and fevaal R~vers,and is very fertile, efpeci-
ally io Rice md Wheat ; i? produces all0 Honey, a
great Quantity of Waa, and moil of the Fruits which
, grow in Chin&,
Tbt Fmrtb %it)i, Tchou h&n& fk.
T H I d city is fimtcd in the Center of the Pro-
Vinct, in a Wry fiae Cowtry; m e r e d by *era1 Ri-
h - s 3 and mrnpGd on all f&s with beaucifui
Mqmuiht ,which Ltite i n h d of Ramparts : The
Air is halthfirl, and the Soil produoes all htts of
Grain in &undznce ; ahere are a l b very good Pa-
itures,.
The Mournaim "ieldL@s t a w l l , and h e green
1:
Stones ; there are li ewife a v e r Mines, but they are
not permitted to be opcn'd. It hag within its Difirie
only two Cities of the Second Order.
2 % Fiftb
~ City, Tching kiang fou;
T H E Situation of this City is very agreeable,
being built on the Side of a Lake, and in a Plam fur-
rounded with Mountains, which are at a proper Di-
.S a Ranc~
266 B e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY *'

fiance, to ' render the Profpea agreeable : Its D i i &

is not large, and contains but two Cities of the Se-
cond Order, and two of the Third ; but it is water-
ed with Lakes and Rivers, which make it very f i t -
ful, and in which there are abundance of excellent
Fifh ; they make here Carpets of Cotton, which are
.
very valuable.
Tbc Sixtb City, King tang fou.
T H I S City is furrounded with very highmoun-
tains, in which they fay there are Silver Mines ; the
.Country abounds with Rice, and the Vallies are well
watered with Rivers and Brooks. Altho' it is placed
in the Rank of I;bu, there is no other City in its Di-
fii& : T o the Weit of this City there is one of thofi
'forts of Bridges which I have already dei'uib'd elfe-
where ; it is fupprted by Iron Chains, and the Sight
of the Precipices, with the Motion of the Bridge
'when feveral Perfons go over. it together, generally
fiight Perfons the firft time they pafi over it.
.7be Smntb City, Qang nan fou.
T H I S City, as .well as the preceding, hath no
other within its Jurifdifion ; it is feated on the Fron-
tiers of the Province of Kok tcbcou, and% almoR
feparated from the reil of the Province by frighdd
Mountains ; however its Territory is not the lefi
fertile. The CbineJe call the. Inhabitants of this
Country Barbarians, becailfe o r their Unpolitencfi.
The Ekbtb city, Qang fi hu.
T H I S City is fituated on the Banks of a Lake,
and furrounded with Mountains ; it has two Cities o f
the Third Order within its Difiri&, but has nothing
worthy of Obfmtion.
 . .
t Ninth
S City, Chun ning fou.
T H I S City is very fmall, its Circuit being but
half a League : It is furrounded with Mountains, and
the Paffages leading to it are very narrow ; the Soil
is fruitful, but the Inhabitants are as .barbarous in
their Manners, as the Climate which they inhabit.
2 %Tenth
~ City, Ku tfing fou.
A L T H 0' this City is furrounded with Mow-
@ins, the Soil that is about them is pretty fruitful.
Within its JurifdiLkion are five Cities of the Second
Order, and two of the Third : The Inhabitants are
very laborieus, and kultivate every Inch of Ground ;
but they are fo litigious, that they often fpend their
Fortunes in Law.
I' 22e EZevcitb 'City,Yao ngan fou.
: T H E Territory of this City is codderable, d-
tho' it contains but two Cities, one of the Second Or-
der, and the other of the Third. It is intermixt with
Mountains which are cover'd with fine Foreits and
fruitful Vallies, and produces abundance of Musk :
Near the City there is a Well of Salt-Water, from
.which they make very white Salt : The Inhabitants
of this C o u q are fiong and warlike.
Z%e TzleIftb City, KO king fou.
T H I S City is furrounded with Mountains, and
has but one Cit of the Second Order in its Difiria.
K
I t i s feated on t e Banks of a Lake whoie Circumfe-
rence is fix Leagues ; the People are couragious, and
are generally armed .with Bows and Arrows ; the
Country produces Musk, and Pine Apples ; there are
. the fineit Carpets made here ; and they pretend that
there are Mines of Gold within its Mountains, bor-
'dering upon the Countries of Si fan, or Land of
Lamas.
S 3 fia
 The lbiv~etnthCity, Vou ting fou.
T H I S City is Gtuated on the Confines of the
Province of Se tchuen, in a very fruitful Country,
qvatered wit11 Streams and Rivers, whve a coddera-
ble Garrifon is kept to defend it from the Incyriions of
the Mountaineers of the heighbourhood.
The Land is well cultivated, and abounds with Pa-
&ire Ground, which feeds a great number of S .
Gomc of the Mountzins are To Itccp, and th2G
Lges Co narrow, that a M p can Ecarcely get to the
Top ; the Inhabitants retire there in time of War,
as to arn inaccefliible R c f i : It has but two C i t h
~f the Second Order, and pne of the ThLQ within
jts P;itri&.
9 2 F~arrtemtb
~ City, Li i & q toy fib.
I T ir &id that tbe fnh;!bibants of thic City, 'and
its Territory, arc ddcended from @me ancient Cola
pies of Ckincfe, which came and fiqed tkrc 5 it haq
no other City within its Diitrfi, but is iiurounded
by Mountains which f'eparate it from the Land of thE
Lamas : It is not doubted but that there are Mines of
Gold within its Mountains. The whole Country is
I very well water'd, and the Land fivitfui
i there are
found here Amber and PineApplcs.
The fipteflth Giv, Yuen kiang Fou.
T H I S City is built on the Banks of a large Ri-
ver, call'd Ho li kinng : It lya no Jurifdihn, hav-
ing no City depending on it. The Country is diver&
fy'd with Mountains and Vallies, watered with feveral
Rivers, and abounds with Silk, Ebony-Wood, Palm-
Trees, and Trees of Areca, which thefe People chew
with the Leaf of Ijetel ; there arc abundance of Pea-
~ o c k shere.
 The Sixteenth City, Mong hoa fou,
T H f S Ci has none dependi~gon ir, but is fir-
X
rounded with igh Mountain9 ; nor is there any
Country in the whole Empire &at abounds fo plenti-'
fully with Musk as this.
f i e Smcnteenth Cify, Yung tchong fou.
M
T I S CPy is pretty largo and populous, and i;E
burlt III the m l d l t ~ ~high
f Mountains, an the Bayden
of the Province, in the Neighbourhqed af a &-
vage People, whofe Genius and Manner; the Inhabi-
tants of this Country partake d. T h e Country pro-
duces Gold, Honey, Wax, Amber, and a vait
uantit of fine Silk. It has within its Difiitks one
I
z i t y .o the Second Older, and two of the Third.
Eigbtecfith City, Yung ning tou fou.
!l%e
T H I S City is built at the Extremity ~f the Pro- -
vince, and almit joins to the Landof the Laaas :On
tk Eafi it hath a fine Lake, with four fmall Iflands
in it, but th&e i s no City within its Ju~iidi&ion. Iq
this Country, as well as in the Kingdom of Fhibct,
there are a pwticular kind of Cows, of whofe Tails
divers Uks Rre made; in particular, Stuffs through
which Rain cmpot p"eaato; and Carpeting, which
i s very valwble, and with which the Chin@ Officers
C
adorn their Standards and Bucklers.
5 % ~ flinetce~tbCity, Yung pe fou.
T H I S City i s built in the midit of Mountains,
its Territory i%very fruitfd, and there are large Plains
water'd by a fine Lake, and &veral large Rivers and
Streams; bur it h a AQ City within its DiitriR.
!l%e Twe~zztiethCity, Cai hoa fou,
T W I S City has nothing worthy Remark, only
that it is an the Cqfina of the E n g d a j ~of .Toig
s4 kiq,
 king, and is, on that fide, the Key of the Provincc:
It is fituatcd in a Country which is full of fertile Val-
lies and high Mountains ;but has no Jurifdiklion nor
City depending on it. '
Tbt Twenty-jrJ City, San ta fou.
- T H I S lait City is on the Confines of the King-
dom of h a , and is properly a . Garrifon to defend
the Frontiers ; it is furroundcd with Mountains, and
the Vallies are watered with Rivers, which make the
Soil very fertile.

Tbe Ffteentb Province of tbe Empire of China,

Koei tcheou.
T Hlying
I S Province is one of the fmallefi of Cbina,
between the Provinces of Hou quang, Sc
tchuen, Tun nan, and g u a n g j ; it contains ten Cities
of the Firit Order, and thirty-eight of the Second
and Third.
I t is full of inaccefible Mountains, and partly in-
habited by People that would never fubmit to the Ern-
peror, and who live independent of the Laws of the
Empire. I have given an Account of them in t$e be-
ginning of this Work.
T h t Emperors have tried fweral times to peopIe
this Province, and have fent thither Chinge Colonies
and Go~ernors,with their Families ; there arc abun-
dance of Forts and Places of War, where they keep
itrong Garrifons : The Taxes of this Provincc are
not fufficient to defiay the Expence of their Subfi-
ence, and the Emperor is oblig'd to fend new Supplies
every Year.
I n the Mountains there are Mines of Gold, Silver,
a d Mercury ; and it is from part of this Province
- that
that they get the Copper with which they make all
the fmall Bmfs Money which is in the Empire. Be-
sween the Mountains there are very agreeable and
fmitful Vallies, efpecially near the Rivers : Provi;
cons are sheap, but not fo plentiful as in other Places.
There are no Silks, but they make Stuffs of a
certain Herb which refembles Hemp, and is very pro-
per for Summer-Cloaths.
Cows and Stags are in great plenty here, as alfo the
befi Horf'es of Cbina ; there are likewife Multituda of
wild Hens, which are efieemed excellent.
She fir$ City, and Capital of tbc Province, Koei
yang fou.
T H I S is one of the fmallefi Cities of China,
the Circuit of it being not above a League : The
Houfes are partly 'of Earth, and partly Brick : It is
a Place of no Trade, the River not being navigable.
It has within its Jurifdiaion three Cities of the. Se-
cond Order, and four of the Third ; as alfo a great
many Forts round about it: The Country is iinooth
and level in fome Places, in others it abounds with
very itetp Mountains. .
'

B e Second City, Se tcheou fou.

T H I S City is feated on the Borders of the Pro:
vince towards that of Horr quang, and hath only
fome Forts within its JurifdiEtion. The whole Coun-
try is full of Mountains, and produces uick-Silver,
%
Cinnabar, and divers other Commodities. he Inhabi-
hntS are ignorant of all Chinge Learning, tho' they
are not fo barbarous as ibme others of the iame Pro-
vince; they com:nonly go bare-footed, and are fo
inured to Fatigue, that they can walk over Rocks with
.
a furprifmg Swiftnefi.
 fie flird City, Se nan feu.
T H I S Cit , which is built on the Banks of a
d
fine River, an in an extenfive P l a i ~ , hath within
its DiRri& three Cities of the Third Older, and feve-
ral Forts: It is furrounded on all fides by Moun -
tains, forne of which are inaccellible ; in time of
War the l nhabitants fhelter themfelves in thefe Moun-
tains, and carry their Goods with them, to prevent
being plundered by the Soldiers which crofs their
Country : There are a Savage People skulking a-
bout thofe Mounrxins, who have fcarce any Commu-
Rication with the Cbine/i.
q e Fourth City, T C ~ & yuen fou.
T H E DiitriCt of this City is but wry fmall, and
comprehends snly ibme Forts, and two Cities Or the
Third Order, The Country produces Pomegranates,
Oranges, and thc f i n d Flowers that are in all China :
The Inhabitants of the Mountains have no Com-
munication with the Cbine/e, and arc next to Bar-
barians.
$be F$b City, Che tfien fou.
T H i S City is firuated between the two prece-
ding ones ; its Diitrie is very fmaU, having .only
fime Forts, and one City of the Third Order in it.
The Inhabitants of the Mountains have fomething
very different in their Manners from the Cfinc/e Po-
litenefi, and both Men and Women go bare-footed ;
the Country produces a large Quantity of Qick-
filver.
rbe Sixth City, Tong gin fou.
T H I S is a Frontier-City of the Province, to-
wards that of Hou qunng ;,there is but one City and
fome Forts within its Diitri&, and there is abundance
pf Gold and Copper Mines to be met with here, T h e
Corn-
Communication of the Cbinc/"cwith the Inhabitants
have civiliz'd them of late, tho' they were fwmerly
mere Barbarians,
Zbc Seventb City, Ngan chan hu.
T H E Territory of this City is very mountain-
, and contains three Cities of the Second Order,
'&"
1d five of the .Third, with feveral garrifon'd Forts
to keep in awe the neighbouring Inhabitants, who are
jndependant, and live on the Mountains. The Vallies
gnd Plains are well watered, and would be very fruithi
if the People were more induitrious, and given to
Labour?
!lZc Eigbtb Citg, Tou yun fou.
T H E JuriMidkn of thio City is but fmall, and
comprehends onl two Cities of the Second Order,
1
a d two of the 'hird : It is in the Neighburhood
of the Mountains which are inhabited by the Smg
pho j,aPeople whom the Cbine/e could never fub-
due,' and who have their particular Government,
9 I have mention'd in another Place: It is fepa-
rated from them only by 3 River, and forne ftcep
Noun*. ' -
Mntb City, Ping yuen fou.
T H E Territory of this City is likewife in the
Neighbourhood of thefe wild People, who arz inde-
pendant of the Empire of Cbina, and who live on
~accefiibleMountains.
This Dinria contains only two Cities of the Se-
cond Order, and two of the Third. The Soil pro-
duces excellent Tea, and all kinds of Oranges ; there
is a kind of Linen Cloth made of a tort of Hemp
yay different from that of Etrrofe.
 f i e fmtb City, Ouei ning fou.
T H I S I& City is built on the Bank of a fine
Lake, in the midit of a Phin furrounded with-
Mountains, and has within its Diitrie three Cities
of the Second Order, and three of the Third, be-
fides feveral Forts with Garrifons for the Defence of
the Country.

THE

I
C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4'
''2
 T H E

A N N A L S ,
OF T H E

CHINESE MONARCHY:
. OR,
A CHRONOLOGIC HA I SLT O R oY
f
tbe mop remarkable Events that h a p
pen'd dtcrit;tg the' Reign of every
EMPEROR.

Fo H I, tbe Fir- Emperor.

E was born in the Provine of Cbm J,
and was chofen on account of his fupetidr
Merit to govern his Counqmen, who
.!p 2v:, call'd him lien tj2, that is to fay, Son sf
Heaven, to denote that he was more fa-
vour'd by Heaven than the re@of Mankind, fmce it
was from Heaven he meidd thofe extraordinary Qua-
lities which had raifed him to the Throne.
At this Time, fays a Chin$ Author, Men diWd
but little fiom Brutes; they knew their Mother, bpt
not

C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4'
''2
270 li4c G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
not their Father ; they liv'd in a hvage mannu, and
fought nothing but to fatisfy their Hunger, for as
j i i as they were filled they threw away the Remains :
I t was d m their Cuitom to devour every Part of the
Animd ; Lkey alfo drank the Blood, and cloathed
themielves with the Skins.
Fo bi taught them how to make Nets for Fiihing
and Fowling, and alfo initru&cd them to bring up
Domtitick Animals, as well for Food as for Sacrifias 3
by thefe means 'he provided for the Subii- of
his People.
This Prince alfo ~ketch'd out the eight h a , findo
ing that the knotted Cords, which they d cd infiead of
C h d e r s , and to iniLuQ their Children, were very
unfit to publim his Laws, and to leave to hfierity
the Infiru&ions he intended.
Thefe Koua are three Lines, which by different
Combinations make fixty four ;. and he drew out the&
famous Lines far Symbols to exprcfi what he deflred6
TkE e i ~ hfitla,
t or Symbols of three Lines each,
either itrait or crooked, expreffed certain general
Things on which the Generation or Corruption of
particular Things depended : One repr&nted the Ha-
ven, asother the Earth, the third Thunder and Lighta
%&e fourth Mountains, h e fifth Fire, the fix.&
the Clouds, the feventh the Waters, and the eighth the:
Wind. Ile taught them how to make ufe of thefe
Charaeers, and, to give the greater Force to his new
Laws, he declared that he had iben them traced u
the a c k of a Dr.gar&r/r, whhid, roG iixm the
twn af a Lfke ; he call'd it a Dragm-Hw/e
k2
it bad the Shape of a Horfe, and the ScrJes and W i
orf a Dragon. .
This Piodqy gaining Credit among the P q I c
gave him occdhn to crme Officers, or Madwins,
under the Name of thc Dragon. He called one the
1019%-Dragon, and his Employment was to com-
pok Books; he nam'd irzrothet the W & I I - I ) U
and
and he was to make the Calendar; a third was called
the Rcjdent-Dragou, and he had the Care of the
Buildings ; a fourth the Protetturg Dragoff, and his
Charge was to obviate and relieve the Wanu and Mi-
f'eries of the Common People ; a fifi call'd the -I'm-
~JrialLkagokt, ha8 the Care of the Lands 3 a furth,
named the Dragon of tbe WdmJ,was to look rfter
the Woods and Plant+ and prderve the Cornmunica-
tisn of the Springs.
H e made a Prime Minifier, ;nd dividad the Go-
vernment d his %ate between four Mandarins, one of
whom he h r to the North, another to the South,
.
the third to d ~ Eait,
e and the burth to the Weit : By
thefe means he made his Laws Aourik. The Sexes
were not then diftinguiihed by d i k n i Habits, but
lived in common without Shiime, altogether ignorant
of Conjugal Laws.
fi bi h r r n ' d this Dilbrder ; he commanded the
Women to difiinguiih themfelves by their Habit ;'he
made Laws f i Conjugal Society, by one of which
no Man could marry a Woman of his own Name,
whether related or not.
This C u h m itiil remains ; as for I n k e , thofe of
t)re Name Qf fing Ly, S c . cannot marry Wives of
the fame Name, rho' twlemy Generarim diftant, and
of different Families. T o i d e n the favage Nature
of his new Mj,&s,and to quiet wild and turbulent
Spirits he i n v e n ~ dMufick, and made the Infiument
Kin ; the upper Parc of which was convex, to repre-
Em Heaven, the under Piart flat, to reprefent &a
Earth. if chis Harmony invented by Fe hi was no
h r thzn the pr&t, h docs not fcem likdy to have
any great E M sn the Mind : The Chin#, indeed,
&iy that the M d - k of Zli, Bi was quite Divine, but
if ib it is a Tmfie irrecoverably loit.
Fa bi died, and was buried in\ a Place call'd fibin -,
he was fwceded by Cbin n q . A CbincJ1.HiiIoriPI
mentiom tihen PMca b c k Cbiff mnc but others,
who
272 B e G E N E R AH
L I S ~ T O oR
f Y ,:

- who follow the general Opinion, affirm that the&.

Princes were only Lords of Tributary Provinces, near-
ly fuch as thofe fince called lcbu beou.
Chin nong, tbe Second Emperor.
T H E Number of People being greatly increafed,
the Plants and Animals were not fufficient for their
Suilenance;therefore Cbin nong, tpuched with the Suffer-
ings of his Subjeb, thought of making theEarth fupply
their Wants ; he invented the neceKary Implements of
IHusbandry, and taught the People to fow five Sorts
of Grain ; from hence he was call'd Cbin nong, which
is, Heavenly Husbandman ; he taught them alfo to
make Salt of the Sea-Water.
The People being f u b j d to many Difafes, for
which they knew no Remedies, Cbin nong experien-
ced on himfelf the Nature of Simples, and difcover'd
their good and bad Qualities ; he coniider'd their
power, whether hot, temperate, or cold, and made
~ f of
e them accordingly, as a King does of his Sub-
' jells.
H e difcover'd in one Day feventy poifonous Plants,
and found means to make them ufefd, that is to fqy,
he found out the Counter-Poifon : After which he
wrote Books of Phyiick, and taught the Means to re-
itore Health to the Sick, which makes him e-
k m ' d the Author and Prince of Phyiick. Their
Simplicity of Manners baniih'd all Spirit of Conten-
tion ; every one had enough to live on, the Laws were
few, and there was no occaiion to encreak the Num-
ber; but the Government was majeitick and fevere. Cbin
song gave the firit Idea of Commerce, and eftabliihed
publick Markets, to which about the middle of the Day
the People reforted, and having bought all Neceffaries
returned quietly Home.
Whilfi this Prince was thus wholly employ'd for
the good of his S u b j h , So Cba a Tributary Prince
revolted ; but he was puniihed hy his-own Subje&s,
who
who put him to death. Every one return'd to their
Duty, and there was no Perfon in the whole Empire
who did not willingly fubmit to the mild and jutl
Government of Chin nong :H e died at ma bang, a
Place fubordinate to Tchang tcba.
.Some Hifiorians make feven Emperors fiom Chin
Bong to Hoang ti, viz. Lincoue, Icbeng, Ming, 2;
Lay, Ly, and Tu Ouang ; the lait was depofed, per-
haps the others were only tributary Princes. How-
ever it is certain that the Chinge Hifiorians place on-
ly Fohi, Chin nong, and Hoang ti in the Rank d the
firit Emperors, to whom the Arts and Sciences owe
their Beginning and their ProgreS.
Hoang ti, tbe lbird Emperor.
HI ST O R Y relates that Tu ouang was a paflionate
and violent Prince, that lie govern'd with Rigour, and
that the People groaned under his Opprefion. T h e
tributary Princes took up Arms, and one of them,viz.
I'ch yeou, was the firit who f'et up the Standard of the
revolted Princes ;the Emperor was depofed, and Ho-
a n -ti f k on the Throne,who was but twelve Years old;
Chin nong's Mother had.a younger Brother, who was
hereditary Prince of Cbao tien : The Heir of this
Prince during the Reign of Tu mang married fog
pao, who being much diforder'd by the NoXe of
'Thunder, was deliver'd of Hoang ti on the Mountain
Suen Tuen.
H e was, fays the Hiftory, a wondefil Child ;he
had fcarcely lefi the Byeail but he could fpeak ; in
his Infancy he difcover'd a great deal of Wit and Ad-
drefs, in his Youth an admirable good Nature and
fweetnefi of Temper, and in his Manhood an uncom-
mon Penetration and Judgment. fcbiyeou kforemen-
tioned was a reftlefs Prince, whofe boundlefi Ambi-
tion was the Caufe of great Troubles ; Hoang ti at-
tack'd him, and gave him Battle three Times. He
perceiving that thick Fogs faved the Enemy from his
Vor,. I. T Pur-
Purfuit, and that the Soldiers rambled out of the nay,
and loft the Courie of the Wind, he made a Carr
which fhow'd 'em the four Cardinal Points; by this
Method he overtook Scbi yeou, made him Prifoncr
and put him to Death. Some fay there were engraved
in this Carr, on a Plate, the CharaRers of aRat and
a Horfe, and underneath was placed a Needle to
&ermine the four Parts of the World. This would
amount to the Ufe of the Compafi, or fomething ve-
ry near it, being of great Antiquity, and well attefted.
'Tis pity this Contrivance is not explain'd, but the In-
tcrpreters knowing only the bare Fa& dare not venture
on ConjeBures.
After having regulated the mofi important Affairs
of the Empire, Hoang ti employ'd himfelf wholly in
makitig his Subje&s happy, by procuring them all
the Conveniences he could imagine ; he levell'd the
Mountains, and made Highways for the Convenience
of Trade ;he enlarged the Bounds of his Empire,
which he extended towards the Eafi to the Ocean, on
the North to ancient fartary; and on the South t o
the River Kiang, which ferved as a Barrier to his Do-
minions. H e created fix Minifiers to aflifi him in the
Government of the Empire, and made Tbng kiai Man-
darin to write Hifiory : H e intruited Ta nao with the
Care of making the Kia 9,or Cycle of frxty Years.
This Cycle is compofed on' one fide of ten Charac-
ters, called lion kan, and on the other fide of twelve, ,
which are call'd 55 tcbi: Thefe CharaBers do not
exprefs any thing, but are infiead of Figures or
Marks ; the firit ten are called the ten Stems, and the
others the twelve Branches : Thefe Marks are taken
two by two to denote the Year, and are fo combin'd
that the fame do not come together in frxty Years.
fing tcheng was ordeid to make a Sphere and a
Calendar: 'Twas he who difcovered the Polar Star,
and the others which furround it ; the Form of this
Sphere is not known, which reprefented the Celeftial
Orbs ;
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTA
Qc.R Y , 275.
Orbs ;at length, by means of hdny Experiments, he
could foretel the Changes of the Weather, and of the
Air. T h e Lot of Li cbeou was to regulate Figures'
and Meafures ; the Method of computing, which he
invented, is itill in ufe : 'Tis a little Box divided in
two in the middle, and crofsyd by h a l l Wires, on
which feveral Balls are h u n g ; there are but two on
each Wire of the upper Row, each of which h n d s
for five ; the lower Row, which is much larger, has
five Balls on- every Wire, and every Ball is reckon'd
as one. When they reckon fiom right to lefi, die
Numbers encreafe as in'our Figures : This Method
of computing is more ready and more hru than our
Calculation with the Pen.
For Meafures he took a Grain of Millet for the
Length of a Line, ten Lines for an Inch, ten Inches
for a Foot, &c. The different way thefe Grains which
are o w may be placed has made the Difference of
Meatires in their fweral Dynafiies.
Under the prefent Dynaity there are three forts of
Meafures, 11; the Palace Foot, which is to the PariJ
Foot as 97; to 100. 2 4 The Foot of the Tribunal
of Publick Works, call'd Kong pou, which is made
ufe of by Workmen ; it is a Line ihorter than the
Palacs Foot. gd, The Taylors Foot, which is ukd
by thofe who fell Silks, &c. it is fwen Lines longer
than the Kong pou.
Lirzg lun was appointed to improve Mufick, and
to explain the Order of the different Tones.
Tongyuen was order'd to make twelve Bells of Cop-
per, which reprefented the twelve Mo~ithsof the Year,
Hoang ti afterwards invented the Cap, Mien, for a
Diadem : This Cap bent downwards a little b-fore,
and rofe behind ; it was imen Inches wide, and one
Foot two Inches long : H e made himi'elf likewife
Habits and Ornaments fuitable to his Dignity ; hk
Robe was blue and yellow, to imitate the Colours of
Heaven and Earth.
T 2 After
 7;5e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Afier having attentively confidered the Pheaf'ant's
Feathers,md the various Colours of Birds and Flowers,
he found out the Art of Dying, and commanded the
Habits of the Rich and Poor to be of different Co-
lours. H e caui'ed feveral Initruments to be made of
p t ufe to the Publick, Machines for bruiling Rice,
Kitchen-Furnaces, Kettles, Ma. and the People began
to eat Rice drefs'd different ways. H e built Bridges
over Rivers, made Coffins fbr the Dead ; he gave
Inftru&ions to make Bows and Arrows, and Wind-
Idruments, as Flutes, Fifes, Organs, Trumpets
which imitated the roaring of a Dragon, and Drums
which made a noife like Thunder.
Seeing hollow pieces of Wood Rote, he made Barks,
and invented Oars ;he invented alfo Wheel-Carriages,
and train'd Oxen and Horfes to draw them. The
People then dwelt in wretched Huts ; Hoang ti gave
the Model of regular Buildings, and built himfclf a
Palace call'd Ho beng, where he facrificed to the So-
vereign Lord of Heaven. To facilitate Commerce, he
coined Money, which he call'd Kin tao, becaufe it had
the Shape of the Blade of a Knife, and he made fuch
good Regulations in the Expehces of the Empire, that
his Riches were immenEly increafed. Men fuffer'd
fmm without by the Rigour of the Seafons, and, with-
in by the PafEons which difiurbed the Mind ; they
died before their Time; Hoang ti carefully confider'd
the five Elements,theSeafons,and the Nature of Man,
and order'd three Dottors, nam'd Kype, Yea fou, and
Ley kong, to examine the Blood-VeiTels ;after which
he direaed the proper Remedies of every Difternper,
and Men lived out their Time aczording to the due
COUI fe of Nature.
H e order'd the Emprefi to infiru& the People in
the manner of breeding Silk-Worms, to wind off their
Webbs, and to make themfelves Cloaths. This Prince
had not a Moment's reft, and tho' he had taught his
Subje&s to build Houfes and Cities, and had built
him-
t
 CHINA, & . 27g
CHINESE-TABTARY, :
himfeelf a Palace, he had no certain Refidence, but
encamped with his Soldiers.
H e meafured the Country, and divided it into
Tcbcou ; he made feveral Principalities of IOO Lys
each, where he builtSTowns;he order'd that 240 Paces
in length, and one in breadth, ihould make a Mou ;
that I oo Mou ihould make a King ; fo that the Pace
being five Foot, a MOU of Land contained 6000 fquare
Foot, and 600,000 a King. H e alfo ordain'd that
nine King ihould be called fjng, and that it ihould
be the Portion of eight Families, which fhould have *

each a King, or roo Mou, and the remaining in the

middle ihould belong to the Emperor, and be culti-
vated at the common Expence of thefe eight Fami-
lies. H e order'd four Paths to be made to each Ijng,
and that three TJng ihould be called Ho ki, three Ho
ki a Street, five Streets a Town, ten Towns a lou,
ten I'ou a Che, and ten Chc a fcbrou.
Hoang ti died upon the Declivity of the Mountain
King cban, and was buried in the Province of Cban
tong. The Cbinej Authors give this Prince the high&
Encomiums ; the Virtue and Talents of this Prince,
they fay, equalled Heaven and Earth ; his Govern-
ment was admirable, his Laws folid, his Condua
moit iteady : H e pour'd out his Favours upon all the .
World, and his Liberality has reach'd down to us,
fo that we might fay he itill lives. H e had twenty
five Children, and ose of them, named Cbao Mao,
fucceeded him in the Empire.
Chao hao, the Fourth Emperor.
T H I S Prince gain'd the AffeAions of his People
by his good Nature, and fweetnefs of Temper. It was ,
fpread abroad that the Fong boang had been f e n at his
coming to the Crown, which was look'd upon as a
Prefage of a happy Reign, becaufe (the Chin@ fay)
this wonderfbl Bird never appears but in the Reign
of good Kings : The Fong boang is a very fcarce Bird,
3'3 or
 or rather a Fiaion, much as our Phenix ;according
to the Chin+ Defcription, he refembles an Eagle; but
excells him in the great Variety of his Colours. The
pretended Appearance of this Bird gave the new Emr
peror the Hint of diitinguiihing his Officers, by the
Shape of various Birds on their Garments : The Ort
der was given, and is obfm'd to this Day : T h e
Mandarins of Letters have Birds on their Habit em-
broidered in Gold, to diitinguiih their Rank ;the ManT
darins of the Army have Animals, as the Dragon, the
Lion, the T,iger, €3~. By thefe Marks of Honour
the People know the Rank thefe Officers have in the
nine Degrees of the State.
Among thefe new Mandarins, thofe call'd the five
Hieou were to affemble the People; others were to
govern the five different forts of Artifans ; otherswere
to prdde wer Tillage, and obferve the Behaviour of
the People. This Prince govcrnqd with great Equity ;
their own Authors fay he exaEt1y imitated Fo hi ;'he
reformed the Meafures of Grain, he made a Drum ta
bear the Watches, he cler'd the Channels of Rivers,
and levelled the Ways on the Mountains, and laitly
he invented a new fort of Mufick, for which he was
called Ta ysten. The Emperor died very old, and
left five Sons ; four of them had each a particular Me-
rit, but as he obierved greater Talents in his Nephew
~ C ~ U bio,
~ I who
Z was the Grandfon of Hoang ti, ha
gave him the Preference before his Children, and chofu
him to fuccced in the Empire.
Tchuen hb, tbe FFh Emperor. ,
H E was na fmper Qn the Throne, but, far from
miitruiting thsfe whofe Place he filled, he gave
them the mofi confiderable Employments, and fuch
.is were moil fvitable ts their Difpofitions. A5 thefe
Princes underitood perfeAly the Nature of Metals,
Waters, and Woods, € 3 ~ .he gave to one the InfpecT
tion .of the Mines, another he made to preiide o v q
the
 Wc. 279
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
,
the Waters and Forefts, and having tried their Fide-
lity, he rais'd them afterwards to more honourablt
E m loyments. Towards the end of Cbao Hao's Reign
the %eople began to thrufi themfelves into the facred
Offices, every Family would have a domeitick Prieit ;
Tcbuen Hio reform'd this Abufe, and join9d.the Prieit-
hood to the Crown, and made a Law that none but
the Emperor ihould offer folemn Sacrifices to the
Lord of Heaven. This hath been obferved ever fince,
for the Emperor alone is Pontiff, and has a Right to
offer Sacrifices in the Tem le of Heaven : If it ha -
R
pens that, thro' Age or Sici neis, he cannot go to t e
Temple to perform the FunAion, he deputes fome
Prince or great Officer to fupply his Place, and to
difcharge this Duty of Religion. As this Emperor
was an expert Afironomer, he alter'd the Manner of
obferving and calculating the Celefiial Motions, and
becaufe thefe Motions appeaid at a great Diitance,
he invented a Machine which gave a plainer Idea,
and was of ufe in Equations, Afcenfions, €5'~.The
Interpreters fay nothing of the ConitruCtion, Shape, or
Proportion of this Infirument : They f p k only of a
Conjudtion of the five Planets in the Confieflation
Che, which happen'd in the Reign of T'cbuen Hio ;
but, as a judicious Cbinej Aitronomer obferves, this is
not a real ConjunAion.
The ConjunCtions of the Planets have always been
efieem'd good Pref.es for the reigning Prince ; there
are more of thefe falfe ConjunRions in the followkg
Part of thii Hiitory, efpecially at the Change ofthe
Dynafiies ; and, without going far for Examples, we
find one in the fiond Year of the Reign of the pre-
fent Emperor : The ConjunQion of fiur Planets was
a fufficient Reafon to make one of five in his favour.
The Emperor feem'd pleafed with it, and receiv'd ,
the Compliments of the Court on this Occafion ;every
Body gain'd by it, efpecially the Mqfiernaticians, who
did not err though Ignorance.
T 4 This
a80 n e G E N E R AHLI S T O ROf
Y .
This falfe Conjun&ion which was carefully chroni-
cled, may be the Occafion of great Difputes and fare
Syfiems in future Times : If two or thrce thoufand
Years henck an .E~ropeanihould calculate this Con-
juneion, he would not find Saturn in it. Should this
make us doubt other FaL)s of Tong,lcbing's Hiftory,
it would be no difficulty to the Cbine/c, who perfealy
underftand this common piece of Flattery, and
know what to abate of thefe Compliments to the Em-
peror on iuch Occaiions.
'Kchaen bio regulated the Calender, and defir'd to be-
gin the Year the firft Day ofthe Month, in which the
Sun fhould be nearefi the fifteenth Degree of Aquari-
us, for which hc is calied the Author and Father of
the Ephemeris ; he chofi the Time that the Sun paf-
fes thro' the Middle of this Sign, 'becaufe in this Sea-
fon the Earth is adorn'd with Pfants, Trees renew
,their Verdure, and all Nature feems to be reanimated.
This Prince died very old, and was buried at POW
yang : His SucceKor was Ti60 or Kao Jin, Grandchild
of Cbao hno. The Defcendants of lcbuen bio, who
were numerous, had in courfe of time feveral little
fitates, of which they were tributary Princes. It is
always the: Emperor who grants thefe Governments
to Princes, either as being Relations, or Perfons of
great Merit ; they hold of the Empire much like the
Duke$and Counts of Germany, and, in cafe of a War,
they are obliged to furnifh a certain Number of
Troops to defend the Emperor.
T i co, o r Cao fi, the Sixth Emperor. ..
T H E Chineje Writers highly extol this Prince,
they fay he was very knowing, he faw thro' every
thing, he 'examin'd every thing himfelf, and entered
into the moil minute Circumitances : H e was popu-
lar, without lofing his Majefly ;he lov'd his SubjeAs
tenderly, he diitributed his Favours to all Men, he
carefully amended what was wrong in himfdf, he was
reli:
 religious in the Worihip of the Sovereign Lord of
Heaven, whom he ferved refpepeRhlly ; his Majeftic
Air commanded Veneration, his Virtue was eminenr,
he always aAed right, and kept the juft Mean in eve-
ry thing ; in ihort, there was no Nation enlightened
by the Sun, or water'd by the Rain, that did not Q-
bey his Commands with P l d u r e ; he appointed Ma- 1
iters to teach the People Virtu$, and invented Vocal
Muiick. Kien be was the firit who by his Orders made
Songs, he appointed others to make dierent forts af
Flutes, a Drum, a Bell, a King (which is a thin Aar
Plate the b i k e with a Mallet) ; he made that Piece
of MufiCE, which Bgnifies the Beauty of Heaven, of
the Earth, and of the four Sedons. H e gave the fire
Example of Polygamy, by marrying four Wives 6
he had by the Firft a Son named Ki, whofe Mcen-
dants made the Dynaily of Tcbemr ; by the fecond,
a Son named Sie, whofe Defcendants made the Dy-
naity of Cbang ; the third bore him Tao ; and the Son
tjy the fourth was called Tchi ; the great hopes the
Emperor had of this Prince induced him to make
him hiE Succeffor.
Tchi, the Seventh Emperor.
THIS Prince did not long maintain the Opinion- of
his Merit ; he made ufe of- his Power only to give
himielfup to Brutal Pleafires : The tributary Princes,
I who were accuitomed to obey wik Emperors, could
not forbear his Extravagancies ; they made him fe-
veral Remonitrances on his ConduA, but without Suc-
cefi ; they therefore made him quit the Throne, ba-
niihed him, and gave the Empire to hisBrother Tao.
T h e Cycle of fixty Years cannot be ufed before the
Reign of =o ; f o r altho' it was invented by the fa-
mous Hoang ti, the Duration of thefe firit-Reigns is
very uncertain : On the contrary, from the Emperor
2"ao to Chriit, the Chronology is perfe&tly well kept,
.
and the Chin$ Writers have very particularly diitin-
guiihed
.
 guilhed the Events of each Year, even to the Divi-
iions in the Empire, and the Duration of each Inter-
regnum ; this induced me to begin the Cycle with t h e
Emperor Tao.
Yao, tbe Eigbth Emperor, reigned alone 72 Tears,
and witb Chun 28 Tears, wbom be made bis Com-
panion in tbe Empire,

cycle I. 'TW A S in the forty-firit Year of the preceding

Cycle that this Prince mounted the Throne : H e is
eitecm'd the firit Legiflator of the Nation, and the
Pattern of Sovereigns ; after him and his Succeffor
all Emperors, who are jealous of their Reputation, en-
deavour to form thedelves, and it is at prefent the
-higheft Praik you can give an Emperor of Cbina,
xo fay he is like Tao and Cbun, &c. Hiftory fays,
that Virtue was natural to him ; he was atlive, labo-
.rious, vigilant, of fuch Penetration and Judgment,
that he forefaw every thing ; his Moderation and
Equity maintain'd the Vigour of the Laws, and at
the fame time made them belov'd ; he never em-
ploy'd his Authority but for the Good of his Sub-
jeRs; his M o d e was equal to his Greatneis, and
hone even in the Homage which was paid to his
Rank; fo fiugal at Meals, that he was fatisyd
with the coarfefi Food : no Magnificence in Furni-
ture ; his Palace was bare of all Ornament ; his Ha-
bit only Woollen Stuff in Summer, or of Deer-Skins
in Winter ; if any publick Calamity happen'd, or
b y Sub@ committed a Crime, he attributed it to
his MifconduR, or the Anger of Hewen hr his ne- .
gleAig to teach the People their Duty ; he never
made a Progrefi thro' his Empire, before he had fa-
crificed to the Supreme Being, and his SubjeRs wait-
ed with as much Impatience to fee him, as parch'd
Fields expe& the Rain,
 CHINA, CHINESE-TARTA &c.R Y , 2tJ3
It is the Cuitom of the Chin+ Philofophers to
form their Maxims of Morality by their Conformity
ro the Aaions of this Emperor, and his two S u c d -
fors ;this Conformity, once proved, gives their Max-
ims an indifputable Authority. Tau, who delighted
in Afironomy, appointed two skilhl Mathematicians,
Hi and Ho, carefully to obfme the Courfe of the
Heavenly Bodies, and to make Inherits for this
. Purpofe: By their Aflfince he regulated the twelve
Lunar Months, and re-ehbliihed the Intercalary
Months, which return'd fmen times in nineteen Years.
T h e Empreli was ernploy'd in breeding Silk-Worms,
and teaching the Women Improvements in the Silk-
ManuFdRure, which till then was very imperfea.
. This Prince new regulated the Adminiitration, by
eitabliihing fix fuperior Courts, which remain to this
Day : T h e Reputation of his Virtue and wiE Go-
vernment drew feveral neighbouring Nations into
)lis Dominions, and his Subje&s increas'd to that De-
gree, that the Country could .not fupport them,
chiefly becaufe all the Low-Lands were overflowed, .
e i h r by the Remajqs of the U n i v d d Deluge, as
fome believe, or by the Stoppage of the Channels o£
the Rivers.
T h e Emperor undertook to recover thefe Lands,
and appointed an Officer, named kouen, to make.
Drains to carry off the Water ; this Officer, being
+ h e r negligent or ignorant, imploy'd nine Years in
this Work without Succeis, for which he was pu-
nifh'd \pith peath : But h b Son Ti made amends for
the Father's Misbehavioqr, for in thirteen Years,
with unwmy'd Labour, he levell'd Mountains, con-
fin'd Riyep within their Channels, drain'd the Lakes
and Mqihgs, enclofed feveral rapid Torrents with
Banks, and divided the $livers into feveral Canals :
By thde means he gained a great Extent of Country,
and rendered the whole much more fertile, and yoq
pjll find in .
, the Sequel that iuch a confiderable Service
was
284 7Ze G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
was not unrewarded. In the mean time Tao was con-
iidering of a Succeffor, in which he confulted only
the Welfare of his People : Difcovering his Defign
one Day to his Courtiers, one of them told him,
That his eldefi Son was worthy of the Throne, as he
was deferving fuch a Father; and that the People
would not fiil p q i n g a due Regard to the hereditary
Virtues of his (Blood. Tho reply'd, I abhor tboj as
much who pra$ the Wicked, as tbop who calumniatethe
JzlJt : I know my, Son ; under an A'earancs of Yiu-
iare he conceals real Yices.
Some time afier Tao.fent ibr one of his Minifters,
m whom he confided for his Wiklom and Probity,
and would have reiigned the Crown in his Favour ;
but this wife Minifier excufed himfelf from receiving
the Honour, and at the fame time propofd to the
Emperor a Husbandman, named Chun, whofe Vir-
cue, Probity, and Patience in the feveren Trials, be-
,
fides many other excellent Qualities, had render'd
him worthy of the Crown.
Tao fent for him, and made him Governor of a
Province, where C h n gain'd fuch a great Reputation,
that at the End of three Years he was made affo-
ciate in the Empire, and marry'd the Emperor's two
Daughters.
The Emperor lived twenty-eight Years afterwards,
in perfeet Union with the new Colleague he had cho-
&n ; till at length, perceiving himfelf near his End,
1
he exhorted Cbun to govern like a Father, and to re-
member he m s made for the People, and not the
1
1
People for him ; and that an Emperor was raifed a-
bove the reit of Mankind, only to do them good, and
to prevent their Wants : Finifhing thefe Words, he
drew his lafi Breath, and died r I 8 Years old, leaving
nine Children : All his People, who had experienc'd
in this Prince the Love and Tendernefs of a Father
and a Mother, mourn'd for him three Years,
t

Chun,
 Chun, .the Ninth Emperor, reigned alone 50 Years.
T A 0 died ih tfie twentieth Year of this Cycle, Cycle z.
and Cbnn began to reign alone the Year following ;A.c2z7r
he is elteemed, as Yao, one of the Legihtors of the
Nation. Prefently after the Death of the Emperor,
Chun ihut himfelf up 'in the Sepulchre of Tao for
three Years, fiom whence arole the Cuftom of mourn-
ing three Years for a Parent.
'The Advancement of Chun is attributed to his Obe-
dience and Submifion to his Parents ; for tho' they al-
ways us'd him feverely, and ibmetimes to the endan-
gering his Life, yet it never alter'd his dutiful Beha-
viour, ib that by degrees his Ref+ and Patience got
the better of their ill Treatment.
From whence their Philoibphers draw thele two
great Principles of Morality ; Firfi, That however
wicked Parents may be, Children are not the leii
bound to pay them RefpeA and Obedience. Second-
ly, That there is no Man lo wicked, but may be re-
claimed by repeated Obligations.
C h n , having paid his Duty to the Memory of Tau;
took PoKeiXon of the Imperial Palace, and receiv'd
the Homage of the tributary Kings, and found in his
Palace a vaft Quantity of Gold and Jewels : H e
made a Sphere reprdenting the Seven Planets, each
Planet reprefented by different Jewels : H e made al- '
fo fome new Laws, and appointed inferior Officers
in each of the fix Courts eitabliih'd by his Predecef-
$or. H e honour'd Men of Learning with his Fa-
vour and Protdion, vifited his Provinces once a
Year, and rewarded or puniih'd the tributary Kings
with fo much JuRice, that he gain'd the Efieem of
all his People.
T h e Improvement of Agriculture was one of his
principal Concerns ; for which end he forbad all
Governors, under fevere Penalties, to difcourage t k
Husbandman by heavy Exatlions.
He
 H e was particularly cautious not to give any Go-'
vernments to any, but to thofe of known Merit and
Capacity. And l a y , he made many other Ordi-
nances, the Wifdom and Equity of which have made
him regarded as one of the greatefi Heroes of this
Country : One of thde Ordinances may feem ex-
traordinary, which permits any Perfon to write
on a Table, expos'd to publick View, whatever he
thinks blameable in the Emperor's ConduR.
In the fifty-fourth Year of this Cycle he made Tu his
Succeffor, preferring him before his Children for the
Good of his SubjeCts ; he was led to this Choice by
the Capacity and Merit of this Great Man, and in .
fome meafure out of Gratitude for the Advantages he
had procured to the Empire in draining the Lands.
H e Jived feventeen Years afier he had laced Tu on.
f
the Throne, in fuch a itria Union wit this Prince,
that the Royal Authority never f'eem'd to be divided.
The tenth Year of this Cycle the Emperor C b u ~
died, aged I 10 Years, and was buried in the Province
of CbenJi.

The FirJ3 Dynajy, nnm'd Hia, which contains

. Seventeen Emperors in tbe Space of 4 58 T&rr.
Yu, tbe ErjZ Emperor, reigned alone Ten Tears.
,

Cyde 3. T HYearE Second Year of this Cycle, which is the

7 before Chrifi, Tu, or l a yu, which
22 I
iignifies, Tu the Great, govern'd the Empire alone,
and kept his Court in the Province of CbanJ. A
, Son of the Emperor Chn, grieved to fee a Stranger
on the Throne, endeavoured to raife a Rebellidn, but
being fbdaken by the Nobles and the common Peo--
pk, his Attempts only help'd to ehbliih Tu, whofe
Virtue and great Genius had entirely won the Hearts
of
I

C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T&A
c: R Y , 287
of his Subje6t-s. The Knowledge he had acquit'd of
the Nature of Lands, enabled him to write an excel-
lent Treatiie of Agriculture, in which he taught how
t o cultivate, to ibw, and manure Lands. H e af-
terwards caufed the Slopes and higher Grounds to be
level'd, that the Water might flow to thofe Places
which mofi wanted it. H e divided his whole Domi-
nions into nine Provinces, and cauied as many great
brazen VefGels to be made, on each of which a Map
of a Province was engraved : In i'ucceeding Times
thek VefGds became very precious, for 'twas believ'd
that the Safety of the State depended on their Preler-
vation, and whoever could get PoKefion of them
thought himldf fire of the Crown. T h e Empire
became Hereditary under this Prince, as well as the
Prieithood, which was before united to the Crown,
and has remain'd to this time inviolably attach'd to
it, it being Death for any other Pedon to offer Sacri-
fices.
I t was the way to gain the EmperoJs Favour, to
admoniih him of his Condu& ; and he thought no
Employment fo becoming a Monarch, as that afdo-,
ing Juitice to' his People : For this end he gave
Accei's at all Hours, and at the Gates of his Palace
were fix'd a Bell, a ,Drum, and three Tables, dne of
Irop, another of Stone, the third of Lead, and he
ordered all Perfons to found one of thefe Infiruments
when they wanted Admittance ; the Bell was to di-
fiinguifh Civil Affairs, the Drum was to be beat for
Bufinefs relating to the Laws or Religion, the Table
of Lead for Matters of the Adminiitration, the Ta-
ble of Stone to denote a Complaint of Wrong done
by fome Magiitrate, and laitly the Table of Iron
to complain of ibme hard Ufage. The Emperor re-
ceiv'd every body gracioufly that came to give him
with any Information, or to implore his Jufiice ; it is
related, that he arofe from Table twice in one Day at
the Sound of the Bell; and another Day, that he
came
288 23e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
canre three times out of the Bath to hear ibme Com-
plaints.
H e ufed to fay, That a Prince ought to be as cau-
tious of his Condue, as if he walk'd upon Ice ; that
nothing was more difficult than to govern ; that Dan-
gers f i o u n d a Monarch ; that he has every thing to
fi#r, if he gives himfelf up to his Pleafure; that he
M d avoid Idlenefi, choofe good Minifters, and,
follow their Counfels ; and when once he had madc a
Refolution, he ihould execute it without Delay.
In this Reign Ytie invented Chinefe Wine : This
Drink is made of Rice, ancj as f i n as the Emperor
mited it, he exprefs'd his Concern thus, 2% Liquor,
fays he, wiU cau4 tbegreatg Troubles in the Empire ;
and forthwith bclniihing the Inventor, forbid the ma-
king any under fevere Penalties : This Precaution
prov'd of no E f f i , for the Art of making it was
preiWd, and it is at p r h t efteem'd one of their
great* Delicacies.
Ti ki, the Semnd Emperor, reigned g Tears.
. f I K I , the Son of Ti, fucceeded, and the People
oMerving the f m e great ualities in the Son, which
% -
they had admired in the ather, were more edfily '
comforted for their Lo&.
The Beginning of his Reign was difiurb'd by a
# War with a tributary Prince, who ill treated his Sub-
, je&s, and ddign'd to make himfelf abfolute. T h e
Emperor therefore put himfellf at the Head of his
Army, and, with the AiIinance of fix tributary
Princes, reduced the Rebel. The People did not
long enjoy the Benefits of this Prince's Wifdom, for
he died in the 29th Year sf this Cycle, and his Son
Tai kang fucceeded.
T a i kang, tbe Gird Emperor, reigned 29 Years.
TA I KA N G began his Reign by making fe-
veral Principalities, which he divided among his five
Brethren,
Brerhren, in order to leffen the Jedloufy they might
entertain on feeing him preferr'd; but this was the
only wife A&ion of his Reign.
H e abandon'd the Care of the Govefnment, to give
himfelf wholly to irregular Pafions ; his Palace was
111 of loofe Women ; he f ~ n whole
t Days in the
Woods hunting wild Beafts; his Horfes and Dogs
ravag'd the Country, and defiroy'd the Harvefis : The
People in general complained grievoufly of this Ty-
ranny ; but Complaints and Remonftrances haw
ing no E&A, there followed a gene+ Revolt,
One of the Emperor's Chief Officers undertook to
dethrone him : H e was General of the Army, which
entirely confided in him ; with the Confent of the
Nobility he made the Emperor Prifoner, while he was
hunting in the Woods, where he had been upwards of
rhree Months, fent him into Banifhment, and fet his
younger Brother lchong kang on the Throne: This
Revolution, which happen'd in the 47th Year of this
Cycle, was effe&ed without any Diforder.
Tchong Kang, tbe Fourth Emperor, reigned
mrtcen Years.
Tchong kang would never take the Title of Elm-
peror while his Brother was living, ib that the Year$
of this Reign are computed from the Death of l a ;
Kang.
H e difcover'd as much Prudence as Madefly in this
Condutt : H e was afraid that Ywould on fome occa-
fion make ufe of his Power to dethrone him, as he
.had done his Brother ;neverthelefs he found an Expea
dient to reward his Services, and to f'ecure himfelf.
H e declar'd that the wife Counfel of fo skilful a
Miniiter as T was abfolutely neceffary to him, and de-
fired to have him'near his Peribn ; T was caught in -..-
the Snare, and expe&ed to make himfelf foon Mad
flier of the Emperor, and to govern the Empire in his
Name : ?'he Employments of Privy Counfellor and
V o I..-I. U General
 *
General were never given to the fame Peribn. fcbong
kang gave the Command of the Army to Tcbt'Ou, an
Officerof approved Fidelity : This prudent Meafurc
help'd greatly to fix him on the Throne.
r finding, by the Confquence, that he had no Share
in the Favour or Confidence of Tcbong kang, vow'd
in Reven e to defiroy the Imperial Family ; yet he
%
difguifd is Refentment, and finding he could not
execute his Projells while fcbeou was at the Head of
t& Army, he tried feveral Ways to difplace him, but
in rain. All his Attempts proving abortive, he con-
tested hidelf with gaining the Good-W ill of the
Chief Officersand , had the Addreis to infinuate him-
felf into the @ Graces of the next Heir to the
Crown, till he had an Opportunity of effeEting his
Delign : While thefe things were in Agiation Tai
'
kang died, the 58th Year of this Cycle, and then I'cbong
kang took the Tide of Emp'eror.
The fecond Year of this Cycle, or the fixth as o-
thers fay, there was a remarkable Eclipfe of the Sun
in the Conftellation Tang : The two Afironomers Hi
and He, who prelided in the Tribunal of the Mathe-
maticks, were put to death becaufe they had not fore-
told this Eclipfe, but by &~ve Drinking had ne-
gle&cd to compute and obferve the Celefiial Mo-
n tions : This caui'ed fome Defekk in the Calendar en-
trufied to their Care, which was a capital Crime,
Some believe thde Mathematicians privately fivour'd
the Tnafqn that Y was fecretly plotting, and that
they lo& their Lives partly on this Account. Tchoq
b a g died the I 3th Year of the Cycle, and Cli/iang.
fucceeded him the Year following.
Ti fiang, tbe fifth Emperor, reigned 2 7 Tears.
?' H E Folly bf Sjiang was the Caufe of his Ruin,
%ad was very near being the DeitruQion of his whole
Family ; initcad of following the Condu& of his Fa-
ther with regard to T , by keeping him out of all
coniider-
 , t, &.
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTAR 391
confiderable Employments, he became his chief Con-
, fident, and he was ib blind as to'difplace the faithhl
Tcbeov, and give the Command of the Army to this
Traitor,
T being refior'd to this i m p a n t Pofi bezan to
think of executin his Deiign: he firit gained the
f
Love of the So diers, and ufed them by degrees
to pay lefi regard to the Commands of the Emperor
than to his own ; in ihort he carried on fo mady In-
trigues, that the.Emperor was obliged to take Refuge
in the Court of two Tributary Kings his Relations.
while he was in Favour, had raifed a great num- a

ber of his Creatures to the higheit P o h of the State ;

but fearing leit other Tributary Princes ihould join the
Emperor, he did not openly declare his Rebellion:
H e had recourfe to the common Artifices ; he wrote
'a very Cubmifive Letter to the Emperor, full of Af-
furances of his Fidelity, entreating him to return t a
his Palace : H e added that they were his greatefl Ene-
mies who had given him thofe unjufi Sufpicions, and
accufed them fili'ely of feveral Crimes, for which they
were baniih'd, or put to death, and their Employ4
ments given to his own Creatures.
Y,expe&ing ibon to enjoy the Fruits of his trillany,
riih'd by a Treachery equal to his own : Among
Dependants there was one Him $3, a d i h b l i n
artful Fellow, in whom he chiefly confided, and ha
given him the greatefl Pofi in the Army. This am-
f
bitious Villain thought he fhould poffefs the Crown, if
at one Blow he could deitroy both his Patron and his So-
vereign: For this end he ordered Soldiefs, whom
he could truit, to airahate T as he was hunting, and
gave oub that it was done by the Emperor's Orders i
This fucceeded to his Wifh, and his Death was look'd
upon ae the j& Punifhment OF a rebellious Subjee.
Nothing remain'd but to difpatch the Emperor, which
he e f f e M by the following Contrivance : Ek 6 n t for
G o the Son of Y, and excited him to revenge his Fa-.
U 2 zhcr's
 Z3e G E N E R AHLI S T O R ofY
ther's Death, and firnifh'd him with Means, by pri-
vately detaching a Part of the Troops he commanded.
Kiao marches towards the Emperor, who had only
Time to raife a fmall Army, gives him Battle, entire-
ly routs his Forces, kills the Prince with his own
Hand, and extirpates his whole Family.
T h e Emprefs alone efcaped his Rage ; who being
regnant with great difficulty took Refuge in the
Kountains. Han t/o immediately feized the Crogn,
and rewarded the Ggnal Services of K i p with a prin-
cipal City.
Han tib, a U&vper, reigned For0 Years.
T H E Emprefs \bas deliver'd of a Son among the
Shepherds in the Mountains, whom h e called Cbao
kang.
The Birth of this Prince was a Secret many Years,
and he arrived to an Age of Maturity before the Ufur-
per knew of it. T h e young Prince being inform'd
that he was fought after, retired to the Court of a T r i -
butary Prince, and Grv'd in his Family as.a Dome-
ftick, where he pafs'd for a Shepherd's Son : Yet his
Mailer obferv'd ibmething Grand and Noble in his
Air, above what is generally f e n in an obfcure Birth
and a rural Education, upon which he fent for him
one Day, and being alone with him enquired the
Particulars of his Family.
Chao kang told him ingenuoufly all his Misfortunes,
which he had heard from his Mother : T h e Prince,
who had been before inform'd of his Story, embrac'd
Chao kang, gave him his Daughter in Marriage, and
Part of his Principality for a Portion : In this Station
the young Prince difcover'd his fine Talspts, a n d
prov'd himfeif worthy of the Throne.
His Father-in-law immediately wrote to all the great
Men, who were Friends to the late Emperor ; and
being fecure of the People, who hated the Ufurper,
he rais'd an Army, and engaged the Tyrant in the
I 8th
*
8
 , H I N EE-TARTARY,
C H I N AC S &c. 293
;8th Year of the Cycle : Han 9 making a faint Re-
Gitance was defeated, taken Prifoner, and put to an
infamous Death : At the fame Time Cbao kang was
reitor'd to the Throne of his Ancefiors with general
Acclamations.
Chao kang, tbc Sixtb Emperor, reigned 2 2 Tears.
A S ioon as Chno kang was fated on the Throne, he
ordered his Troops againit the Murderer of his Fa-
ther : Kiao defended himfelf, but his little Army be-
ing cut to Pieces he was taken Prifoner and beheaded.
The Death of thefe Rebels reitor'd the Tranquillity of
the State ; the Laws regain'd their Vigour ; the Em-
peror ofien convened the Tributary Princes to reform
the Diibrders which had infenfibly crept into the Go-
vernment : His Orders were exaEtly obey'd ; his Re-
putation drew feveral Embafies from foreign Princes,
and his Reign was glorious and peaceable. H e died
in the 40th Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded the
next Year by his Son Ti chu.
T i chu, .the Seventh Emperor, reigned I 7 Tears.
T H I S Reign affords us nothing remarkable : T h e
Reputation this Prince had acquired in the Wars, kept
every one in perfeEt Obedience ; there was indeed
fome little Dihrbance toward the Sea, but it was
quieted almoit as ioon as it appear'd. l icbu died
the 57th Year of the Cycle, and the fame Year his
Son Ti hoai afcended the Throne.
Ti hoai, the Eighth Emperor, reigned 26 Years.
T H E Peace and good Order of the State had ren-
der'd the Empire ib flourifhing, that fome neighbour-
ing Nations fent Ambaffadors to fli hoai, the new
Emperor, in the 60th Year of the Cycle, deflring
his Proteeion on paying a yearly Tribute. It ap-
pears by Hifiory that thefe Ambaffadors came by Sea,
md confequently Navigation was then in Pra&ice :
u3 This
294 B e G E N E R AH L I S T O RofY
This Prince s o w i n g effeminate by the Eak of a long
Peace, became a Slave to his Pleafwes ; he pafs'd the
refl of his Life fhut up in his Palace among Women
and Eunuchs, leaving the Care of his Government en-
tirely to his Minifters : H e died the 23d Year of the
Cycle, and the next Year his Son fucceeded him in
the Empire,
T i mang, the Ninth Emperor, rcipned I 8 Years,
Ti man7 was, like his Father, an indolent Prince,
fo
tho' not much a Sbve to his Pleafures ; all that he
did worth Notice was transferring the Court towards
the Yellow River, and vifiting fome Parts of his Do-
minions : H e died the 40th Year of the Cycle, ar@
was fucceeded by his Son Ti Jie, who began his Reign -
the Year following.
Ti fie, tbe Imth Emperor, reigned 86 Tears.
TI SIE defedd Pmife fbr his Love of Juitice,
and the Care he took to preferve the Peace of his Do-
minions ; the Petty Kings, who had made themfelves
Tributary, came in Perfon to pay their Homa e,
whom he honour'd with Titles to reward their i, b
delity. H e died the 57th Year of the Cycle, and lefi
his Crown to his Son Ti pou kiang.
Ti p u kiang, tbs Eliventb Enperor, r&ned
59 Tears.
I T is Eurprizing that nothing happen'd in this
long Reign worth the Notice of Hiftory, which on-
ly applauds the Equity of the Emperor, and the Peace
which the Empire enjoy'd during his Reign, He died
the 56th Year of the Cycle.
He named his Son Kong kia h r his Succeffor, but
Ikiong yfirp'd the Throne, wd drovg out
his Uncle I
his Pephew,
 Ti kiong, the I'weIfth Emperor, reigned 2 I Years.
TI K I O NG the Uiwper peacefully aicended the
Throne, the 57th Year of the Cycle, and, to deprive
his Nephew of all Hopes of the Crown, named his
Son Ti kin his Succeiror. H e died the I 7th Year of
the Cycle, and his Son fucceeded him.
T i kin, tbe fbirteei2th Emperor, reigned 2 I Years.
.TI K I N continued the Uiurpation of his Father*
and reigned as long, but his Lewdnefi render'd him
odious ; yet he kept the Crown till his Death, which
happen'd the 3 8th Year of the Cycle : H e could not
give the Crown to his Son, but it was refiored to Kong
kia the lawM Heir.
Kong kia, the Fourteenth Emperor, reigned 3 I Years;
K O N G K I A did not aniwer the People's Ex-
-tion ; forty Years Trouble fhould have learned
him to govern his Paflions, yet as fmn as he was in
Power he became the moil lewd and effeminate Prince
that ever reign'd.
Me lcfi the Care of the Government to his Mini-
h, of whom he made a very ill choice, beitowing
the mofi important Poits on Sycophants rather than
Men of Merit.
This Condue made him fo little regarded that the
Tributary Princes rehfed to pay him Homage, and
he never had the Courage to oblige them to do their
Duty.
Tching tang, the Founder of the following Dynafiy, cycle
g;
was born the 7th Year of this Cycle, and the r rth
Year Kong kia by his Death yielded the Crown to his
Son Ti cao.
T i cao, tbc Fifteenth Emperor, reigned I I Ttarr.
T H E Vices of the late Emperor had render'd the
Succefiion precarious, and this Prince did not help to
u4 citablilh
296 Z 5 e G E , N E R AHLI S T O RofY
efiablih it. but too much like his Father made his
Palace the'seat of the moit infamous Pleafures : His
E,xceifes ihorten'd his Days, and he died the 20th Year
of the Cycle.
Ti fa, the Sixtcentb ~ r n p ~ h vckned
r, 19 Ears.
T I F A his Son fuccecded, whofe Charaaer is not
known ; HiRory only mentions the Homage which
was paid him by the Tributary Princes at his Accef-
fion, and his Misfortune of being the Father of Kie,
the worit of Men, who was his Succeffor, and who
was the laft Prince of this Dynaity.
Kie, the Seventeenth ~mpe'ror,reigned 52 Ears.
K I E fucceeded the 40th Year of the Cycle, the
Emperor dying the Year before : H e proved a Mon-
fier of Cruelty, like the Nero of Europe, and to give
a bad Prince the vileft Charaffer, they iay He is
another Kie: H e was born with fome good Qualities,
and a wonderful Strength of Body, but they were
lipf fed by the numerous Vices to which he was ad-
di&ed. His Wife was more cruel and wicked than
himfelf, whofe Commands he blindly obey'd ; the
Blood of his Subje&s was every Day fhed to plea&
the barbarous Humour of this PrinceG. fie cau.red a
large Space of Land to be dug like a Lake, and
having filled it with Wine commanded three thoufand
Perfons to throw themfelves into it ! There was a pri-
vate Apartment in the Palace, where, in the PrefenCe
of the Emperor and Emprefs, the moft abominable
Exceffes were committed,
: Thefe horrid ABions ctiufed a general Revolt, the
whole Body of the People taking up Arms, but the
Chief Miniiters itopt the Infurreltion, having yet
fume Remains of Love for his Perfon : They repre+
iented to him, in an humble Manner, the Dangers he
was expofed to by his licentious and tyrannical Con-
&& ; but thefe Remonitrances made him itill more
furious,
$
 C H ~ N A , C H I N E S E - T A R T&c.
ARY, 297
furious, and the Miniiter who fpoke the Senfe of the
reft was condemn'd and executed in his Prefence.
T h e Emperor's Fury did not leffen the Zeal of his
wife Minifters ; they prefented to him a Memorial, in
which they freely reproached him with his abominable
Cruelties : Hc had fcarcely read it, but in a Tranfport
of Rage he refolved to put the Authors to Death.
Tcbmg tang, one of the Tributary Princes, who was
moft eiteem'd for his Wiiaom and Virtue, having
P n ' d his Remonitrances to thofe aforemention'd, was
rmpriibn'd in the 2 1 i t Year of the Cycle, but hi
Confinement was of ihort Duration. Thefc violent '

Proceedings, which encreafed every Day, united all

Orders of Men againit the Tyrant : By general Con-
ient they chofe Tcbing tang to fupply his Place, and
obliged him to declare War againit the Emperor.
This virtuous and difintereited Prince declar'd he
had no Right to the Crown, and that if he took u p
Arms it was only to 'make the Emperor i'enfible of his
Errors, and oblige him to return to his Duty. His
Army was foon raifed, each Prince furnifhing his
Qgota: The Emperor alib endeavour'd to raife an
Army, but cotlld only get together a handful of Men : '
He tried to engage the fartars in his Service by great
Promifes, but without SucceG, being equally abhorr'd
by thofe People.
Being thus univerfally abandoned, he had recourfe
to Dilfimulation, confefi'd his Crimes, and feem'd
. penitent, defring thejr would only grant him his Life.
Thing tang relented, and thinking the Emperor's
Repentance fincere not only fpared his Life, but alfo
reitored him the Crown. H e immediately quitted his .
Poi€ in the Army, and return'd to his little Domi-
nions, giving an Example of Moderation, which .
was admired by the whole Empire.
The Emperor was fcarcely replaced on the Throne
but he began his ufual Extravagancies ; nay more, he
raifed an Army againit 7cbing tmg, whom- he treated
as
as a Rebel and a Traytor. fching tang immediateLy
put himfelf in a P o h r e of Defence ; but wheh t h e
two Armies met, the Emperor's Soldiers deferted to
fchivrg t a T , and throwing their Arms at his Feet
acknowledged him their Sovereign.
Kie had no Rehge I& but Flight ; he baniwd him-
fdf fi-om the Empire, and after three Years Exile
finilh'd his criminal Li,which has made his Name
and his Menlory an Abon~inatianto all Pofierity.

Tbe Second DynaJty, called Chang, which com-

prehends the Lives of 'Twenty Ekbt Emperors
in tbe Space of 644 Teas.
Tchiig Tang, the Fit$ Emperor, reigned I 3 Years.
T H E Thirty Second Year of the Cycle this Prince
, afcended the Throne, and gave the Name of
C h a q to the Imperial Family: This was the Name
of the little Sratc which he had govern'd a long
or Tributary Prince.
Jufiice, and Application,
had already gain'd him the Admiration of the Peo-
pk, and he was acknowledged Emperor by all the
Provinces with univerhl Applaufe : H e alone thought
himfdf incapable of foltaining To weighty a Burden;
and therefore affembled his Minifiers, and the Gran-
dees of his Court, in order to deliver up a Crown,
which any other, as he faid, would wear more wor-
thily than himfelf, and t b t it was fiufficient for him
thtt he bad delivered his Country from the Perfecu-
tion of the Tyrant; that he was fatisfied with the
h a l l State which Heaven had allotted him ; and that
it was with a great deal of Grief and Concern he fit
Qn i+Throne to which hc was not tk lawful Heir.
The
 T h e Nobles of the Empire remonitrated to him,
&at he Gt on it by the particular Direaion of Hea-
ven, which, affeaed with the Misfortunes of the
people, had chofen him to be the Deliverer of his .
Country, m d that it was evident, from the unani-
mous Concurrence of all Orders and Ranks, that
h e y would have no other King but him.
Thing tang, whde Condull was fincere, acquiefced
at lait in the prefling Inhnces of the Nobles, and
govern'd the Empire with the fame M o d d y as had
induced him to rehfe it.
H e immediately abrogated the cruel Laws of his
PredecefTor, and dablilh'd others full of Wifdom and
Equity : H e placed his Confidence in a Minifter
named T y n , whore Merit, Prudence, and Fidelity
were perfeddy well known to him, whom he fixed
at the Head of his Council, and to whom he gave
the Command of his Armies.
H e brought the Soldiers under the ftri&d Dif-
cipline, who befo~e had been ufed to Plunder and
Rapine, and in a fiort time Order and Tranquil-
lity reign" throughout all the Provinces.
Ha caufed to be ingraven, 'on all the VeCfels which
were for the ufe of the Palace, the moit i n h & i v e
Maxims of Morality, that they might be continually
before his Eyes, and the Eyes of' his Officers, that
their C o n d d might be always dire&ed by thofe Prin-
ciples.
H e gave a iingular Mark of his Tendernefi to-
wards his Subjds, in the time of a univerfal Drought
'
which lafied feven Years, which perhaps is the fame
that ts mentioned in Gcn& imputing to his own
Faults the Caufe of fuch a general Calamity; he de-
voted hidelf a Viltim to the Good of his People :
After that he had obferved a rigorous Fall, Ile lay'd
&e the Ornaments OF his Dignity, had his Hair
cut ihort, which then was worn very long, and be-
ing barefooted, as 3 Crimjnal, he lifted up his Hands
towards
30° 7Ze G E N E R AHLI S T O ROf
Y
towards Heaven, and entreated it to fpare his Sub-
jeRs, and to lay the Burthen of its Wrath on him a-
lone. Hiitory relates, that at the end of his Prayer the
Sky grew dark, and a general Rain followed, which
made the Earth fertile, and reitored Plenty.
The Death of this Prince, which happen'd the for-
ty fourth Year of the Cycle, put the whole Empire -
in Mourning, and every one lamented for him as if
he had loit his Father. His eldefi Son Tai tivg dy-
ing before him, the Crown devolved to his Grandfon
pamed Tai kia.
Tai kia, the Second Emperor, reigned 33 Tears.
T H E beginning of the Reign of this Prince gave
a general Apprehenfion of his Adminiitration ; far
from following the Steps of his Grandfather, his Con-'
du& was direaly oppofite, and fuch as was enough
to draw on him the Contempt and Averfion of his
SubjeBs.
Tyn, this wife Miniiter, whom I have already
mentioned, and in whom I'ching tang placed his whole
Confidence, had acquir'ctgreat Power in the Empire ;
he made ufe of it to remonitrate to the new Empe-
ror the Abufe he made of the Power with which
Heaven had intrufied him only for the Good of his
People ; he related to him the Examples of Divine
Vengeance on vitious Princes, and endeavoured to in-
fpire him with the Love of Virtues proper to a Sove-
reign.
But, as the young Prince gaveno Attention to the
wholefome Advice of fuch a wife and able Servant,
this Miniiter found out an Expedient, the Rafhnefi of
which could hardly be excuied, if the Integrity of
his Intentions had not been well known to the whole
C
Empire.
H e built a Houfe near the Tomb of the late Em-
peror, and locked I a i kia up in it, that he might
have time to reflee on his ill ConduB, and to form
him-
&!
. .*
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T &c.
ARY, 301
himfelf over the A'fhes of his Grandfather, upon thofe
Virtues which he had fo perfeff a Pattern of: A t
the fame time he declared himfclf Guardian both of
the Prince and the Empire. ,
The Emperor, who had been blinded by his high
Fortune, received Advantage from his Difgrace, and
continued during thee Ycars to make wholefome
Reflehions on his own Mifcondukt, and on the Vir-
tues neceffary to the well-governing of a great Empire..
6 T h e Sincerity of his Change being evident, the Mi-
nifter brought him out himklf, and condu&ed him
to the Throne from whence he had made him de-
fcend, caufed him to be proclaimed Emperor the
fecond time, and made him acknowledged by all the
People.
The Emperor thought himfelf oblig'd to his Mini-
iter for his fevere Behaviour to him, he refpeffed him
as if he had been his Father, and follow'd always his
Counfels, governing the Empire with a great deal of
.
Prudence. The Tributary Princes, who had kgan to
revolt, fubmitted themfelves with Joy to his Obe-
dience ; the whole Em ire was under conitant Sub-
P
mifion to the Death o this Prince, which happen'd
the feventeenth Year of the Cycle. His Succeilbr was
yo ting, another Grandibn of the firit Founder of this
Dynaity.
'

Vo ting, tbe Third Emperor, reigned 29 Years.

T H I S Prince, ddcended from fcbing tang, did
not diigrace the Blood he fprung from, but was Heir
to his Virtues, as well as to his Crown. H e had the
fame Confidence in Tyn as the other had ; this wife
Minifter dy'd in the eighth Year of his Reign, and
the twenty fifth of this Cycle, when the Emperor,
to teitify his Efieem for fo great a Perfon, did Ho-
nour to his Memory by moft magnificent Obfequies.
He was fucceeded in his Place and Wifdom by his
Son called Tpou, who1was alto honour'd with the
Con-
 Confidence of this and the following Emperors. T h e
Emperor died the forty feventh Year of this Cycle,
and was fucceeded by his Brother Tai ketig.
Tai keng, the Fourth Emperor, reigned 25 Tears.
HIS T 0R Y relates nothing remarkable of this
Emperor, and the two following, except the Year
they began their Reigns, and the Year they died.
This Emperor died the eleventh Year of the Cy-
cle, and his Son Siao kia fucceeded him. pr

Siao kia, the fi?h Emperor, reigned I 7 Ears.

ALL we know of this Emperor is, that he reign'd
peaceably as his Father had done, and follow'd the
Counfels of the Same Minifier. H e died the twenty
eighth Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his
Brother Tong ki.
Yong ki, the Sixth E?~ZJ~~CT, reigned I 2 Tears.
T H I S Prince was Son of Yo ting, but not by the
fame Mother as the two preceding Emperors : Some
Difiurbances were beginning in his Reign, by means
of fome tributary Kings or Princes having refufed to
come according to Cufiom to the AfEmbly, which
the Emperors held from time to time. H e died
the fortieth Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by
his Brother l a i vou.
Tai vou, the fmenth Emperor, reigned 60 Years.
cycle 1. H E was Son of the fame her as Eng ki his
Year be- Brother, whom he fucceeded : His Zeal and Appli-
fox Ckfi cation to do his People Juitice was fo great, that he
L'617* would give Audience very early in the Morning, and
did not end it as long as there appeared any Perfon
uired it. Among other Laws, which he either
that2
eftabli ed or revived, there was oqe by which he or-
dered, that in every Town a certain Number of old
People
 People ihould be maintain'd out of the publick Trca .
fure, which Cuitorn is yet in p&ice.
Afier he had reigned in Peace feventy five Years,
he died in the fifty fifth Year of the Cycle, in the
Province of Ho nan, where he then kept his Court,
and was fuurceeded by his Son fcho~gting.
Tchong ting, tbc Eigh& Emperor, reigned I 3 Years.
THE frequent Inundations of the Hoang ho, or Yel-
low River, obliged this Emperor to abancton the Ci-
ty wherefie ke t his Court, which was in the Pro-
vince of Cbtni and to remove it firR into the Pro-
vince of Ho nun, and afterward into the Province
of Pe tcheli. His Reign was difturbed by a People
who inhabited the South. Part of the River Tang $ Cyck rg,
kiang, who made Inroads into his Provinces, and com- Year bc-
mitted all forts of Violence. H e fent F o r m againit fm Chrift
them, who prefently c'ut them in Pieces, and by that ' j j 7 '
means prevented the like Outrages for the firture.
This Expedition re-eitabliihed the Peace of tle Em-
pire, which the Emperor did not enjoy long, he dy-
ing the eighth Year of this Cycle, when his Brother
Vai gin dcended the Throne.
Vai gin, the Ninth Emperor, rrigned I 5 Teaks.
'TW A S at this time thar the Civil Wars be-
tween the Brothers of the deceas'd Emperors and
their ChiMren, for the Right of the Crown, began,
T h d e Wars laited near 200 Years ; but as Hiitory
~ n t i o n sno Particulars, we muft be filent on that
SubjeB : This Emperor was very well refpe&ed and
beloved of his Subjeas : H e died in the twenty third
Year of the Cycle, and Ho tan kia his Brother f i -
aeeded him.
H o tan kia, the Tenth Empercr, reigned g Years.
.
H E kept his Court in a City of the Province of
Ho nun, Iituated an a Hill, which prevented its
being
being overflowed by the Inundation of die Hoang ho.
H e died the thirty-third Year of the Cycle, and
left his Crown to his Son Ifmyc, who was worthy
of fucceeding him.
Tfou ye, tbe Ehentb Emperor, reigned r q Zars.
T H I S Emperor had a Colao, or Prime Mini-
fier, called Ten, who was a very able and prudent
Statefman, and through whofe wifi Counfels the
Empire enjoy'd a laiting Peace, and the tributary
Princes were kept in the perfkkteit Submillion du-
ring this Reign : This Emperor dysd the fifty-firk
Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son
TJMJn.
Tfou fin, tbe Iwelftb Emperor, reigned I 6 Zars.
T H E Brothers of the late Emperor would have
ufurp'd the Crown, to the Prejudice of their Nephew
the lawhl Heir, under colour of bein of an Age
d
more proper for the Government, an had created
great Dihrbances by dividing the Empire into Par-
ties, if the Authority and Ability of Colao yen had not
prevented the Difpute, by fupporting this Emperor in
his lawful Poi%&ion of the Crown. H e died in the
feventh Year of the Cycle, and his Brother Yo kia fuc-
ceeded him.
Vo kia, the Girteenfh Emperor, reigned 2 5 Tcah.
T H I S Emperor ufurp'd the Crown from I j u
ting his Nephew, and Son of the late Emperor, and
enjoysd it more fortunately than he deierv'd : T h e
Deiign of the Ufurper was to transfer the Crown to
his Son, but his Meafures were difconcerted by the '
Prudence of the lawful Heir, who afcended the Throne
immediately after the Death of Yo kia, which hap-
pen'd the thirty-fecond Year of the Cycle.

Tfou
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTAR+,@C
, *
305
Tfou ting, the Fourteenth Empercr, reigned 32 Tears.
TS 0 U TIN G, in the late Ufurper's Time, con-
ceal'd his Reentment with ib rfluch Art and Prudence,
that he gain'd his Confidence and Friendihip ; and
behav'd himfelf with that Wifdom and Secrecy, as
ro fucceed to .the Crown without making-ufe of Any
Violence, tho' he excluded tke Ufufper's Son his
Coufin.
H e govern'd the Empitz with equal Wifdom, and
before his Death gave a great Example of his Mo-
deity; by leaving the Choice of a Succeffor to his
Minifters, in cafe they judg'd his Son incapable of
governing his Subje&s ; accordingly they chofe Nah
keng, the Son of Yo kia, who had been banifh'd from
the Empire.
This Prince dy'd the fourth Year of this new Cycle, b c l e I 6.
and Man kenp " fucceeded him. Year. be-
' fore Chriit,
Nan keng, the Fiieentb Empetor, rdgned 25 Tears. +37, ,
A L T H 0' Nan kengc was chofen by the Mini-
fiers, yet their Choice was not generally approv'd of;
the Governors of the Provinces declaring for the San
of the late. Emperor, fo that the. Empire was divi-
ded into two Parties, which made a cruel War on
each other, but the Party of Nan keng being the
fironger, kept him in Poireflion of the Empire : He
remov'd his Court into the Province of H o nan.
This Prince was fucceeded by Yang kia, the Son of'
T j u ling.
Yang kia, .the Sixteenth Emperor, reigned 7 Tears.
T H E. .Difcords in the J mpcrial Family caufed
great Troubles in the Empire ; the tributary Princes,
refding to .pay either Obedience or Tribute to the
Emperor,. were on the point of rendring their little
Sovereigptks independanr, which would have been the
Overthrow of the Monarchy, if the Emperor had not
VOL.I, X dy'd
3b6 f i e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
dy'd, which happen'd in the thirty-fixth Year of the
Cycle, and *as fucceeded by Pouan ktng his Brother,
who ufurp'd the Throne to the Prejudice of hisNephew.
Pouan Keng *, the Seventeenth Emperor, reigned
twenty-eight Years.
T fl I S Prince, altho' an Ufuper, was the Reitarer
of the Fmpire, by his extraordinary Merit and great
Ap lication to publickBufinefs. H e kept his Court in
the bmvince of Chon /i, reviv'd the ancient Laws of the
tang, which had been negleCled thro'
his Predeceflors, and follow'd the
Emperor in all his AEtions. H e
made it a Rule never to intrufi any important Charge,
relating either to his Court or Em ire, but with thofe
of his SubjeLts in whom he founl the greatefl Share
of Capacity and Merit. He eitablihed fo god Or-
der throughout the State, that the tributary Princesall
return'd to their Obedience, and -paid him the ufml
Tribute.
Qcre '7. He died without Iffie, the fourth Year of' the C$
Year be-
fore Chrifi, cle, and his Brother SiaoJin fucceeded him.
377- Siao fin, the Eighteenth Emperor, reigned 2 I ?an.
T H I S Emperor inherited his Brother's Cram,
but not his Virtues : H e left the Government intirely
to his Minifiers, to follow his Pleafires, and his in-
aAive and ereminate Life had like to have deRroyed
all good Order and Difcipline in the Empire. He died,
in the twenty-fifth Year of the Cycle, and his Son
Siao JE fucceeded him.
Siao ye, the Ninetecntb Emperor, rrigned 2 8 rears.
T H I S Prince was educated conformably to his
Birth, and the'wife Governors, who had had the Care
of his Education, txpeAed that he would have ihew'd
Rimfelf worthy ,of the Throne he was defiih'd ro ;
but he no fmner faw hitr~felfMzffer of that great'%

Empire, than he forgot the good lnRru&ionS they

had given him, and followeci the pernicious and
wicked Example of his Father. H e dy'd the fifty-
t3it-d Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son
You ting.
Vou ting, the Twe~atietbEmperor, reigned 59 2"ears,
YO U T I N G was yet young when he afcend& Cycle I 8 r
the Throne : H e it~uufied the, Government of the Year bc-
Empire with his Prime Minifter, during his three foxChr*h
Yews Mourning, and fiut hirnklf up in a Houfe '3J7.
near his gather's Tomb, in order to lament h b
Death, and to beg of Heaven to grant him the pro-
per Virtues to qualif) him for the high Statibn ro
*hich it had appoined him.
The Time of his Mourning being expii'd, hc re;
turn'd to his Palace, and faw, in a Dream, a M a n
reknted him by Heaven to be his Prime Minifter ;
Re beheld him with Attention, and the Features of
his Face were fo Aronglp imprinted on his Faney,
that he drew an ex& Portrait of him wheh he a-
woke.
Upon this he airembled his Miniflers; and haqing
related to them his Dream, and fhewert the P i h e to
them, he fent feveral of them to ftek for that Perfon
whofe Pieure they had feen.
They found him in a Village in cmpariy with a
p t many other Artificers ; his Name was Fm fiq a
Mafon by Trade : He was immediately carried to
Court, where a great many Qefiions relating to Po-
liticks and Government were prbpor'ed to him, re,
which he gave very proper and jnR Anfwers, with a
great deal of Elo uence, to the Admiration of every
one, ib that the I?mperor, after addrefig him in the
warmeit Terms, immediately made him his Fire Mi-
nifkr. X 2 FGU
 m
308 B e G E N E R AH LI S T O R Y Df
Foil Tue proitrated himfelf before the Emperor, ac-
cording to Cuftom, whom he found always very
compliant with his InitruBions, the Particulars of
which I hall publiih in the Chu king ; the Emperor
follodd thefi InitruAions regularly, and by that means
became a Pattern for the beit of Princes, and his Re-
putation extending to the moft d i h n t Nations in-
duced them to come and pay Homage to him.
This Prince died in the fifiy-fecond Year of the
Cycle, and was fuucceeded by his Son, called Vou
keng.
Tfou Kulg, tbe I'wenty-JirJ) Emperor, reigned 7 rehrs.
T H I S Reign was fo fhort, and the Order and
Dikipline of the Empire fo exalt and regular, that
the Emperor had no other Care than to preferve it
as he found it: H e reign'd feven Years, and dy'd the
fifty-ninth Year of the Cycle, his Brother qou kia
fucceeding him.
Tfou kia, the Twenty-fecond Emperor, rekned
tbirty-four Tears.
Qdc ' 9 - T H E great Virtues of his Father, Vou ting,' the
fore M,Lofi of whom was Rill regretted, render'd the Vices
'"'
of this Prince more odious : T h e Father was endued
with Wifdom, Modeity, and Meeknefs ; but the Son
was fi~llof Pride and Vanity, and given up to all -
manner of Debauchery, ufing his SubjeBs with the
utmoit Contempt : Such an irregular and diforderly
ConduR cauf'cd Diiturbances in the Empire, which
feem'd to foretel the approaching Ruin of this
Dynafty.
T h e twenty-feventh Year of the Cycle is remarka-
ble for the Birth of Yen vang.
T h e Emperor dy'd the thirty-third Year of the Cy-
cle, and left his Son Lin Jin his Succeffor.
 Lin fin, the Twenty-third Emprror, ;eigned 6 % r ~ .
T H I S Prince. was, like his Father, a Slave to
his L u h , and fo void of any Application to Rufi*
ne5, that he left the Government of the Empire to
his Minifiers, forbidding them to give him any Ac-
count of publick Affairs, that he might have the more
Leifure to follow his infimous Pleafures.
At length his Debaucheries kortninghis Days, deli-
vered the Empire from fuch a vicious Pr~nce. H e died
without Iffue the thirty-eighth Year of the Cycle,
and was fucceeded by his Brother Keng ting.
Keng ting, the lwenty-fourtb Emperor, reigned
twenty-one Tears.
H I S T 0 R Y relates notling of this Emperor,
excepting the Number of Years that he reigned, and
the Year of his Death, which was the fifty-ninth
Year of the Cycle, and nine Years after thi Birth of
70,vang, who was the Founder of the following D
nafiy : This Emperqr was ficceeded by his
Viaye.
d
Vou ye, tbe Twenty-fifth Emperor, rkgned 4 Years,
A S fhort as this Reign was it appear'd too long Cycle z ~ ;
to the Chinfle : They fpeak of this Emperor ps an Year be-
impious and wicked Prince, who could not fail to fo"Chrilt.
draw on himfelf the Divine Vengeance : H e was I97.
kill'd by Thunder as he was hunting, the third Year
of the Cycle ; his Son Tai ting fucceeding him.
About this time Cbinfle Colonies were fint to inha-
bit fome Iflands to the Eafiward ; and there are fome
who fay that Japan began to be inhabited then.
Tai ting, the Twenty$xth'Emperor, reigned 3 Tears.
T H I S Emperor began his Reign by declaring
W a r againit a tributary Prince, whofe little State was
called Ten, in the Province of Pe tcheli ; and Peking,
x 3 which
wldch is xmv rbe Metropolis of the Empire, was
one a f tje ?owns of that State : He died the fixth
Year of the Cycle, and was fwceeded by his Son
5 y.
Ti ye, tbc TwlnfyfeventhEmperor, reigned 3 7 Tears.
T H I S Emperor continued the War which his
Father had begun againfi the Prince of Ten : Hergave
the Command of his Forces to a great General called
KzZie, who defeated that little Sovereign, and depriv'd
him s f his State : The Elnperor was ib well pleafed
with the Conqueit, that he gave that Principality to
his General, and made it hereditary to his Family :
Ki lie overn'd it feven Years, and his Son Vm vang
%
fuccee ed him, who in time founded the Third
aynaity
The Emperor dying the fony-third Year of the
Cyck, was fucceeded by fchewr his third Son, who
was the &n of the Empreis, to the Prejudice of two
er Sons whom he had before by a Woman of ths
ond O~der, but as they were born before their
Mothrr was Queen, they were deprived of the Sw.
cellion ! Not but that the Father, r c e i v i n g Tcbw's
Want of all Merit, would have le his Crown to the -,
eldefi of the other two Sons, but the chief Minimerg
oppofd it ~JIa thing contrary to the Laws of the Em
pxe, 'which *y afterwards had f&ient R e a b to
re-pent of,
Tcbeou, $be Swen&e&bth Emperor, reigned 3 3 Years,
P R I D E, Luxury, Debauchery, Tyranny, and
Cruelty, mounted the Throne with this Emperor : He
darried a Woman named Ta kiu, wha was the moA
beautiful Perfon in the whole Empire, but the mofi
barbarous and wicked Wretch of the Age ! She would
have all things direlied 3ccording to her Caprice and
imperious Humour, and if the MiniRers &led to
conform to her Opinbn, they were immediately ei-
ther
&.a baniihed, or condemned to Death ; to diiobcy
her Orders, was accounted Rebellion, and fhe per-
f u a the Emperor that he could not be abfolute
Maita of his Subjdls, unlefi he made himfelf feared
by them,
For that purpofc ihe caufed a brazen Pillar to be

-
&, which being made red-hot with Fire, the
unfo-te Wretch, whom her Cruelty had condann'c).
to this kind of Puniihment, was brought to it, and
forc'd to embrace it, till iwh time 6s his Fleih wps con-
fum'd to the Bone, which horrible S m a c l e an
agreeable Diverfmn to her.
Thefe, and other kinds of bloody and cruel Em-
cutions, did not intimidate tbe wiie Vm vang, who
had the Courage bravely to oppofe f k h horrid In-
humanities : T h e Tyrant, who as yet nf#cd his
V i m , did not ufe him with the fame Rigour as he
had done others before him, whom he had unjuftly
t to Death fot the C u m Qde,but fent him to
K" rifon only to puniih his Rafhndi, as he call'd it ;
the principal Subp&s of Ym vang, hearing of his Im-
prifmment, immediately reiblved to find a Prcfent to
the Emperor to induce him to releafe him, and, a-
mong other things, f a t him a y m g Girl of very
&eat Beauty ; lchcou was fo taken with her Charms
that he immediarely order'd Vcn vdng to be fet at Li-
berty, whofe Joy was doubled, in that he not only
obtain'd his Freedom, but at the iime time was re-
rnov'd fiom fo corrupt a Court.
Altho Ven vang was Sovereign of a f m l l State,
y e he was as much reipelked and eiteem'd through-
out the whole Empire, as P c b m was hated and
fpis'd : This high Efteem he had acquir'd by is-
Love of Jufiice, Meeknek, Modcity, Fruga-
t
f? Love of Learning, a d great Application to
poblick A f f h .
T h e Reputation which he had acquir'd was To
cpeat, that forty tributary Princes chofe him for their
X 4 Save-
3'2 L I S T OofR Y .
The G E N E R AH
Sovereign, thinking that he alone could put a
Stop to the Evils with which the Empire was then
afflieed; but he died before he could put that DL
fign in Execution, leaving his Principality and his
Riches to his fecond Son, called You vang, whom
he pkeferr'd to his eldefi, becaufe he would not en-
ter into his View s of dethroning the Emperor ; after
his Father% Death; he retisd beyond the River Tang
ge kkiang towards .the Borders of Se t h e n , and
founded the two Kingdoms of Tie and Hou.
year be- Mean 'while qcbeou became more and more odious
f0rrkhr~7,to his Subjeas, whd groaned under his Tyrannical
."37'
, Goyernment : One of his Uncles, feeing that he
was running headlong to his Ruin, made Remon-
fiances to 'him on his ill Condue, whereupon the
Emperor condemned him to Death immediately,
which he muft have fuffer'd, had he not counter-
feited Madnefi ; however, he kept him in Prifon
iame time, to try whether it was real or ~retinded,
but the Uncle aEted his Part fo well, that he deceiv'd
the Tyrant, and faved his Life. H e caufed alfo a-
nother of his Uncles to be immediately ftrangled up-
on the fame Account, whofi Heart he order'd to .be
brought before him, which he examined with great
Nicety, more to fatiate, his Vengeance than to fatisfy
8

his Curiofity.
Such itrange Inhumanity, cany'd to fuch a Length,
provok'd at lafi the whole Empire to revolt : T h e
Princes and Grandees intreated You vang to put him-
felf at the Head of an Army, and to march againft
the Tyrant, promiling to furniih him with what Forces
kould be neceffary.
The Emperor*hearing of it put himfelf at the
Head of 'a much more numerous Army, and march-
ed agiinfi his Enemies; but fcarcely was the Sig-
nal of Battle given, but the greater Part of the
Imperial Army threw r
down
, ,
their Arms, and join'd
FOGvang.'
fcbeoar
8 I
 fihrou, finding that he was betray'd, fled to his
Metropolis, and retiring to his Palace fet it on fire,
that he might not fall into the Hands of a rcbel-
lious S u b j a ; this happen'd the fixteenth Year of the
Cycle : Through the Care that was taken to extin-
guifh the Fire one half of the Palace was faved,
and You vang entred it as Conqueror, where the
firit ObjeEt which he met with was the Emprefs I'a
kia, whom he immediately flew with his Sword.
Hereupon the tributary Priqces, and the Grandees of
the Empire, unanimoufly ele&ed him Emperor, and
he became the firit Founder of the Third D y n e ,
called Tcbeou *.

Tbe Third Dynaly, called Tcheou, which com-

prebends the Reign o f ibirty-$ve Emperors,
tbe Space of 8 I 3 rears.
'w~ifhin
Vou
, . vang, tbt Fu- Emperor, reigned 7 Ycarr.
T HpireI SinnewtheEmperor fixed the Seat of his Em-
Metropolis of the Province of Cheiz
Ji, now called Si ngan : H e began his Reign with
offering Sacrifices to the Lord of Heaven, apd re-
efiablifhing the Laws and Cuitoms which his Prede-
ceffor had in fome meafure abolifhed.
H e confdted Ki @n, the Uncle of the Tyrant,
who had counterfeited Madnefi to fave his Life, in
Affairs of State, Politicks, and Afironomy, whofe
I n h & i o n s to the Emperor are to be f e n in a Book
called Cb;r king, of which we fhall fpeak hereafter;
and he rewarded the Great Man, by giving him and

* The Name of this D g n a b is pronounced dt$irent& fmtheJim8

Nanu of the Iatc Emperor.
his
3x4 Zhe G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
his Poiterity the Kingdom of Ccrey for a Sovereignty
and made it in a manner independant : H e alfo ere€ted
fifteenPrincipalities, which he gave to fifteen of his Re-
Iarions, beitowed great Rewards on his Minifters, and
rais'd fome to the higheft Honours and Preferments of
the Empire, particularly his Prime Miniiter I'cheotr kung,
for whom he had a very great Regard. H e govern1$
his People with the Tendernefs of a Father, and was
indefatigable in publick AEairs to the Day of his
Death, which ha pen'd the twenty-third Pear of the
P
Cycle. He was uccecded by his Son Tcbing Itralg.
Tching vang, the Second Emperor, reigned 37 Years.
T H E tender Years of this Prince when he afcend-
cd the Throne, rendered him incapable of Governing,
~
~
1
but his Uncle lcheozl kong, who was Prime Miniiter,
and whofe Virtue was generally acknuwledged, took
upon him the Care both of the Emperor And the
Empire, and gwcrn'd with great Wifdom and .Pru- 1
dence. I
Nevertheleis his Virtues could not fcreen him from 1
the Envy of his Enemies, who periiuaded the young
Prince that his Uncle defign'd to ufurp the Imperial
Dignity, which the Minilter hearing of took a Re-
folution of retiring from Court, which was a great
ARiLtion to a 1 good Men, who were convinced of
his Probity, and Zeal for the Welfare of his Ne-
phew.
The young Emperor was very well pleas'd to be
from under the Tuition of his oncle, and took up-
on him, with great Joy, the Government of tlre
Empire, till Experience, and ill SucceCs, made him
fenfible of his own Inczp~cityof fupporting fuch a
Weight. Having order'd the ficret Records d the
Empire to be read to him, in order to make them
the Standing Rule of his future Condufi, he found,
m n g others, a Writing under his Fathcis own
jF-Iand, in wl~iril he relaced the generous A&ion of
rcbeo~
 T c b u kozg, when at the Time of his Sicknefi, which
happen'd in the fecond Year of his Reign, he
had not only offer'd Sacrifices ofor his Recovery,
but alfo had publickly offer'd his own Life to Hea-..
ven, to preferve that of You w q .
After reading the Writing, Tchng vang was To
feniibly affeRed with this iiqplar Love of a Sub-
je& towards his Sovereign, that he went hirnklf to
che place where Fchty kong had retir'd .and liv'd in
private, inurating him not to forfake him, but tohelp
and aEit him with his Couniel, and brought him di-
r&ly to Court with him, and reinflated him in his fw-
mer Honours and Dignities. The Empelor
follow'd the Couniel of this wife Minifier, which
made him admir'd as well abroad as at home, and
d i o n " the King of Cechhchi~ato knd Ambffa-
dws to him, to congratulate him on his Happhi3
of having; fb wXe a Minifter as Pcheov kong. The&
Arnba@clors were received with the high& Marks of
Ehem. and Friendhip.
After they had had their Audience of Leave in wder
to return tothcir own Country, fcbeon k o q gave them
an Initnuneat, which on me fide p h e d towards the
North, and on the oppaiite M e cowards the &nth,
to dire& them i x t t a on their m y home, than they
had been didted in coming to Cbina. This I&-'
pant was called fcbi xrm, which is the fame Nasne as
h e Gbk# now call the !ha Compafi by : This has
%wen Oc& to think that frbrmr how was the In-
ventor of the Compafi,
This great M i n i b d i d the thirty third Year of
the Cycle, in the hundredth Year of his Age ;and the
E m ror, to fhew the great R rcl he had for him,
cauC T
him to be buried near is Father's Tomb,
with the fame Obfquies as were cuftomary at the
Incerrnents of the E m rors.
k
Sometime after the mperor airembled the States of
-the Empire, and ordered that every Prince ihould ba
obliged
316 G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
oblig'd to forbid the immoderate Ufe of Wine in his
Dominions, as being the Source of infinite Misfor-
tunes. This Prince died the fiftieth Year of the Cy-
cle, and Idt his Crown to his Son called Kang vang.
. Kang vang, the Tbird Emperor, reigned 26 Years.
Cycle 22. T'HIS Emperor was very peaceablyinclin'd, and
Y a b e - . his Reign was fiee from Wars both at home and a-
5re Chr* broad, and .from thence he was firnamed the Paci-
,
"77' $tk : H e was a great Lover of Agriculture, which
was brought to great PerfeRion in his Days. H e
died the twenty fif'th Year of the Cycle, and was fuc-
ceeded by his Son rcbao vang.
Tchao vang, tbe Fourtb Emperor, reigned 5 I Ears.
0N E fingle Pafion, to which this Prince was in-
tirely devoted, ecli f d all his Virtues. H e was fo gi-
ven to Hunting tfat 'heL negle&ed intirely the Af-
fairs of the Empire, being continually engaged in
t h t Exercik,and follow'd by an Army of Hunters and
Dogs, which fpiled the wholecountry, and rGned his
People, who were continually lamenting to fee their
fin& Hawefts overrun by Horf'es and Dogs. This
ill ConduR drew an univerfal Hatred upon him, and
brought him to an untimely'Death, for his Subjeas
cYj,,3. confpired agaidl his Life, and invented the following
Year be- Stratagem to prevent their being difcoer'd. Know-
&=Chrifi ing that the Emperor in returning from hunting
'017. was fiblig'd to crofs a River which was pretty broad,
and that there were Boats ordered to wait upon him, ,
they prepar'd oile fo built that they knew it would
immediately fall in Pieces ; the Emperor went into it
with ibme of his Nobles, and before they had got to ,
the middle of the River, the Boat feparated and fink
at once, and the Emperor and all his Attendants
were drowned. Thus perifhed this Prince the fixteenth
Year of this Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son
Mo vang.
It
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T Wc.
A R Y , 3x7
It is iaid that in the fixteenth Year of his Reign,
and the forty firit of the Cycle, the Author of the a-
bominable SeB of Bonzes, and of the Dothine of
Mefemp~choJs, was born in Ihdia, whoie Name was
Fo. This Idolatrous Se& was firft introduced into
this Empire the fixty fifth Year.after Chriit, under
the ProteAion of the Emperor, which ihall be related
in its proper Place.
M o vang, the ffth Epperor, reign'd 55 Tears.
T H E great Virtues of this Prince, and Difpo-
fition to do Juitice, foon gain'd him the Affeltion
of his SubjeBs. Some of the Barbarians of the Sou-
thern Parts having revolted, he fent an Army againit
them, commanded by Kao f i g , who entirely defeated
them, and the Emperor rewarded him with the Prin-
cipality of Tcbao in the. Province of CbanJi.
This Succei's encoumg'd him to lead his vi&ori-
ous Arms againit the Tartars; his Son-in-law en- -
deavour'd to diffuade him &om it, which he gave
no Attention to, but march'd at the Head of a power-
ful Army to the Borders of 'Tartary. T h e Tartars
hearing of his March, withdrew into the Heart of
their Country, with their Tents and Cattle : T h e
Emperor finding no Enemies to fight with was
oblig'd to return, afier having fitigu'd and impair'd
his Army with long and troublefome Marches.
Fo, the Author of the Idolatrous Se& mentioned
bc-
before, died in India the ninth Year of the Cycle. YearClvift
T h e Emperor died the eleventh Year of the Cy- 957.
cle, and was fucceeded by his Son Kong vang.
Kong vang, the Sixth Emperor, rkgn'd 12 Tears.
T H I S Prince began his Reign with an A&ion
fo cruel and barbarous, that it would have been a
perpetual Blot upon him, if his future Condutl had not
greatly made amends for it.
He
 The G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
H e often ufed to wdk by the fide of a Lake,
which was in a Country called M e , where the fine&
Women of the Country frequently walk'd, with
three of whom he fell defperately in Love, but they
being warned of the Danger they were in abfented
themfilves, and went no more to the Walk : With
- this the Emperor was io enraged, that he command-
. ed all the Inhabitants of Mie to be immediately maf-
facred. H e re ented this cruel A&ion all the Days
$
of his Life, an performed .many great ARs of Ju-
iPice and Ekiry, which took off the Oilim that it
hed brought .upon him, and made him rank'd a-
mongfi 8he of Princes. He died the twenty
thitd Yeas of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his
Son Ye vang.
Ye vang, the Ssuentb Ewqeror, rRign6d 2 5 Tears.
T R E Memory- of this Prince had been buried
with him, if his Negligence had not given rhe Poas
aE his Time matter of Raliay, by w h ~ kfitiricd
DEkiptions Ha is only known. He died in the forty
eighth Pear of the Cycle, being defpifed of all Men,
and without being able to, ftcurc the Crown to his
Children, his Brother Hiso vang u h r p i ~ git by Vio-
lmm.
Hiao vang, the E%htb Enperor, rcigned I 5 Tears.
T HI S Ufu er maintain'd himfdf peaceably on
'f:
the Throne by is Merit and Add& : He was o-
ver fond of Horfes, and ipent: large Sums of Money
in keeping and buying great Numbers of them ;and
he gave a Sovereignty to one Fi chou, a Groom
whom he highly eiteem'd for his Skill in his Bulinds,
which in time prov'd to be the Ruin of his Family ;
for one of the Off-fpring of this Groom was the
Founder of the following Dynaity, as hall be ihew'd
hereafter. Hiao vang died the third Year of the Cy-
cle, afid T v a n g fucceeded him.
Y
 Y vang, tbe Ninth Enperor, reigntd I 6 Years.
T M E Irregularities of this Prince's ConduEc, and
his want of Judgment, rendered him contemptible m
all his Subjds ; he was i 3 timorous, that he could
neither make any anfwer to his Miniflers when t k y
came to him for Qrders, nor give Audience to foreign
AmbaEadors, nor receive in publick the Homages of
tributaxy Princes. He died the nineteenth Year of
the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son Li vmg.
Lia vang, tbe- lenih Emperor, rtigned 5 I rears,
T H I S Prince was proud, felf conceited, pmli-
gal and cruel ; the Wealth of his SubjeCts, vhich 11e
drew from them through ExaEtions, could fccarcely
fatisfl his Pailion for Riches, which he fpent lavih-
ly and without Judgment : The Mifery of his S u b
je&s was extreme, and nothing was heard but (;om-
plaints and Murmurs. Thefe Chnours and- Repinings
af an op reis'd People only increafed his Fury, and-
he punii t'd, with the utmoit Severity, thofe whom he
fuipetkd to be at the Head of the Malecontents.
As he was confuous how odious he had made hirnielg
m his SubjeBs, he fufpe&ed that all their Dicourie
was on his ill Conrldk, and therefore he forbid them
o-n Pain of Death to converfe together, or even
whifper tq one another, fo that, you might f& all the
I w i t a n t s walking the Streets with Eyes cait down,
in mournful Silence, and ihunning each ocher.
Scba kolrg, one of his ~ m i faithful
t Miniiters, fie-
quently advis'd him to defiit from thefe arbitrary Pro-
ceedings, telling him that the forced Silence of his
Spbje&s feem'd to forebode fomething more dangerous,
than if they had the open Liberty to complain.
The Prediaion of this w& Minilter prov'd but
tgo true; the fifiy fecond Year of the Cycle the de-
Spiring People all revolted, and ruihed into the Im-
perial Palace, &.osdw to, airi&matp the Tyrant ;but
not
 The G E N E R AH LI S T O RofY
not finding him there, he having fled at the frrR Ru-
mour of the Tumult, they murdered all his Family,
excepting his youngefi Son, whom fchuo kong had
Gcretly convey'd to his own Houfe, in order to con-
ceal him from the Rage of the Multitude; but
hearing that one of the Sons of the Emperor was con-
cealed at FTcbao kong's, they beiieged his Houfi, and
demanded him with Threats ; however he rehfed to
give him up, and at lait deliver'd them his own Son
infiead of him, whofe Throat they inhumanly cut be-
fore the Father's Face.
Li vang henceforward lived in Obfcurity, a Wan-
derer and Fugitive : lchao kong tried the utmoit
of his Power to appeafe the People, and to re-efiabliih
him on the Throne, but he could not iucceed in' it,
fo that the Throne was vacant for fome Years.
Suen vmg, the Eleventh Emperor, reigned 46 Tears.
Cydc 26. L I YANG died in his Exile, the Tenth Year of
,,y h_ the Cycle, and the Throne was filled by the young
~ C M , Prince Suen vang, whom Tcbao kong had faved from'
837- the Fury of a revolted People. This Minifier by de-
grees brought the People to Obedience, and to ac-
knowledge Suen vang Emperor afier the Death of
his Father. As he was then very young, lchao kong
and another Minifier were appointed to be his Tu-
tors, and to take Care of his Education. Thefe two
Minifiers acquitted themklves OF this important Em-
ploy with great Zeal and Fidelity, and their Royal
Pupil was equally tra&able on his Part. H e recalled
to Court numbers of wife Men and Philofophers,
who either through the Cruelty or ill ConduR of
the former Emperors had been oblig'd to retire irlto
Deferts and Mountains.
Some of the Nations, who were to the Southward of
China, near the great River Tang t/c kkiang, having
taken the Advantage of the Independency in which .
they lived, plundered the Neighbouring Provinces,
againit whom Suen vang fent an Army commanded
by
* CHINA, &. 321
CHINESE-TARTARY,
by excellent Oflicers, who forced them to fubmit to
the Laws and Cufioms of the Empire.
This Prince died the fifty-fish Year of the Cycle,
and his Son Teorc vang fuccecded him.
Yeou vang, tbc BweIftb Emperor, rkgn'd I f Ears.
'I'H I S Prince had none of the good Qualities
which were admir'd in his Father, but had very great
Faults, which made him contemptible to his People,
H e was defperately in love with a Concubine called Cycle 27;
Paofie, for whofe Sake he put away the Emprefs Year be-
and her Son, who was the lawhl Heir to the Crown, f o r e w ,
in order to put in his Place the Son which he had 777.
by his Concubine : The Emprds, with the Prince re-
tir'd to his Uncle, who had the Government .of the
Province of C h n /id
Notwithitanding rhis Yeou vang had no great Plea-
fire in the Enjoyment of his beloved Pao Jee, be-
cauk f i e was naturally of a very fplenetick and me-
lancholy Temper, altho' he had recourfe to all forts
of Amufements that might infpire her with Gaiety
and Mirth.
He was then at War with the Eafiern Tartars, and
had given Orders that when the Soldiers faw Fires
lighted they fiouM immediately take to their Arms,
and attend his Peribn. This Signal, which was never
ufed but in cafe of Necellity, he looked on as a pro-
per Diverfion for the ObjeR of his Love, who was
highly delighted to fee the Hurry that the Soldiers
were in to run to the Emperor when the Fires were
lighted, iil order, as they thought, to defend him a-
gainit the Enemy, and then to f'ee how furpriz'd and
afioniih'd they look'd at their Difappointment, after
all their needlefs Flutter and Fatigue.
Neverthelefs the Emperor was difpleas'd that his
Son had abandoned him, and rent an Order to his
Brother to bring him to him immediately : His Bro-
ther anfwer'd, that he would obey his Orders as fbon
VOL.~: P as
3aa fltz G E N E R AH
as the ywng Prince b u l d
L .I S T O R Y
h d~lar'dlawful Wv
Of
of the Empire ; which Co provok'd Xeou o q , that
he immediately declar'd War ag;zinft him.
This Prince, not being in a C o i n d i h ts Qa& out
ag$nit the Forces of the Emperor, join'd the Tartar&
an$ in the night-time attack3 the Imp& damp:
The F h wwe imrnedkrely lighaed, bur asl thts 9g-
naf bad de+d tha M i a r s iia o k b e b , they
d i k e r d e d it, and l d ' d on.k as the or$tnarlr Diw-
f i ~ nof Pm f l ~ e : In the the Cam was
for?d, md the Emperor flak This happenP d the
EveptA Year of the Cycle, a& Pmg v q his Sam
fucceedkd him in the Empire.
Ping vmg, tbe arteentb Emperor, reigned 5 I Tcau~.
T H E Tartars, who were introduced inm the Em
pire, to& advantage af;the CoaMion which the Em-
peror's Qeath had d e d a m % the Cbituji Trwps ;,
&y plunder'd wrherwer they came, and made divers
Conque6ts. The tributary Ftinces being alatm'd a~
i& united their Parccs in ~deeto oppk thrrrsb, and,
revent their own Ruin : Among thefe Co&demta(
brinces, the Kings of TJta and of a d diltingiWd
themfel-ves f a their Valour, and drove o k Tw&us
&om the Conq& they had made.
T HI S Succerf put an end tp a foreign Wac, bur.
e v e rik to civil Comroo~mamore dangerom than
ahat : Thefe E W a Kings kiw in their Poffefkn tha
Conqueh of which they had depriv'd the. T@r5
and refis'd ,to pay ~~ to the Emperor, under
colour that he had Ient them, no Afifiance. This
Example p d u c e d fatal Coniequences, which the Em -
peror brought on hidelf, by removing his Cam.fiom
the Province of Chen j to that of Ho nau.
This Caution was imputed to the Fear wherewitbthe
melancholy Fate of his Father had infpir'd him ; and
i t was not doubted but his retiring tarther tmm thg
Neighbourhood of the Tartars, hew'd he was, mcue
carefi
 R T A R325
C H ~ N A & H I & E S E - T A&c, Y,
tareful of his bwn Perfon than of the Safety of the
.Empire : Several tributary Princes' fbllodd the ex-
amples of the Kings of T j and &ei, and made them-
fiives ihdependhnt.
The& w t r e thfee e+etiaiIy that fgnaliz9d them:
f i I ~ e sby their Ufurpatims, atid fouhded rhrec coniic
d m b l e Kmgrl6ms. The King of FJ took the Southcrd
Part of t4ie Province OF Chhn bong .: The King of Tjn
feiz'd. fie Provincd of H& qbiangr and Kiang J ,
and rhe xin of Tjn uiitrp'd the greater Part of the
P
Pbvince d Che%J. The% tlitee Princes hatfin8
now rio MWer fd!i)w'd tlie D i e a t e ~ o ftheir Ambis
tmrf, an$ feeking tb enk?ge &Qr Dbminions made
w a r again* each other ; the Emperor indeed endcn~
eoufd to put a Stop to thefe Dlfoders, and enjoyn'd
&ni tb five iri Peace, bnt fflepldefpifed his Authority!
Thefe lkfed' fedehll Ages, and - were ndt
crlded' in tjfe Time of the eel&i-akd Philofwer C m
ficiins, wh6 Prom hence begin3 Hi$ H4Mr)s9which he
has inritded Tchkrt Pfmu.
T h e Emperor died &c! fifiy-eighth-Yeardf the' Cp
clct and w& ficeeded 6y &an 9ang hh %&a's
Son.
H w n tr-, the jourtteiitb i?mpror5 rekned'
twenty-tbre&Years.
~~OUAN VANG
- ai'cended tk!Thmna at thh cy& 2%
difRcult ConjtmAore, and. &nefily endeavour'd to Year' be--
bring the tributary P r i ~ e sto their: Obedience by forechriffr
gentle Means; h r tHey pmving ineFc&tial he hd ' 7'7'
recour'f?! tb Arms, which Method! wrvs a s unfuccefdid
as the former, fbr he was waondd 2nd)his Army de-
feated ; fo that finding His gndeavotlrs to re-
eitablifh his Authority' in tht kvblted Pr6villces were
in vain, he was oblig'd td cometlt hirnfelf: with pte-
ferving the Prbvmces that aekmwIedg'd him1: H e
died the twenty-ArR Year of the Cycle, and his SWI
Tcbuung vang fuccetde'd' him.
Yo Tchuang
 Tchuang vang, the Fifteenth Emperor, ve&*ed
Jifteen Tears.
T H I S Prince came to the Crown contrary to
the Will of hir Father, and feveral of his Miniiters,
he late Emperor having named for his Succeffor the
Son of one of his Concubines, called Keou ; but one
of the principai Perfons of the Court periuaded the
Grandees, and many Minifters of State, to acknow-
ledge for Emperor fchuang vang the lawhi m i r .
Notwithitanding this Keog had a Party on his Side,
which form'd a Confpiracy in his Favour that was
three Years before it was dikover'd, the Chief
of the Confpirators being one of the Council, and
a Perfon of Credit: T h e Miniiter, who had ta-
ken fo much Pains to place I'chuang vang on the
Throne, perfuaded him to take no Notice that he was
acquainted with the Confpiracy, but to fend for the
chief Confpirator, ,as if he wanted his Advice on
fome important Affair, and then to have him mur-
der'd ; which was accordingly put in Execution by the
hands of a Soldier, who had taken u n him to per-
covered fled to the King of
4"
form it. Keou finding that the Con piracy was dif-
; his Flight, and the
Death of the chief Confpirator, fecurcd the Poffeflion
of the Crown to the Emperor.
'But the revolted Princes conitantly maintain'd their
Independent), and even the King of Tji, through the
Advice of his Calao, or Prime Miniiter, called xucnt
tchu, got fuch Credit among thofe Princes, that they
refpelled him as if they had depended entirely upon
him, and would undertake no Affair of Moment
without his Approbation.
T h e Emperor dying in the thirty-iixth Year of the
Cycre, Xueizt tchu had fuch an Influence over the Mi-
nifiers and Grandees of the Empire, that he obtain'd
the Confent of the greater Number of thim in fa-
vour of Li vang, a Relation of his MaRer, and de-
fiended
Ccended fiom 3 younger Brother of the Imperial Fa-
mily called I'cheou, and he was accordingly ele&ed
Emperor.
L i vang, the Sixteenth Emperor, reigned j v c Tears.
T H E Crown, by n a n d Right, ddcended to one
of the Nephews of the late Emperor, but he was ex-
cluded fiom it by the El&ion of Li vang, who was
fupported by the King of TJ his Relation. This tri-
butary Prince enlarg'd his Power to the great Preju-
dice of the Imperial Authority, and durp'd the Ti-
tle of Pa, that is to fay, the Chief of other Princes,
the greateit Part of whom acknowledg'd him in that
Quality ; but this Title laited but one hundred Years,
and then was aboliih'd. . Li vang died the forty-firit
Year of the Cycle, and his Son Hoei vang fucceeded
him.
Hoei vang, the Seventeenth 'Emperor, reigned
twenty-jve Tears.
T H E firft fix Years of this Reign were peace-
able, but this Tranquillity was f i n difiurb'd by the
fartars who inhabit the North Part of the Province
of Cbanj, againft whom the Emperor fent an Ar-
my commanded by the King of 0 : his Army at-
tacking them whik they were befieging Tai tong fou,
gave them an entire Defeat, and forc'd them back in-
to their own Country,
It is faid that the Kingdom of Japan began to be
govern'd by Kings in the fifty-eighth Year of the
Cycle, and the fixteenth of this Emperor's Reign.
The Emperor died the fixth Year of the Cycle, Cycle e9.
and he was fucceeded by his eldeft Son, called Siang Year be-
vnng. hre Chrifi,
657-
Siang vang, the Eighteenth Emperor, reigned
tbirg-three Years.
8 Id N G Y A N G, altho' very young, obferv'cl
3. in
$86 G E N I R A LH I S T P R ~ofY
in his Father's T'ime, that the King d $3'5 Ambi-
tion was without Bounds, &at his Authority hcreas3+j
daily, and that he aim'd at making himielf MaQm
of the Empire ; therefore as foon as this young Prince
'
had afcended the Throne, he refoldd to refirain hig
ambitious Defigns ; but as he could not effee it by
farce of Arms, he made u k of the following &at&-
gem, whi* prov'd fwceisSi,
The King of IJi, thou& the Intrigpas Q£ his
Prime Miniiter, had a&mhld all the Sovereigns t h g
were fubjzR to the Impexjal Grawn : This 4Kem-
H y was a kind of I C o a ~ w a i ~,of
o the States, which
~
I
wne but the Empaor had a Right to iummon; his
Pdig was to engage thde Piincer to ackqowledgo
him for their Sovereign.
When the Time came &at the 4aembly ww to he
~
\ held, the Emperor ient a skilfui ~ m b a & d o r thither,
with Letters to ,the Affembly : T h e Order of the Ce-
remony is, that wbep a Letter coves from the Em-
peror, it fhould be placed on a Table magnificently
adorn'd, and that the fame Honours ihould be paid
to it as if the Emperor was preknt ; before the Let-
ter was open"d, the Ceremony was pertbrrn'd by all
rhe tributary Princes, except the King of TJ;, who
feecp'd to be at a itand whether he fhould do it OF
not; but at I&> through the Advice of his Prime
Minifier, he perform'd it, and by that A& gave a
publick Acknowledgment of his Submifiion to the
Emperor; and this was a great Step to confirm
the other Princes in a due Subjeaion to the Em-
peror.
Siang vang was beginning to enjoy the Pleafires
d Peace, when new Troubles put an end to it ; his
Son, callgd Cbo tai, left his Court the fifteenth Year
pf the .Cycle, went to the Kin T j , and put hirnfelf
%
vnder his ProteLtion, and ?n t e mean time a tribu,
fary prince of the Province pf Chea /i openly re-
~glted,but the Emperor foon defcited him, with the
help
 CHXHA,CHINESETARTARY,
&c.
help of an Army af 'Tartars, for he had married the
Daughter oY their Chief.
T h e King of fJ died fwn afier, fo that being now
d e l i v d &om all lhis Enemies he divorced the
Daughter of the Chid of the Tartars, whom bte had
mamy'd ffor Politicd Realbns, under pretence chat h e
was a Stranger.
T h e Chief of the I'dvtars, being h@ly provok'd
a t this Afiont, dolv'd to be reveng'd ; he Em f k r t -
hne to Cbo im', and pmrnis'd to make hiin Emperor
if he would join with him, which he did, and they
both carry'd the War into the Metropolis of the Em-
pire, which the Emperor was obli ed to quit, and fly
f
for his Life : Cbo tai caufed him elf to be proclaim-
ed Emperor, while his Father wander'd about like a
Fugitive, imploring the Alliitann of the tributary
Princes.
'

H e reoeiv'd &om them the S~~ccours he expedted,

with which he F m ' d two Armies, ow of them bt-
Regd rhe Mocropjis, mter'd it in Triumph, and
gunilWd with Death the rebellious Prince ; the other
Army defeated the Tartar, and re-efiabliih'd Sialtg
vang upon the Throne.
l'his Event happen'd the ieventeenth Year of the Cy-
cle, when tile Empire was reitor'd to its former Splen-
dour, and the Emperor enjoy'd it peaceably to his
'I)eazh, which happen'd the thirty-ninth Year of the
Cyck, m d his Son Kivig vang i'ucceeded him.
King v q , tbe Ni~zetetntbEmperor, reigned
j x Yearr.
H E Empire began to ffourifh when this Pri!lcc
bosk Poffefion of it ; but his Reign was too ihort for
the Good of his People, who were always prnifing
his Mildnefk, Wifdom, and M ~ d e r ~ ~ t i o He
n . tly'd
he'firtydfifth Year of the Cycle, and left his Crown
to his Son Rpt2g varzg.
 Qang vang, the I'wentieth Emperor, reigned
Jix Years.
T H I S Reign was as fhort, and as much ap-
plauded by the People as the preceding. @ang vang
had inherited all the great and good Galities of his
Father, and the new King of I/i was not in a Ca-
pacity to caufe any Dihrbance, being hated of his
Subjeas becaufe of his Cruelties, and his Negligence
of the Government. The Emperor dy'd the fifiy-
firit Year of the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his
Brother fing vang.
Ting v.ang, ?hc Twenty-fir@ Emperor, reigned
twenty-one Years.
T H I S Prince kept the Empire in Peace, and took
care the Laws fhould be put in Execution.
On the fourteenth Day of the ninth Month, in the
fifty-fourth Year of the Cycle, Lao kiun was born in
the Province of Hou quang ; he is the Founder of
one of the two principal Se&s which have infefied
&e Empire, and of which I fhall fpeak hereafter.
His Opinion was, that the Soul died with the Bo-
dy ; that the Happineis of Man coniified in Volu
!-
tuoufnefs ; and confining all Happinefi to this Li e,
he pretended to have found out a Way to prolong it
beyond its natural Courfe, which Opinion caded
thefe Se&s to be called, Tbe SeDs of Immrtals.
Tky were received with Joy by the Grqndees,
who flatter'd themfelves that by embracing them they ,
fhodd prolong their Days.
However, there is reafon to believe that the Foun-
der of this impious SeB confefs'd a Supreme Being,
which he called lao ; for he fays, in one of his Trea-
tifes, 'I'hat this lao has no Name that is fuitable to
him ; that he created the Heaven and the Earth ;
'that he is incorporeal ; and that, tho' he js himiif
im~noveable, he gives Motion to all things : This
-L has
has occaiion'd fome to think, that his D&ines have
been corru ted by his Difciples. H e dy'd at the Age
P
of 'eighty- our Years.
T H I S Emperor dy'd the twelfih Year of the Year fh'~l~3O-
be-
Cycle, and his Son Kien vang fucceeded him. forcChri$
, Kien vang, the fweniy-jkond Emperor, reigned, 597.
fmrteen Tears.
T H I S Prince, by his WXdom and Prudence,
preferv'd the Grandeur and Glory of the Empire ;and
in his Reign two dangerous Opinions of the Philoib-
phers began, which made a great Noife, and were
both of them refixed.
Thefe two Phibfophers Names were Tang and
M e ; the former faid, That all Men ihould be loved
alike, as well Strangers as thofe that were ncareit a-
kin ; the latter would have every Man to mind no
body but hidelf, nor be concern'd about the Wel-
fare of the refi- of Mankind, nor even of the Em-
peror himielf.
Hifiory does not mention the Kingdom of Ou tili
this Reign, it is now called f i e Province of Kiang
nan.
T h e Emperor died the twenty-iixth Year of the
Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son called Ling vang.
Ling vang, the Twenty-tbird Emperor, reigned
twenty-/aren Years.
T H E Chinge Hiftory relates, that this Prince
was born with Hair on his Head, and a Beard on his
Chin ; and he is chiefly prais'd for his Wifdom and
Prudence in having preferv'd his Authority, and the
Peace of the Empire, when all the tributary Princes
were at War againfi each other.
The forty-feventh Year of this Cycle was remark-
able for the Birth of Confucius, whom the Chin* re-
fpe& as the greateft Philofopher of their Nation : H e
wa~)born in the Province of Cbalt to~g,the fourth
Day
8
 Day of the ckmnth M o d : His Faha d& when
be was but three Years OM, whvE Name w a s Cbo
leang bo, and was Firit M i n i k r in rhe P & c i p
&ty sf T/ou. T h e E m t p t died
~ ~ the my-third Year
of the Cycle, a d was iucceeded by Ms Son ailed
fing vang.
King vang, the fa.r&y-~w~th Emperor, t'tigned
twent)r-fie Tenuj.
T M lS Ehpercu is b W d far his =at N q l i -
W c e s f the C o v a i ~ m iof t ~e Empire, which sc-
cafws'd that the King of Olr fmt no ;A-ors to
the Imperial Court, but to the C ~ wof t Kzng lm, who
wacs d rhe Family of Cchsmu.
W e 3'. Conjpcl;ars marry'd, betrag nineteen Years of A&
year ba Aartly &er be divarccd his Wifq that k migk
*ChriRaaend #+isStudies with grranr Applioldm, and in a
537. fev Yeas he made lwh a Progrefs in rhem, that k
-me $he l e a d DoRor of the F q m e .
H e died the eighteenth Year of the Cy&, afid was
f k c d c d by his Son, called M Evang : This Prince
r e w d but few Months, in which time he had a Soh
born, whofe Birth gave Life to two notorious E'aQions
in the Empire.
. The Grandees of the Court dcdar'd chis new-bgun
Child Emperor, and named Guardians to govern
the Empire in his Minority, while fome of the Go-
vernors of the Provinces proclaim'd the Brother of
Mezg vaug Emperor : They proceeded to take u
Arms, but this lafi Fa&ion being the b g e f t , too
tbe Maropolis, aad plac" Kgng vanx on the Throne,
E
and tho' his Name is the fame as his Brother's,. yct it
i s written in difkrent C h r a h r s , and h a dlffercnt
Signification.
King vang, :Fz T-wi!y-jJZhEmpror, reigned
,fovt~-four Years.
C 0 X F UC > U S had nuaidd aLqJy ruch great
Rcpu-
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c. 33:
,Reputa&, that he was ibllow'd .by three h~ufauql
Pifciplq, ,OF which hentgr ,two XCR ,d)%u-md by
thqir 5 and jn .tkisd& U u w k ~ X Z E scxe
~ ib amxnpljibed i~ Carts d Xnow-
ten, % b iwere
ledge, chat they .wer~.cad4.by wag ,dexyllence T '
ten Phlp&&rs.
T h e thirty-eighth Year of the Cy& C@E&J
preferred to be ?.rbne Mi~iiL=r.ofthe Kjn
Lor, &s Native C~untqy; $is
fds $he Face pf Agairg &wjjed ; Canhur, J&k
Equity, and 83 othw c* V h u e Aouri&;d. duriog
his AdmhiRratbn, WMcmDinued naf very b g ,
the K b g d ,l,w havhg gvw W&up ID a& for9
,of Volu tpoufnefi t~ pleaie a Miitr-efs, web the Mi-
nifier of?the King of TtJi,&o had mwder'd his Ma-
iter and durp'd the Crown, had fent him for a Pre-
Em.
Conf~&s &idbg that he pot b g preTervq
Jutice, Eqslity and good Order, isnd that the
would no longer tbl2ow his good Advice and Coun-
fds, lay'd down his Race pf P r h e M b i h r , and re*
tir'd ow of the Kingdom.
The Wcrr among the tributary Primes fill conti-
nued ;the King of OILW ~ dSe & - ~ ~ ' c by
l the ;Ki
yw, The fifiy-kcond Year && Cycle, the
of T$m, who had had mency &ve Kug4 io t k Space
of'fix hundwd and thirty fix Years, was entirely ex-
tinguiih'd by the King of Gang. Canfucius ends a-
b u t this T'iwe the Hiitory of she W s s of tlre t r i ~,
b w y Princes, which had i f i d two hundred Years,
CO~$UC~UJ d i d the My-nfnrh Yaar of the Cycle,
in the feventy.third Year of-his Age, a d the forty-
firti of this Rdgn.
The CbinG p y the p a t e i t .Venation to the Me?
mory of this' Philoibpher ; they lmk .on him as the
Maiter and Do- d the Empire. His Works
have h c h a great Authority, that if any body offer'd
to makg the le& Alteration in them, he would be
liable
 -
liable to Puniihment. Whenever any Difputes arife
in point of DoCtrine, and a Qotation is made out
of his Works, it immediately decides the Difpute.
His Defcendants enjoy the greateft Privileges, and
whatever Revolutions have happen'd in the Empire,
theE Privileges have always fubfifted : His Progeny
are in being itill.
In the fixtieth Year of the Cycle, the Kingdom
and the Family of Tcbin,who had had twenty four
Princes in the Space of fix hundred and forty-five
Years, was entirely deftroy'd by the King of I J u .
Cyde 3 I . The Emperor died the Gcond Year of this Cycle,

*
,y be- and left his Crown to his Son called Tuen vang.

477.
Yuen Gang, the twenty-jixth Emperor, reigned
Jmen Tears.
I F the Reign of this Emperor had been longer,
the Power and Reputation of the Empire had been
compleat1y re. eitabliih'd through the Wifdom and
Mildnefs of his Government ;the ancient Laws of his
Predeceffors were beginning to revive, and moil of
the tributary Princes were return'd to his Obedience,
excepting the King of Lou, who refus'd to come to
the Affembly of the States which the Emperor had
convened, pretending that he was not a Vaffal o f h e
Empire : The Emperor caus'd him to be profcrib'd
as a Rebel, which is the firit Inhnce of that kind.
T h e Prime Miniiter of that Prince being difcon-
tented came to the Emperor, who gave him the com-
mand of an Army, with which he fought fevcrai
Battles, conquer'd almoit the whole Province, and
fent AmbaKadors with Prefents to the Emperor, and
deiir'd of him the Inveititure of that Province, which
was granted him on condition to render the ordinary
Homage and Tributes.
The Kingdom of Ou, which had fubfied during
iix hundred and fifty Years, under twenty petty Kings,
was abolifhd at that Time by tk King of fie,
Tug
 Tien vang died the ninth Year of the Cycle, and
was fucceeded by his Son fching ting vang.
T c h i g ting vang, the Twenty-fmenth Emperor,
reigned twenty-e&htLTears.
W H E N this Prince afcended the Throne, he
found the Empire almofi refior'd to i~ ancient Splen-
dour, and maintain'd the Dignity of it by his Pru-
dence.
After the Death of the Emprefs he liv'd in Celiba-
cy, an Example of Continency which was no lefi
admired, than the Rarity of it ; from whence he was
furnamed the ChaJe. . .
T h e Emperor died the thirty-feventh Year of the
Cycle, leaving three Sons who were old enough to
reign : The eldefi called Ngan fucceeded him, but
he reign'd only three Months, and was murdered by
his Bro*er Sou, who reigned only five Months, and
was murder'd by his younger Brother Kao vang, who
akended the Throne without Oppofition.
*
Kab vang, tbe Twenty-eighth Emperor, reigned
fifteen . rears.
A 1, T H 0' this Prince had ufurp'd the Crown
without Oppofition, yet the barbarous ABion, by
which he had made his way to it, difgrac'd him
throughout the Empire, and was a Pretence for mofi
of the tributary Princes to rehfe to pay him the
ufual Homage, or to acknowledge him for their So-
vereign.
H e had a Brother called Houan kong, whom he re-
moved fiom Court, by giving him a Principality in
the Province of Ho nun. One of his Defcendants was
the lait Emperor of the Dynafiy fcbeou.
Kao vang died the fifiy-fecond Year of the Cycle,
and was fucceeded by his Son Gzlei lie vang.
Guei
&
334; f l c G E N E R AH
L ~ S T WofR Y
1

Guei lie van& the ~wcn&y~mhdb Em$cro~,

reiged twcnty-fozirTears.
A B OU T this time the ~ n u o LWars between the
tributary Princes began again, and' lafted near 300
Years: The HiRorius calf rhefe Timed Tchm koue,
or t& warlike Ages.
Each Rince aim& *the Erhpiie, and endeavsur'd
to dekrog his Rival : The Emperors had fcarceif
m y thing left them excep heir flieity, and they
fion Jbft both their Authority sfid their fjf.o$+ces.
T h e Kiingd'om of T/;h ha& k e n di.ui&d' a w n g hur
Princes, one of whom overcalnt the &, md'got
~ his owfi Hands. H s Son. lcbi
tlie K i r i g d ~into
who fucceeded lih, waC a preud!, a&Mda
fin&, he cj,uarrelbd wirh the $ihgs d gun;. of Got,
;end with the King of Fchao, in-oi.der' m & ~ r i v ethem
of thtir Dominions: which*d6liged' tkf2 rhretrl!3ngs
to wiee their Forces fof heir Refavatiox agaihfi
him, where6y his A r l ~ yW2s'' d&ared, and hmfelf
flab, a d the King a6 %cbm teok h& Khgdona, and
entirefl deitroy'il his.Famil$.,
There was another War between the King of Lou
a& ttie King of eJ;, the farmet gave the Command
,
sP his Army to a great G e m 1 cdled OyM, who d 6
eared' die Kin oP TJ,,a d obliged him to- makc
Peace with his%I Idifkr.
TheaEmperof died'the d m & Year of the Cycle;
jhd his Scfn I\rgm wng fucceedediliifnr
Ng.. van& h,fiixtieth Entperor, reigned 26 Zi~at-I.
MI ST O'RY m&h@~;.=@Ie 06 tb
Emperor, exmping the* Numbm of Years .that he
reigned, and gives only at11Acaount dthe Wars ber
meen the t r i b s y Princes, whkh for:brevity fake I
ihall pah suet?,
The Emperor died the forty-ficond Year of the
Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son Lie vang.
Lie '
 Lie vaag, the Ihirty-JF./tEntferor, reigned 7 fiars,
THE Empire ekcafd alailp, and tk Imp~ia&
E a d y war 8 ~ the
1 B ~ n okrnin.
k All: the t r i b u t q
Princes maintain'd themfelves Isc hdepntlbince ; an4
w h this Paincs afizefidtd the THrow, &ere was
none but the Kmg of Ffi wha paid him Homge.
T h e fame Year that he came to the Crown, the
K i n g h of!Fchj~zg,~Mchhad. been govern'd by twen-
ty three Princes, in die f'ace of four hundrecjl and
thirty twa Yeats, was ddlroy'd by the King of Plan.
The6iPnty-fircond Yezr of &is Cycle wis remark-
able Eor the B i d of the Yhilo<oph& Me% tfit-, corncarn..
m d y h w a by tlxe Name of 114mcit~s,wh.is et-
&ern?& the wifeit Of tlie Chinefi afrer Coq5tcin.r.
I& wag- dial wkhout- I& in. d ~ fortye ninth Year'
aP t l z Cycle ; his ymnge~Bmher kIim v m g , f u c ~
' ceded, him.
Hien mag, tlia ghiriy-wnd Ewqercz,, reigned:
firty- di& says.
T H I S Prince: lid ftrcdy any thhg dfe but-the
empty T i r k o f E w o c : The*tributary W e s - n o t i
wty refusd to a c h e him fhr h i r Sovereign,
b~alio e h ~ ' dto,&ciare:
- War agah@ him if he
~pposl'dthek D e w or b l a d d their a n d & ,
They being p r e p d a dwith an Clpinio~,that the
Crown belonged to the PbiRkr of; the nine Vafa of
Copper, which the great Ti, Founder 06 the firit
Qnafiy,, had caukd to be made, every one of the
tribuury Prinies ill-ove to get the PoBeRion dthem,
in order to uQvthe Imperial Authority.. H i n uang,
to defeat heir Deiigns, was oblig'd to throw them
into a deep Lake, from which it wsrs impdEble to
ga them out.
Mencius was. now thirty-iix Years oId, and was in
the higheft Reputation, and had feventeen. Difciples
Jlot fbilo,wYdhim. ; he uavcil'd over diiTeren6 King-
a doms
33 6 ne G E N E R AHL I S T O R Y Of
doms and Countries, efpecially thofe of Guei and of
TJi, initruQing Princes how to govern their Subjeas,
and the SubjeAs in their Duty towards their Princes ;
and alib in the Virtues that they ought to pra&ife in
their private Capacities.
Hien vang died the thirty-feventh Year of the Cy-
cle, and was fucceeded by his Son Chin tJin vang.
Chin tiin vang, the Thirty-third Emperor,
reigned Ji3c rears.
I F this Prince had had Strength and Courage e-
nough to have taken Advantage of the Divifions,
which were among the tributary Princes, doubtlefi he
would have reitor'd the Empire to its former Gran-
deur and Glory ; but his Cowardife and Sloth, in
. which he exceeded his Predeceffor, did not contribute ,
a little to the Abafement of his Dignity, and to the,
Annihilation of his Authority, while the King of
~
TJin increafed both his Authority and Dignity, and
had the Imperial Authority tho' not the Dignity,
keeping the other Princes in SubjeQion to him.
. Thefi five Kings, viz. the King of TJu, Tcbao,
Han, Guei, and Tm, joyn'd their Forces together
in order to oppofe his formidable Power ; but the
King of f j n defeated their Army, and might have
depriv'd them of their Kingdoms, if an Obj& of
greater Intereii had not called him elfewhere.
Two Princes of the WeRern Part of the Province
of Se tcbuen,who were independant of the Empire, were
at War againit one another, and each of them de-
manded Aids from the King of TJin ; accordingly he
went with his Army and joyn'd one of them, and
defeated the other, and oblig'd the Prince likewil,
~
whom he had fuccour'd, to pay h i a yearly Tribute ;
the King of Guei was forc'd to pay him Tribute,
and the fame Refpefl as if he had been the Emperor.
The Emperor,who had been an idle Speaator of all
the Viaories of King Pjn, died the forty-third Year
~f the Cycle, and was fucceeded by his Son Ngan vang. '

Ngan
 Ngan vang, the Tbiriy$ourth Emperor, reigned
F$j-nine Tears.
A L T H 0' this Prince's Reign was long, yet it.
was not fuccefiful, for when he came to the Throne.
the Imperial Authority was almofi annihilated; and.
tho' he neither wanted Skill nor Prudence, yet , die
State was too weak to undertake any. thing a g a a
fuch a powerful Prince as the King of un.
Mencius died the ninth Year of this Cycle, in the Cycle 35:
eighty-fourth Year of his Age, and is look'd upon Year be-
as the greatefi Philofopher of the Empire; except fore Chra
Coqun'us : His Works are held in great Veneration, '97'

i
and his Defcendants en oy great Privileges.
The King of Ifin ollow'd his ambitious DeGgns,
and infenfibly clear'd the way to the Empire by
underhand fomenting Difcord among the tributary
Princes, that they might mutually deitroy each other :
When they were at Variance and ask'd Succours from
him, he would h i f h Troops to one that he might.
thereby defiroy the other. Thus the Kingdom of Song,
which had fubfiited 3 8 I Years, under thrty two Prin-
ces, was deitroy'd by the Kings offJ and v o u ; and
the Principality of Lou, which had been govern'd by
rhirty-four Sovereigns, was defiroy'd by the King OF
T f i , and he himfelf invaded the Territories of the
'King of Guei, whom he made tributary to him.
A h all this lchao Jmg, King of TJtt, no longer
conceal'd his Defign upon the Imperial Crown, but of-
fered to the Sovereign Lord of Heaven a Sacrifice,
with the fame Ceremonies which none but the Empe-
rors were allow'd to perform, by which publick A&
he openly declar'd his Pretenfions to that Sovereign
Dignity.
At that time there was no Prince powerful enough
to difpute with him the Imperial Dignity, except
the King of 74, but Tchao Siang entirely defeated him,
and immediately he fent Part of his Army to de-
VOL. I. Z throne
 throne the Emperor, whore Army was fo fmall that
it was immediately defeated, and tKis unfortunate
Prince was forc'd to implore the Clemency of the
Conqueror,- and to a c k n o w l ~him for his Suve-
mi@, yielding to him the few Towns that re-
mained in his Hands. This Submifiion faved hinn his
Life, which he ended in the Province uf C b t n j the
fbllowing.
As foon as the Emperor's Mishrtme wzs publick-
lg known, Gveral of the Princes, particularly the
King of Hun, hahn'd to p;ry Homap to the King d
Tfin : But the Provinces wh~chhad not acknowledged
him for their Emperor, eleRed Icbm kim, one of
the Grandfonsof the Brothers of Km vmg, the twenty-
ei~hthEmperor.
Tcheou kiun, tbe Thirty-Jftb Em~eror,reign'd
J t e n Tcars.
T HE forty-third Year of the Cycle, f c h u
took the Title d Ebperor, and gatheited Faces on
all fides to make hcad againit the U f i , de-
m d n g Aids fiom the Kmgs of @, VEU, and
Guei ; but thde Princes fearing 'l'baojmg rdm'd to
aid the Emperor.
lcbcou ttiun finding hirnfelf forfkm, and owt of
hopes of maintaining krnfklf on the Throne, abdi-
cated the Crown, and lived a private Life. Thus
ended the Dynaity of Icbesnr.
Tcbavfilrg did net long enjoy the Authority which
he had u f i ' d , but died before the Abdication of the
Emperor ;his Son klim vclr uaBg ddied the fame Year,
and lefi the Imperial Crown to his Son called Tckuaag
&rig vang, whq was the Founder of the burth Dy-
naity.
 f i e Fourth Dy~@y,mild Tiin, ~ b i c bbad&+
E m p e r m in tk Space of foiiy-tbrea k.
Tchuang fiang' v q , ibz I;i$ Emperor, rekned
ibree 22at-s.
T H E beginning of this Prince's Reign is remark
able by the l n r d which he made into the Terri-
tories of the King of Guk : At firfi he won GveraI ,
Bzttles, which alilrm'd the other Princes, who, fear-
ing that a h he had got the Empire he wouId de;'
poie them, and feize their Dominions, five of
W e Princes, wiz. the King of Hun, ?JON, Teu,
fchao, and 33, jayned the King of Guei; their
Amy coniifid of 200,000 Men, who defeat4 the
Emperor's Army, and d>aigldhim to retreat. During
r
akefe TriiniiLtions the E m ror died,andleft the Crown
to his adopted Son .cal ed Chi hoang ti, who took
PoiMian of it, the f i f i y - h d Year of the Cycle.
,

T h e Chi;llde H i k y hys that he was born in th

twelflh Manth afier his Canceptian.
C~ hoang ti, tbe Second ,!?m~eror,rekn8d 37 Xavs.
I F &e Confederacy which the fix Kkgs, that I
have already rneaion'd, had cenrinu'd, no doubt but .
&at they woqld have been able to oppoie the Forces of
Ch hang ti ;but their Pride and Ambition ibon ruin'd
t h a ~Alliance which they had made far their common
. Safety, for they enter'd into a War agdnit each other,
wd fb w&nYd themfelves, that they foon became a
Prey to Chi - hoang ti, who fubdu'd them one after
another, cutzing the Throat of each of tl~oEPrinces
when he had conquer'd them, and putting to k t h
all t6e Males of their Families, excepting the King
z 2 at.'
 of q,whom-he refkrdd for a more cruel and inhu-
man Punifhment ;'for he h u t him up in a Grove planted
' with Pine-Trees, fending him as much V i h a l s as
would hardly fubfiit him. This unfortunate Prince
being op reQd by Fortune, rehs'd to cat any of
9
the Prov ~ o n swhich they brought him, and h v ' d
h i d d f to Death.
He ient a Colony of 300 young Men, and as ma-
ny young Women, into the Japan Iflands, under: the
ConduR of a Sea-Captain, who made himielf Sove-
reign of thofe I flands ; and the People of Japan to this
Day boait that they are of a Cbinge ExtraRion.
q d , 36. Chi boang ti having vifited his Empire, and find-
Y ~ b e - ing that the Northern Provinces, efpecially thofe of
fbrc Chrifi Pe tcbc li, of Cban Ji, and of ChmJ, were erpoied
237. to the Incurfions of the Tartars, he fent an Army a-
gainit them, and drove them a great way into Tar-
tary beyond the Frontiers of the Empire : H e like-
wife immediateiy be an to put in Execution the
d
Scheme he had form' to build a Wall, which reach'd
fiom the Sea to the Extremities of the Province of
ChenJ.
In the forty-f~ondh r of the C ~ l e ,he caufid
Ships loaded with Iron to be funk into the Sea to
f'ecute the Foundation ; one third Part of the Men in
the Empire, who were able to work, were imploy'd
at it: The Stones were joyn'd with a Mortar that
was fo hard that no Nail could be drove into it,
and there were large Arches built fbr the Paffages of
Rivers, as aKo Forts built at proper Diftances for
Garrifons, and Gates to go into Tartary ; it was io
thick that feven or eight Hodemen could ride a-
b r e d on it. This Wall is almofi all fianding to this
Day, and which is moil furprifmg, it was built in five
Years time.
This i t u p d o u s Work was enough to immorta-
lize this Prrnce ; but it was not enough to fatis& his
Ambition, for he was not pleaf'ed with the Com a-
P
ri ons
 rifons which were made between him and his Prede-
ceffors; he pretended that he had eclipfed all their
Glory, and refolved that Pofterity ihould be ignorant
of all their AEtions excepting his own.
In order to compafs his Defign he publiih'd a
Decree, commanding all his Subj& on pain of Death
to burn the Books called King, and all the Works
of Confucias, wherein the Lives and Allions of the
befi Emperors were recorded ; excepting from the
Flames only thde that treated of Architeh-e and
Phyfick, accounting all Arts and Sciences, and all
Learning to be of no Ufe, but rather an Encourage-
ment to Idlenefi, and of dangerous Co~fiuenceto'
the State ; whilfi Agriculture, as he pretended, which
was Ehe Source of Happinefi to the People, was ne-
gl&ed.
This Decree was executed by the Governors with
the utmofi Severity, and when Men of Learning were
found with fome of thefe valuable Books, they were
immediately puniih'd with Death : However fome
Copies of them were fiml, as I have already men-
tion'd in another Place. This Decree of the Empe-
ror, and the Severity with which it was put in EX*
cution, has made his Memory odious to Pofterity to ,
this Day, and the Lofs of thefe ancient Monuments
is much bewail'd by the C b i n ~ .
The Emperor, after having been at War twenty-
five Years, now enjoy'd an univerfd Peace : He,
made Ceveral new Laws, and abrogated others ; but
as he was not ufed to be at Reft, he refolved to
make a fecond Progrefi through the Eaftern Pro-
. vinces of the Empire, and took his fecond Son with
him. The Emperor fell dangeroufly ill, and died in
the thirty-henth Year of the Cycle, )
Finding himkllf drawing near to his End, he writ a,
Letter to his eldefi Son, declaring him Emperor, and
delivered it, together with the Seals of the Empire, to
his k o n d Son, with a Charge to deliver them f&ly in-
a 3 to
343 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
to the Hands of the eld& 5on ;but the Emperorwas nc,
f i n e r dead, than the young P r k rehlved to place
the Crown on his own Head : The only way to fic-
ceed in this Affiir was to engag Li rie, t k Pritne
MiniRerof Chi boang ti, in his Party, who was a Man
of g r q t Authority in the Empire : When the firit
P r y k l was made to thisMinlfter he m j e M it, but
new Sollicitations being made to him, his own Inte.
r$t, and the Merit of the young Prince, at I& pee-
- vailed with hirn ; and through his Means thc you
Prince obtained dm& all the Suffrages : The? !&le
Son of the Emperor having got cogether ibme F m
jn order to maintain his Right, fbund that moit of&
Provinces had already acknowledged his younger Bra-
ther Emperor, and he was obliged to yield it up 4
but the Steps that he had taken were look7d u p as
Crimes of HI@TtmCon. and he wao odered to kill
hirnf e e
Eul chi, tbc Gird Emperor, rtgued tbvce Ears.
T H I S Prince, who was both a U f q e r and a
Murderer of his Brother, during the fhort Time that
he reigned, (hewed how unworthy h was of the
h w n : He chde for his Colao, or Prime Minifier,
the grhteR Enemy of the Family of Tjrz, who af-
feCted outwardly a great Zeal for his Perfbn, thou h
fecretly he was end~vouring to e x q a t e all t e
Princes of this Race.
a
This Prince had told him f e d times,. that Lik
being fhort he would pafi it in the moR volupnleus
rnannei that he could, and would'gr3tify dl the Plea-
fires of his Senfes witbut Reftraint.
T h e Colao adviied him to remove ow of their ~ l i e a
all the Minifters and Governors which his Father had
placed, they being the only Obfiacie that might
$ve him Trouble ; the Emperor followed this per-
nicious Advice, and filled up all their Phces by Per..
fins who were entirely devoted to the Cob,
This
 This Change caufd many Complaints and Mur-
murings ; the People were overburthen'd with Taxes
to fup ly the Empemr's Expences in building Pa-
!
laces, arks, and fine Gardens.
Onq of the G m d 6 of his Army, who had been
ibt into the Eaitern Provinces to quell Come Troubles,
was the fir& that revolted, and engaged the Trpopr
to proclaim b r Emperor dx Son of the eldeft Brat
ther, to whom the R' ht of the G o w n belonged.
f
At this JuqEture o Time there appeared a n Ad-
venturer, called Lieou pa%, who had been a private
Soldier, and who ,now headed a Troop of Vagabonds :
He was endued with great Qualities, being c o u r e -
ous, mild, and moderate, altho' fevere to his Compa-
nions when military Difcipline requir'd it ; he was
alfo naturally eloquent: H e was told by an expert
Phyfmgnomiit that he ihould be Emperor, and he out
of Gratitude marrid the Phyfiognomiit's Daughter.
The General, who had revolted from the Em ror,
rnarch'd wih his Army into the Kingdom of &, in
order to conquer it fbr hirnfelf, and attack'd a Place
.
in that Kingdom ; the Governor of it finding
h i m f i diitrds'd, fent to Lieou pang for kelp, who
immediately marcfi'd with all his Forces to his Ailif-
tance, and obliged the Enemy to retreat.
But the Governor of the Place, infiead of acknow-
ledging the Service, ihut the Gates againit his Deli-
verer.
Liau pang being informed by a Letter, which was
thrown uxo his Camp fa'aiten'd to a Dart, that there
was a Sedition in the 'Town, which the Ingratitude of
the Governor bad caukd, he immediately fca-
led the Walk of the Town, and took it; the Go-
vernor was flain in the fir& Attack, and the Inhabitants
of the Place declar'd themidves for &e Conqueror,
who now was General of a p t Army, and Mafia o€
very rick Plunder.
4 In
 In the mean time, altho' the Emperor's Throne
feem'd to ihake under him, yet he could not re-
cover himfelf out of that dee Lethargy, in which the
P
Love of voluptuous Plea ures had thrown him.
The unfiithhl Colao, infiead of endeavouring to diC-
fuade him fiom fuch a vitious Courfe of Lik, rather
encourag'd him in it, and falfely accufed of Crimes
tfie Minifiers and Governors who were beft affe&ed
to the reigning Family, and had thekn immediately
ut to Death. The Covetoufnefs and Cruelty of this
Krince made him odious to his People L and in the
fecond Year of his Reign feveral Provinces of the Em-
pire revolted, and eleaed Sovereigns to govern them ;
Among them were theie five Kingdoms, Tj, Ten,
Tchao, Guei, and Tbu.
' The King of T j u took into his Service the brave
Licou pang, and having refolved to go and attack the
Emperor in the Metropolis, he chofe two other Ge-
nerals, and gave to each of them an Army to corn-
rnand, and promifed to beitow tho Kingdom of TJ;n
on any of the three that would take the Metropolis,
and drive the Emperor out of it.
The Emperor fent numerous Forces againft the
King of T&u ; at firit his Army defeated one of thefe
three Generals, but was at lait beaten by that which
Hiang k, the General of fju, commanded.
The Imperial Army fent Depilties to Court to de-
mand Succours, but the Deputies being obliged to re-
turn without having had an Audience of the Colao,
joined themGlves, with their General, to Hiang ha,
and increas'd his Forces.
The Colao having heard of the Defertion of the
Imperial Army, and fearing that his Treachery fhould
I be found out, he brought an Affgl3in into the Palace,
who murder'd the Emperor in the twenty-burth Year
of his Age, and the third Year of his Reign. Thus
periih7dmiferably a Prince, who had cruelly imbrued
his
 -
his Hands in the Blood of his Brother to obtain his ,
Crown.
In the mean while the Colao, who had fhut himfelf
up in his .Palace, pretending to be fick, came out in
hafie, as if he wanted to difcovelr the Authors and Ac-
complices of the Regicide, and to give lefs room for
Sufpicion, and to make an outward Shew of his Fi-
delity, he caufed Ing vang, who was Grand Nephew
to the Emperor, to afcend the Throne.
Ing vang, the Fourfb Emperor, reignedforty-jive Days.
T H I S Prince had been but three Days Poireffor
of the Crown, when he difcovered that it was the
treacherous Colao who had murdered the late Emperor ;
but it was not in the Power of,the Emperor to pu-
nifh him openly ; the pretended to be fick, and
commanded his Son to flab him, when he came alone. .
to fpeak with him in private, which was put in Exe-
cution : Thus was the Empire rid of this Monfier.
Hdwever Lieou ang was drawing near to the Me-
k'
tropolis, which w en the Emperor heard he drew
out all the Garriibns to itrengthen his Army : Liem
pnng made u k of a Stratagem to overcome him 5 he
f l t abundance of his Soldiers to the Im erial Army
FI
pretending themfelves to be Deferters : T ele Soldiers
craftily infinuated to the Soldiers of the Imperial Ar-'
my, that it was their Intereit to follow Lieoupnng, who
be~nginformed that a Sedition was ready to break outs
in the Im erial Army, came upon it fuddenly and
P
entirely de eated it.
r finding himfelf forfaken by his Sub-
jeets, Empero
Theand earing Death more than the Lofi of his
Crown, threw himfelf at the Conqueror's Feet, and
delivered him the Seals and other Marks of the Im-
perial Dignity. Lieou pang entered the City in Tri-
umph, which he gave leave to his Soldiers to plunder,
forbidding them to ule any of the Inhabitants ill :
H e preferved &e Palace, in which he found immenfe
Riches, The
The Pftb Dynapy, called Han, &ch bad
twenty -JVP E m p e w in the Space of.426
re-.
Cao tfou, the Fir$ Emperor, &o/e Namc W L Z bcfgt't
~
Lieou pang, reigned twelve Years.

' I E O U PANG was rhe Founder and fir8 Em-

peror of rhis DyruRy, under the Name of Cm
lfou ;at firit he only affumed the Title of King of Tjn,
k a u f e he had taken the Metropolis of the Empire
in rhe Name of the King of vou, who had prornk'd
to 've him that Kingdom.
,f%anguzt, the other GeneraI, i h o m I have aIready
f p o b of, and who had alfo bbQl fent to dethrone the
Eraperor, could not fupprds his Indgnation at .firou
pang's having, through hu Prudenu and Addrefs, gat
r
from him the Principalit to which he af 'r'd ; and as
C
he was brvtiih and crue , and at the 1 ad of a nu-
merous and well difciplin'd Army, Lieou pang WQ
fortunatx in being abk to event its coming to an
Rupture : At kfi t b q E d an ~ntervicw,at which
r ~ a t h e ofr B a n p remncil'd them to dother,
and they entpcd tfe Metro lis together.
go
Hiang yg, m t pleafed wit the C l e m c y and Mild-
nefi of Lieou prang, fit the City and the Imperial Pa-
lace on fire, had the Tombs of the Princes of I j ~ z
farched, and their @ones thrown into unknown Places,
and with his own Hq& murder'd the re' ning Prince,
whom Litroupnng had uid wirh great'fiefPBR lsnc
his Diigrace.
A great number of the late Emperor's Soldiers, who
amonP his Troops, having murmured on ac-
count of o many cqel AQioncr, he. imme&atdy
were -
caded their Arms to be taken fiom them, had them
furrounded by his Army, and cut to p h .
As he had made himW abblute M a h of the
State of Haw, and placed G a r r i h in the Towm, he
dpk'd to the Empire, a d reiblved to murder his
Maer, for having prefwr'd Lima pamg b e h e him,
in giving him the Principality of 7'3~1; befider he
thought he could nqt fecure the Empire to Mf
whilit he was living.
In order to put his Scheme in execution, he fet-
&ward towards the City of Kiew Kimg in the Pro-
vince of fitg Ji, whehe the Kbg of TJiu was. This
Prince to honour his k r a l came b i d i f to msa
him, and Was immediately a i r a k e d by him: Lie-adt
pang, being griev'd at tlae Misfbrtune af this Prince,
who wa his BBnef&or, order'd the moit magnificent
Obkqde6 pdlible for him : This gain'd him the AT-
feaion of & Pecrpk, who join'd with him co ~veqgc
the Death of their Sovereign. From that time the
two Generals were at War with one another fbr the
Imperial Crown, and fb@t kventeen Battles with -
various Succefi ; at lafi Lieou pang e ~ i d defeated
y his
Antagmiit's A r m h who dew himfelf in prevent his
falling into the Enmy's Hands.
This War being ended he all'xnbled the General
Eitaces of the Empire, who dcdarcd him Empe~u,
by <he Name of Cso ~ u and , he was achowledg'd
fuch by all the tributary Princes of the Empire. Hc
kept his Court at firft in the Province of Chen J,
but afterwards remov'd it inro the Province of Ho
nsn, where it owinued 196 Yeaag under twelve
Em-,
Caa Utk falling fick, named his Son U o e i j for
his Succeffor, appointing him Minifiers in whom
be might confide: He died the hrty-third Year of
the Cycle ; the Ckmh Wifiory is fdl uf hgh Pane;
@ricks on bi,
 Hoei ti, 'tbe Second Emperor, reigned &en fiat-,. I
T H E Empire expe&ed great things fiom this
Prince, he being endu'd with many good Qualities,
fuch as Courage, Meeknefi, and Moderation ; but
t M e were overpois'd by greater Vices, for his immo-
derate Love for Wbmen ruin'd his Health, and his
Complaifance for his Mother indac'd him to invuit
. her with the Care of the Empire.
This Princeis aflum'd the whole Imperial Autho-
rity to herfelf, and was generally hated for her Cruel-
ty and other Vices ; fhe remov'd the Miniiters and
Governors as h e pleas'd, and difpos'd of their Places
to her Favourites and Relations, poifoning all thofie
that dared in the leait to oppofe her. I
The King of TJ, who was the Emperor's eld& I
Brother, coming to vifit him when he was fick, had
been likewife poifon'd by her, if the Emperor him-
felf had not taken the fatal Cup out of his Hand.
Hok ti died the fifiieth Year of the Cycle, being
opprdi'd with Infirmities which his loofie LLe had
brought upon him.
Liu beou, his Mother, fearing that one of the Em-
peror's Brothers fiould fucceed him, pretended to have
a Child, which fhe bought from a Countrywoman,
and named herfelf his Guardian, but fearing the Cheat
f i o d d be difcover'd if the Mother of the Cbild liv'd,
fie caufed her to be itrangled.
I
Liu heou, the U/rptr, rkgned eigbt fiar~. I

T H I S Princeis was not htisfy'd to have rais'd

hei Family, which was of a very mean Extraltion,
to the highit Dignities of the Empire, but fie want-
ed alfo to have the tributary Crowns at her Difpfal,
and put to Death one of her Minifiers who had the
Courage to tell her that thofe Dominions belonged
ody to the Princes of the Family of Han, and that
her Husband had fworn all the .Governors to main-
tin
 tain thar Right by Force of Arms, .if Neceility re-
quir'd it ; however, fie thought hertelf powerfid '
enough to fear nothing, and difpos'd of P a n of thok
Dominions to her own Relations, upon condition of
their aying her Homage.
Af! er this f i e murder'd the young Child to which
fhe was Guardian, and difcover'd the Secret of the
Artifice which her Ambition had prompted her to. .
Her Relations alfo, abufing the Power they were
rais'd to, behav'd themielves with ti much Arrogdnce
and Pride, thar the Nobles combin'd together to re-
duce them to their former condition, when this wick-
.ed Princeis was taken away by a tudden Death, in the,
fifty-eighth Year ofi the Cycle : Her Memory was fo
odious that no Body.would take the P A of her Fa-
mily, fo that all her Relations were rnafficred through-
out the Empire.
The Nobles chofe the sovkeign of a fmall State
ro be Emperor, who*wasthe i i o n d Son of Cao $u,
and dcended the Throne without Oppofition, taking
the Name of Yen ti.
Ven ti, tbe Third Emperor, reigned twentj-three Years.
U N D E R the Reign of this Prince the Empire Cyde 37.
recover'd its ancient Splendo~,and his Virtues gainad?Yearbe-
him the Love of the Nobles as well as the People :foreCm*
T o a t e his Subj& he remitted them the Duties- an
Salt, as alto half 06 all the other Duties which were
then paid.
He reviv'd Agriculturr which had been n&,leled'
during all the preceding Wars, fo the great Detri-
ment of the Country,. phnted Mulberry-Trces,in his
Palace, and bred up Sdk-Wornls ; he encourag'd and
proteaed Learning, and gave leave for the Books
which had been faved from the Fire to be produced
and read : Before that time every thing was wrote on
Leaves, or Barks of Trees, with .an Iron Pencil ;
the Way of making Paper was alfo firit difcover'd
in
350 - n e G E N B R AH L I ~ T ~of R Y
in his Reign, by grinding Bmbeo in Mills made orr
p+ ; they invented likead2 little Pencils made of
Hair, a d Ink which diKolves in Water.
Tk fartars made h a a l Inmads into the Em*,
but were re uh'd with Lois, and drove beyand the
P d m J r h e Ernpim. The Provina, af $@ung
tntq and -gJ voluntarily fubrnithed bo his Laws,
and p i d him yearly Tribute.
A corrain I m p o h pr&nted this Prinaz with P Li-
quor of great Price, &king Khn that i+ he drank it, k
dmake kim h-I; @hePrince was fo weak
asm believe him,. which is the mfg Foihte he is ac-
dml
Eb died in rhe h y - i d Yeair d his Age, d tBc
Year af the Cycle,. amd
~wcnty~firSt -
was ficcceded by
,.
his$on&gtL .

T )-I1 S P r h e was rem&e far his wldn&

& Ciemency ; be mollifj'd tho Bigour of the Pu*
nifhments which were then infli&ed em Grbnjmals, baa
re-eitabliih'd the Taxes which his Father had reduced
to one halE
The great Iadnlgence of thc Tutors, w b had the
G m of the E Q u c a k of the young Princes4 ocm-1
i i d great D i h ~ & min this Rdgn : E was h a l
fbr the Children of the r r i b r a t q Princes to be edq-
d with thde d the ;Emparor ; the elddt Son of
King ti, having contralted a articular Friend&@ h
cineofdam, m t z d e a F 4 !i r ~ , i n ~ h e c a r -
ry'd the Debauch ro fuch an E x d s , that the young
Prince, having quarreETd m$h his Favouritc, flew
him on the Spot ; the Father of the &ad Prince, hear-
ing of the Death of his Son, fwore to revenge it,
and engag'd in his Quarrel fix other tributary Primes,
I
who join'd Forces with him : The Emperor Enr an
able Genera1 with an Army againit them, who en-
tirely ckdbted them, and made a great Skq$er a-
mong
nlong them, lrnd the fix confEderaee hinces wax ei-
ther killed by the Emperor's Soldiers, or part an 41
to their own Lives, to pre-
ti*.
baing d e C a p ,
.
The E y died the thirty-fanth Year oE tha
Cycle, Md was kc&d by his Son You ti.
Vou ti, the Eftb&mperor, reignedf;fiy$ur T ~ r s .
T N E P m k , Moderation, and Valour cif th%
Prince, his Appliiation to publick Affiirs; tris Lava
d b r n i n g , afid particulz Regard m l d Mm,
x d e him eiteem'd one of the gi.cate8 E m p e ~ o r s ~ b
e w ptign'd in C b k . As f m as he h d perfarrn'd
hls Father's Othxpks, he Elat h r all the
P W e t s of his Empire to his C m , m ao&
them in Affairs of State ; and a . he was n a d y id,
clin'd to War, he J o u ~ h they
r would hwgratdy'd his
Xnclinxion by advifulg him to attempt h e C m q e
or other, but he am i rhightily i i r i z ' d m b d lth&
Wif-n p e r f i d k g him to maiomin Peace borh at
hame a d abroad, and reprefending to kim tlse Ban-
and Inconvenhcb which p d y , d War:
This made h h give over the Th- c4 it, and
apply himfelf to the mil-govaning df his P+, h
order ro which he made f d good L m ;
which he ordain'& that whcnevwa Prince fhozdd dicr.
his Eftate ihuM be ccyually divided ammgfl kis law-
ful Children ; but, if he dy'd without la& H e h ,
it ihould fall to the C r m .
In order to promote Learning he commanded the
learned Men, whom ht had called to his Court, to put
in order thofe ancient and precious h k s which had
dcaped the general DdtruCtion, and that they might
be taught publickly ; as alfo the Morals af Confuhs
and Mncius.
Thefe Books were Manufcripts, Printing not be-
i~g yet invented, nor till within fifty Years before tho
Chriitian E r a . i

This
8
352 ZZe G E Y E R AH
LI S T O Rof Y
This Prince had the WeakneLs to give ear to Im-
poitars, wha promis'd him an Elixir which fhould
render him immortal; one Day one of tMe Chy-
miRs brought him a Cup full of this immortal
Liquor, and deGred him to drink it fbr an Experi-
ment ; one of his Miniitus, who was adviiing him
not to hearken to fuch Cheats, took the Cup and
drahk it himfelf ;the Emperor being very angry that his
Miniiter had deprived him of Immortality, refolved
m @ni# him with Death for it ; to which the Mi-
nifter reply'd with a Smile, I f tbis Drink, Sir, batb
made fie immortal, bow can you put me to Deatb ? But
if you yae put me to Deatb, bm doth this frivolous
$b$t d@me it ? This Anfwer fofien'd the Emperor,
who praiiEd the Wirdom of his Miniiter, but was not
thoroughly c u r d of that Weaknefs.
Volr ti won four great ViCtories over the Tartars,
and, after having drove them fidr beyond the Great
Wall, he rnarch'd with his vibrious Army into the
Kin doms of Pegu, Siam, Cambaia, and Benga2.
3% divided dpr rnaquifhed Countries between thc
two Generals, and other Offims who had conquer'd
them ; he built feveral Cities, and honoufd the two
Generals with the Tides of King : T h d e Chin+
foan learned the Manners and Inclinations of the
firtars, and prov'd, in time, to be the great&
Enemies to thoit from whom they were originally
.
defccrkled
One of thefe Kings of the Tartars dreading the
, Refentment of the Emperor, fent him his eldeft Son
to be educated at his Court, who being very skilful
in Horfes, the Emperor made him his Mrrfier of the
Horfe, and afterwards put him at the Head of his
Army, and honoufd him with the Title of Kin.
Cycle 38. When You ti drew near his End he declared the
Year be- Son of one of his Concubines Succeffor, whom he
foreCh"it~ loved better than any of his Children : This young
i I 7.
Prince was but eight Years of Age, but he appoint-
ed
 ed him for a Guardian one of his Miniiters, in whorn
he had the greateit Confidence; and fearing that the
Mother of the young Emperor ihould ftir up Trou-
bles in the Empire, as Lilc heou had done, he re-
folv'd to ut her to Ddath for the feveral Crimes fie
P
was accu ed of, but gave her the Choice of what
Death fhe would die.
The Emperor died the thirty-firit Year of the Cy-
cle, in the feventy-firit Year of his Age, and the
young Prince lchao ti fucceeded him.
Tchao ti, the Sixth Emperor, reigned thirteen Tears,
A L T H 0' this Prince was very young, yet his
good Difpofitions and Prudence were far above his
Years, being very trahble to the InitruEtions which
he received from the wife Guardian which his Father
had appointed him.
H e began his Reign by rewarding the Officers who
had ferved the State well, and fending juit and able
Magiitrates into the Provinces, to inquire fccretiy if
the People lay under any Opprefion.
H e concluded an honourable Peace with the Tar-
tars, but did not long furvive it, dyingwithout Male-
Iffue, in the forty-fourth Year ofthecycle, before he was
quite twenty-two Years old, -being inightily lamented
by the Empire on account of his good,Qualities.
Hiao ti his Uncle fucceeded him with the Confent
of the People, who foon r e ~ n t e dof their Choice,
for he was negligent of 'the .Government and People,
and fpent both Day and Night in Debauches i he
defpis'd all the good Couniels which his Minifiers
oEr'd him,. which oblig'd them and the Grandees
to drive him from the Throne on which they had
, placed him. '

They went to the Palace and feiz'd the Seals, and

other Eniigns of the Imperial Dignity, declaring he
had forfeited his Authority, and then fent him to the
little State whereof he was Sovereign ; They chofc
YOL,I. Aa in
 -

in his Place Prince Suen ti, who was randf fin to the
Emperor You ti.
Sucn ti, tbc Seventh Emperor, reigned twenty-
five Tcais.
T H E Misforturns which this Prince fufir'd in
his Youth, did not a little contribute to the Virtues
which qualify'd him h r the Government of the Em-
pire ; he had been educated in a Priibn, where the
4 Princefs his Mother had been fhut up by the Cm-
mind of the Emperor You ti, who fufpaed her,
tho' falfly, of Witchcraft and Sorcery, being only an
Excufe to put to Death the Princes and Princeffes of
the Royal Blood : T h e Keeper of the Prifon was
very carehl of him, and Suen ti, as f i n as he was
P
Emperor, rewarded him with a Princi ality for it.
This Prince was of eaiy AcceS, o a very mild,
compafionate Nature to all unhtunate Pzrfons, and
of an Application very conitant to State-Affiirs.
As the Laws were become troublefome and tedious,
and gave room for Querks and Tricks to confound
the cleareft Matters, and to lengthen out Suits, he re-
duced them to a certain Number of Articles, and dif-
annull'd the reit.
The Emperor having been infbrmed that the King-
doms in India, which were conquer'd by his Grand-
fither, had rebelled againfi him, was preparing to go
and chaitife t k Rebels, but was diffaded fi-om it
by his Miniiters, who told him it was not worth his
while to fled the Blood of his Subjeh for fuch di-
itant Conqueh, and that thofe who &ed his WX-
dom and Virtue did not deferve to enjoy the Bki-
fings of his Government.
W 1 e 39. In the forty-eighth Year of the Cycle there was a
Year be- great Earthquake, which overeurn'd i d Moun-
foRCkfi tains, and fuch things not being c m m o n here, it
57' very much frightncd the People, who lo&U on it st
foxboding fome greater Calamity.
Tan
 Ian JU, a King of the Tartars, fent Embaffadors
to the Emperor to pay him Homage, and to acknow-
ledge himfelf Tributary to him, who were very gra-
cioufly received, and treated as Envoys of a Prince
the State was in Amity with.
Suen ti was eighteen Years old when he afcended
the Throne, and died in 'the ninth Year of the Cycle,
and in the forty-third Year of' his Age, leaving his
Crown to his Son Turn ti.
Yuen ti, tbc Eigbth Emperor, rkgncdj~tcenTears.
T H E iingular Taite which this Prince had for
Learning, and his Refpelt for learned Men, Ghom
he entertain'd at his Court, and with whom he often
convers'd, made him a great Scholar, tho' not a great
Prince : H e was highly eiteem'd for his Moderation,
his Love to his People, and his Frugality ; and he
ufed to fay, That hc that could be contented w'tb littk,
wanted for nothing.
But d l thefe fine Qalities were quite clouded thro'
want of judgment in the ~ h p i c eof his Miniitus,
having neither Regard to their Qpa,cities nor Expe-
rience ;for to exprefi themfelves polkly and eloquent-
ly, were all the Qualifications he demanded in thofc
with whom he inmfted the great& Affairs of the
Empire; and thefe Minihrs, who had o other
J
Views than their own Promotion, fill'd e Court
with FaCtions and Parties.
Notwithitanding the Peace which had been con-
cluded with the Tartars, the Garrifons on the Great
Wall took two of their Princes Prifoners as they were
hunting in the Mountains, truhng to the Sanfion of
h e former Treaty, and beheaded them both.
T h e Emperor, infiead of puniihing the Treachery
which the Commander of thofc Forces had commit-
ted, rewarded him for it ; but hearing that the Suc-
effor of one of thofe Princes was levying Forces to
revenge that infamous Breqch of the Peace, in order
Aaz to
 to appeafe him, and prevent the War, he was oblig'd
to give him a Princefs of the Imperial Family in
Marriage, with a very confiderable Dowry.
Intefiine Wars among the Miniiters were readyXto
break out in the Empire, when the Emperor died in
the twenty-fixth Year of the Cycle, and in the fony-
third Year of his Age. H e was fucceeded by his Son
rlching ti.
Tching ti, the Ninth Emperor, rcigned 26 Tears.
T H E pailionate Love which this Prince had for
Women and Wine, engag'd him in all manner of
Vices, and he gave the higheit Places of the Empire
to the Relations of the Emprei's his Mother, who
was of the Family of Leang. H e fell violently in
Love with a Woman belonging to the Playhoufe, for
her fine Voice, and upon her Account drove his law-
ful Wife from the Palace, taking this Aarefi in her
Room, whom he declared Emprefi, ,and gave her Fa-
ther a Principality in order to glofs over her low Ex.
aaAion ; but fome of his Minifters hdving rernon-
itrated to him the Shame of fuch an Alliance, he or-
dered them all to be put to Death, and yet thek are
but a h a l l Part of his Crimes.
A iiudden Death delivered the Empire from this
wicked Prince, in the fifiy-firit Year of the Cycle :
.He left no Iffue, but was fucceeded by his Nephew
Hiao ngai ti.
Hiao ngai ti, tbe Tentb Emperor, reigned f i x Tears.
T H I S Prince was but eighteen Years old when
he came to the Crown, and the Empire was in no
wife deceiv'd in the great Hopes it had conceived of
his Mildnefi and Moderation.
H e difplaced fwerd Governors, whom he thought
unworthy of the great Dignities to which they had
been raifed, and depofed the Prime Miniiter; whofi
Family was grown too powerful, and whofe Credit
feem'd
feem'd to overbalance the Sovereign Power : Hc
made feveral other Regulations, which were very ne-
cefIgry, and which gave great Ex@ations of a hap-
y Reign, had his Life been prolonged. In the fifih
%ear of his Reign Tan jog, King of the Tartars,
obtain'd Leave to come in Perfon to pay his Homage
to him, who was receidd in a very magnificent man-
ner, and a firm Peace was eitabliihed between the two
Nations.
The Emperor dy'd the Year afier' this happen'd,
at the Age of twenty-five, being the hme Year that
Chriit was born.
They placed on the Throne a Prince defcended from
Tuen ti, the eighth Emperor of this Dynaity, who
was but nine Years old.
Hiao ping ti, the Elmentb Emperor, reignedjve Tears.
T H E Emprefi, Grandmother to the young Em-
peror, very imprudently trufted the Government of
the Empire in the Hands of one Yang mang, whom
fie made Colao, or Prime Minifler during the Mino-
rity of the Emperor: This Man was not only de-
ceithl and artful, but alfo excefively proud, and made
no Scruple to commit the mofl cruel Aftions to gra-
tify the Gcret Ambition he had of ufurping the Sove-
reign Authority.
H e had an Affociate in his MiniCuy who was a
M a n of Merit, but his Ambition could fuffer no Ri-
val, and therefore he found ways to remove him from
the Government, and to make himfelf abfolute. In
order to execute his Deiign, he made feveral new
Principalities, and beflowed them on thofc who were
moft devoted to his Intereft.
In the fecond Year of the Cycle, the treacherous Cyde 40.
Vang mang mixed Poifon with the Emperor's Food, year be-
which in a few Days reduced him to the lafi Extre- hreChrifi,
mity, during which time the Traitor pretended to la- 4-
ment very greatly, and made the Palace refound with
Aa3 his
 - f i e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
his Cries, making Vows to Heaven for the Recovery
of the Emperor, .and offering his own Life as a Sa-
crifice for his, the better to conceal hi moaftrous
Crime.
However he did riot think it fafe at this JunCturc
.to ufurp the Empire, but placed the Imperial' Crown
for the prefent on the Head of a young Infant of two
Years old, called b t/e yng, who defcended from Sucn
ti the feventh Emperor of this Dynafiy.
Iu tie yng, the Twelfth Emperor, reigned three Tears.
T H E Infancy of this Prince maintain'd V a q
mang in the Power which he had affum'd, and he
made ufe of it to increafe his Party ; three Years were
icarcely pafi when he made the young Prince quit
the Throne on which he had placed him, and pro-
claimed himfelf Emperor.
Vang mang, the Uflrvpet,rkgmd four tee^ Ears.
A S foon as the Ufurper was plac'd on the Throne,
which he had obtained by the vilefi of Crimes, he
gave the Name of I j n to his Family, which figni-
fies New : H e divided the Empire into nine Pro-
vinces, and each Province into feveral Diitri&s, over
which he fet Governors in whom he could confide, ,
and created feveral new Principalities to increafe the
Number of his Dependants. Afier this he began to
think himfelf very fafe on the Throne, but f i n
found himfeelf miitaken, for feveral of the Grandees
leaguing t~getherdrew a numerous Army into the
Field, to which they gave the Name of Fche mouy,
becaufe the Soldiers had painted their Eyebrows red,
to diitinguik themfelves from their Enemies. The
other Armies were commanded by two Chiefs who
were Brothers, of the Family of Han, whofe Names
were Lieou Jeou, and Lieou yng : Thefe Wars l a h d
a long time, and were very bloody. The nineteenth
Yar of the Cycle there was fuch a Multitude of
Graihoppers,
Graihoppers, that they devoured the Hameit, and
a great Famine enfued, which occalion'd abundance
of Riots and Robberies.
I n the twentieth Year the Ufurper's Army was en-
tirely defeated, his Palace plunder'd and burnt to the
Ground, his own Throat cut, and his Head put on
a Pitchfork and publickly expos'd. The v i&orious
Army ele&ed Hoai ypng vang Emperor, who was a
Defendant of King ti the fourth Emperor of this
Dynaity .
Hoai yang vang, the Tbirteentb Emperor, reigned
two Tears.
T H E loofe and effeminate Life which this new
Emperor led, induc'd the Army to take the Crown
from him, as being unworthy to wear it.
They put in his Place Yang Zang, who was an Im-
poitor, pretending himielf to be the Son of 9chng ti
the ninth Emperor, but the Cheat being difmvered
they cut off his Head, and elekted in his Place Lieou
Jieou, who affum'd the Name of Zuang zrou ti, and
was defended fkorh the tenth Son of King ti, the
fourth Emperor/
of the reigning D y d y .
Quang vou ti, the Fourtemth Emperor, reigned
tbirty-three Years.
T H I S Prince remov'd his Court 6orn the Pro-
vince of Cknj to that of He nan, and mark him-
Llf famous by his Politicks and warlike Atchieve
Dents ; and tho' he had but an indifferent Education
among the Country People, yet he was very mild,
affable, liberal, and a great Admirer of learned Men,
whom he brought to his Corn, and gave them ho-
nourable Places.
He was twelve Yean employ'd in fubduing tlx Re-
bels, and Lttling the Peace of rhe Empire ; becaufk
the Army, the Soldiers of which had painted their Eye-
brows red, woukl have choiEn an Emperor oftheFa-
Aa4 - mily
360 H LI S T O RofY
B e G E ~ E R A
mily of Han, called Pouan +, who being defeated,
went to the Emperor, threw himfelf at his Feet, and
intreated his Clemency, and the Emperor granted him
not only his Life, but gave him likewife a Prin-
cipality. The ChincJe Annals fay, that in the twenty-
eighth Year of the Cycle, the 1afi Day of the feventh
Moon, there was a total Eclipfe of the Sun, which
appear'd before the Time that it was foretold : I leave
it to Aitronomers to examine if this Eclipfe is the
fame which happen'd at the Death of Chrifi.
guang vou ti died in the fixty-firfi Year of his Age,
\
and the fifty-fourth of the Cycle, leaving ten Chil-
dren ; one of them called Ming ti fucceeded him.
I
Ming ti, the Fifteenth Emferoy, reigned eighteen Tears.
T H I S Prince is extolled by the ~ i i t o r i a n sfor
his Prudence, Clemency, and Judgment: H e eita-
blilh'd an Academy of Sciences in his Palace for the '
Be, efit of youn Noblemen of the Empire; Stra,n- 1
d
gel s were alfo a mitted into it, and he was oken pre-
fent there himielf. a
1
Hi: placed in a Hall the Piffures of the great&
Men of the Empire,
He married the Dau hter of one of his Generals,
f
and declar'd her Empre s, which Marriage was gene-
rally applauded. The Hoang ho, or Yellow River,
having often overflow'd the neighbouring Coun-
try, the Emperor c a d d a Bank to be made to pre-
vent thefe Inundations, which was ten Leagues long, l
and one hundred thoufand Men were employ'd in
that Work. I
Cycle 41. In the fecond Year of the Cycle, dreaming that a
D* 6+ Man of a Gigantick Size appear'd to him, he re-
membred a Word which Confuchs had often faid, t h ~ t
the Holy One was in tbe We/), upon which he fent im-
mediately Embaffadors to India to feek for the true
Religion. 1
 C H I N A , ~ H I N E S E - T&'A
c. ~ R T AR
3(jr
Thefe Ambaffadors ftaid at a Place tvhere the Idol
Foe was in great Veneration, and taking iome Bonzes
with them to China, they introduced that impious Se&
into the Empire, as alfo the ridiculous Opinion of
~etem..ficho/is:This Emperor is greatly condemn'd by
the Cbinge Hifiorians for having admitted fuch a de-
teitable DoCtrie ; he died the twelfth Year of the
Cycle, and lefl his Crown to his Son lchang ti.
Tchang ti, the Sixteenth Entperw, reigned I 3 Tears;
T H E Reign of this Prince was very pacifick, be-
ing neither diiturbed by Wars at home or abroad,
which is attributed to his Wifdom and Prudence, as
alfb to the Proteltion he granted to Men of Learn-
ing.
H e died the twenty-fifth Year of the Cycle, in the
thirty-firit Year of his Age, and his Son Ho ti, who
was but ten years old, fucceeded him. b

H o ti, the Seventeentb Emperor, rkgned I 7 Tears.

A S this young Prince was but ten Years old, the
Emprefi his Mother was his Guardian : His Authori-
ty was extended to very remote Countries, through
the Valour of one of his Generals called Pan tcbao, who
oblig'd a great number of Sovereigns to pay Homage
to the Emperor, and to crave his ProteAion : I t is
faid that he went into Judea, which the Cbinge call
Ta tJin, fpending feveral Years in thefe Expeditions.
The Wife of the Emperor having given caufe for
Jealoufy, was divorced, and fmn afier died with
Grief, when the Emperor married one of his Gene-
ral's Daughters, and made her Emprefs : She was a
Princds of an extraordinary Merit, and well skill'd
in all the ChineJe Lxarning.
Ho ti was the firit Emperor that introduced Eu-
nuchs ir, his Palace, and raiied them to the higheIt ,
Plnce; of the Empire, which was the Occafion of grelt
Dilturbances afterwards.
I . The
 Tk Emperor died in the twenty-fiventh Year of
his Age, and the forty-fecond Year of the Cycle, and
his Son called Cbang ti fucceeded him.
Chang ti, the Eighteenth Emperor, reigned one Tear.
fl THIS Prince ought not tobe number'd amon@ the
Emperors, becaufe he was only a Child in the Cradle
+en the Crown was plac'd on his Head, and lived
karcely a Year after. Ngan ti, Grandibn to fibang
ti, fucceeded him on the Throne.
Ngan ti, the Ninetemtb Emperor, vn'pcd rg Tears.
A S this Prince was but thirteen Years of Age,
the Emprefs his Mother was made Regent, and took
upon her the Sovereign Authority, which h e was fo
well pleas'd with, that fhe prolong'd her Regenq
beyond the Bounds pref'cribed by the Laws.
She thought that the Extent of the Empire was too
great, and, fearing of what dangerous Confequence it
might prove, f i e refufed the Homage which foreign
Nations ufe to pay to the Emperor, and reduc'd the
Bounds of the Empire to a narrower Compds.
Ngan ti had created one of his Wives Emprefs, but
this Princeis, his Mother, finding that fhe was bar-
ren, adviftd her to take another Woman's Son as her
q d e 42. own, and fecretly to poyfon the true Mother of the
A D. 124. Child. The Emperor died the f'econd Year of the
Cycle, in the thirty-fecond -Year of his Age, and was

~
fucceeded by his Son Cbun ti.
Chun ti, tk Twentieth Emperor, reigned rg Yews.
T H E beginning of the Reign of this Prince was 1
remarkable on account of feveral Vittories which ,
he obtain'd over the Barbarians.
The Emprek who had poihn'd the Concubine,
Mother of Cbun ti, did not long outlive her Crime;
and the Emperor being infqm'd of it, forbid that
ihe
 , H I N E S E - T A R T Hc.
C H I N AC A R Y , 363
ihe fhould have honourable Obfequies fuitable to her
Dignity, in order to be reveng'd for the Death of bi
Mother.
In the ninth Year of the Cycle a great Number of
Vagabonds uniting, made a confiderable Army under
the Command of one called Ma mien, and plunder'd
feveral Towns of the Southern Provinces. This Chief,
fluih'd with Viltory, thought immediately of ufurp
ing the Crown, but he was flain before he could ac-
complifh his Deiign.
The Emperor died in the twenty-firit Year of the
Cycle, and thirty-fecond Year of his Age, and was
fucceeded by his Son fcbmg ti.
Tchung ti, the t w e n t y - . Empcvor, reigned one Yeat. -
H E was two Years old when he afcended tk
Throne, and died the fame Year. The Reign ofhis
SucceGr was of no longer Duration.
Tche ti, the fwenty-/ecoutd Emperor, veigneiE one Tear,
H E was but eight Years old when he fucceeded
to the Crown, but maturity of Genius far a-
bove his Years, which r ,ired the E x e a t i o n s of the
#
whole Empire. This r'ke being fo young, Leang
ki, the Brother of the Emprefi, de{pisYdhim, and 'a-
Wing his Siiter's Authority f p k e and a&ed as if
he had k e n abfolute Maiter ; nor could he forbear
hewing his Pride And Inhlence at a publick Affem-
bly in the Prefence of the Emperor, who taking No-
tice of his haughty Behaviour, faid to thofe about
him, looking fidfaitly on Leang ,ki, That ii a vsry
arrogant F e l h .
Thefe Words coit the Prince dear ; for b a n g ki,
finding that he had reafon to fear his Refentment for
his ill ConduA, took care to get him poifoned; fo
that this young Prince reigned but one Year, and his
eldeit Brother H i a n ti fucceeded him.
Houan ti, tbe Twenty-tbivdEmperor, reigned 2 I Tears.'
U N D E R the Reign of this Emperor the Magi-
fiacy became Venal : H e was a great Proteaor of
the S e a of Leao kiun, and Eunuchs were his greatefi
Favourites, which obliged the Learned Men to retire
from Court, tho' the Emperor did his endeavours,
both by Invitations and rich Prefents which he iknt
them, to keep them near him : But this proved inef-
feaual, for thefe wife Men preferred Tranquility to
the continual Follies of a Court, where the whole
Authority was placed in the Hands of Eunuchs.
However Lean, ki, the Murderer of the late Em-
peror, was raifd to the higheft Dignities of the Em-
pire, and his Wife was honour'd with the Title of
Heroine, with a yearly Revenue of 500,000 Tatis.
, T h d e great Favours fo fwelled his Pride and Am-
bition, that he thought he could do whatfiver he
p l d e d : At the beginning of the Chine/e Year, when
all the Grandees pay their Duty 6 the Emperor, he
had the Confidence to enter thedPalacewith his Sabre
by his Side, contrary to all the Laws of the Coun-
try: Upon this he was i
obliged to acknowledge p iately difarmed, and
~r&ierand ask the Em-
peror's Pardon for it, which was accordingly grant-
ed him. But his Infolence and Pride ibon made him
odious to every body, and finding himfelf furrounded
by a Troop of Eunuchs, whofe Vengeance he could
not efcape, he murder'd both his Wife and himfelf.
His Relations and Friends were itript of all the high
Dignities to which he had preferred them, and his
Riches, which were very great, were confifcated.
I n the twenty-eighth Year of the Cycle there was
fuch a dreadful Famine in fome Parts of the Empire,
that many of the Cbinge were obliged to feed upon
Human Fleih.
The Emperor died the forty-fourth Year of the
Cycle, ar.d in the thirty-fixth Year of his Age. Al-
tho'
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A R Y , 365
we.-
tho' he had a great many Concubines, he lefi no If-
fue : Ling ti, who was of the Family of lchan ti, fuc-
ceeded him.
Ling ti, the ~wenty-fourthEmperor, reigned 2 2 Ears.
AM 0N G S T the ill Qualities for which this
Prince is c,hiefly blamed, his AffeEtion for Eunuchs
is not the leaft, for he gave them more Power than
his Predeceffors had done ; befdes, he had an Aver-
fion againfi thofe that atteinpted to-give him good
Counfel: H e was likewiie very avantlous, and of a
h a r p fatirical Humour.
T h e only good Atlion for which this Emperor
is extolled, was the Care that he took to have the
wife I n h A i o n s of the ancient Emperors, which were
contained in the five Clallirrl Books, ingraven on M a s
ble Tables, and publickly expofkd at the Entrance of
the Academy.
T h e Power of the Eunuchs became fo very grear,
that they caufed a great number of the Nobles of
the Empire, who had confpired againit them, to be
put to Death. This gave rife to many Rebellions ;
feveral Armies of Vagabonds appear'd openly in the
Field, who ftiled themfelves Yellow-Caps, commanded
by three Brothers called T'chnng, of the Se& of Leao
kiun, who plunder'd divers Provinces : At laft their
Armies were defeated one afier another, and the three
Brothers periih'd.
T h e Barbarians (for fo the Chin+ call all Stran- cycle 43.
gers) endeavoured feveral times to make Con ueits A, D. I 84.
in the Empire, but were repulfed by a Chiz@ zene-
ral called louan kiong. --,
In the fifih Year of the Cycle fome remaining Re-
bels, called Yellow-Caps, appear'd again in order to
create new Troubles. The Emperor died the fol-
lowing Year, in the thirty-fourth Year of his Age,
without having named a SucceiTor ; his fecond Son
Hien ti fucceeded him.
Hien
 Hien ti, the Twtnty-$)?h Emperor, reigned $1 Years.
T H E eldefi Brother of this Emperor, who reigned
Come Months, and then abdicated the Crown to Hun
ti, is not number'd among the Emperors. Him ti
was but nine Years of Age when he came to the
Crown ; the Weakneis, Negligence, and Stupidity of
this Prince, occafion'd perpetual Contentions at home
I
as well as abroad.
Cbina was divided firit into three, ahwards into
fbur Parts, and had as many Sovereigns. The Eaitern
Part firfi confpired againfi l o % tcbo, G d of the
Imperial Army, who murdered the Emperor and
his eld& Brother, and burnt the Palace ; and k i n g
open'd the Sepulchres of the Emperors, he found a
great deal of Wealth in them, and remov'd his Court
into the Province of Cbenji : But his Crimes did not
long go unpunifhed, for the next Year he was mur-
dered, and his Body expofed in the publick Market-
place.
I n the mean time the ~~IZo~w-Caps, taking advantage
of there Diforders, very much encreas'd the Number
ofRebels, but they were gradually deitroy'd by If&
fio, who ufwp'd the Sovereign Authority, of which
he was fiript, the thirty-ieventh Year of the Cyde,
. by his own Son called vaopoi, and banifhed to a
Principality which he gave him, and where he d i d
foutteen Years after, being generally de@if'ed.
I h e Sixth Dynapy, called Hcou han, that is,
the latter Family of Han, which had two Em-
perors in rbe S p c e of forty-four Tears.
Tchao lie vang, tbe ArJ Emperor, reigned 3 Y m .
'
T C HA0 LIE VAN G was ull'd before Lkou pi,
and was defcended from King ti, the fou& Em-
p r of the preceding Dynafty. This Prince was
very tall, and had a majefiick Air, of great Cou-
rage, f p k e but little, and in all Events, whether
good or bad, was always of an even Temper.
When he drew near his End, he f p k e to thoii
that were about him in the following manner;
'' When once we have attained to the Age of fifty
Cc Years, we have no r d o n to complain of the
" Shortnefi of our Lives ; why ihould I then com-
plain, who am above fixty Years of Age ?"
Afterwards he f p k e .to his firit Miniiter, called Co
Leufig, in the Preface of his own Son, whom he had
appointed his Succeffor ; " If, hid he, my Son ihould
" refuie to pay to your wife CounEl the due Re-
" gard which he ought, take the Crown away from
II
" him, and reign in his Stead. " Then turning to his
Son, he kid, " How light foever a Fault may kern
" to you, beware of committing it ; and how fmall
'C fbever a virtuous A&ion may appear, do not for-
" bear to do it. Virtue alone deferves our Atten-
LC tion and Purfuit ; I have had too little to ferve you
for an Example; be tr&ble to the Counfels of
" COZang, and you will find in him a f'econd Fa-
'' ther."
This Prince died in the bmy-third Year of his
Age, and the fortieth Year of the Cycle, after lx
had named his Son Hwg ti h r his SucceiTor.
Heou
 H m u ti, /he Second Entprmr, reigned 4 1 %ah.
W H I L S T the Prime Miniiter lived Hcou ti
follow'd the Steps of his Father : H e kept his Court
at Iching tou, the Metropolis of the Province of Se
tcbuen; there were then in the Northern Provinces
three Sovereigns of the Family of GUM', and in the
Southern Provinces the Family of Hou kept their
Court at Nan king.
T h e Family of Guci, which was the mofi
P"" "-
ful of the three, l a w but forty-fix Years : t was
deitroy'd by a General of his Army, whofi Son be-
came the Founder of the following Dynaity. The
Family of Ou had four Kings in the fpace of four
Years.
Theie differentPrincipalities occafioned manywars ;
in one ofwhich the Emperor loit two great Generals,
called Icbangji, and xuang yu : This latter is num-
bered amongit their Idols, and honour'd as the Mars
of Cbina.
T h e famous Co leang had diverfe Encounters with
the King of Guk, but was frequently overcome. The
King of Guei, being now grown formidable, refolved
to conquer the Kings of Hun and Ou, who were
leagued together : In order to put his Defign in Exe-
• cution he put himfelf at the Head of a large Army,
and march'd to the fide of the great River rang fl
kiang, which he intended to have crois'd, but feeing
the Waves very rough and boiiterous, " Doubtleii,
" faid he, thefe are the Bounds which Heaven hath

" put to the Ambition of Mortals ;"and immediately

turn'd back.
cycle 44. Son8 tchao, who was General to the King of Guci,
A- D.244.being puft up with Succeis, and abuiing the Credit
which he had obtained in the Army, rebell'd againit
his Mailer, whom he overcame, and thereupon re-
iblved to make his way to the Throne : T h e Son of
Heou ti, feeing how ill Affairs went, advis'd his Fa-
ther
ther to g6 and encounter the Enemy, telling him that
he mufi either conquer or die, there being no other
Medium left ; which Advice the Emperor refus'd to
comply with. The young Prince, being griev'd at
his Father's Cowardife, retired into a Hall of his
Ancefiors, and flew his Wife and himfelf afier-
wards.
I n the fortieth Year of the Cycle the Imperial
Army was cut in Pieces, and the Palace plunder'd :
T h e cowardly Emperor went and deliver'd himielf up
into the Hands of the Conqueror, who gave him a
h a l l Principality, where he lived feven Years, and
died in the iixty-fifth Year of his Age.

. B e fiventh Dyna/ify, called Tiin, which bad

fifteen. Emperors in tbe Space of I 55 T e a m
Chi tfou vou ti, the f;$
Emperor, rkgned 25 Years, r

T P I S Name, -which was affumcd by the Son

- of the General Song fchao, Founder ofthis Dyna-
Ry, feems to be the fame as that of the fourth, ne-
verthelefs it's vaitly different from it, not only in
the ~hara&erwherein it is written, but aIio in the
Pronunciation.
This new Emperor kept his Court in the Pro-
vince of Honan : H e was a magnanimous Prince, and
of a quick Apprehenfion ;his Integrity was fo great,
&at he could not endure the leafi Difimulation.
His Reign was very much difiurbed by the war-
like Preparations of many petty Sovereigns who a-
fpir'd to the Crown, but thofe of the South were of-
ten overcome by thofe of the North. '
The Emperor, having fubdued and pacified the
Northern Provinces, march'd with his Army into
the Southern Provinces, and paffed the River Tan
VOL.I. B-b 4
3 70 22, G E N E R AHL I S T O R Of
Y
IJe kianc without oppofition ; he went afterwards in-
to the kingdom of Ou, and befieged the Metropolis :
T h e King, being unable to make any Regfiance, came
out of the City, and delivered himfeK into theHa&
of the Emperor, who gave him a fmnl.1 Principality,
_ where he ended his Days.
In the ieventeenth Year of his Reign, finding that
he was at Peace both at home and abroad, he impru-
d h t l y disbanded his Army, and gave himGlf up to
ldlenefs and Luxury : H e died in the %-fifth. Year
of his Age, and the forty-fifih of the Cycle, and I&
a numerous Pofierity. Hoei ti his eld'efi Son fucceed-
ed him.
Hoei ti, the Second Emperor, reigned feventee~ Ears,
T H I S Prince had no Spirit or Genius, and was
entirely inczpabie of filling the high Station he was
pldrcd in : Hawever the Beginning of his Reign was
j'uccefilul through the Ability of' four of his Chief
Minifiers, in whom he put Confidence, but a j&u3
and pafionate Wife ioon put the Court and Empire
into Confilfion.
This Woman had the Title of Second Queen ; fhe
got the Emprefs removed fiom Court, polfon'd her
only Son, and procur'd all the Nobles of the Em.
preps Party to be put to Death.
Thefe barbarous AQions caufed a great deal of'
$load-ked ; the Second Qeen was murdered in her
-turn, with all that were oi her Party, and the Em-
peror was obliged to fly in order to fave his Lifi.
T h e tributary Princes took advantage of a11 thefie
Diforders; the King of TJ; headed an Army, and
being fwelled with fome Succefi, which he had obtain'd
at firif, doubted not to make his way to the Crown,
E'JEWLS fl3in in a Battle: Anothrr Prince of the Fa-
mily of Kcn, who reign'd in the Northern Provinces,
and had tn!ien Arms, met with the fame Fate.
.- At
 : At that time there fpang up a new Se&, which
was.gnly a Branch of that of Lao kiun, but was called
Fou gerei &ao, that is to fay, the DoAtine of tbe Void,
and of Natbitg : Thefe SeAaries taught the Way how
to obtain a certdn Degree of Tranquillity, which bounct
up all the Faculties of the Soul, and hfpended the
Eu&ions of Senfe, in which they- thought Parfifiiorr
cenfrltedr
The third Year of the Cycle Hoci ti died of the cyde 45.
Poilo11 which w a given
~ him, in the forty-ei hth Year A.D. 304.
9
of his Age, leaving no Iffue behind him : he Gran-.
dees chok the twenty-fifih Son of the Founde~of this
Dynafiy Emperor, called He# ti.
Hoai ti, thc. %td E m p o r , rnkned J x Ears.
T H E Choice of this Emperor at firA was.gpnq,
rally a prov'd, for he was indued with Qualities which
f
qromi ed a happy R c i g ; but the Pride and Ambi-
uon of all the little Sovereigns, which I have already
mentioned, and which increas'd daily through the
Wcaknefi of the Emperors, caufed great Troubles in
the Empire during many Years.
One of thefe petty Kings, called ~ i e o upen, wag
ready to dethrone the Emperor, but Death interrupts
ed.the Courfiaf his Vittories : However his &n Lied
tfong follow'd his Steps with Succefi, got poKefion
of the Palace, and flew the Emperor's Son.
And after that he had forced the Emperor t6 wait
on him at Table, in the Habit of a Slave, he had
him put to death : It was in the tenth Year OF the'
Cycle, and the thirtieth Year of his Agc, that Hoai
ti was flain, and the Grandees chofe Mn ti, Grandhn
of the Founder of this Dynaity .
Min ti, tbe Foyrtb Empcror, reigned four Tears.
T H I S Prince had no better luck than his Prede-
mffor ; he had fcarcely reigned three Years when Eicow
p o plunder'd. his Falace ;-he granted him his Life;
Bb n ad
 and baniihed him into a Principality of the Province
of Chan Ji, where he lived about a Year in exile, and
was then flain by the King of Han: Thejr chofe in
his Place a Grandfon of the Founder of this Dynny.
Yucn ti, the EJtb Emperor, reigned jix Bars.
T H I S Emperor is commended for his Gravity,
Frugality, Moderation, and Eiteem of wife and learn-
ed Men.
: the Weft to the
This Prince removed his ~ o u r ffrom
Eafi, and kept it in the City of Nan king, which has
given the Name to his Family of the Eaftern Family
of TJn: In the iixth Year of his Reign he fell into
, a deep Melancholy, which was the Caufe of his Death
in the forty-iixth Year of his Age: His Son fucceed-
ed him.
Ming ti, the Sixth Emperor, reigned three Years.
T H E Cbinge Hiitory mentions nothing particular
of this Prince, only that he reigned three Years, and
died the twenty-iecond Year of the Cycle, in the
twenty-fevcnth Year of his Age, and was fucceeded
by his Son Tcbing ti.
Tching ti, the Seventh Emperor, reigned I 7 Tears.
'
W H E N this Prince afcended the Throne he w a
but five Years old, and the Emprefi, his Mother, was
entrufied with the Government.
~ a m e ' o fthe moft powerful of the petty Sovereigns
were then at War with each other, in. order to pave
their Way to the Imperial Throne. When this young
Prince died he was but twenty-one Years old, and his
Brother Cang ti fucceeded him.
Cang ti, the E'igbth Emperor, reigned two Tcar~.
T H E fortieth Year of the Cycle this Prince a-
fcended the Throne, and died the forty-firft Year of
the
 CHINA
C,H I N E S E - T A R &c.
T A R Y373
,
the Cycle, in the forty-fccond Year of his Age, h v -
ing the Crown to his eldeit Son, called Mo ti.
MOti, the Ninth Emperor, reignedfeventeen Ears.
.TH E Emprefi was made Guardian of this young
prince, who was but two Years old when he came to
the Crown : As foon as he had paired his Infancy he '
hewed Marks of Prudence and Wifdom far fuperior
to his Age ; he fol!ow'd the Advice of his Minificrs,
and rsover'd fiveral Provinces.
Houan ven, who commanded the Imperial Army,
went into the North, and puniih'd a petty King of
the Family of Han, who had revolted from the Em-
peror, whofe Palace he plundered and burnt to the
.Ground.
However this Puniihment did not fiighten the petty
Sovereigns, but they itill continued the War wich each
- other to increafe their Dominions, in order to obtain
the Imperial Crown.
If the Emperor had lived he would have overcome
them, but he died in the nineteenth Year of his Age,
and the fifty-eighth of the Cycle : The Grandm
chofe Ngai ti, who was the Son of T h n g ti, the
fmenth Emperor of this Dynafly.
Ngai ti, the Tenth Emperor, reigned four Tears.
T H I S Prince reign'd but four Years, and died in the cycle 46.
- fecond Year of the Cycle, and the twenty-fifth of his A.D. 364*
Age, when 'Ti ye, his younger Brother, was ele&ed by
the Grandees to Eucceed him,
Ti ye, the Eleventh Emperor, reigned five Ears.
The Reign of this Prince was not much longer than
that of his Predeceffor, altho' he lived longer ; for his
Prime Minifter, called Houan ven, having obtained
a great ViRory in the North over the King of Tien,
dethroned the Emperor, and confined him in a Cicta-
dcl, where he lived an obfcure Life firteen Years : He
Bb3- died
 dieh in the fortg-third Yrpr ofhis Age, and the Gmnr
dees chofe in his ram ;Kim .cum ti, the lait of rhe Chd-
dren of %en ti, the .fifth Emperor of this Synaiky,
Kim ven ti, the lzereIftb Emplcor, rugmd two .Tears.
'
H E reigned only two Years, and dying in the fifiy-
third Year of his Age was fucceeded by his Son
-you ti.
Vou ti, tbc Girteenth Zmptror, r&neil 2.4 Ym,
YOU TI came to the Crown the tenth Year of
- the Cycle : Fou ktan, who was Emperor in the N~rth,
rcfolved to march with an Army into the South to at:
tack the Emperor, and conquer his Provinces: His
Miniiters advis'd him t o the contrary, and to hrbear
fuch a dangerous Enterprife, but lie rej&ed their Ad-
vice, and relying upon the Number and Bravery of
his Soldiers, march'd immediately with a potent A,r:
my into the South.
you ti, being informed of this-drew out the bradl
of his Men, and march'd d i r d l y towards the Enemy4
and attack'd his Camp with 'fuch Bravery and Cw-
rage, that with a handful of Men he entirely defat-
ed hu numerous Army: The Cienerals of Fou k i d s
Army being drove to defpair feiz'd him, and con-
d a e d him into a Temple, ahd there firangled him.
Notwithilanding this great Succefs of Vim ti, $he-
ral of the fmail Sovereigns revolted, which he might
have eafily fubdued, i t he had made good ufe of his
ViEtory; and march'd with his Forces into the N~rth;
but he return'd to his Court, and gave hirnfelf up to
all manner of Luxury and fenfual Pleafures.
This Heroe died by the Hand of a Woman br
having, by way of Raillery, called the Second Quen
an old Woman, who was but thirty Years old ; this
PrinceTs, being highlyoffended with fuch an ill-ground-
@ Reproach, immediately revenged hcrklf upon b,
-
.'
for
 .fbr the Emperor was found ftifled in his own Bed, , .
aud Ngan ti his Son fuccceded him.
Ngan ti, tbr Fourieentb Emptrm-, reigned 2 2 Enr.c.
T H E little Merit this Prince was mailer of, his
-Indolence and want of Application, gave no hopes
of his refioring the Tranquility of the Empire, and
.his Reign was accordingly full of Troubles and k e -
ziz:";:& ergetual Wars among the petty Sove-
randfon of 'the King of Tai defeated the
King of Yea, and took his Principality from him.
About that time there was a Man of mean Birth,
called Lieou you, who got his Living at firfi by deal-
3
ing in .Shoes, with which he travelled from place to
place, but a h w a r & he turned Soldier, and came
& A be General-of a great Army, and was fo powerhl
as to ufiurp the Imperial Throne ; he was the Foun-
der d the following Dynaity ; he murdered the Em-
pefw at the Age of thirty-feven, and Kong ti, Bro-
ther of this Prince, fucceeded him.
Kong ti, the fifteenth Emperm, rk~ncdtwo Years.
T H 1S Prince afcended the Throne in the fifty-fixth
Yew of she Cycle, and in the kcond Year of his
:Reign; he was ftifled or choak'd by Lieou jou, who
-akended the Throne, and took the Name of Kao $u
.YOU ti : Thus was the Dynaity of qn
extinguiih'd to
- m k e room h r that of Song,

The Ekhtb Dynak, called Song, which had

right Emperors in the Space of' 59 Tears,
-Kao dbu vou ti, tbe Fit$ Emjevor,
T HhisI Sna:ive
new Emperor had his Refidence at Nan 6iq,
Place : His Air, his Gate, his Size, -in
fiort his whole cutward Deportment bad fomcthing
Bb4 in
 in them inexprefiibly Noble and Majefiick ; to a great
natural Courage he join'd equal Moderation, which
appeared principally in his Dreis, Train, and com-
mon Meals, being in all of them remarkably frugal.
This and the four following Dyhafties are accounted
final1 in cornparifon of the others, becaufe they con-
tinued but very few Years 5 they are called Outai.
China has been hitherto divided into two Empires,
the Northern and Southern, each having its proper
Monarch.
In the fifty-ninth Year of the Cycle Kao @u vou ti
died, at the Age of fwty-feven: Ghao ti his eldefi Son
fucceeded him.
Chao ti, the Second Emperor, reigned one Te4r.
T H 0' this Prince was feventeen Years old when
he afcended the Throne, it was foon perceived he
wanted a manly Spirit, becaufe he delighted to bu*
himfelf in trifling Things : T h e Colao, or Prime Mi-
aifier, took away the Crown from him, and not long
after his Life : He was fucqeded by Yen ti, the third
Son of the Founder of this new Dynafiy.
Ven ti,tbt-lbird Enrperor,. reigned rbirty 12nr.r.
T H I S Prince was efieemed on account of his
good Nature, Moderation, Juftice, and fingular In-
. tegrity ; he was blamed only for too great an Aff'ec-
tion for the Bonzes, whoie ProteRor he openly de-
,,
clued himfelf; H e ordained that the Maflratq
ihould not continue in Office above fix Years, and afiw
@me a b e r Regulations of this ~QJT, for the Good of
his People, he declared War againfi the Emperor
of the North, whole Power daily increafd, having
already fixteen petty Princes in entire Subjeeion to
him, yen ti loit the firit Battle, but in Pro5:cTs of
Time, by the Cond~l&and ?ram-y of Tan tao tJ,
his Prime Minifier, he obtain d many Vittories o v g 1
ghnt Emperor, This ~xtraordinarySuccdo of the
Bims I
 Prime MiniRer gain'd him no little Credit and Au-
thority, but it rendered him obnoxious to his Ma-
fter, who feared too powerfd a SubjeCt, and fo pro-
cured him to be put to death.
The News of the Death of this great General be-
ing fprad abroad, the Northern Men took Courage,
and bold1y enrred the Southern Provinces, renewing
.the War with more Fury than ever. Yen ti's Troop,
no longer commanded by that able General, were
defeated in f m r a l A€tions, but in the tweny-fixth
Year of his Reign was the mofi horrible Slaughter on
both ides, iniomuch that the Fidds were overflow'd
with the Blood of the Cbinfi.
At this time the Emperor of the North made a
general Maffxre of the Bonzes in his Kin4dom, and
burnt all their Temples and Idols. Yen ti was mur-
der'd at the Age of Thirty-five by his eldefi Sod,
and the Parricide was k i d in bis turn by his k-
cond Brother, who immediately revenged his Fathtr's
Death,
Vou ti, the Fourth Emperor, reigned eleven Tears.
T H f S Prince was much addi&ed to Learning,
and had the Reputation of a Scholar; he was like-
wife well skill'd in managing a Horfe, and draw-
ing the Bow, and difiinguifhed himfelf as a keen
Sponfman : He was cenfured for Prodigality, and be-
fiowing his Favours without Judgment or Diftinaion :
H e treated *ok about his Perfon with a Roughnefi
likle fuitable to their Rank, often ufing iharp and
fcurrilous Language towards them.
H e died in the thirty-fifih Year o f his Age, and
forty-firit of the Cycle, and A ti his cldefi Son fuc-
ceeded him.
Fi ti, the Aftb Emperor, reigned one Tear.
S C A B C E was he upon the Throne but he
Pifcover'd a cruel ond bloody Difphion ; many in- ,
nocen?
 nocent Terfms fu&r'd by his Ordcrs, and at hgth
h e ,was &in hidelf in the firit Year of his Reign. ,
- His Suecaffor-was Ming ti, the eleventh San of Yrm
ti, the third Emperor of this D y e ,
- ,

Ming 'ti, tbe Sixtb Emperor,, rkgned one 2kw.

T W I S Prhce was ,as barban,= and cruel as his
iRredeceiGw, and put to Death chiaeun young Prioccs
I rof the Blood, who w a r his Nephews. As he had
no Children of his own, he introduced Men am-
his Women, wid1 a Ddign to have a Male-Chi@,
and then ~prdmrljrm kill its Mother, a d give the
Child to the Emprers, who was b r e n : H e pce-
~at'd Sim tao tiding to the hzgheik PoR of the Em-
tpire, a Man -egx;eedingfy mrbitioos, and who afm-
-wads murdw'd two Emperors to make his way m the
Throne.
Ming di died, and was f i d e d by Tbqg a g ~ w
his elM Son.
Tfang ngou vang, the Seventh Emperor, reigned
fow Tears.
T H -E mugh and untrabble Temper of 'this
Prince Lrvcd to comr the Treachery and Perfidid-
.nefs of Siao tao ichimg, who dipp'd his Ha& in the
Blood of his young Maiter, being yet but Fiflw
Years of Age, when Charn ti, the third SQR of ilQi&
ti, was advanced in his Room.
Chun ti, the Eighth Emperor, ~ e i p e dtwo Team.
T H I S y o u ~ ~Prince
g proved like his Brother,
,and fell a Sacrifice to the Ambitisn of the PrimeMi-
ni@er, who murder'd him in &e Ikcond Year of his
Reign.
By this double Murder Siao t ~ tcbing
o put an end
to the Dynafty of Song, and became the Founder of
, a new Dynaity cdl'd TJ. He reigned under the
Name of, Koo ti,
ITBs
 I

!lZt JVihth DynaJzy, called Tfi, d i e & had$vc .

Emperors in t h e Space of twmfj-tbree %am
Kao ti, the Firp Emperor, reigned b u r Tears.
H Ethefixed his-Relldence at the City of N i ,Eing,
Capital of the Province of Kimg nan, k t
he enjoy'd not long the Fruits of h i s Crjmes ; he
was dittinguilh'd more for Learniog than Military
Attions: H e d ed to ky, That if he gmm'd tbe
Empire for ten Years he would make Gold as &cap
as Clay. One Day, being drefs'd in a rich -bit fet
over with Jewels, all ~f a fudden he order'd them
to be beaten to Powder, faying they were good for
-nothingbut to infpire Luxury and Pride. f4e died
a t the Age s f fifty-four, and was ficeeded by his eld-
eft Son You ti.
You ti, the Second Emperor, reigned eleven Years.
).IE began his Reign with a Law againR the
Continuation of the Mandarins in heir Employments
beyond the Tern1 of three Years, and revived an an-
&nt Statute, whioh prohibited the Inter-marriages of
Families of the fame Name.
, A t this t h e cbere 'appear'd a pretended Philolb- Cycle 4g.
pher, whofe Name was Fan tcbitz, who ventedmdit A.D.48+
pernicious Tenets hitherto unheard of, viz. That
all .Events in this World are the EtYe'eEt of pure
Clrance ; that afier this Life the State of Mankind is
the isme with that of Beaits,; and that the Soul dies
with the Body.
This impious Do&rine quickly receiv'd Confi-
tation from many excellent Trafis, which were gab-
. . Works of the Learned.
1iWd in the
Siao
 -
Siao yuen, a politick and valiant Man, was raifed
to the Dignity of Prime Minifier ; he trod in the
Steps of his PredeceiTor, and ihed the Blood of his
Mailers to ufurp their Crowns.
You ti died at forty-five Years of Age, and Ming
ti, the Brother of the Founder of this Dynafiy, was
advanced in his Room.
Ming ti, the Third Enapcvor, veignedjive Years.
KAO TI, the Founder of the Dynaity, thought
it beit to commit the Care and Education of his young
C h i l d r q to his Brother Ming ti, who placed them
, f i ~ v e l yupon the Throne, but cut them off one
lfter another in the ihort fpace of four Months, and
feiz'd the Crown.
Mng ti died at forty Years of Age, and left the
Crown to his third Son Hoen beorc.
Hoen heou, tbe Fourth Emperor, ,reigned two Tear$.
T H E Debaucheries and Cruelty of this Prince,
hi Contempt of wife Counfels, and the too great
Sway he allow'd the Eunuchs, were To many Pre-
tences for Siao yuen, under which to cloak his Pafion
for Reigni~g: H e join'd the Xing of Leang, and when
he had made himielf Mafier of the Palace, fit it on
fire, and afterwards built another more magnificent ;
the Emperor was dethroned, and at nineteen Years
old kill'd by the Hands of the Prime Minifier, and
the Traitor placed Ho ti, this unfortunate Prince's Bro-
ther, upon the Throne.
Ho ti, the Fifth Emperor, reigned one Tear.
S I A 0 T U E N's View, in placing this young
Prince on the Throne, would not fuffer his long
Continuance there, for at the Year's end he depriv'd
him of his Life and Crown, which he feiz'd, and
founded a pew Dynaity,
Ibc Tenth ~ y n a l l y , called Leang, which bad
four Emperors in the Space of 55 Years.
Kao tfou vou ti, the A$ Emperor, rcigned firjp
cight Tears.

S I A 0 TU E N, who by his Crimes got poffd-

iion of the Iniperial Throne, airumed the Name
of Kao t/iiu vou ti ; he defcended from the ancient Fa-
mily of Siao ho, and was not without eminent Quali-
ties, being aQive, laborious, and vigilant ; he rna-
nag'd all his Affairs himfelf, and difpatch'd them .
with wonderful Readinefi ; he was skill'd in almofi t
all the Sciences, particularly the Military Art, and
was fo fevere upon himfelf, and fo thrifiy, as 'ti.
faid, that the fame Cap fervecl him three Years ; his
Fondnefs at lait for the whimfical Conceits of the
Bonzes, carry'd him fo far as to negle& inrirely the
Qncerns of the State, and to become in eff& a
Bonze himfelf: H e put out an EdiCt forbidding to
kill Oxen or Sheep even for the Sacrifices, and a p
pointed ground Corn to be offered infiead of Be&.
In the fifteenth Year of his Reign he laid Siege to the
City of Cheou yang in the Province of Chan ji, which
kited ten Years, and an incredible Number of Men-
periih'd in it by Sword and Famine.
A t this time happen'd the entire Ruin of the Em-
pire of the North, called Guei ; this vafi Dominion
was divided between two Sovereigns, one having the
Eafiern, the other the Weitern Part, but at lafi it came
into the Hands of the King of TJ and I'cheou: The
Empreis of the North, named Hou, caufd a Monafiery
of vafi Extent to be built, wherein a thouhnd Bomes
might dwell, and gave it the Name of Yong tcbing,
i. e.
-
i. e. Perpetual Peace. For twenty-iix Years the Em-
perm govern'd with Succefi, till a Whim took him ^
to leave the Court, and live in the Temple of the
bnzes, where he hadl his Head ihaved, woreacoara
Garment, and lived upon Herbs and Rice: T h e
Grandees OF the Empire w a x to fetch him out, and
brought him back by force to his Palace, but this
made no Alteration in him, for he Eil continued to
live after th: manner of the Bonzes. According
to the Doc'trine of Tranhigration of Souls, he codd
not put any Criminal to death, thd ever fo much da
firving of it, fo chat this Impunity increds'd Licen-
tioulnei's, and produced infinite Murders and Rob-
beries. Kim own, the Prime Minifier, being grieved
chat he was f o r d to f e r n an Ufurper, &fxl all
Nouriihrnent, and h m ' d himfelf; a kind OF Death
v e q comman among the Chi~j ; when the Report
af his Death c a m to the Emperor's Ears, he cry'd
out, Don't I hoid my Cwwn from God? Am I be-
W e n to the Grandees of the Empm? m a t Reajr
sbatr had this m@rable Man to BdJroy himtEf?
Him king, who was King of IfIa nun, and theEm-
pkror's Vaffil, revolted fuddenly, and making him-
felf Maiter of Nan king, feiz'd the Emperor, who
appearing before his Conqueror with a firm an&
iteddy Countenance, and without the leafi Token 04
Concern, the Rebel, tho' naturally flout, was fcarce
able to look his Mafier in the Face, and fo moved,
that the Sweat ran down in Drops; I could mt b e
believed, faid he, tbat it was fi dz@cuEt tv r$ji a Pawn
d id Heaven bcas $abl@'d; fo that he durR ngt
imbrue his Hands in the Blood of the old Man, but
contented himfelf to fiarve him by degrees, by cutting
off fome Part of his Sufienance every Day. There w,m
great Encomiums made at this time on the filial Af-
&&ion of a young Man fifteen Years of Age, call'd
Xis fiuen, whofe Father being condemn'd for Of;
fences cwmiated in his MagifIraq, f i e fern, as ibon
U
as he was inforrn'd thereof, went and threw h i m f d
at the Feet of the Prince, intreating him with Team
m acce t the OfFer he m d e of fuffering in his Fac
1
eher's ead; the Prince examin'd him itrialy, te
know if he was in earncfi, and iC he made this Of--
Er of his own accord ; but when he was affured 06
the Sincerity of his ~efalution;' in confideration d,
iuch remarkable Tendernefi, he gardon'd the Father,,
and conferr'd a Title of Honour upon the Son,
which yet he conhntly refufd fbr this W A n ,
k a u f e the Tirk wherewith lie was honour'd would
continually call to mind his Father's Faults.
Kao tfou vou ti calling for a little Homey to take ~ y d e49.
away tht bitter Tab he had in his Mouth, and be- A.1). 544-
ing denp'd it, he died immediately, at fburicore and
fix Yeacs of Age, and was fucceeded by his third Srstp
%en ven ti. .
Kicn ven ti, the Second Emperor, reigned tbrec W s .
Heou k g did net fuffer this Emperor a, iit Iang
upon the Throne, for he feiz'd his lJerfon in the ie*
cond Year of his Reign, and murder'd him, aT-
fuming the Title of Emperor, but hardly p r e f i ' d
it one Year. Kien ven f i , when kill'd, was forty-
nine Years of Age, and was hcceeded by Tuen ti the
reventh Son of the Founder of the Dynaity.
Yuen ti, fhe Third Emperor, reigned lChrce Tears.
, I C N I N P A SIEIl', b b g Sovereign d - a
h a l l Principality, and at the fame time Prime Mi-
n&r of the Empire, went -and attzck'd Heou Jing,
snd cut off both him and his Army : This Prime
Miniiter alfo revolted in his turn, and laid Siege M
Nnn king, where the Emperor reiided, who was tae
ken up with the Vagaries of the Sc& of Lao hun;
~f which he was fottithly fond ; at the News of thir
Revolt he rook Arms. and want round the Walls
of the b a f i g qll was. g i m o v q for bIf,
. . broke
broke his Sword, and burnt his Library, which cond
iified of 140000 Volumes, faying, There was an
end, for the flture, both of the Sciences and Mili-
tary Art. After this the Rebel made hiMeff Ma-
fter of the City, and Tuen ti, mounted on a white
Horie, went and furrendered himielf into the Hands
of his Conqueror, who flew him at the Age of forty-
h e n ,and King ti his ninth Son iucceeded him.
King ti, tbc Fourjb Enpcror, rekned two Ears.'
I N the thirteenth Year of the Cycle this Prince
was advanced to the Imperial Dignity, which hk held
not above two Years, the Murderer of his Father
dxpatching him likewife when he was yet -bat fixteen
Years old ; with this Prince fill the Dynaity of Lc-
ang, and Tchinpajien, the Founder of the D y n e
of fcbin, pade himfelf Mafier of the Empire, ta-
king the Name of Kao VO~L vou ti : In the fame Year
the Emperor of that Part of the North, called I c b m ,
cadedall the Temples of the Bonzes, and their Idols,
to be burnt.

ITbe Eleventh DynaJy, caZZed Tchin, dhicb bad

Jive Emperors in tbe Spact of 3 3 rears.
Kao db vou ti, tbc Frr/f
Emperor, rcigncd 3 Tcars.

T Hcbe,I Sthenewfamous
Emprror was defcendcd from 4c&n
General, who difiinguiih'd him-
felf by his glorious Adions in War, under the fifth
Houfe of Han ; he was a Lover of Learning, and
fbnd of the Bonzes ; but Death in a little time de-
priv'd him of that Crown, which he had obtained by
a double Murder, for he wore it no longer than three
Years, dying in the %-ninth of his Agc, and
thc
 Hiuen tfong, the Sixth Ern~erbr,rri,nncd 44.22~7-~. .
T H E good Nature of this Prince, his Difcrction,
iingular Temperance, and Zeal for the Publicli Good,
gave pefently great Hopes of the Felicity of his Reign.
H e became the Reitorer of his Family, which was
upon the Brink of Ruin; but he ~om~nitted one
Fault almoit irreparable, in promoting one of the
Eunuchs, called Kao ZieJ?, to be Mafier of the Pa-
lace ; without doubt he did not forefee the Misfor-
tunes which the Power of the Eunuchs would one
day draw upon him and his Succeffors.
T h e Chriitian Religion began to recover and Aou-
riih under this and the three fucceeding Reigns.
Hiuen @ng looked upon Luxury as the Bane of Cycle iz.
good Manners, and declared himielf an open Ene- A . D ;24.
my to it, and publiih'd an Edi& forbidding to fifh
for Pearls. One Day he caufed all the Gold and
Silver VeiTels, together with all the Cloths imbroi-
dered with Gold, to be brought out and burnt be-
fore the Gate of the Palace, in order to reitrain, by
his own Epample, the Extravagance of his Peo-
ple, who ruin'd themfelves by thdr coflly Expences.
H e eftabliihed in his Palace a College, confitting of
forty of the noi it learned Doaors of the Empire ;
which Body of Men affords Hiftoriographers, Vilitors
of Provinces, Governors, Viceroys, Hc. H e fought
out the ancient Books which treated of the Military
Science, and had them revifed for the training up of
Soldiers : H e vifited one day the Houfe where Co;r-
fucius was born, and honoured that great M a n with
the Title of Kzng (Learning : It was wifl~cdthat
this Prince had complied with the Counfels which
Z%en tchao his Prime Minifier gave him; for in a
Memorial which he prefented to lii~nhe advikd him,
among other things, to confer no publick Employ-
ment upon the Eunuchs, to grant no Power to his
Relations, to extirpate the idolatrous Se&s of I'cr a,ld
VOL. I. Dd Yr.,1,
 7-m

402 The G E N EI A L H I S T O RofY

T ~ oUc. , but he gave no ear to thefe wife Counfels :
This Emperor was the firil who honoured with a Title
of petty King or Sovereign the Generals of his Ar-
mies, who had moit diftinguiihed themfelves, or done
the greatefi Service to the State, tho' they were not of
Imperial Blood. When he viftted his Empire he di-
vided it into fifteen Provinces.
H e placed in his Palace, with great Solemnity, the
Statue of Lao kiun, Author of one of the SeQs which
are found in China, whofe Difciples, as well as the
Bonzes, ufcd to burn at Funerals Silk-Stuffs, and
Ingots of Silver. The Emperor, by the Advice of
his Brother Van yu, altered this Cuitom, and com-
manded that for the future they fhould burn none
but Stuffs or Cloths made of Paper, which is flill in
ufe among the Bonzes. It was almoit thirty Years
'
that the Empire .enjoyed profbund Peace, but it was
at lafi difiurbed by frefh lnfurrelkions, and the Impe-
rial Army was entirely defeated with the Lofi of
70000 Men.
The Emperor knew nothing of all this, for the
Pairages to the Throne were kept ihut by the Eunuchs :
The Chief of the Rebels was a foreign Prince, Ngan
lo chnn, whom the Emperor, in fpite of the Oppofi-
tion of his Miniiten, had raifed to the higheit Offices,
and entrufted with the Command of his T r o ~ p :s This
Traitor, imbolctened by his Succeffes, and feeing him-
felf Mailer of a great Part of the North, had the In-
folence to affurne the Title of Emperor. There was
Difiurbance within the Palace as well as without, for
the Emperor divorced his Wife, put three of his Chil-
dren to Death upon flight Grounds, and married hit
Daughter-in-law. As one Misfortune often draws
another, io the Difafters which happened encourased
a Compnny of Robbers to get together, who attack~ng
the Imperial Army routed it, and killed 40000 Men ;
t l i e Emperor was forced to fly, and retire into the Pro-
vince of Se tcbutn.
/ ss
 So t fong, tbe Swenth Enperor, reigned j i x 22nrs.
T 0W A R D S the End of the thirty-third Year
of the Cycle, Hiuen @ng made his ignominious Re- ,
treat, and So @ng took PoEeif1on of the Government,
tho' his Father was itill living : H e was a warlike
Prince, who, with the help of his Prime Miniiter KO
@u y, entirely overthrew the Army of Robbers, 2nd
@
difperred them. T h e Publick Tranquility was no
fooner fettled, but he brought home his Father fiom
the Province of Se tchuen, and conduAed him into
the Palaccwith all the Honours due to his Rank ; but
he did not long enjoy the Repofe which his Son pro-
cured him, for he died in the thirty-eighth of the Cycle,
and the feventy-eighth of his Age. Neverthelefi Ngan
lo cban plundered the Palace of Tchang figan, and
with the Riches, which he conveyed into the Province
of Ho nun, he bought an hundred Elephants and
Horfes, which had been- taught to dance to the Sound
of Infiruments, and to yrefent to the Emperor a Cup
which they held in their Trunks. N g a ~lo chan had a
a mind to procure himfelf this Diverfion ; but as if thefe
Beafts had refufed to acknowledge him for Emperor, in
that they could never be drawn to do what he defired,
he was fo inraged that he ordered them to be killed
upon the Spot. T h e Perfidioufnefi of this Traitor,
who made ufe of his Mafter's Favour to ruin him, was
not long unpunifhed, for he was killed in his Red by
his own Son. T h e Parricide was murdered in his
turn by Se mong, General of the Army, who, being
defirous to make the youngeit of his Childmn .his
Heir, was likewife killed by his eldeit Son. So $7ig
died in the thirty-ninth Year of the Cycle, and lefi
the Crown to his Son Pni @ng.
T a i tfong, the Eigbtb Ewrpcror, reigi~edI 7 31Paf.i.
T H E kginning of this Reign profpered very welt
by the Care of able Minaers, in whom the Emperor .
Dd 2 placed
placed 'his Confidence ; the Rebels were forced to re-
turn to their Obedience, and Peace was refiored iq d,
the Empire: But it was of ihort Continuance, for five
of the mofl powerful Kings kook off the Yoke, and,
refuGng to acknowledge the Emperor for their Maiter,
preteilded to reign abfolutely independent.
A Mandarin called FORhou tjen, finding himfelf at
the Point of Death, ordered his Head to be fhaved
after the manner of the Bonzes, whofe Proteaor he
was, and defired to be interred according to their Ce- a
remonies : W e fhall fee this Example afierwards co-
pied by many Grandees of the Empire, in the nine-
teenth Dynaity .
In the eighth Year of this Reign more than 200000
Tartars made an Irruption into the Empire, and forced
the Emperor to fly : His Palace was plundered, and
thefe Barbarians, loaded with immenfe Treafures, re.
tired into their own Country. The Emperor, with the
Afiitance of the famous KO@u y, came back again to
his Palace 5 the Elogium of this great General is to
be ken upon the Stone-Monument which I fpoke of
more than once ; there his Liberality is mentioned
with Praife, and that he contributed much to his own
Credit and Interefi, by ere&ing Temples to the True
God ; ibme alfo conje&ure that he had embraced
Chrifiianity. The fame Monument gives an account,
that on the Day of our Saviour's Nativity the Em-
peror fent rich Perfumes to the Church, and Fruits
from his own Table to the Minifiers of the Gofpel.
Tai @ng died in the fifty-third Year of his Age, and
was fucceeded by Te @ng his eldeft Son.
T e tfong, the Ninth Emperor, reigned 25 Tears.
T H E Empire found no great Support from this
Prince, for he paired his Time in trifling Employ-
ments, was of a timorous Nature, extremely miftruit-
ful, and ready to lend an Ear to Flatterers : H e was
applauded for refufing to receive I'refents from Stran-
gcrs,
 & . 405
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
,
gers, which was look'd upon as a happy Omen : 7%e
be/t Azgury I can have, fays he, is t o j e e W@Men a-
bout me. H e fhewed one Sign of Difihtereitedncfi,,
which gained great Commendation : When a great
Sum of Money was offered him, initead of receiving it
he ordered it to be diitributed among his Soldiers.
In the third Year of this Reign the famous KO Cyde 53;
t/ou y, who had rendered fuch important Service to A.C. 784.
the Empire, died in the eighty-fifth Year of his Age ;
he had been Prime Minifter under four Emperors,
and ib great was the Reputation of his Probity, that
it was univerfally faid H e had not his Equal for ma-
ny Ages: Such Confidence was placed in this Mini-
fier, that it may be truly affirm'd, That the Fate of
the reigning Family was in his Hands: Tho' he at-
tained to the higheit Honours, and had acquired im-
menfe Riches, yet Envy it felf revered him, and he
never felt its Stroke, and tho' he kept a fplendid
Houfe, his Liberality exceeded his Magnificence. H e
left eight Children, who all made themfelves memo- .
rable by the Honour with which they difcharged the
dift'erent Poits their Merit had raifed them to. China
mourned three Years for this great Man, whom fie
bewailed as her common Father.
T h e Power of the Eunuchs became fo formidable,
and their Infolence increafed to ib great a degree, that
on all fides there was nothing but Revolts talked of,
and the Emperor was obliged to levy a great num-
ber of ficih Troops to augment his Army, and to
double the Taxes to maintain them : There was even
a T a x laid upon Tea, which is the common Drink
of the Chineb. Thefe extraordinary Impofitions ex-
afperated all Perfons, and the extreme Poverty of the
People occafioned infinite Thefts and Robberies : By
good Fortune the Imperial Arms were viRorious every
where, and the Rebels being defeated Peace was re-
eitabliihed, and the People relieved. T h e Empe-
ror at lait attributed the Wars and Calamities to
his own ill Defliny, and added, that part of thefe
D d 3 M if-
Misfortunes was foretold him by the Afirologjers:
Li nzie, his Prime Miniiter, made Anfwer, c c Prince,
L C leave this kind of Talk to the Ignorant and Vulgar,
L C 'tis not convenient for you and me to ufe it ; for

according as we govern the State well or ill, fo we

render our own Deftiny happy or unhappy." This
Prince died at the Age of fixty-rbur, in the twenty
firit Year of the Cjcle ; he had for his Succeffor Cbun
@ng his Son.
Chun t fbng, the Tenth Emperor, reigned one Tear.
T H E R E was reafon enough to hope for a
ha py Reign under this new Emperor, but he being at-
!
tac ed by a grievous D.iftemper, for which he could
find no Remedy, abdicated the Crown, anti delivered
it to his Son Hien @ng.
Hien tibng, the Eleventh Emperor, reigned I 5 Years.
T 13 I S Prince had wonderful Penetration, Under-
and Skill in dif-entangling and difpatching
Randin%
the mo difficult Affairs, and a Firmnefi of Mind,
which no Confideration could conquer, in carrying
on what he once undertook, and he gave iblid Proofs
of his AffeeBion for his People in a time of Famine,
by opening his Treafures and publick Granaries
in favour of the afflikted Provinces : He Ent the
Grandees of his Court to inform themielves of the
Conditian of his People, and to relieve them in
P"
portion to their Want. In the thirty-iixth Year o the
Cycle, he ordered the Finger-bone of the Idol Foe
to be brought in great Pomp from the Province of
CbenJ : The Chief Tribunal of Ceremonies itrongly
oppofed this whin~ficalRefolution of the Emperor,
boldly alledging that the execrable Remains of this
Idol ought to be burnt ; as they firmly perfifled in
their Determination, without regarding the Difpleafure
af the Emperor, many of them were degraded, which
is a common Puniihment of the great Mandarins of
t l ~ eEmpire : He fell into another piece of Folly,
which
 &. 407
CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA,
which coil him his Life ; for having fought every
where afier the retended Liquor of Immortality,
P
which the SeR o f i o promis'd, to which he was de-
voted, the Eunuchs prefented this Drink to him, and
it was believ'd that they poifon'd him, for this unhap-
py Prince, afier he took it, dy'd fuddenly at the
Age of Forty-three, and his Son Mo qong fucceeded
him.
M o tfong, the Twelfth Emperor, reigned 14 Yea~s,
T H E Choice which the laft Emperor made o f
his Son Mo @ng to fucceed him, was at firit oppofed
by certain Lords, who had a Deiign to place another
Prince upon the Throne, but their Proje&s mifcarry-
ing they were put to death' ; and now feeing himfelf
in quiet Poffefion of the Crown, he granted, accord-
ing to Cufton¶, a general Amnefty, and by paying
to^ much Deference to the Advice a f fo~neof his
Courtiers, he had the Imprudence to disband Part of
his Troops ; the Hardfhips which thefe difmiffed Sol-
diers underwent, obliged them to take Rehge among
the Robbers, whofe Number they increas'd. I t was
under this Prince that the Imperial Family of Tang
began to decline fiom that State of Splendor which it
had hitherto maintained, and the following Princes
completed its Ruin.
H e died at the Age of Thirty, afier he had taken.
a Medicine which had been prepared for him : His
Son King $ng fucceeded him in the following Ycar,
which was the forty-kcond of the Cycle.
King tfong, the fiirteenth Emperor, rekned two Tears.
'
I T was by the Eleaion of the Eunuchs, who
were now become Mailers, that King @ng mou'nied
the Throne ; and by the fame Authority which 'they
had ufurp'd, they depriv'd him of the Government
not long afier, in order to confer it on the Emprefs7
Mother : T h e childiih Behaviour of this young
Dd4 13-i..ce,
 Plit~ce,and his Irregularities, were the Motives they
inade use of to difpoirefs him, and to leave him no
more than the empty Tirle of Emperor : This Prince
returning from Hunting went into his Apartment to
change his Cloatls, when the Candles being fuddenly
put out he was murder'd by the Eunuchs at the Age
of eighteen Years, who placed his Brother Yen iSaig
in his Room.
Ven tfong, tbc Fotlrteenth Emperor, reigned four-
teep Years.
T H I S Prince had an Affe&ion for Men of Let-
ters, and the Sages of his Empire : H e bore with
Impatience the Power o f the Eunuchs, and in the
ninth Year of his Reign he took private Meafures to
defiroy them ;but the Eunuchs, perceiving the Snares
which were laid for them, fell immediately with fo
much Fury upon the Miniifers, and the Guards of
the Palace, that they flew above a thoufand Men,
and many Families entirely periih'd. Thefe Mkfor-
tunes, and itill others greater which the Emperor fore-
iaw, overwhelm'd him with Sorrow fo Enfibly, that
he often endeavour'd to divert it, or drown it in Wine ;
but in fpite of all his Endeavours, Grief feiz'd his Spi-
rits to that degree that he decay'd inieniibly, and at lafi
died of a Confumption in the fifty-f'wenth Year of
the Cycle. T h e Eunuchs, who now took upon them
.to nominate Emperors, never thought of the Son of
the Deceafed, but chofe his Brother called You uong,
who was the fifth Son of the twelfth Emperor of this
~y\nafi~.
Vou tibng, the Feeenth Emperor, reignedjx Years,
T H E fuperior Qualifications of this Prince ju-
itify'd the Preference they gave him before the Son
of the Idit Emperor ; he had an Inclination for War,
and dreaded neither Danger nor Fatigue ; he drove
the rartal-s out of the Province of C b a n j , who had
forti-
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A R Y , 409
We.
fortify'd themfelves in that Place, and cleared feveral
Provinces of the Empire of the Robbers, who got
together in Troops, and made great Havock therein :
He had an exquifite ' Judgment, which feldom de-
ceived him in the Choice he made of his Miniffers ;
'twas he who eitablifh'd, or rather reviv'd a Law,
which is fiill obferved, that obliges all the Mandarins
of the Imperial City to do their Duty, upon whom
the other Mandarins difperfed in the Provinces are de-
pendent ; this Law enjoins that every five, or at leait
feven Years, the Condu& of the chief Officers of the
Empire, in the Execfftion of their Charge, ihould be
itri&ly examined into ; and it is a conitant PraBice,
that every one of thefe Mandarins fhould deliver in
Writing a fincere and'particular Confefion of all the
Faults he has been guilty of, and intreat tht Emperor's
Pardon ; and if it happen:d that in this humble Con-
fefion, which they were obliged to make, they ex-
cufed their Faults, or difguikd and extenuated their
Guilt, they had then no Favour to expeB, and were
inevitably deprived of their Employments.
This Emperor did not live long enough for the cycle 5e.
Good of his People, being but thirty-three Years old 4 D.84+
when he died, which happened in the third Year of this ,
new Cycle. The Eunuchs reje&ed his Son, and in
his fiead eleQed Suen +ng, the youngefi Son of the
eleventh Emperor of this Dynafiy.
Suen tfong, the Sixteenth Emperor, reigned
thirteen Years.
'T I S probable that the flender Capacity, which
this Prince diicovered in his Infancy, induced the Eu-
nuchs to prefer him to all others, rightly judging that
the Iefi capable the Emperor was of governing him-
klf, the more they would be Mailers ; but they were
miflaken, for Szten @ng was no fooner upon the
Throne but he appeared another Man, and all the
Qalities which coufiitute a great Prince fhined in him :
His
4.10. 76e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
His Wifdom, Judgment, Moderation, Equity, Apd
plication to AKairs, and Love for his People, made
them look upon him as a perfee Copy of f a i @ng,
the fecond Emperor of the Dynafiy, whofe Memo-
ry was itill revered throughout the Empire : What4
ever Merit this Prince had, he could not curb the
Power of the Eunuchs : His Prime Minifier, Hou
tao, prefented a Memorial to him, in which headvii'ed
him to be inexor~blewith regard to thofe Eunuchs
who ihould commit any Fault, and not to fupply the
Places of thofe who die, that their Number leffening
by little and little, it might be more eafy to defiroy
them ; this ProjeEt, being difcovered by the Eu-
nuchs, .produced mortal Enmities between them and
the MlniRer, the Troubles growing greater than
ever. The Chi:?+ Writers blame this Prince for ad-
mitting to his Court the SeQaries of Tao, in order to
procure, by their means, the pretended Drink which
renders Men immortal, upon which one of his Mi-
nifters reprefented to him, thak the bcit Method to
procure himfelf a long and happy Life was to con-
troul his Appetites, fubdue his Pafions, and praaifi
Virtue : M@ of the Emperors, YOUP Predecefors, add-
ed he, would have arrived to extreme old Age, f th~p
had jbll~wedjtheAdvice which Igive yo%: Scarce had
he taken the Drink which the Settaries gave him,
but he faw himfelf devoured by Worms which
harm'd in his Body, and in few Days aher he
died, at the Age of fifty Years, being ficceeded by
his Son Y @ng, who was ele&ed by the. Eunuchs.
.
Y tfong, the Seventeenth' Emperor, reigned
fowteen Years.
T H E Haughtinefi and Pride of this Prince, his
Prodigality, Luxury, and excefive Debaucheries
raifed a general Cry againft him : In the fourteenti
Year .of his Reign he brought into his Palace, in
great Pomp, a Bone of the Idol Foe, and three
Months
 CHINA,CHINESE-TARTARY,
@c* 41x
Months after dy'd, at the- Age of thing-one Years.
T h e Chin@ Writers attribute his Death, and the Trou-
bles which follow'd, to his extravagant Paflion for
this Idol : T h e Eunuchs placed his Son Hi @ng in
his Room.
Hi tfong, the Eigbtfenth Emperor, reigned
Jiftceiz Years.
T H E Eunuchs, who were abiblute Mailers, fet-
tled this Prince upon the Throne, being but twelve
Years old. H e fpent his Time in Play and Mufick,
in Riding and Shooting, while on all iides, but efpe-
cially in the Northern Provinces, there was nothing
to be feen but Tumults and Revolts ; the Taxes
wherewith the People were loaded, the Famine caufd
by the overflowing of Rivers, and by the Grafs-hop-
pers which deitroy'd the Corn, incrded the Num-
ber of the Rebels ; Hoan t/iao, who was of the Pr-\
vince of Chan tong, being at the Head of them, went
and laid Siege to the Imperial City, and having drove
his Sovereign away, caufed himfelf to be proclaimed
Emperor : A young Man twenty-eight Years old,
cal1ed.G ke yong, to whom was given the Name of
% jen long, becaufe he had but one Eye, command-
ed the Imperial Troops, and attack'd the Captain of
the Rebels ; at firit he was repuls'd, but rallying his
Soldiers, he return'd to the Charge with,io much Fu-
ry that he obtain'd a compleat Virffory, and brought
the Emperor back in Triumph to his Palace ; tor
rhefe Services he was rewarded with the Principality of
TJn, and his Son became the Founder of the fifteenth
Dynaity.
T h e Emperor did not enjoy the Fruit of this Vic-
tory above three Months, for he dy'd in the forty-
fifih Year of the Cycle, at the Age of twenty-feven,
and the Eunuchs fet the I~npcrial Crown on the
Head of fchao fing, who was the lait Emperor's fixth
Son.
Tchao
 Tchao tfong, the Nineteenth Emperor, reigned
fiteen Years.
T H I S Prince, who wanted neither Underftanda
ing nor Courage, ihewed great Marks of his Efteem
for Men of Learning, and for his principal Mi-
niiters of State, hoping, by their help, to be able
to reftore by degrees the Affairs of the Empire, .
which were in a very bad Situation, by reaibn of the
great Authority the Eunuchs had ufurped, and of the
Multitude of People who every where were difpofed
to revolt ; in order to this, he judg'd it mofl neceffa-
ry to begin with the DefiruAion of the Eunuchs ;
but as he was confidering of the mofi roper Methods
P
to bring this about the Eunuchs, fu peEting his De-
Ggns, came fuuddenly upon him with a great num-
ber of Soldiers well armed, feized his Perion, and
Shut him up in a remote Apartment under a fure
Guard, leaving a Hole in the Wall through which
to convey V i&uals to him ; the Prime Minifier, Ifiu
gu, having difcover'd the Place where the Emperor
was confined, fent 'thither a nutnber of reiblute Fel-
lows well armed, who flew th:: Guards, releas'd the
Emperor, and brought him to his Palace. Fcc ' hotr
zlen, Captain of the Band of Robbers, being invited
by the Prime Minifier to come to the Emperor's
Succour againit the Eunuchs, arriv'd jufi at the
time that this Prince publiih'd an Edi& for extirpa-
ting the Eunuchs, referving only thirty of the
youngeit of them for the fervile Offices *of his
palace, and executed this Commifion with fuch Ri-
gour, that many hundreds of the Eunuchs were maf-
facred. Tthou uen had appeared loyal hitherto, but
Ambitian, which feized his Heart, rendered him
treacherous foon after ; he killed the Prime Miniiter
who was ib flrongly attach'd to his Prince, and ob-
liged the Emperor to remove his Court from the Pro-
vince of Chen /i to that of Ho nan, and the E m p
ror
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A RP,
Wc.
ror had no fooner eftabliih'd his new Court there,
but the Traitor I'chou zlen murder'd him, which hap-
pen'd in the firR Year of the Cycle, and in the thirty-
eighth Year of this Prince's Age. T h e Rebel im-
mediately placed the Imperial Crown on the Head
of Tcbao h e n @ng, Son of the deceafed Emperor, till
he could take it himfelf with Safety.
Tchao fuen t long, tbr Twentieth Emperor, rtigned
two rears.
T H I S p u n g Prince was fcarce two Years upon
the Throne, when Geing plainly that he fhould be iB-
crificed, as well as his Father, to the Ambition ofthe
perfidious I'chou uen, chofe voluntarily to refign the
Crown to him to prevent his committing a freih
Crime, and to fave his own Life : T h e Ufurper,
w h o took the Name of Tai @u, gave him a Princi-
pality, which he held no longer than three Years, be-
ing kill'd at the A e of Seventeen, and with him
B
ended the Family o Tang. T h e Five followigg are
counted by the Chineji as h a l l Dynafties, as well as
the Five which precede the Dynaity of Tang ; they
call thefe Heou on tai, i. e. The jive latter DjnaJties ;
they refemble the former in Wars, Revolts, and Par-
ricides, which fo often Rained the Throne ; but they
differ in the Number of Princes, and in the Time of
their Duration. T h e five former reckon twenty-four
Emperors in the fpace of 198 Years, whereas thefe
latter laited not one Cycle, and reckon no more than
thirteen Emperors : T h e warlike Nation called Sic
tan, inhabiting the Country which goes at this time
by the Name of Leao tong, being exceedingly increa-
fdby many Colonies that came from Corea, created
much Tro~jbleto the following Emperors.
D c Fourtecntb DynaJy, called Heo Leang, whicb
bad two Emperors in the Space of 16 rears.
Tai tfou, tbc ArJ Emperor, reignedjx Years.
DU R I N G there Times of Conwon many
Principalities fell off by degrees 6om the Body
of the Empire, .and every one .of thefe Sovereigns
govern'd his own petty State according to his own
Fancy, yet without difcontinuing his Homage to the
Emperor : Tai t/iou fixed his Court in the Provinceaf
Ho nan, but did not long wear the Crown which he
had ufurp'd by fo much Treachery, being murder'd
at the Age of fixty-tvo Years by his eldefi Son, but
fucceeded by his third Son Mo ti.
M o ti, the Second Emperor, reigned ten Years.'
M 0 T I was only a petty Prince ;when he heard
the News of his Father's Death, he i n h t l y march'd
at the Head of his Forces and engag'd his Brother's
Army, which he intirely defiated, kill'd the Parricide,
and afcended the Throne the tenth Year of the Cy-
cle. Towards the thirteenth Year a barbarous Peo-
ple of the North, called Sie tan, who afterwards were
named Leno, laid the Foundation of their Govern-
ment, which in the fpace of 209 Years reckons a
Succefion of nine Princes.
Tcborcang @IT, Son of the famous Warrior Li kc
yong beforemention'd, who had done fuch Service to
tlie State under the eighteenth Emperor, took advan-
tage of thefe Troubles to gain a Crown, which he
found himfelf more worthy to wear than the Ufiir-
per ; he commanded an a1ways vi&torio~isArmy, and
] w i n g taken feveral Towns Ile engag'd the Empe-
]-or's Army, which was cat to Pieces : M o ri in
DcGair
I
Defpair flew himklf, and with him hip F?4mily was
extintt.

Tbe Fgteentb DJn$yy, caNed Heou Fang, con-

taining four Emperors in the Spac6. of I 3 fiars.
Tchdurrng tfong, the Fir- Emperor, reigned
three Years.
C H 0 U A N G ST'S 0 NG inherited the Martial
Temper of his Father, being inured to the Hard-
&ips of War from his Youth : I n all his Campaigns
he lay on the Grbund, and h r fear of fleeping too
long wore a Bell about his Neck.
This Prince would have deferv'd a Place among the
greatefi Heroes of his Country, if he had not obfcur'd
the Glory of his earlier Years by Idlenefs and Luxury;
he not only delighted in feeing Plays, but -would alib
debafe himfelf fo low as to a& a Part to give a tri- ,
fling Diverlion to his Queens and Children ; and he
employ'd his Time in fo many other frivolous Amufe-
ments, that he was defpifcd by his Subjeffs : H e was
moreover ib fordidly covetous, that altho' he was im-
menfely rich, yet he would never open his Coffers fbr
the Relief of h ~ People.
s
A t length, in a Sedition of the Army, he was
Wounded by an Amw, of which he dy'd the twenty-
feconil Year of the Cycle ; but it is not known whe-
ther the Stroke was given by Defign or Chance :
Mix png was ele&ed Emperor by the Gltzndees.
Ming tibng, the Secolzd Emperor, reigned eigbt Tears.
T H E Father of the late Emperor had adopted
M n g @ng, tho' he was not a Native of theEmpire :
This Prince had acquired a general Efieem, and he
p r f e e l y anfwer'd the People's Expettations ; he is
chiefly
4-16 B e G E N E R AH
LI S T O RofY
chiefly prais'd for his Liberality, Moderation, LOW
of Peace, and a particular AffP&ion for his SubjeCts :
Thoa he was illiterate, he gave frequent Mar'ks of
his Efieem for Learned Men : 'I'HE A R TOF PRINT-
I N G W A S I N V E N T E D .IN H I S R E I G N .
The ChineJe Writers alfo praire his Piety and Mo-
deity, and affirm that every Night he burnt Per-
fumes to the Honour of the Lord of Heaven, and im-
plor'd his Affiance in there Words, " I was born
" a Barbarian, in a favage Country, yet in the
6 c midfi of the Troubles that diiturb'd this Empire

g c I was chokn to govern i t : I make but one Re-

" queit, which is, that the heavenly Majeity would
L C condefcend to watch over my ConduLt, and fend

G c me wife and experienced Men, whofe Counfel may

aid me to govern witholit Error : " And indeed
he had always in his Palace a great Number of wife
Men, by whofe Counfel he made many excellent Re-
gulations, and, among others, that which excludes
Eunuchs from all publick Employments.
The fame Writers attribute to the Piety of this
Prince the Birth of that illufirious Man, who was afier-
wards the Founder of the nineteenth Dynafiy, the
profound Peace the Nation enjoy'd, and the Plenty
which reign'd in all the Provinces of the Empire :
Among the many wife Counfellors of this Prince, a
Colao, named Fong tao, is highly praifed for his great
Knowledge and Integrity : H e ufed to fay, " That
" a State is to be govern'd with the Care and Pene-
" tration that is required of a Perion that manages a
" Horfe : I have ofien (faid he) travelled on Horfe-
6 c back in very rough and mountainous Countries,
" and never got any Hurt, always taking care to
" keep a f l i t i Rein 1 but in the fmootheit Plains,

" thinking the fame Care needlers, and letting loofe the

" Reins, my Horfe has iturnbled and put me in dan-

" ger ; the Government of a State is the &me Cafe,
" for when it is in the moil flourihing Condition, a
Prince
the fixth of the Cycle, Yen ti his Brother fucceeding
him.
Ven ti, tbe Second Emperor, reignedfmcn Years.
V E N 41 lived always privately, without con-
cerning himfelf in Affairs till the Moment he was
made Emperor ; but it was foon perceiv'd he had the
proper Qualities of'a great Prince, by the AffeBion
he bore to his Subje&s, and the Trouble he took in
determining their Lawfuits himfelf, and bringing
them to a fpeedy Iffue: H e ordered a Drum to
beat within the Palace to diitinguiih each Hour of
the Night, which Cufiom is obferved to this Day.
The fmall Merit he difcerned in his Son made him
refolve to choofe the King of Ngnn tching, his Brother,
for his Succeffor in the Empire ; but the Prime hli-
nifier and Grandees making firong Reprefentations to
him againit it, he alter'd his Intention.
'The Emperor of that Part of the North called
Tcbeou, revived at this time an ancient Cuitom,
which was to maintain at the publick Charge thofe
Perfons advanced in Years, who had done important
Service to the State.
yen ti was forty-five Years old when he died, and
his Son Ling bai vang fucceeded him.
Ling hai vang, the Zbird Emperor, reigned two Years.
T H I S Prince, after a ihort Reign, was depoied
by his Uncle the King of Ngan ~ching; he died foon
after at nineteen Years of Age, and Suen ti, Nephew
to the Founder of the Dynafiy; made his way by
force to the Throne.
Suen ti, the Fourth Emperor, reigned fozrrteen Years.
T H I S Prince was of a fweet and agreeable Tem-
per, and his chief Delight was Mufick, to which he
dedicated a confiderable Part of his Time : The Sa-
ges, or Philofophers, had always eafy Accefi to him,
V O L . I. Cc and
 and he loved and prot&ed them; one Day out
of an interefted View, they fent one of their Vaffils
with Preients of great Value to him, but he,
to check their Ambition, order'd them to be burnt
in his Prtfence. The Emperor of the North having
promoted Tang kim to the Dignity of Prime Mini-
iter, and given his Daughter to that Minifter's Son
in Marriage, not long afier made him Sovereign of
the Principality of Souy, which Honours and
Preferments render'd him fo powerful, that in a
few Years he was in a Capacity to conquer all
China.
Suen ri died in the thirty-ninth Year of the Cycle,
and the forty-fecond of his Age, his Son fcbang tcbing
kong fucceeding him.
Tchang tching kong, tbe Efib Emperor, reigned
fmen Tsdrs.
T H I S Prince was no fooner invefted with Sove-
reign Power, but he plunged himfclf into the rnoft
criminal Exceff'ks : Tang kien, who had rendered
himfelf very powerful in the. North, being informed
of his luxurious and effeminate way of Living, took
upon him the Title of Emperor, and advancing to-
wards the South with a numerous Army, c m f f i the
River Tang tjLe kiang without the leait Oppoiition,
and entered the Imperial City of Nan king in Tri-
umph ; Tchang tching kong, . judging it wode than
Death to fall into his Enemy's Hands, threw himW
into a Well, fiom whence he was taken out alive ; but
was drove from the Throne which he had difgrac'd,
and reduced to a private Condition the remaining
Part of his Life, which was four and twenty Years,
being fie-two Years old when he died.
rang kien took the Name of Kao @u ven ti, and
became the Founder of a new Dynafty.
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, Wc. 387

Tbe lwdfrb bynlrjty, coZZed Souy, wbicb bad

tbne EmpePors in the 8pat.e of 29 rears.
o ven ti, tbe A$ Emperor, reigned fifint'
~ a tibu
Tears.

IT WthisAPrince
S the forty-kventh ~ e i r othe
f kycle wheri
Ceized the Throne : T h e River Tang
@ kiang had pgrted the Northern and Southern Em-
pires for 300 Years, and ferv'd as a Boundary ta
each ; but in 'the Year fifly-four thefe Dominions
were reunited under the new E m or, who defcend-
R"
ed from a noble Family, which ad performed great
Services to the Fifih Houfe of Han ; his iblid and
penetrating Judgment made amends for his Want of
X m i n g , and his admirable Temperance and Love
of his People gain'd him their Eiteem and conti-
dence ; he reformed the ancient ~ u f i c k ,and com-
manded the h r n e d to ufe in their Com ofitions no-
f
thing but found Reafoning, avoiding a 1 Rherorical
Flouriihes as vain Ornaments, fit only to flatter the
Ear, and enervate Eloquence ; he caded alfo
publick Granaries to be built in all Towns, and
ordered each Family, in proportion to their Sub-
fiance, to furnifh every Year a certain Quantity of
Rice and Corn for the Support of the Poor in time
of Scarcity : H e publiih'd likewife an E d i a ma-
king it Capital to iteal the Value of Eight Pence ; af-
terwards,' upon the Reprefentations that were made to
him, he abolifhed this Law, but was inexorable to-
wards the Judges who received Bribes.
Lait of all he ordered Merchants and Mechanicks cy'cie
to be excluded fiom publick Commands, and tho' A.D.604.
hc knew his eldefi Son to be a Perfon of mean Ca-
Cc2 pacity,
 paciry, yet he pitch'd upon him f ~ hisr SucceiTor :
This Preference fo exaijxrated his femnd Son Tang
ti, that he murdcrd his Father in the fixty-fourth
Year of his Age, and the firfi of the Cycle; with
the fame Barbarity he treated his Brother, whom he
look'd upon as his Rival, and by this double Mur-
der attained the Throne.
Yang ti, the Second Emperor, reigned thirteen Years.
T H 0' this Prince had vely valuable Qualities,
yet he was univerfally blamed for his Luxury and
ProdigalityL: Having removed his .Court fi-om the
Province of Chen ji to that of Ho nun, he caufed
two publick Granaries of prodigious Largenefi to be
built, and a Park to be made fifieen Leagues in Cir-
cumference, with Aately Palaces and magnificent Gar-
dens, where he took the Air on Horfeback, accom-
pany'd by a great number of his Women, who per-
form'd Conforts of Vocal and Infirumental Mufick :
His Fame drew many foreign Princes to his Court,
who came to throw themfelves under his Proteaion:
H e forbad his Subjeas to carry Arms, a Trick of
State which is ftill in ufe ; he alfo repaired the Great
Wall which divides China from Tartauy, employing,
'tis faid, a Million of Men about it: H e was fo in-
tent upon the Advancement and Progrefs of the
- Sciences, that he commiilioned an hundred of the
mofi learned Men to revife and reprint, afier the
manner praltifed in thofe Days, all the Books which
treated of War, Politicks, Phyfick, and Husbandry :
H e eftablifhed the Degree of D d o r , whereby Sol-
diers, as well as Men of Letters, might be capaci-
tated for Civil and Military Employments : He at-
tacked the Coreans both by Sea and Land, but this
Expedition was without Succefi ;yet coming upon them
again, he forc'd then1 to fend Ambaffadors to im-
plore his Clemency in qiiality of his Vaffals. In vi-
iiiing the Southern Provinces of the Empire, he ar-
rived
I
rived at Tang tcheou, a Town in the Province of
Kirang nun, where he was affafinated at thirty-nine Years
of Age by a contemptible Fellow, whofe Name was
Hoa kie. Li p e n , one of the petty Sovereigns, ha-
ving affembled an Army of 12,ooo Men, placed the
Crown upon the Head of Kong ti, the young Son of
the Emperor Kao Vodl urn ti.
Kong ti, tbc %rd Emperor, reigned one Tear.
T H I S Prince was depofed by L i >urn the fame
Year wherein he made him Emperor. The f ~ o n Son d
of Liyutn, at the Head of an Army raifed by his Fa-
ther, made himfelf Mafier of the Palace ; and as he
was viewing the Magnificence and Riches thereof, he
fetch'd a deep Sigh, and faid, c L No, fuch a itately
" Edifice muit not be permitted to itand any longer,
" it is good for nothing but to foften the Spirit ofa
" Prince, and vitiate his Inclinations ;" and fo or-
dered it immediately to be burnt to Afies. Thus
ended the Dynaity Souy, which is the lait of the five
etty Dynaities. Li yuen was the Founder of the fol-
bwing Dy~aRy,and reigned by the Name of Cbin
yao bi.

The Tbirteentb Dynapy, called Tang, wbicb bad

. twenty Emperors in tbe Space of289 rears.

~ Emperor, reigned g Yeaus.

Chin yao ti, t b fit-
HE began his Reign with an A& of Clemency,
which expraed the Mildntfi of his hture Go-
vernment ; he abated the Rigour of Penal Laws, and
moderated the Taxes ; but, on the other hand, he
hewed himfelf too favourable to the Do&rine of
Lao kiun, by ereaing a Temple in honour of t b
Chief of that Sea. In the fxteenth Year of the Cy-
cc 3 cle
cle he reduced all the Rebels to his Obedience, and
thereby enjoyed the quiet Poffefion of this vaft
Monarchy. 'Twas he who enaaed that one Ounce of
Co per ihould be coined into ten Pieces of Money, .
!
wit thefe two Words, T o N o P A O, impreit up-
on them. This was the current Money of China, and
is in ufe at this Time : By the Advice of his
Prime Miniiter, called Fou y e , he enjoyned I oo,ooo
Bonzes to marry, in order to multiply, and in length
pf Time to furnifh Troops for the Augmentation ~f
his A r p i q , In the twenty-third Y q r of the Cycle be
abdicated the Crown in favour of his fixond Son,
called liri @ng, an4 declared him Emperor. Ye
died nine Years after, in the eventieth Year of his Age,
Tai tfong, thc Seco~dEmperor, rcigned 23 Tears.
.Zn &e twenty-fourth Year of the Cycle ST'ai tJong
began his Reign ; he was e&cmed by the Chin@ 'as
one of the greatefi Emperors China ever had ; they
praife him above all for his Wifdom, and the eafy
A ~ e f i to his Perfon, which he allowed to all who
were capable of giving him difcreet Counfels, or
had Courage enough to advertife him of his Faults :
So reat was his Tempergncp and Frugality, that he
fB
fu wed no more than eight Difhes of Meat to be
ferved up to his T~ble,and drove almoit all the Con-
cubines out of the Palace : But that which crowned
the Happinefs of this Prince was, that in his Reign
the Chriitian Religion gained Footing in his Empire,
as appears by the Sequel : H e caufed the befi Books
to be brought from all Parts, and became, in ibme
refpeas? the Refiorer of the S c i e w , by the Care he
taok to re-inflate in his Palace aq Academy for Lite-
rature, wherein were reckoned 8004 Scholars, and -
amongit thetn many Sons of foreign princes: He
pravided them with able Mafiers, and of thefe he
afibinted eighteen of the moft Ingenious to overlook
. .. gnrdies r He founded alb a MiIitary ade ern^;
thcir
where
 , Q9C.
C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,391
where Archery was taught, and he himfelf often af-
iiM at thefe Exercif'es. I t was not at all agreeable
to the Miniiters that the Emperor frequented !his A-
cademy ; they reprefented to him the Unbecoming-
nefi, as well as the Danger that might accrue there -
to his Peribn. a I look upon my felf in my Em-
s' pire, anfwued liri tjitlg, as a Father in his Fa- \
" mily, and I love my Sub' & as my Children ;
s' what have I then to f a r 5' This A f f i i o n for
.his SubjeCts made him fay, That he wifhed his Peo-
ple to have always plenty of the common Neceffa-
ries of Life : Adding, " That the Welfare of the
" Empire depends upon the People : An Emperor
'' who fleeces his People to enrich himfelf, is like
" a M a n who cuts off his own Flefh to fupply his
'' Stomach, which is filled, 'tis true, but in a ihort
" time his whole Body muit periih. How many
" Emperors have owed their Ruin to their Ambition !
" What Expences were they at to maintain it ! and

.' heasp
' People
Taxes were chqrged upon the poor
what to upply thofe E~xpences! When the Peo-
" ple are rack'd and opprcffd, what becomes of
" the Empire? Is it not upon $e Brink of Deitruc-
" tion.? and what is the E m if the Empire
periih ? T M e are the Refl ions, c~ntinuedhe,
" that ferved to regulate my iF)$ires." H e forbad the
Magiitrates to receive Prefents upon pain of Death, and
to'be fatisfid that his Orders were obeyed, he made
a Tryal upon a Mandarin, by a Mqn whom he had
fuborned to make him a prcfent ; the Mandvin re-
ceived it, and the Emperor being infarmed thereof
condemned him to Death. U n this the Prime Mi-
''
F
niiter fpake to him, " Great rince ! Your Sentence
is juit, and the Mandarin deferves Death ; but
you, who have decoyed him into &is Foult which
" he has committed, are you altqgether innocent, and
'' do not you partake of his Crime ? " This Remon-
b n c e hadsits fife&, and the Emperor pardon'd the
Cc + Of-
 Offender. In the 'Year following one of the great
Mandarins of W a r received likewife a Garment of
Silk as .a Prefent ; the Emperor, who was told of
it, fent him immediately a Qantity of the fame Stuff;
s the Courtiers, who faw this, could not conceal their
Refentment, and cryed out, " This Mandarin de-
b' ferves a Punifhment, and not a Reward." The
Emperor replied, " T h e Confufion wherewith he
a will be ftruck, will be to him'a Pain more fevere
a than the karpeit Punifhment : Thefe Stuffs, which .
I fent him, are ib far fi-om contributing to his Ho-
b C nour, that they will continually reproach him with

his Crime. " Whenever the Country was

threatned with Scarcity, Drought, or immoderate
Rains, after the Examples of the ancient Emperors,
he publifhed an EdiA, by which he ordered his Mif-
carriages to be iignified to him, that he might take
Care to reform them, and appeafe the Wrath of
Heaven. H e gave no heed to Sooth-fayers ; for one
Day as the Storks were building their Nefts in his
Prefence, they ftood and clapped their Wings ; his
Miitrefles teftified their Joy, becaufe the fluttering of
their Wings portended him fome unexpeaed good
Luck ; the Emperor fnlil'd at their Difcourfe, and
faid, " Cboui t/;ii t r hien, what fignifies it? A happy
" Omen for me is to have wife Men a b u t me, " and
immedidtely ordered the Neit to be deitroyed. I n the fe-
cond Year of his Reign the Fields were covered with
Locuits, which by the Havock they made threatned
a general Famine. " Mifchievous InfeAs," cried the
Emperor with a dcep Sigh, " in ruining the Crop
". you deitroy the Lives of my People. Alas ! I had
*' rather you would devour my own Bowels," and
at thefe Words fwallowed a Locuit alive. In reading
the Books of I'hvfick, compofed by the Emperor
flaring ti, he found that when a Man's Shoulders are
bruifed or hurt, the vital Parts within are injured
thereby ; from that time he made a Law that no
Cri-
Criminal ihould be baitinado'd upon the Back, but
upon the lower,Parts, after the manner that is now
pra€tifed throughout the whole Empire. H e ufed to
fay, That an Emperor is like an ArchiteQ ; when
a Fabrick is well built and grounded upon to- ,
' ( lid Foundations, if the Architea attempts any

Alterations, he expoies it to certain Ruin : 'Tis

'6 the fame wid1 the Empire, when once it is well
" efiabliihed, and govern'd by good Laws, care muit
be taken not to introduce any Innovation. 'Tis a
'6 common Proverb, faith he another time, that an
" Emperor is feared by every body, and has nothing
' b to be afraid of himfelf. This is not my Senti-
' b ment, I always itand in awe both of the Obferva-

" tion of the Emperor of Heaven, whom nothing

' b can efcape, and .of the Eyes of my Subjeas, which
b b are continually fixed upon me. 'Tis for this that
<' Iiwatch every Moment over my felf; that I may
'' do nothing but what is agreeable to the Will of.
God, and to the Deiires of my People.
T o colnfort his People in a time of Drought he,
releafed the Prifoners, and granted a general Pardon,
confefling neverthelefi that this was an Indulgence,
whereof a Prince ought to be very fparing, for fear!
that the Impunity ofthe Wicked might prove a Pre-
judice to the Publick, and that he ought to root out
the Tarus, leit they ihould damage the good Corn.
In the feventh Year of his Reign he went in Perfon to
the publick Pritons, in which were 390 capital Of-
finders ; he fkt them all at Liberty, but with an In-
jun€tion to return thither afier Harveit, which they
a11 to a Man did at the appointed Time. The Em-
peror was fo furprized at their Exaanefi in keeping
their Word, and fo highly delighted therewith, that he
granted them all their Lives and Liberty.
T h e Chinge Annals report, that in the eighth Year .
of this Reign there came to Cbina Ambairadors from
foreign Nations, whofe Air, Shape, and Habits were
4:ogether firan~eto the Chin+, who had never feen
thc
394 ne G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
the like before, and the Emperor himfelf rejoiced
that in his Reign Men with fair Hair and blue Eyes
arrived in the Empire It is certain that theie
Strangers were thofe whofe Names we read upon a
Stone Monument, found in I 625 at Sin nganfw,in
the Province of Cbcnji, on which you fee the Crofi,
an A b h & of the Chrifiian Law, together with the
Names of feventy two Preachers of this Law, en-
graved in Syviack CharaEters, and a Date fpecifying
the eighth Year of the Rei n of fai @ng. In the
ef
Xing's Library is prderv an old Arabian Manu-
fcript, wherein we find that at this very Time the
Catholick Patriarch of the Indies fent Preachers of the
Gofpel into Cbina, who were honourably received
in the Imperial City, and conduCted thither by Fan
Eucn ling, Prime Minifier af the Em : About
P"
this time the Emperor made choice o thirteen Per-
ions, moil eminent for Merit and Inte rity, to
vih all Pam of his Empire, and gave %em fidl
Power to execute Jufiice, and to punifh fevere!y thofc
Governom of Towns, and Viceroys of Provinces,
whofe Condu& deferved it. In the tenth Year of
his Reign he was deeply @e&ed with the Lo6 of
the Emprefs, whofe Name was rcbang fin : She was
a Princefs of fingular Difuetion, jolned with a Ca-
pacity not common among thofe of her Sex : It
was obferved, that while fhe lived there was not one
of the great Nkmber of Officers, who ferved in. the,
Palace, that fuffered fevere Punihmnt, which is a
thing almofi without Example. The Emperor, being
difgufted with the frequent and troublefome Admoni-
tions of his Prime Miniitv Gun' tcbin ,forbad him his
'i
Pdence 3 the Emprds, who was in onned of it, put
on immediately her rich& Drefs, and went to her
Husband, to whom fie fiid, '' Prince, I have ofieq
" heard that when an Emperor has Wifdom and Sa-
" gacity, his Subje€ts have Honefiy, and feat not to
" fpeak the Truth. You have a Prime Minifier that
cC knows
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T AARY,-&c.
RT 396
'' knows not how to diiremble; by this I judge of
CC your Wifdom, and how much it dderves to be
-
admired, therefore I am come to cxprds my Satif-
C C fatlion, and to w i h yo,u Joy." This Compliment
appeared the Emperor, and the Miniiter was refiored
to favour : This Prince& compofd a Book divided
into thirty Chapters, concerning the Manner of Beha-
viour towards Women : The Emperor holding this
Book in his Hands, and melting in Tears, See,
" fays he, the Rules that ou ht to be obfervtd
" in all Ages. a
I know, added e, that my Afflic-
" tion proceeded from God, and cannot be remedied
.
" but when I refleA upon the Lofs of fo fiithfil arid
" fo excellent a Companion, and that I am for ever
'' depriv'd of her good Counfels, is it pofible for
6' me to refrain from T e ? " H e was willing to
l a v e an eternal Monument of his Grief, and to
'

that end raifed a htely Tomb far more magnificent

than that which he built for his Father, who died the
Year before.
One Day being with his Prime Miniiter upon an
Eminence, from whence they might have a View of
this Maufileum, and taking particular Notice of it to
him, the Prime Miniiter pretending he did not un-
tleritamd him, faid, " Prince, I thought you ihewed
'' me the Sepulchre of your Father ; as for that of
" your Spoufi, I faw it long ago." At this DiE
courft rhe Prince fhed Tears, and itung with the fi-
crct Reproach of his Prime Minifier, he crdercd the .
Mau/deum to be demolifhed.
In the eleventh Year of his Reign he took in-
to the Palace a young Girl of founcen, named You
cbi, endowed with extraordinary Beauty, and the moft
agreeable Wit : This is fhe who afterwards ufurped
the Sovereign Power, and tyrannifed over the Em-
pire. In the twelfth Year the Emperor permitted the
Chriitian Law to be preached in his Empire ; he al-
lotted a Piece of Ground in the Imperial City to build
thereon
thereon a Temple to the True God. Guci tcbing, the
Prime Miniiter, died in the Year feventeen, sxtreme-
ly regretted by the Emperor. This Prince wrote an
Encon~iumupon him himfelf, add caufed it to be en-
graved on his Tomb, and afterwards turning to his
Courtiers, faid, " W e have three Sorts of Mirrors ;
"- One is ot Steel, which ferves the Ladies for to drefs
" their Heads, and fet themielves out. T h e fecond,
s b which I call ib, arq Books of Anticiuity, wherein
'<we read of the Rife, Progrefi, and Fall of Em-
.'s pires. T h e third are Men themdelves; by a little
". Study of whofe AQions we fee what to ihun, and
what to pratkife. I had this lait Mirror in the
Peribn of my Prime Minifier, which to my Mif-
" fortune I have lo#, defpairing to find fuch an-
&' other."
Another tithe that he entertained his Courtiers, he
told them, " A Prince has but one Heart, and this
" Heart is continually befieged by thofe about him:
" Some attack him by the Love of vain Glory,
'< which they endeavour to infpire into him ;others
" by Luxury, and Pleafures J fome by Careffes and
'& Flattery ; others have Reqourfe to Subtlety and
" Falfhood in order to in~pofeupon him, and all
" thefe Arts they make ufe of, aim at nothing but to
" iniinuate into the good Graces of the Prince, to gain
" his Favour, and to be advanced to the high Offi-
" ces and Dignities of the Empire: For .one Mo- .
" ment that a Prince ceafes to watch over his,Hean,
& & what has he not to fear ? "

. +$t the Age of twenty one he married the Daughter

of his Prime Minifier, called Sin h e ; , and gave her
the Title of Sage. This Princefs was celebrated for
hgr admirable Genius, and Skill in the Cbin$e Sciences i
'tis, faid that at four Months old fhe began to fpeak,
at four Years fie got by 1 Ieart the Books of Confu-
ciUjn and at eight Years old fhe made learned Com-
pfitions upon all forts of Subjetts: Thus much is
. certain,
certain, that h e employed almofi all her Time in
Reading.
T h e Emperor had Thoughts of fending a formi- .
dable Army to reduce the Corlans, who had revolted,
but his Death .intervening that Expedition was de-
fared to another Time: 'Tis fcarce credible what
Diligence and Care this Prince took for the Educa-
tion of his Children ; every ObjeEt ferved as a Mat-
ter for their Initru&ion : If, for infiance, he was
eating Rice, he made them fenfible how much Sweat
and Toil this Rice coil the poor Labourers : One
Day as he was failing with them upon the Water,
" You fw, m Children, fays he, thatthis Boat is fup-
K
ported by t e Water, which at the fame time can
" overwhelm it ; confider that the People refcmble the
" Water, and the Emp'eror the Boat".
T h e Year before his Death he gave his Succeffor
the twelve followirrg Advices, which he expreffed in
twenty-four CharaEters. 'c Govern well your H e a r t
" and all its Inclinations. Promote none but Per-
" ions of Merit into Places. and Dignities. Encou-
" rage wife Men to come to your Court. Watch
'' over the Conduh of Magifirate.. Drive Slanderers
'' fiom your PreiPnce. Be an Enemy to Pomp.
" Keep good aconomy. Let your Rewards and Pu-
G c niihments be proportionable to Merit and Crimes.

Have fpecial Regard to the Encouragement of A-

" griculture, Art Military, Laws and Learning.
Search among the former Emperors for Models to
c c form* your Government upon, for I do not de-
" firve to be regarded as fuch, having made too ma-
" ny Slips while I govern'd the Empire. Have an
" Eye always upon the moil perfe& Pattern, with-
" out which you will never keep a jufi Medium,
" wherein Virtue confifis. Laitly, Take Care t b t
''
" the Splendor of your Rank puff you not up with
Pride, and that you indulge not your felf in the
c c Plea-
 G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Pleafures oFa voluptuous L~B, for fo you will min
&c both the Empire and your fdf."
fai jng died in the forty-fkth Year of tLe Cycle,
bnd the fifty-third of his Age ; in the Year follow-
hg his a n Kao @ng was ackncftvledged Ernperof,
Kab &ong, the S i r d Emperor, t.eig?Ud 34 Bars:
H E hah reigned five Years when he fell in l o k
with Ycu cbi, the young Girl which I mentioned be-
6% n d whom l a i *g had placed in his Seraglio.
She was retired to a MonaAery of Bonzeffes; the
Emperor went himfelf to fetch her out, and conduQ-
ed her to his Palace. A little afler, under pretence
he had no Male Iffue, he put away the Emprefi and
one of the Qeens, in fpite of the Remonftrance of his
Minifiers, wh6 oppofed it with all. their might. You
cbi was then placed upon the Throne, neverthe-
Ids ihe percelv'd that the Emperor had not for-
got the divorced Princeffes ; and incenfed thereat
k e caufed their Hands and Feet to be cut off, and
in fome Days afier their Heads likewife. Scarce had
f i e committed thde bloody AQions, but ihe h c i e d
R r
herfelf urfiued Da and Night by the G h o h of thefi
Prince es, as by o many Furies ready to f d upon
her : The Fright ihe was in made her ihifi her
Place continually ; nevcrthelefi the Emperor was ena-
mour'd more and more with this unworthy Obj&
of his Love.
H e was inhtuated to that Degree, as to put the
Government of the Empire into her Hand, and to
give her the Name ~f Tien heoir, i. e. LTbe 'i@uem of
Heaven, a Title of Honour till then unheard of in
Cbina.
This cruel Princefi no f m e r fiw herfelf inveited
with Sovueign Power, but h e made the firit Uik
of it in poifoning her eldefi Son, with a Defign that
the Crown ihould Fall to her Brother's Children, and
by
 CHINA, Wc.
CHINESE-TARTA R Y , 399
by that means to fettle her Family upon the Throne,
but ihe did not obtain that Satishction.
In the fixteenth Year of the new Cycle, the Co- cycle 51;
rtfans iubmitttd, and did their Homage in the ac- A D g66+
cuftomed Manner. This Emperor was favourable to
the Chriitian Religion, as appears by the Stone Mo-
nument mentioned a b v e ; Churches were built for
the Service of the true God, and the Faith was
preach'd in the Provinces : One of the Miifionaria,
whok Name was Olo p e n , had a Title ofHonour
conferred upon him. Kao @ng died at the Age of
fixty-fix, and in the twentieth Year of the Cycle :
The cruel You beou kized the Throne.
Vou heou, tbt U/irrpcr, reigned 2 I Years.
T H I S Princet, as fubtle as ihe was cruel, re-
* iolved ,to maintain her felf in all the Power which the
late Emperor's Weaknefi had entruited her with. To
this end ihe fent away her Son, who was declared
Heir of the Crown, and gave him a petty Sovereign-
ty in the Province of Hou quang : In his room ihe
placed her third Son, who was very young, and had
only the Name of Emperor. She be an forthwith to
f
rid her felf of all thofe whom fie fu pe&ed not to be
in her Inrereit, and in one Da put to Death a great
?
many of the Heads of the chie Families of the Em-
re . In the fifieenth Year of her Reign ihe raifed a
edecution againit the Chriitian Religion, which lafied
fifieen Years : In the fame Year the Prime Miniiter,
called fii, had the Courage to make preffig Initan-
ces to her in behalf of her Son, who was appointed
by Kao gong to inherit the Crown, and whom fhe
had baniihed thefe. fourteen Years : The Reafon which
he gave was, that it is a thing unheard of that a ,
Name, which did not belong to the Family, and which
the Defcendants would never acknowledge, ihould be
laced in the Hall of their AnceRors. Then the
5 rince was recalled from Exile, and lived feven Years
in
8
 2 3 e G E N E R AHLI S T O ROf
Y
in the Eaitern Palace till the Death of You heou, be-
fore he afcended the Throne, which came to pafs in
the forty-fir& Year of the Cycle, when this Prince&
died, aged eighty-one Years.
Tchung tfong, t h e Fourth Emperor, reigned 5 Years.
T H I S Prince little deierved 'the Throne, whereon
his Birth, the Tendernefi of his Father Kao @HE, and
the Courage of the Prime Minifier had placed him.
H e gave himfelf entirely up to Indolence and De- '
bauchery ; that he might not be interrupted in his
Pleafures, he depofited his whole Authority in the
Hands of the Emprefi, whore Name was Guk, who
had been his faithful Companion in his Exile. This
Princefs, by the perfuafion of San fi, Governor of
the Palace, would place his Son Chang upon the
Throne : T h e Princes and petty Kings of China op-
poled this Refolution, and took up Arms on all iides.
Tthung @~zg died of Poifon in the fifty-fifth Year of
his Age : Cbang was immediately proclaimed Empe-
ror ; but his Uncle, a petty Prince, at the fame time
feized the Palace : The Emprefs was killed, together
with her Daughter, and young Cbang faved his Lifk
by furrendring himfelf to his Uncle's Difcrtion, and
delivering the Crown irito his Hands. Juy $kg, the
deceafed Emperor's Brother, fucceeded him.
Juy tfong, the Fifth Emperor, rn'gned fwo Tears.
J

The Shortnefi of this Prince's Reign ranks him a-

mongfi thofe of whom we ha[ e little to fay. ~ 1 1
that is come to our Knowledge is, that he took Pof-
fefion of the Empire in the forty-feventh Year of the
Cycle, and died in the forty-eighth, fifty-five Years
old. Hiuen tSong, his third Son, was declared his
Succeflbr.
 Prince ought not to abate any thing of his ufiial
" Vigilance."
Ming @ng dy'd in the Gxty-feventh Year of his
Age, and the thirtieth of the Cycle, and left the
Crown to his Son Min @ng.
Min tfmg, rbe 'Tbird Emperor, reigned one Yecar.
Mn @ng was fcarce ieated on the Throne, when
Che king tang, Son-in-law of the late Emperor, came
with an Army 'of 50000 Men, which was levied by
the People of Leao tong, and making himfelf Mafler
of the Palace, depriv'd Min Gng of his Life and
Crown : This Prince was murder'd in the forty-fifth
Year of his Age, and Fi ti his adopted Son was his
Succeffbr, who was before named Lo vang.
Fi ti, the Fourth Emperor., reigiled one Tear.
Fi ti not being able to refifi the Murderer of his
-Father, fled to a Town called Guei tchou, where fee-
ing himfelf in danger, he ihut up himfelf and his
Family in a Palace, with every thing he had of any
Value, which he fet on fire, and periih'd in the
Flames. Che king tang became Emperor by the Ex-
tin&ion of this Dynafiy, and took the Name of Kao
, tju.

The Sixteenth Dynajty, nomed,Heou tfin, which

confains t w ~ oEmperors in the Space of I I Years.
Hao tibu, the ArP Emperor, reigned faten Tears.

T HhadEfoGeneral of the: Forces of Leao tong, who

much contributed to the Advancement of
Kao $u, fcrupled to acknowledge him for Emperor,
V o L. I. Ee and
 and would have taken the Title himfelf; fo that Kan
qm, not caring to undertake a new War, purchafed a
Peace at the Expence of the,Honour of his Courtry,
for, to gratify the Tartariatz General, he yielded to
him fixreen Towns of the Province of P e tche li,
which were the nearefi to Leao tong, and engaged to
give him annually 300000 Pieces of Silk ; this im-
prudent Donative very much augmented the Force and
Power of a warlike and turbulent People, and was the
Caufe of numberlefi Wars which affliaed China up-
wards of four hundred Years.
Kao @u dy'd in the thirty-ninth Year of the Cycle,
aged fifty-one Years, and his Nephew, I'j vang, was
ele&ed by the Grandees.
Tfi vang, tbc Second Emperor, rcigned four Years.
T H E barbarous People of Leao tong foon break-
ing the Treaty, made a fudden Irruption into the
Empire ; the Emperor oppos'd them with an Army
fufficient to have given them a Repulfe, which he in-
trufied to Lieosl tcbi p e n ; but this General concealing
a violent Ambition, under an Appearance of Zeal,
made ihort Marches, and by affeAed Delays gave the
Barbarians an Opportunity to make the Emperor Pri-
ioner, who feeing himfelf dethron'd was contented
to accept a h a l l Sovereignty, where heknded his
Days.
Lieou tcbi yuen took poireflion of the Crown by the
Name of Kao #I(, and was the Founder of the fol-
lowing Dynafiy.
s o Seve~teentb DynaJy , cafled Heou H a n ,
w b i c b reckons only L o Emperors in the Spacr
o f f o u r Tears.
Kao tfou, the fir$? Em~eror,reigned two Tears.
T Hravag'd
/

E Troops of Leao tong finding no Refiflance,

all the Northern Provinces, and were
marching to the South, but being itop'd by
confiderablc Bodies of Troops which poffefs'd the
Paffes, occafion'd the Tartan'an General to fay, .he
could not have believ'd the Conquefi of China would
have prov'd fo difficult ; wherefore retiring to his
Country, hecontented himfelfwith getting a rich Booty.
During thefe TranfaRions, Kao @u dy'd in the
fifty-fourth Year of his Age, and the next Year,
which was the forty-fixth of the Cycle, his Son 25 ti
fucceeded.
Yn ti, the Second Emperor, reigned two Tears.
T H E; Youth of this Prince gave occafion to the
Eunuchs to raiie Commaions, by which they en-
deavoured to regain their Authority, while the Ar- .
my was employ'd, at a diitance fiom the Court, in op-
poling the Tartars of Leao tong,
This Army was commanded by KO gun', who
fought feveral Battles with the Barbarians,. in which
he was always viEtorious, and reflored Peace to the
Northern Provinces ; but at the fame time the Court
was in Confuiion, for the Intrigues of the Eunuchs
raiied a Sedition, in which the Emperor was kill'd,
being twenty Years old. The Emprei's placed his
Brother bn the Throne, who was fcacdy h t e d before
Ko gzei arrik'ci with Triumph fiom his glorious kx-
Eez pedition,
 pedition, when the ~ r m cover'd
j him with the Ban-
ners of the Empire, and proclaim'd him Emperor.
The Emprefs abandoned the Interefi of the Brother
. of 2% ti, and paid the General the Honours due to a .
Sovereign, and he in Acknowledgment always re-
fpekted her as a Mother : He took the Name of Tai
tbu.

The Eighrcertth Dynnzy, named Heou Cheou,

which contains Three Emperors in the Spale of
nine Years. .
Tai tfou, the AT-Emperor, reigned tbree Tears.
T HtalEofnewthe Emperor fix'd his Court in the Ca i-
Province of Ho nun he rifited the g-
;
pulchre of Confucius, and to honour his Memory gave
him the Title of King.
Some of his Courtiers telling him that this Ho-
nour ill became a Man who had been always a Sub-
je&, not only to the Emperors, but alfo to a petty
King, You are mgaken, reply'd the Emperor, we
cannot give too much Honour to a Man who has been tbe
MaJer of Kings and Emyerors. Some believe that
about this time the S e a of Mahomet firit ap@ in
this Country, but other Authors fay it was ehbliihed
here in the thirteenth Dynaity of Tang.
Tai @u dy'd at the Age of fifly-three, in the fifiieth
Year of the Cycle, leaving no Heirs, but was fuc-
ceeded by Chi gong his adopted Son.
Chi tfong, tbe Second Emperor, reig~zedjxTears. .
T N E Love of bciences, and the Proofs which
Chi @ng had given of his Bravery and Skill in the
A n of War, were the Steps by which he aficended
, the
8
 the Throne ; but he was modeit in the height of his
- Grandeur, and always kept in his Palace a Plow and
a Loom to remind him of the Station and hard La-
bour of his Ancefiors.
In a Time of Scarcity he open'd all the publick
Granaries, and order'd the Rice to be fold at a very
low Rate, for which the People were to pay when
they were able ; but the Officers of the Granaries re- .
prefenting that the Poor could never pay, Hour! fiys
the Emperor, don't you know they arc my Children, and
that I am their Father ? Was a Father ever known to
. let b i ~CbiklpeviF for Hunger, for fear af lo/ing &at
be lent him ? A t the fame time he melted all the Sta-
tues of Idols to coin Mony, which was become very
fcarce. Several little Sovereigns, who had been a Iong
time independant, were fo charm'd with the Fame of
this Prince's Virtues, that they voluntarily fubmitted to
his Authority : A Memorial was prefented to him on
the proper Means for recovering the Countries the
Empire had loit during the late Troubles, which he
was confidering how to put in Execution when Death
interrupted his Proje&s, which happen'd in the fifiy-
Gxth Year of the Cycle, and the thirty-ninth of his
Age ; his Son, Cong #i, who was feven Years old, fuc-
ceeded him.
Cong ti, #be fbird Emperor, reignedjrne Montbs.
C H I I S 0 N G had put his Son Cong ti under the
Proteaion of his Colao, named Tchao quang yu, who
had diftinguiih'd himfelf in the Army, and done great
Services to the State ; the tender Age of this Prince,
and the great Abilities of his Proteaor, made the great
Officers of the State and Army reiblve to place him
on the Throne infiead of the young Prince ;they went
therefore to his Palace, and finding him in Bed, falu-
ted him Emperor, and cloath'd him in a yelllow Ha-
bit, which is the Imperial Colour. Cong ti was made
a tributary Prince in the Room of one lately difplac'd,
Ee3 and
 and thbs ended this Dynaity : STchao prong yu took the
, Name of Tai @a, and accepted the Crown with this
Condition, That his Mother fhould always take place
of him upon all Occafions.

The Nineteenfb Dyna/ilp, named Song, which con-

rains eighteen Emperors in the Space of 3 I 9
Years.
Tai tfou, the Fig Emperor, reiped fmdnteen Ears. .
N INE Emperors of this Dynaily kept their
Courts for I 60 Years in the Northern Provinces
of China, the others refided I 52 Years in the Southern
Provinces. .
Under this DynaCcy the Empire began to take Breath,
after the many Diforders, Wars, and other Misfor-
tunes it had fiffer'd ; thefe continual Storms were fuc-
ceeded by a long Calm, and the Blefings which Peace
generally rocures had been more lafting, if all the
?
Princes o this Family had prov'd as warlike as they
were learned.
l a i t/ou poirefs'd all the Qalities which the Chin@
wiih for in an Emperor, being a Prince of great Judg-
ment, diligent in Bufinefi, fober, prudent, liberal, af-
fe&ionate to his People, modeit, f+ugal, good-natur'd,
and naturally inclin'd to Clemency, which appear'd in
his mdderate Puniihment of Criminals, and his mild
and affable Behaviour to thofe he vanquifh'd ;he com-
56. manded the four Gates of his i3a!ace, which fronted the
A'U.96*' four Qarters of the World, to be ieft always open,
defiring, as he faid, that his I-Ioufe h u l d be like his
Heart, always open to his Subje&s. By this CharaAcr
of Goodnefs and Affability he regain'd the Obedience
of ten little Sovereigns, and made Peace between thefe
Princes, who had been long engag'd in continual Wars.
Intending
 C H I N EES- T A R T A RWc.
CHINA, Y, 423
Intending to banifh Luxury from the Empire, he be-
gan by reforming himfilf and the Court, and wore
only a plain a d mod& Habit, forbidding his Daugh-
ters to wear Jewels.
T o honour the Memory of his Anceflors, he gave
the Title of Emperor to his Father, his Grandfa-
ther, his Great-Grandfather, and his Great-Granclfa-
ther's Father, and made his Mother Emprefi, who
was efteem'd a Pattern of Prudence andModefty. When
the Lords came to congratulate her on the Promo-
tion of her Son, f i e did not fhow the leait Sign of
Joy; at which they being furpriz'd, f i e faid, " I
" have k e n told that the Art of Ruling well is very

b L difficult ; if my Son governs his SubjeAs with

Wifdom, I ihall receive your Compliments with
" Pleafure ; if not, I hall readily forfake thefe H o -
t' nours to finifh my Days in my former Station."
A Year before her Death f i e conjur'd her Son not
to be guided, by the partial Tenderneh of a Father, in
naming a SucceKor, but rather to make Choice of his
Brother: She added, " Remember, my Son, that
'( you owe the Crown much lefs to your own Me-
" rit, than to the Infancy of the Prince of the pre-
ceding Family,"
During a fcvere Winter, the Emperor refle&ing
on the Harclihip his Army endur'd, which was oppo-
ling the .Tartars of Leao tong in the Northern Pro-
vinces, arrd being touch'd with Cornpallion at what
they were like to fuffer from the Rigour of the Wea-
ther, he pull'd off his Garment which was lin'd with
Furrs, and fent it to the General, telling him, n n t
he wipd he could make the fame Prejint to each of bis
Soldiers : It is hard to conceive how greatly this
AAion of the Emperor rais'd the Courage and Ar-
dor of his Troops. '

This Prince order'd an Examination for the Officers

of his Army, like that for the Men of Letters, that
thofe who afpire to Poits in the Army are obliged
to pnfs through, and do not rife to the Chief Em-
F:e 4 ploy-
 ployments till they have given Proofs of their Capa-
city,, by their Writings on the Art of War, and by
their Dexterity in Horfemanfiip, and Shooting in the
Long Bow. Among the famous Men of this Reign,
two are particularly diitinguiihed, one in the Magi-
itracy, the other in the Army, the firit was called
Tcbao pou, the fecond Kao pin.
Tchao pou, who was of the Emperor's Council, was
continually prefinting fome Petition or Memorial to
admoniih him of his Duty : One Day the Emperor
being tired with fo many Remonitrances, took his
Petition and tore it before him : fchao p u very calm-
ly gather'd up the Pieces, and going home joyn'd
them together in the beit manner he could : T h e ve-
ry next Day he appear'ci before the Empemr with
the mofi ref$&ful Behaviour, and prefented the fame
Petition.
T h e Emperor, far from being angry with his Mi-
nifter, admired his Confiancy and Refolution, and to
reward his~uncommonVirtue made him Chief Colae.
I-le gave on another Occafion a great Proof of his
Love for his People : T h e Town of Naa king was be-
fieg'd by Kao pin, and reduced to the lafi Extremities ;
the Emperor, forefeeing the Slaughter which would
certainly happen on the taking this Place, feigned
himfelf Gck ; the great Officers were alarm'd, and fur-
rounding his Bed, every one was propofing fome Re-
medy ; " T h e moil effe&ull Remedy, replykl the Em-
" peror, and from which I expe& a Cure, depends
'' only on you : Swear that you will not &ed the
'' Blood of the Citizens." They all fwore according-
ly, and the Emperor feem'd immediately to recover.
T h e Generals took fuch wife Precautions, that the
Lives of very few of the Inhabitants were facrificed
t o the Rage of the Soldiers.
And even this drew Tears fiom the Emperor :
" Alas! faid he, what a melancholy thing is War,

5' which cannot be carried on without deitroying in-

'f nocenf
 C H I N E S E - T A R T&A
CHINA, c. R Y ,
6' nocent Perfons ! " And as the Town had fuffered

by Famine during the Siege, as 4oon as it was taken

he Cent xooooo Meafures of Rice to be divided a-
mong the People.
For the Encouragement of Learning he vifited the
Birth-place of the celebrated Cottfucius, and compofid
an Oration in his Praife : H e alfo beftow'd on one of
his Defcendants a Title of Honour, which gave him
a confiderable Rank in the Empire. Ibi +u died the
thirteenth Year of the Cycle, having nam'd his Bro-
ther Tai @ragto Cucceed him, as he had been advifed
by his Mother on her Death-bed.
Tai tfong, the Second Emperor, reigned 2 I Tears.
fl'A I I S 0 N G was a Prince of great Moderation,
and a general Patron of learned Men ; he was learned
himfelf, and imploy'd part of the Day in Reading:
H e had a Library which contained 80,000Volumes.
In an Exbedition which he undertook to LMue a
little Kingdom, and make it a Province of the Empire,
he laid Siege to the principal City, and there happen-
ing one Night a great Diiturbance in the Camp, which
was commanded by Bchao the Emperor's Brother, the
next Day a Report was fpread, that a ProjeA of the
Soldiers, to fet l c b m their General on the Throne,
was the Occafion of the Tumult, the Emperor con-
cealing his Refentment employ'd himfelf wholly to
reduce the Town : Some time afier it was taken, his
Brother in Converfation faid, He wonder'd that tb@
who had dginguified them/elves in the Siege werefi long
unrmavded : I expetted, anfwer'd the Emperor, that
you would reward their Services.
This Anfwer fo vex'd Tchao that he kill'd himfelf
before Night : When the Emperor heard of his Bro-
ther's Death, he fainted and ihed a Flood of Tears,
ofien embraced his Body, and cauf'ed his Funeral Ob-
fequies to be perform'd with great Solemnity.
 H e paflionately wiih'd to recover thofe Towns his
Predecefforshad yielded to the Tartarsof Lcao tong ;but
rhe Commander in Chief of his Army, Tchang /3 bicn,
always diffuaded him from this Undertaking : 4 is pro-
per j r - , [aid he, to Jecure the Peace of the Empire,
and when that is well @abl@ed, wefiall more eajb
reduce th$e Barbarians.
The Emperor not following this Counfel, feveral
Battles were fought, in which fometimes the Chin+
and fometimes the Tartars gain'd the Advantage. The
General TcbangJi bien made ufe 0f.a remarkable Stra-
tagem to raife the Siege of a Town; he detach'd
3 0 Soldiers
~ carrying each a lighted Torch, with Or-
ders to ap roach the Enemy's Camp, who being fur-
P
prifed at uch a Number ot Lights, thought that the
whole Army was pouring upon them : Struck with
a general Panick they immediately fled, and the Ge-
neral having laid Ambufcades in all their PaiTages,
very few of the Fugitives efcap'd Slaughter. This
,Prince died at the Age of fifty-nine Years, and was iuc-
ceeded by his third Son fcbin @ng.
Tchin tfong, the G i r d , Emperor, reigned 25 Ears.
T C H I N T S O N G began his Reign in fuch a
Manner as gave the People great Expettations : Up.
on the Appearance ot' a Comet, which was look'd
upon as a Prehge'of fome Calamity, he publiih'd an
EdiA, that they ihould let him know his Faults, in
order to amend his ConduCt, thereby to avert the
Evil which threatned the Empire, and at the L~me
Time remitted ~oooooooof the Taxes, andi'et 3000
Prifoners at Liberty. H e thought hi:nfelf indebted to
'
the Sovereign of Heaven for his Son who was now
born, becaufe he had for fome time pait addreffed
continual Prayers to him for an Heir to fucceed him.
The fartars of Leao tong having laid Siege to a
Town in the Province of P e tcbc li, the Emperor
march'd thither with his Army, and his Arrival,
which
 C H I N AC,H I N E S E - T A R T A R Y , &c. 427
which was fudden and unexpelted, fo terrified the *
Barbarians, that they initan,tly raifed the Siege. The
Emperor was advifeed to take Advagage of their Con-
iternation, and regain the Country which had been
yielded to the Tartars, and is blam'd for negleaing
to purfue bis ViAory, and for making a Treaty, af-
ter their fhameful Retreat, as difadvantageous as if he
had been beaten ; for he gave them ~ooooofacis,
and agreed to pay annually 200000 Pieces of Silk.
His Credulity is alfo blam'd, which gave Encou- ,
ragement to Magic, and many other Superflitions : In
the eleventh Year of the Cycle, being told that a
Book fell froy Heaven near one of the Gates of the
Imperial City, he immediately thought of going in
Perfon to receive the Celeitial Gift : His Colaos en-
A

deavour'd to prevent fuch an imprudent Step, by re-

preienting in itrong Terms, that it was only an Im-
pofiure of fome idle People to flatter the Emperor,
and that the Book ought to be burnt ; he remain'd
fome time in Suf'penfe, but at lait refolv'd .to fol-
l o w his firit Defign, becaufe, as he faid, a Spirit had
appear'd to him in a Dreain a b u t a Year before, and
promifed him this wonderful Book. H e fet out di-
reEtly afoot with feveral of his Courtiers, and re-
ceiv'd this miraculous Book with the greateit RefpeB,
and built a Temple on the Place where it fell.
Upon Examination it ap ear'd -to be h l l of En-
P
chantments, and contain'd a 1 the Principles of the
abominable Se& of fao ;concerning which an Interpre-
ter, named Hotl /in gnan, obferves, that from this fatal
Time the Refpe& and Honour due to the Sovereign
of Heaven has very much decreafed among greac
Numbers of the Cbinge. -
In the fixteenth Year of his Reign he caufed all
the Peopk to be number'd, who by their Station might ,
be employ'd in Agriculture, and there were found
2 1976965 Peribns able to cultivate the Lands. This
Number does not comprehend the Magiitrates, the
Learned,
428 Z%e G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
Learned, the Eunuchs, the Soldiers, the Bonzes, nor
thofe who-live on the Rivers in floating Towns, of
whom there is arlrincredible Number.
A Colao, named Van tan, being at the Point of
Death, call'd his Children, and fpake to them as fbl-
lows; My Confcience does not re roach me for
f
" having done any thing againit the ntereit of the
" Emperor or the Publick Good, but there is one
'' thing 1 cannot forgive my felf, and that is not hi-
*' ving advifed the Emperor to burn that pernicious
Book which he received with fo much Ref*. I
" d d i to be uniihed for it afier my Death ; where-
I'
" fore, my C lildren, I command you, as f i n as I
am dead to fhave my Head and my Face, and
" bury me like a wretched Bonze, without Cap or
" Girdle." T h e Emperor havhg reprinted the an-
cient Books, to difperfe them thro' the Empire, died
the fifty-ninth of the Cycle, aged fifiy-nine Years.
Gin @ng his iixth Son by his fecond Queen was hi
Succeffor.
Gin tfong, the Fourth Emperor, reigned 41 Ytars.
G I N TS O N G was but thirteen Years old when
he was proclaim'd Emperor : The Emprefs govern*d
during his Minority, and continued in Power till her
Death, which happen'd eleven Years after the Accef-
fion of this Prince, who always paid the fame Defe-
rence to her, as if fhe had been his own Mother.
As foon as he took the Government upon himfelf,
his whole Ernploymcnt was to prefewe the Peace of
, his Dominions, and to make his SubjeAs taite the
Sweets of it : His pacifick Difpofition raifd the Cou-
rage and Ambition of the Tartars of Leao tong, and
they had renew'd the War if the Emperor had not
bought a Peace on mofi ihameful Conditions.
The befi thing he did was clearing his Palace of
all the Idols and their Worihippers : When the Em-
pire fuffer'd by a great Drought in the twenty-fixth
Year
 Qc.
C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A R Y , 429
~ h a of
r his Reign, a plentiful Raii*following was the
Caufi of a publick Rejoycing, and all the great 0%-
cers somplirnented the Emperor on this Occaiion.
6 6 All the Time, faid this Prince, that my People

'c fufer'd, I never fail'd daily to burn Incenfe, and

a lift up my Hands to Heaven. Hearing the NoiE
of Thunder in the Night, I rofe hatlihaitily out of
Bed and went into my Garden, and as foon as the
" Rain fell I proftrated my felf on the Earth to re-
" turn Thanks to the fupreme Lord : T h e Favour
I ask of you is to fpeak boldly what you think
amifs in my Behaviour ; perhaps I have only the
empty Title of Emperor, and am blind to my
" own Defer%, being dazzled by the Splendor of
" my Greatnefs : I f'ee of what Importance it is to
" addrefs my Prayers to Heaven Morning and Even-
'' ing with a clean Heart."
The great Defire he had of a Son made him di-
vorce the Emprefs ;ibme approv'd this Condult, but
this was generally look'd upon as a Blemifh in his Cha-
raAer ; but he was univerfally applauded for the Suc- .
cour he fent his Subjefls, by the Counfel and Care
of a Colao nam'd Fou pi;, which fav'd the Lives of
500000 People, who were ready to perifh with Hun..
ger. A h t the fame time he had another Vexation ;
H e n tSong, feventh King of the Lem tong Tartars,
fent an Embaffy to demand the Refiitution of ten
Towns in the Province of Pe tche li, which had been
retaken by the Founder of the eighteenth Bynaity :
T h e Emperor, who was fond of Peace, difpatch'd
I;ou pie' to the Tartar Prince, and initead of the Towns
he demanded, engaged to pay him yearly zooooo
Taels, and 300000 Pieces of Silk ; and to complete
his Difgrace made ufe of the Charalter Na in the
Treaty, which fignifies a Tributary. After he had di-
vorced the Emprefs he married the Grand-daughter
of the famous Kao pin, but had no Heirs by this Prin-
cefi. Finding himfelf near his End, he was oblig'd
to
to name Eg 4% for his Succeffor, who was the
thirteenth' Son of his Brother ; he died at the Age of
fifty-four, in the fortieth Year of the Cycle. =

Yng tfong, the F$th Emperor, reigned four Tears.

T H E firit Year of the Reign of Tng tJng there
was fome Difference between him and the Empreis,
who had a Share in the Government, the b exation
of which had given him a Fit of Sicknefi : Upon his
Recovery he made the Emprefi a Viiit, which was
contrived by his Colao, Hoan ki.
This wife bliniiter, having ihow'd them the MiG
fortunes their Quarrels would produce, exhorted the
Emperor in particular to pay the Emprefi the Re-
fpe& and Duty of a Son, tho' f i e was not his Mo-
ther, and tho' ihe ihould prove of a difagreeable Tem-
per. H e repreknted to him that Virtue was eafidy
pra&ifed among our Friends, whofe Complaifance en-
gages our Affe&ion, but that we do not deferve to be
call'd Virtuous till we have been tried, and fupport the
Charaaer in the midit of Oppofition ; that he fhould
have always in remembrance the Example of the
great Emperor, whofe RefpeR ~ n d09dience were
never diminifhed by the harih Ufage of a barbarous
Father, aid a cruel Step-mother. The Care of this
Minifier perfeAly reconcil'd the Emperor and Em-
preb, and the Reconciliation was fo fincere, that
firortly dter the Emprefs intirely refign'd her Part of
the Government.
The Colao, namy Sou ma quang, flouriih'd at this
Time, who is one of their beit Hiitorians : H e is
the Author of a Hfiory compiled from above zoo0
Volumes ; his Annals begin with Heang ti, the third
Emperor of China: '

Yng gong died the forty-fourth Year of the Cycle,

aged thirty-fix : He was fucceeded by his Son Cbilt
tbng.
Chin
 Chin tibng, the Sixth Emperor, reigned I 8 Years.
T H I S Prince had more Courage than ConduB :
H e pafionately defired to deliver the Northern Pro-
vinces from the Yoke of Barbarians ; but he was dif-
fuaded from it by,the Counfel his Mother gave him
at her Death, to preferve Peace upon any Terms.
Learned Men had a great Share of his Favour ;he
gave the Title of Duke to Menciur, who is reckon'd
the greateft Philofopher after Confucius his Mailer,
.who had been declared a King by a former Emperor.
In this Reign flouriked ieveral Authors of a new
Philofophy, who undertook to explain the ancient
Books ;they were called Icbeou, Tcbing, Icbang, Cbao,
&c. The Emperor diitinguiihed them by Titles of
Honour while they lived, and afier their Death Yang
ngan cbe, one of thefe new Philofophers, who began
to entertain Atheiftical Principles, obferving that the
Emperor appear'd fad in a dry Seafon, and endea-
vour'd to appeafe the Anger of Heaven by Fatting
and Prayer ; " T o what purpofe do you afflia your
" felf, fays he, and what have you to fear from
" Heaven ? Know, 0 Prince, that all Events arc
" the EffeB of Chance, and that your Labour is in
" vain." Fou pie, a Colao of Diftinaion, could not
bear this Difcourfe, c ' H o w dare you teach fuch Doc-
" trine? f ~ y she in an angry Tone ; if an Emperor
" ihould lofe all RefpeB and Fear of Heaven, what
" Crimes would he not be capable of committing ?
The fame Yang ngan tcbe ftrove to introduce ma-
ny other Novelties ; but the celebrated Sou ma quang,
who was in great eiteem, vigoroufly oppos'd ail the I
Projeas of this raih and fuperficial Genius. Chin
tfoxg died in the fecond Year of the Cycle, at t hir~y-W e 580
eight Years of Age, his Son named fche tbng being An-nom.
his Succeffor. 1086

Tchc
 Tche tfong, the Seventh Emperor, reigned I 5 Tears.
TC H E TS 0N G , who was but ten Years old
at his Accefiion to the Throne, was under the Care
of the Emprefs his Grandmother; f i e govern'd the
Empire with great Prudence during the eight Years
that fhe liv'd : A little before her Death fhe ordered
the Colaos to expel fi-om Court the great Number of
ufelefs Miniiters, who were only fit to corrupt the
young Prince ; but the Order was too late, fhe ought
to have done it when it was in her Power : Litc kong
tchu, being rais'd to the Dignity of Colao, prefented a
Memorial to the Emperor, which contain'd the ten
.'
following Counfels. I Fear Heaven. 2. Love your
Suhj&s. 3. Endeavour to be perf&. 4. Apply your
Elf to the Sciences. 5. Give Imployments to Per-
ibns of Merit. 6 Be ready to hear Advice. 7. Lef-
h the Taxes. 8. Mitigate the Severity of Yunifh-
ments. g. Shun Prodigality. 10. Deteft vicious Plea-
fires.
The Emperbr divorced his Wife, upon which one
of his Minifiers prefmting a Memorial containing
Remonfirances on this Occafion, the Prince told
him, He kadfollow'd tbe Example $@me of his An-
c@ors : To# had better (replied the Miniiter) imitate
their Twtue~than their Faults. The Emperor was fo
Rung with this Reply, that he threw down the Me-
morial, and trampled upon it, and depriv'd the Co-
Zao of his Dignity for glving him this Advice.
Tche $ng was but twenty-five.Years of Age when
he died, in the feventeenth Year of the Cycle. Hun'
@ng was his Succeffor ; he was the eleventh Son of
Cbin f i g , the Gxth Emperor of this Dynafiy.
Hoei tibng, tbe figbtb Emperor, reigned 25 Tears.
HOE I TS 0 N G divided his Authority with the
Emprefs his Grandmother, and fpent more Time in
the Pleafures of his Court, than in the BuGnefs of the
State,
State, yet Be loved Literature, in which he had made
a confiderable Progrds.
Tho' he could not be ignorant of the Troubles oc+
cafioned in former Times by the Power of the Eu-
nuchs, yp he honour'd them with his Favour and
ProteBion, and went fo far as to grant Sovereignties
to fome of them, which were never befiow'd bur on
Princes of the Imperial Family, or to great Men who
had done fignal Services to the Empire : This was an
Error which admits of no Excde.
His Reputation fiffer'd more by his Adherence to
the S e a of l a o ; for he carefully collelted all the Books
which contained their Dottrine, and was fo infatua-
ted as to give the Title of Chang ti, that is, Supreme
Lord, to a famous Difciple among them, named
Tcbang .y ; nay, he went farther, for he declared hirn-
felf Head of this impious Se&.
The Authors of this Time cannot forbear-railing
againit thefe Proceedings, and readily afcribe all the
fucceeding Misfortunes, and the Deltrultion of the
Empire to this enormous Blafphemy, which was fo
diihonourable to the true Lord of Heaven.
The Emperor, contrary to the Advice of the King
of Corea, and the Majority of his Minifiers, joined
Forces with the Eaitern Tartars, called Niu &he, in-
tending, with this additional Strength, to defiroy the
Kingdom of Leao tong : T h e fartars joyhlly enter'd
into this Confederacy, and feveralBattles were fought, in
which the Army of Leao tong was always defeated, and
reduced at lait to that Extremity, that the Remnant
of the People were obliged to fly for Safety to the
Weitern Mountains. Thus ended the Government of
Leao tong, which in two hundred and nine Years was
ruled by nine Princes : The Tartar General grew fo '

proud of this Conquefi, that he determined to found

an Empire by the Name of Kin,
Soon afier, feeking to aggrandize himielf, he open-
l y broke the Treaties he had made with the Emperor
V O L . I. Ff of
 of China, and invading the Provinces of P e tcbt li
and Chen Ji, made himfelf Maiter of them more by
the Treachery of fome Chinge Malecontents, than by
the Strength of his Arms. T h e Emperor, fearing he
fhould lofe the greateit pan of his Dominions, made
the Tartars feveral advantageous Propoids : T h e Tar-
tar Prince invited the Emperor to come in Perfon,
and fettle the Limits of the two Empires; he ac-
cepted the Invitation, and they agreed on new Ar-
ticles .to ratifjr the Peace ; but on the Emperor's Re-
turn to his Capital City, his Minifters made him
change his Defign, telling him, that the Treaty ought
not to take place, and that the iharpeft W a r was pre-
ferable to fucfi a fhameful Peace. T h e Tartar, who was
inform'd of this Refolution, had immediately recourfe
to Arms, and taking feveral Towns entcr'd the Pro-
vince of Cban /i in 1 riumph, and defired the Emperor
to come a fecond time and fettle their Limits. This
unhappy Prince, who dreaded War, was fo weak as
to go to his Enemy, who prefently afier his Arrival
kept him Prifoner, and ftript him of all the Enfigns
of1 his Dignity. A faithful Minifier named Li ji ccbin,
who accompanied the Emperor, enraged at fuch bafe
Treachery, cry'd out with a deep Sigh ; " Heaven
'' cannot have two Suns, nor I obey two Mailers."
T h e Tartars endeavour'd to appease him, but they
only encreafed his Fiiry, and in the Height of his
Paffion he killed himfilf, afier he had cut off his Lips
and his Tongue
Hoei $ng died in the Defart of Cha me, where he
was confined, the forty-fecond Year of the Cycle, aged
fifty-four Years ; before his Death he named Kin qong
his eldeft Son to fucceed him.
Kin tfong, tbt Ninth Emperor, reigntd one %r.
Kin $ng began his Reign by executing the Orders
of his Father, who had enjoin'd him to put to'death
iix of his Miniiters, that had betrayed him to the
Tartars ;
 Tartars ; neverthelefi they pudued their Conqueits,
invading the Province of Ho nan, and pafing the
Yellow River without Oppofition ; they were even
furprized at the Indolence of the Chinge, who with a
handhl of Men could have prevented their pafling *
this River ; then they marched direaly to the Imperial
City, which they took and plunder'd, carrying away
Captives the Emperor and his %eem : The princi-
pal Lords, and feveral of the Mini ers, preferr'd Death
before fuch an ignominious Bondage : The fartars
did not carry off the Emprefs Meng, becaufe fie told
them fie was divorced, and had no Concern in the
Management of Affairs. . This Princefi preferv'd the.
Empire by her prudent Condu&, in gaining over the
principal Perfons, and placing Kao @ng on the
Throne; he was Brother pf the lafi Emperor, and
ninth Son of Hoei @ng, by the Emprds he divorced;
Kao tfong, the Tenth Emperor, reigned 36 Tears.
KAO FTS 0NG firit refided at Nan king, but
fhortly after was obliged to remove the Court to
Hang tcbeou, Capital of the Provi~ceof f'cbe kinng :
Tho' he was of a peaceable Difpofition, and a Lover
of Learning, yet he gain'd feveral Viaories over the
firtars, and alfo over ibme rebellious Leaders, who
took advantage of the prefent Troubles to enrich
thernfelves by plundering the Provinces.
Cong ye, who commanded his Army, had feveral
times repuls'd the Tartars, but with little Profit, fince
the Emperor could never regain any of the conquer'd
Countries : This Prince is blamed for two things; Firlt,
for flighting Miniiters of the greatefi Skill and Inte-
grity, and placing his whole Confidence in two or
three Sharpers : Secondly, for being fo much devo,-
ted to the Se& of the Bonzes, that he abandon'd the
Government to his adopted Son, that he might have
the more Time for their fuperfiitious Contempla-
tions.
Ff2 Hi
 Hi Gng, the Tartar King, to gain the Love of his
Subjetis gave publick Proofs of his Efteem for Learn-
ing and learned Men ; alfo vifited the Hall of Con-
fuciu~, and paid him regal Honours : The Courtiers
were difpleafed that a Man of iuch mean Extra&ion
ihould receive fuch Honours, and difcover'd their Sur-
prife. to the King : H e reply'd, " If he does not de-
- " ferve thefe Honours by his Birth, he deferves them
for his excellent DoArine : H e fell afterwards on
the Town of Nan king, fr6m whence the Emperor
was retired, and took it.
T h e Fidelity of a Cbinej General, who was made
Prifoner, is highly commended ; he was greatly im-
ponun'd to iide with the Tartars, but he refufed the
moil advantageous Offers, and wrote with his Blood
on his Robe, " That he had rather die; and meet the
Spirit of the Imperial Family of Seng, than live tb
'r ferve the Barbarians.'' This refolute Behaviour coit
him his Life, for he was inhntly killed.
In the mean time Toj,another ChinG General, was
advancing by long Marches to relieve the Town of
Nan king ; the Tartars had notice of it, and fitting
Fire to the Palace retired towards the North. Toj
arriv'd time enough to attack their Rear- Guard, which
fuffer'd very much : They never afterward rentursd to
crofi the River Kiang.
Cycle 52. A few Years afier the Emperor made Peace with
An. Dom. the Tartar King on very diihonourable Conditions ;
I I449 . for in Ggning this Treaty he made uCe of the Word
Tcbin, which iignifies SubjeB, and of Cong, which is
Tributary: The Tartar, in confideration of thefe
fubmiflive Terms, engaged to iend the Emperor the
Bodies of eight of his Relations, who had died within
eight Y ears :When thefe Bodies were brought to the Irn-
perial City, they were received with great Demon-
itrations of Joy, the Prifon-Doors were fit open, and
a general Pardon granted to the whole Empire.
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T &c.
ARY, 437
T h e Chineje Authors highly praife this Atlion, as a
rare Example of filial Piety : In the thirtieth Year
of this Reign the Tartar King broke the Peace, and
with a formidable Army invaded the Provinces of the
South, and took the Town of Tang tcbeou, and ap-
proaching the River Tang @ kiang, which is near the
City, he commanded his Troops to afs over near the
K
Mouth of the River, where it is wide and moil rapid ;
upon which the whole Army mutinied, and the King was
kllled in the beginning of the Tumult ; the Army
initant1y retired towards the North, where feveral
Troubles began to appear. In the 19th Year of the
Cycle, Kao @ng refign'd the Crowd to his adopted
Son Hiao @ng ; he lived twenty-four Years afier, and
died without Children, at the Age of eighty-four Years.
Hiao tfong, tbe EIeventb Emperor, reigned 27 Tears.
H I A 0 TS 0 N G was defcended from the Foun-
der of this Dynaity, and enjoy'& quiet and peacehl
Reign, becaufe the Tartar King, named Cbe tjing,
was of a gentle and pacifick Difpoiition.
fcbu hi, one of the moit celebrated Interpreters of
the Ancient Books, flouriih'd at this time ; he enjoy'd,
with Honour, the f i f i Pofts in the State under four
Emperors.
Hino @ng died fixty-eight Years old, in !the forty-
fixth Year of the Cycle ; his third Son named @ang ' -
@ng was his Succeffor.
Quang tibng, tbe TwelfthEmperor, rtigned jive 2"rar.s.
3 U . AN G I S 0N G was feized by an Apoplexy,
in the fifty-firit Year of the Cycle, and died a few
Days afier, aged fifiy-four Years ; he was fucceeded
by his third Son Ning tjing.
Ning tibng, thc Tlirteentb Enaperor, reigned 3 0 Years.
N I N G TS 0N G was with Difficulty ~erfu'unded
to accept of the Crown, and was in fame mcafure
F f 3 obli~ed
 obliged to afcend the Throne againit his Inclination :
H e was of a temperate and gentle Difpofition, but
withal of fich a narrow Genius, that his Courtiers
ruled him as they pleaied, or rather continually irn-
ofed on his Credulity. H e publifhed an Edi&, which
grbid all private Perfons to write -or print any Annals
of the Empire, without the Licence of the Gover~-
rqent. . .

About this time died the famous T'chu bi, who was
honoured after his Death with the Title of Yen kong,
which fignifies Prince of Learning, and his Tablette
was f s up in the Hall of Confucius, in the Rank of his
Difciples. It is a Cuitom efiabliihed in China, that
when any Perlon has remarkably diitinguifh'd him-
felf by his Virtue, or Knowledge in the Art of Go-
vernment, the Emperors rank him among the Diici-
ples of Confucius, that he may partake of the Ho-
nours which the Mandarins and learned Men pay to
his Memory on certain Days in the Year. The Pa-
lace was fet on fire, and continued burning four Days,
and fome Years after a Fire happen'd in the Imperial
Town of Hang tchcou, which confumed 530000
Houfes.
~ c l 60.
e The twelfih Year of this Reign, the * Chief of
An.,Dom. the Weitern Tartars laid the Foundation of his Em-
Izo4- pire, and gave his Family the Name of Tien. Theft.
f a r t a n poireis the Country which extends from the
Province of Chcn Ji to Ihibet, and to Samarcand.
Since they had been entirely defeated by the fifih
Emperor of the fifth Dynaity Ban, about a hundred
Years before the Chriitian B r a , they paid a great Re-
ard to the Chinefe Power, either becaufe the Wefiern
$eople of A'a found them Employment, or becauk
their Forces were divided among many pay Sovc-
reigns, who not being always in Friendih~pwith each
pther, were not able to undertake any Enterprife
- - --

* Gis Cbirf i s h i d t o br the famow Zinghis b.

-
 C H I N ACHINESE-TARTARY,
, &c. 439
againit China. R fabulous Story is reported of thefe
Tartars, that having deilroy'd the Kingdom of Ma-
fmn, and carried their Conquefts to the Indies and
Snmarcand, they advanced to Tie muen, that is, the
Iron Gate, which was the Name of a Cittadel ; that
in this Place their General was ftopt by a Moniter
haped like a Hart, his Skin was green, and he had
a Horn in his Fore-head, and a Tail like a Horfe.
This Monfier fpoke to the Tartar Prince, and ask'd '
him if he was not ratisfied with fo much Blood and
Slaughter, and if his Fury would have no Bounds ?
This fo frighted the Fartat, that he return'd to his
own Country, and . fometime afterwards invaded
China. I
In the mean time the Eaitern Tartars broke the
Peace, and made an Irruption into the Empire.
Upon this the Emperor enter'd into a League with
the Prince of Wefi Tartary to defiroy the Eaitern
firtars, hoping to rid himfelf of an Enemy, who de-
rided the Faith o f Treaties, and continually harrapd
the Country. The Eafiern Tartars, in a. great Con-
iternation, immediateiy fued for Peace, and made very
advantageous Propofals ; but the Emperor, incenfed
by their Rredch of the moil folemn Treaties, and de-
pending more on the Faith of the Weitern larfars,
icornfully rejeRed thefe Conditions. Ning $ng died
without Iffue the twenty-firit Year of the Cycle, aged
fifty-feven Years. H e was fucceeded by Li @ng,
who was defcended from the Founder af this Dy-
na*,
L i tfong, the Fourteenth Emperor, reigned 40 23nr.r.
T H E prdent ConjunAure required a warlike
Prince, but Li t/^ongwas entirely devoted to the Sci-
ences, and very much attach'd to the mad Opinion
of the SeR of Tau :, In the fecond Year ofhis Reign
he gave the Title of Duke in perpetuity to the eldeft
son of the Family of Confucius ; this is the only Fq-
Ff+ mily
 f i e G E N E R AHLI S T OofR Y
mily in the Empire which is exempted from paying
Tribute.
In the mean time the War was carry'd on againit
the Fartars with great Vigour, for they were attack'd
on one fide by the Chin+, and on the other by the
Weftefn Tartars, commanded by a skilfbl General
named Pe yen, and were defeated in fmeral En--
ments. T h e Town of Ho nun was taken, where the
King of Ealt fartary kept his Court, and the Capital
of the Province of Chan tong was befieged ; the Siege
held a long Time, for the Beiieged defended the
Place fo obltinately, that they were driven by Fa-
mine to feed on human Fleih : At length Ngai ti, the
Tartar Prince, defpairing of Relief, hang'd himfelf ;
his Death put an end to the Empire of'the Eafiern
Tartars, which had been rul'd by nine Princes in the
Space of I I 7 Years : Neverthelefi the fmall Re-
mains of there People gave rife to the Family, which
afierwards pofifs'd the Empire of Cbina, and govern
it with Glory to this Day, as we hall fee in the Se-
quel.
Whillt Li $t.g had only the Southern Provinces of
China under his Dominion, the Weitern Tartars had
the Empire of the North. Their King Ho pie lie, who
had fiudied the Sciences, gain'd the good Will of his
SubjeAs by the Encouragement he gave to Learning,
and by doing Honour to the Memory of Confucius,
whom the Learned of China reverence as their Ma-
iter. Li qonf died without Iffue the firft Year of the
Cycle, aged iixty two Years ; l o u @ng his Nephew
fucceeded him.
T o u tfong, tbe Fifteenth Emperor, reigned ten Tears.
T H E vicious Courfes to which I'au @zg was a-
bandon'd, prov'd fatal to himfelf and the Empire.
H e was fupported in his Follies by a treacherous Co-
lao, who was equally a Slave to the moit criminal
Pafiions.
The
 The Miniiters prefented Memorials to difingage the
Emperor fiom this wicked Man, but without SucceS.
Many of them, feeing no Remedy for the Misfortunes
which were ready to fall on the Imperial FBmily, re..
tired to the Weitern l ~ r t a r s who
, were purfuing their
Defign of conquering the Empire: Their Army
I
having overrun the Provinces of Tun nun, Se tchuen,
and Chen Jt, enter'd the Province of Hou qua% ;
moit of the Cities open'd the Gates to the Conqueror,
whilit the wretched lou $ng, diffolv'd in Pleafures,
was robb'd of his Dominions by degrees, before he
was inform'd of theie Misfortunes.
It was about this Time that Mark Paul, a Ye-
netian Gentleman, came into China, and travelled
thro' the fineit Provinces of this Country, of which
he afterwards publiih'd a Relation which gain'd but
little Credit in Europe.
Tou t/ng died the eleventh Year of the Cycle, aged
twenty-five Years, leaving three young Children,
who were born to be the Sport of Fortune. Kong @ng
his fecond Son,was plac'd upon the tottering Throne.
Kong tfong, the Sixteenth Emperor, reigned two Years.
T H E Emprefi governing during the Infancy of
Kong $ng, fent Ambaffadors to the Tartar Prince
to beg Peace, fubrnitting to the moit humble and
hardeit Conditions.
- The Tartar King, without the leait Compafion,
aniwer'd, " Your Family owes its Rife to the I n h -
" cy of the preceding Dynaity, it is therefore juft
" that the Remains of the Family of Tjng, who
'' are Infants, fhould give place to another Family.
In the interim Peyen, the Tartar General, advanc'd
with a numerous Army, and nothing itopt the Pro- -
grefs of the Conqueror; Pe yen is highly prai-
fed for his Prudence, in conduaing an Army
of 200000 Men with as much eafe as a Gngle
Soldier ; and for his Mode*,
' which was fo re-
mark-
markable, that in the midR of all his vittiries he
never ipok the leait Word ~his own Praife. T h e
,
thirteenth Year of the Cycle he took the Emperor
Prifoner, who died in the Defart of f i r t a r - call'd
Kobi or Cba mr ; this Prince was but ten Years old,
and was fucceeded by his eldeit Brother T i a n @ng
in the Empire and his Misfortunes.
Touan tfong, the Smenteentb Emperor, reigned 2 Tears.
T H E vilkorious March of die fartar, who met
with no Refitlance, oblig'd the Emperor to go on
board his Fleet, with the Lords of his Court, and the
Remains of his Army, which confified of 130000
Men ; they would have retir'd towards,the Province
of F o Lien, but being purfued by the Tartars, both by
Sea and Land, they were oblig'd to fly to the Coait
of %tang tong, which is the lait Province of China,
where the Emperor died of a DiEafe, aged I I Years,
His younger Brother Ti ping, who was fhe lafi of tho
Family of Song, was his Succeffor.
T i ping, tbe Eighteenth Emperor, reigned two Tears. '

T H E Cbinge Fleet, being overtaken by the Tar-

tarian Fleet, could not avoid an En~agement,which
proved very bloody, and decifive in favour of the
Tartars, who gain'd a complete Vifiory.
The Colao Li jieoufi, who had the Care of the Em-
peror, feing his Ship furrounded by the fartarian Vef-
fels, took the young Prince i r l his Arms, being but
eight Years, and threw hirnfelf with him into the Sea.
The reit of the Lords and Minifters follow'd his Ex-
ample : The Emprefi, frantick in Def air, with hor-
R
rid Shrieks threw herfelf alfo into t e Sea : This
terrible Cataftrophe happen'd near an Ifland in the
DiRri& of $&an- tcbeou fou, Capital of the Province
of @ang tong : Another General, who commanded a
Part of the Chinge Fleet, fought his Way through
@e Enemy, and efcaped their Fury with Come of his
Vef-
 CHINA, Wc.
CHINESE-TARTA R Y , 443.
Veffels ; he did his utmofi Endeavour to make to
Shore, but he was drove off by a firong Land Wind,
and a violent Storm arifing at the fame Time, he
was infiantly funk with all that follow'd him.
It is affirm'd that above ~oooooCbinfi perifh'd in
this Fight, either by the Sword or the Sea, into
which the greatefi Part threw themfelves in Deipair.
Thus ended the Dynafiy of Song, the lait of the Cbi- -
n$ Emperors : Cbi Gu, who was before called Hopi
lie, the fourth Son of fai @, the Founder of the Em-
pire of the Weitern firtars, took Poffellion of his
new Conqueit, and was the firfi Emperor of this new
Dynafiy.

The Twentieth Dynapy, called Yuen, wbicb con-

tabs nine Emperors in the Space of eigbty-
nine Tears.
Chi tfou, the Er/t Emperor, reigned Jifbeen Years.
T H E CbinG, who for fo many Ages had been
govern'd by their own Princes, now firit be-
fubjeff to a foreign Power, if we may call this' Em.
peror a Foreigner, who in all his Behaviour feem'd
rather a Cbinej2 than a Tartar. At his coming to
the Crown he made 110 Alteration, neither in the
Minlfiry nor in the Laws and Cuitoms; he was fo
conformable to the Humour of his new Subj*, and
gain'd their AffeBions to that degree by his f i i &
Honour, his Equity, by the Prote&ion he gave to
Men of Letters, and by his tender Love of his Peo-
le, that at prefent the Adminibtion of this G r t a r
gamily is call'd ibr w i j Government.
He firfi fettled his Court at Tai yuen fm, Capital
pf the Province of Cban Ji, and afienvards remov'd
jt to Peking : This Town js call'd Cam balu, initcad .
of
444 f i e G E N E R AH
LI S T O RofY
of Ham pak, by Mark Paul the Venetian, k r in
the Tartar Langua e Ham fignifies King, and Palu
B
a Court or Seat o the Emperor ; it is eafy for a
er to miitake the Pronunciation of Words, .
Str3
the eaning of which he carlnot readily attain to ;this
has made him corrupt the Names of feveral other Chi-
n$ Cities.
The Emperor made a Declaration, that all Per-
fons fhould continue in the Employments they pof-
' '
fefs'd in the preceding Reign, but fome refus'd the
Offer, and preferr'd a voluntary Death before an ho-
nourable Servitude ; one of thefe was a Colao, named
yen tien jian, who was taken Prifoher in the Sea-
Fight.
It was rePrkrented to him in vain that there was
no hopes of reitoring the Family of Song, which was
extin&, that a wife Man ought to Gblnit to Fate,
that the Emperor knew his Merit, and he might be d-
fur'd of his Favour.
b c A faithfbl Minifier, replyyd the Colao, is at-
a tachyd to his Mafier as a Son is to his Father ; if
his Father is fick he ufes all manner of Remedies
' !
I
'' for his Cure ; if the Strength of the Difeafe pre-
LC vails over thefe Remedies, he itill continues his

" Endeavours to give him Eafe, that he may hlfil

" the Duties of filial Piety, and is itill fenfible that
" Heaven is the fovereign Arbiter of Life and Death."

'
This was all the Anfwer he would make, and all En-
deavours to conquer his Obitinacy prov'd fruitlefs.
Afier his Death thefe two Sentences were found
written by his own Hand on his Girdle ; the firfi is
from Confucius, which was this, Let the Body per@,
provided tbat Jilial Piety is brougbt to PevfeBion ; the
other, from Mentks, was thus exprefs'd, I t is but a
7k$e to loji one's Lqe in the Support of JuJice. This
Colao died, being forty-feven Years of Age, greatly
lamented.
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A
&c.R Y , 445
The Emperor in the third Year of his Reign un-
dertook an Enterprize againit Japan, and rooooo
Men were employ'd in the Expedition, which prov'd
very unfortunate, not above three or four Perfons re-
turning home with the News, that all the reft were
lofi by Shipwreck, or periih'd in the neighbouring
Iflands.
The fame Year he caufed all the Books of the SeB
of Tao to be burnt, and ordain'd that there fhould be
but one Calendar for the whole Empire, which fhould
be made at Court, and publiih'd yearly, forbidding
all private Perfons to concern themfelves in this Work
upon pain of Death.
Four Years after his only Son dy'd, whom he had
appointed his Heir, and tho' he left ChiIdr6n the
Emperor was inconfolable for his Lofi : Some Mabo-
metans having offer'd the Emperor a Precious Stone
of great Value, he forbid the Sale of it, Becan$?, faid '
he, the Monq it would cejt might be rnere-ujfi2b cm-
ploy'd for the Relief of the Poor.
Underitanding that the Veffels, which brought to
Court the Tribute of the Southern Provinces, were
, obliged to come by Sea, and alEo thofe which car-
ry'd on the Trade of the Empire; and that they oficn
fuffer'd Shipwreck, he caufed a great Canal to k
made, which is at prefint one of the Wonders of Cbi-
na, being 300 Leagues long, and like a great R o d
of Water, by which upwards of goo0 Imperial Vd-
fels tranfport femely, and at a fmall Expence, the
Tribute of Grain, Stuffs, Mc. which is annually paid
to the Emperor.
Had this been the only Advantage this Prince pro-
cured for China, he might well deferve the great En-
comiums which are given him : H e died at eighty
Years of Age, in the thirty-firit Year of the Cycle,
and was fucceeded by his Grandhn named Tcbing
foong.
Tching
 Tching tfong, the Second Emperor, rkgned I 3 Tears.
f C H I N G TS 0 N G is prais'd for his Cle-
mency, and his Love to his sub^&: H e mitigated
the Sever* of Puniihments, and leffen'd the Impoits
with which the People were opprepd by feveral of the
petty Sovereigns ; but his ill State of Health prevent-
ed his applying himfelf diligently to the Affairs of
Government.
He dy'd at the Age of Forty-two, in the forty-
fourth Year of the Cycle, and Vou $ng his Nephew
ftcceeded him.
Vou tiong, the f i r d Emperor, reignedfour Tears.
T H E People &ught the Reign 'of Ymr tjog too
ihort, being charm'd with the Aff&on he bore them,
and the ready Inclination he always ihew'd to make
them happy : H e was naturally liberal, but beitow'd
his Favours only on thofe who did fome coniiderable
Service to the State, %horn he rewarded with a Royal
Generofity. I
T o give a Luftre to Learning, and to create an
Emulation among the Learned, he gave to Cunfucius
the fame TitIes and Honours that are paid to Sove-
reign Princes ; and being inform'd that Gold, Silver,
Grain, and Silk, were carry'd out of the Empire, he
hrbid the Exportation of thefe Commodities for the
future under fevere Penalties.
This Prince dy'd at the Age of thirty-one, in the
forty-eighth Year of the Cycle, and Gin @ng his ute-
rine Brother was his Succeffor.
Gin tfong, the Fovrtb Emperor, reigned nine Years.
T H E People had no reafon to regret the Lofi of
'

the Emperor, for they found ftill more valuable Qua-

lities in his Succeffor Gin @ng, who had a lively and
penetrating Genius, join'd with great Equity, Sweet-
nefi of Temper, and Moderation.
The
 The way to gain his Favour was to give him pru-
dent Advice, efpecially when it tended to procure h
Quiet and Happineis of his SubjeBs : H e inflitted
Punifhments with Regret, but rewarded with Libera-
lity ; in ihort, he apply'd himfelf wholly to the well-
governing his Dominions.
H e publiih'd an Edi& forbidding all Princes and
petty Sovereigns to hunt fiom the fifth Moon in each
Year to the tenth, to prevent doing Damage to the
Country; and ufed to fay, That the Mabonzetam
were extremely fond of Jewels, but that he fet a grea-
ter Value on wife Men, whom he always endeavour'd
to have near his Perfon ; For, fiaid he, ij^ by fbcit
Coun/el I can make my People enjoy Peace, and tbe COB-
veniencies of: Life, what Riches can be coqar'd to this
Happinej ?
Being inform'd that five Brethren were found guil-
ty of a Crime, for which they were condemn'd to die,
Let one at ZeaJ be pardoned, fays the Emperor, t h t
their unfortunate Parents may bave/'omebody left t o feed
and comfort them : In the time of a great Drought,
which threaten'd to defiroy the Harveft, '2% I, cry'd
he iighing, 'tis I who have drawn this Calamify u p
my People, and frequently repeating thefe Words, he
offer'd.Incenfe, and implor'd the AEitance of Hea-
ven, and it was obferv'd that the next Day Rain fell
in great Abundance, which reviv'd the parch'd and
languiihing Fields.
This Prince dy'd aged thirty-fix Years, the fifiy-
feventh Year of the Cycle ; his eldeft Son Tng @ng
fiucceeded him.
Yng tfong, the Fifih Emperor, reigned three Years.
TNG 4 s O . N G poffefs'd all the Virtues of his
Father, and his Subjeas expeaed the Continuation of
this happy Government, when he was affallinated, as
he was entering his Tent with a moit faithhl Colao,
by fome wicked Villains, who had been guilty of the
molt
498 .
l l j e G E N E R AHLI S T OofR Y
moil enormous Crimes, and dreaded the Puniihment
due to their Demerits.
This Prince liv'd but thirty Years, and his Succef-
for was l a i iing eld& Son of King Hien @ng.
Tai ting, the Sixth Emperor, reigned jive Tears.
A B 0 U T a Month aher Tai ting began his
Reign ; he condemn'd the Murderers of his Predecef-
for to fuffer the moft cruel Deaths, and extirpated
their Families, by executing their Children and Grand-
Children.
q d e 62. In this Reign, as in the former, China was afHiCI-
Dam, ed with various Calamities, as Earthquakes, f d i n g of
r 3 24. Mountains, Inundations, Droughts, Conhgrations,
and many other Difafiers, and the Emperors on theii
~ccalion'sgave Proofs of their ~ f f e ' e ~ i for
o n the Peo-
ple, by the Succour they procur'd them to the utmoit
of their 'Power.
l a i ting forbid the Bonzes of Tbibet, called Lamas,
to enter his Dominions, who ufed to come in great
numbers to China, and wandering from H o d e to
J-Ioufe were burdenfome to the People.
This Prince dying the fiftieth Year of the Cycle,
aged thirty-fix Years, the States airembled after his
Death, and ele&ed his Gcond Son ; but he r e W d to
acce t a Crown, which he faid was the Right of his
1
elde Brother M n g Gng ; upon which Refufal the
Prince was rent for, who was in lartauy, and pro-
claim'd Emperor.
h4ing trodg, the SmmfitbEmperor, rrigned 'one ZSor.
S 1 X Months after Ming $ng was made Empe-
, ror he gaveea great Entertainment fbr all the Lords
of his Court, but in the height of their Mirth he
dy'd fuddenly, and fome fufpelt he was poifon'd :
His younger Brother yen @ng, who had before re-
fus'd the Crown, was his S u c d o r .
 1

Ven tfong, the Eigbth Emperor, rcign'd tbree Tenrs.

V E N 4'SONG feem'd to have merited the
Crown for havin refus'd it with ib much Indiffe-
5
rence; and indee the Care he took to have good
Minifiers, and his Readinefi to follow t k i r Counfels,
is worthy of Praife : H e is accufed but of one Er-
ror, and that was for receiving into his Palace, with
the greatefi Honours, the great Lama, Head of :he
Bonzes of Tbibet, and for commanding his Courtiers
e
to pay him the reateit Refpea.
The greateft ords were feen to falute this Bonze
upon their Knees, and to give him Wine in this
humble Poiture, whilfi he did not deign to fiir from
his Seat, nor return the leafi Mark of Civility.
One of the principal Courtiers being piqu'd at this
Haughtinefi, b b Honeit Man '(fays he) I know that
'' you are a Difciple of Foe, and Mailer of the
" Bonzes, but perhaps you are ignorant that I am a
c b DXciple of Confucius, and of one of the high-
<' eit Orders of the Learned in the Empire; it's
" fit you fhould,be acquainted with it, therefore l a
c b us lay aiide all Ceremony ;" and itanding up at the

fame time he offer'd him the Cup, when the great

Lama riiing from his Seat, and fmiling, took the Wine
and drank it.
yen +ng died the ninth Year of the Cycle, aged
twenty-nine Years, and Ning @ng fucceeded him, but 4s
he liv'd only two Months, be is not rank'd among
the Emperors: His eldefi Brother Chun ti was fetch'd
from the Province of zuang Ji, and placed on the
Throne, being thirteen Years old ; he was the Son of
the feventh Emperor.
Chun ti, the Ninth Emperor, reigned 35 Years.
C H U N T I was the latt of the Tartar Princes of
this Dyn&y who govern'd Cbina : Thefe Princes,
enervated by the Pleafures of rhis fine and fruitful Cli-
V o L. I. Gi3 mate,
450 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
mate, infeniibly degenerated from the Courage and
Bravery of their Ancefiors, while the Cbilzt$e whom they
had fubduyd, growing a warlike People, deprived them
of their Conquefis, and drove them for ever from the
Empire.
This Emperor, thoy of great natural Parts, drew
upon himfelf this Difgrace by his effeminate Indolence
and Love of Pleafures, for which he quite neglelted
the Bufinefi of the State, leaving the Care of the Go-
vernment to his Colao, Peyeou hama, who was be-
come abfolute, and intirely diipos'd of all the Empe-
ror's Favours.
T o compleat his Misfortunes he fent for the Lamas
of Tartar-, who introduced Idolatry and Magick, and
as they only itudy'd to humour the vicious Inclina-
tions of this Prince, they placed in the Palace a Com-
pany of young Female Dancers, whofe Pra&ices ren-
dered him completely effeminate.
In the twenty-third Year of the Cycle a Chin@,
nam'd Ichou, who had been a Servant in a Monafiery
of Bonzes, joining a numerous Company o f Revol.
ters, became their Leader, and made a furprifing Ad-
vantage of the prefent Circumfiances of Affairs, ren-
dering himfelf by degrees Mafier of iome Provinces,
and in a celebrated Battle defeated Part of the Em-
peror's Troops which oppos'd his vi&orious March.
Thefe extraordinary Succeffes foon increas'd his Army,
and the Cbii~c/l'eflock'd to him from all Parts ; Tcbou
having crofs'd the Yellow River without Oppofition,
eafily got poirefion of all the Towns in his way, and
at length meeting the Imperial Army gave imme-
diate Orders to engage, and gain'd a complete Vic-
tory ; the Emperor was forc'd to fly towards the North,
where he dy'd two Years after, and with him the far-
tar. F'lmily of 2'iren was extin&, which was fuc-
ceeded by the Dyn'lity Mitg, founded by I'chou, who
was called before Hang VGU, and who took the Name
of 'Ibi$zr.
5%
B e Twenty - fiJ DynaPji, named Ming, which
contain5 Zxteen Emperors in the Space of
266 Tears,
T a i tfou, or Hong vou, the FirJ Empevor, reigned
thirty-one Tears.

T A I P S 0 U took poGllion of the Empire with

general Applauie, in the forty-Gxth Year of the
Cycle, and fix'd his Court at Nan king, Capital of
the Province of Kiang nan: T h e next Year he took
Peking, after one Day's Siege, and made this Coun-
try a Sovereignty, which he gave to F o his fourth
Son ; afterwards he gave the Title of Emperor to his
Father, Grandfather, Great Grandfather, and his
Great Grandfathei's Father.
H e made feveral Laws to preferve the Peace of the
Empire, by which he ordain'd,
.I. That thofe who enjoy'd Sovereignties ihould
not extend their Power beyond the Limits of their
Territories, nor meddle with Publick Affairs.
2. That Eunuchs ihould have no Employments Ci-
vil or Military.
3. That no Peribn ihould become a Bonze, or
Bonzeis, before the Age of forty Years.
4. That the ancient and modern Laws ihould be re-
duced into a Body of three hundred Volumes : This
W o r k was an Age before it appear'd.
5. That the twenty-ieven Months, which was the
Time of mourning for the Death of a Father or Mo-
ther, fhould be reduc'd to twenry-feven Days.
His Court was foon crouded with Ambaffadors
fiom all Parts, who came to congratulate him on his
Accefion to the Throne, and brought him, among
Gg2 other
 other Prefents, a Lion, which was the firit the Chi-
' nep ever faw : Corea, Japan, the Ifland of Formqa,
the Kingdom of Siam, and the Southern Ifles were
difiinguiihydfor the moil celebrated Embdfies.
The Joy of the Court was very much damp'd by
the Death of the Emperor's Wife, named Ma, whom
he highly efieem'd, and openly declar'd that he ow'd .
the Crown to her prudent Counfel ; he was fo grievyd
for this Lofi, that he never created another Emprds.
Cycle 63. It being one of his chief Concerns to make Learn-
An. Dam. ing flourifh, he granted great Privileges to the Impe-
l j84. rial College, and afified in Perfon at the Examina-
tions for attaining the Degree of Doltor ; yet he
would not fuffer Confucius to be honour'd like a King,
as fome of his PredeceiTors had done, but order'd him
to be honour'd in quality of Sim Sje, that is, a MZ/~CT
4 the Empire.
Among the various Maxims of this Prince, thek
two are reported to be moit firmiliar with him : Wben I
there is any Di/tuvbance in tbe Empire, new- take atly 1
hajy Mafires. And again, b times of li.anqt.ility
be cautious of treating your People witb too mucb Seve-
rity, and of in/i/ting upon Tripes. H e ufed to fay,
Tbat as Heaven and Eartb produce all tbings necefaty
'
for the Support of Men, fi a a$ Emperor fiould only
f
Judy bow to provide for tbe Wants biz Sube#s ; and
tho' witb this Yiew be mkht lefen t e Imp@, and mo-
derate publick Expences, be fiould always fear bis Sub-
jeti's migbt want necefary ProviJions.
In a time of great Drought he drefi'd himfelf in
Mourning, went up a high Mountain, and h i d there
three Days to implore the Clemency of Heaven ; and
the Rain, which fell afterwards in great Plenty, was
deem'd the Effe& of his Prayers.
As he took his Progrefi thro' the Provinces of the '
Empire, accompany'd by his eldefi Son, orje Day he
itopt his Car in the midit of the Fields, and turning
to his Son, I took you w'tb me, faid he, tbai )err migbt
bt
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTARY,
&c, 453
be an Eye-tuitnejj of fbc painfil foils 4 the 2oor Hus-
bandmen, and tbat the Compafion tbis laborious Station
fiould excite in your Heart might prevent your burden-
ing them with Impgs.
T h e unexpeaed Death of this Son, which hap- ,
pen'd foon afier, overwhelm'd the Empcror with -
Grief; he mourn'd fbr him three Years, contrary to
the L a w he had made, and named his Grandfon Heir
t
to the Crown. I

" Man named Smi, travelling with- his

Wife and ather, fell unfortunately into the Hands of
Robbcrs ; as they were going to murder the good 014
Man, his Son ttept before him, and begg'd with
Tears that they would kill him infiead of his Father;
and as they offer'd Violence to his Wife, Can gou be
guilty, fays ihe, o f h c h an izfamou~AEtion, while my
Husband is living ? There was a great Fire kindled
near the Place, into which they threw the youn
Man, but the Wife ran direaly into the Flames, an
clofely embracing her Husband they were both burnt
3
to Aihes.
The Emperor caufed a fine Monument to be ere&-
ed in memory of their Piety and Fidelity ; but at the
fame, time, he feverely puniih'd another young Man
for facrificing his Son to an Idol, in hopes of reco-
vering the Health of his Mother who was dying,
This Prince died the fifleenth Year of the Cycle,
'Iged feventy-one Years, and his Grandfon Kien vev
ti, who was but thirteen Years old, fucceeded him.
Kien ven ti, tbe Second.Emperor, reigned four Earr,
K I E N Y E N f I began hi Reign with an
AEtion of Clemency, for which he recciv'd the Blef-
fings of his People ; he remitted the third Part of the
)Taxes, and gave other Marks of his Concern and
Cornpailion for the Unfortunate, all which promis'd one
of the moit happy Reigns ; but he was diltuh'd frotn
tbe beginning by the Ambition of his LJncles, Sons of
Q3 the
 the late Emperor, who could not bear to fee a Child
preferr'd before fo many Princes who were of Age to
govern.
They attributed their Father's Choice to the pri-
vate Contrivances of the Colao, whofe Intrigues they
had partly difcover'd ; but the fourth Son of I'ai @u,
who was King of Peking, appeared the moil incens'd,
and took up Arms to revenge this Injuftice, as he
call'd it, and to punifh the Authors ; the Court fent
a great Army to oppefe his Deiigns, and an Engage-
ment follow'd which was long and bloody; afier
which Peace was propos'd, but Tong lo, for fo they I
call'd the King of Peking, reje&ed all Conditions till
the Emperor's .Viniiters were deliver'd to him ; this
being refus'd he march'd forwards, and arriving near
the Imperial City, a Traitor, named Li kong long,
opening the Gates of the City to him, a great Slaugh-
ter was made in the Town ; the Imperial Palace was
reduc'd to Aihes, and the Body of the young Empe-
ror, half confumed by the Flames, wqs brought to
the Conqueror, who could not refrain from Tears at
1
I

this fad Speeacle, and gave Orders for his Obfe-

quies to bc perform'd in a manner fuitable to his Dig-
nity.
But the Miniiters chiefly felt the Fury of the Con-
queror, for he put many of them to cruel Deaths ;
others prevented the Torments to which they were
defiin'd, by a voluntary Death, while others ihaved
their Heads, and made their efcape in the Habits of
Bonzes.
Thus was the Emperor defiroy'd at feventeen Years
of Age, in the fourth Year of his Reign, and the
twenti~thof the Cycle, and ring lo, who took the
Name of Tc'cLing fiu, feiz'd on the Throne oE his
$Yephc~v,

Tching
Tching fou, or Yong lo, the Third Emperor,'reigned
twenty-three Tears.
TC H I N G S 0 U was a Prince of great Spirit, and
uncommon Sagacity, but he made himfelt' dreaded
' at firit by the cruel Examples of his Severity : H e
re-eitabliihed his Brothers in their Sovereignties, con-
tinued their Revenues, and rewarded all his Adherents
with the fame Liberality, except the Traitor Li kong
long.
This Wretch committed a freih Crime, and being
condemn'd to die, iniblently reproach'd Tching fiu
with Ingratitude : Would yozl have been now reigning,
fays he, if I had not open'd the Gates of the City?
Traitor, reply'd the Emperor, I owe the Crown to my
good Fortune, and not to yozlr Treachery : Wbuld not you
have open'd the Gates to any other Pefon with thehme
Forces ?
A great many young People having procur'd them-
felves to be confecrated Bonzes before the Age of
Forty, againit the Laws of his Father's Reign, he
obliged them a11 to quit their Monaiteries, and burnt
all the Books of Chymiitry which treated of the pre-
tended Secret how to become immorta!.
The feventh Year of his Reign he remov'd his
Court from Nan king to Peking, leaving his Son
Heir at Nan king, with feveral Tribunals and Manda-
rins, like thofe eitabliih'd at Peking.
One Day fome Jewels being prefented to him, which
were found in a Mine difcover'd in the Province of
ChanJi, he gave Orders to fhut the Mine immediate-
ly, becauj he would not, as he faid, fatigue his Sub-
jetts with a fruitZe/s Toil, Jince tbeje Stmes, however
valzfable they mkht jiem, cozlld neither feed nor cloath
his People in a !lime of Scarcity : He caufeed five Bells
of Brafi to be cait, which weighed each I 20000
Pounds,

G $54 The
 HLI S T OofR Y
Z5e G E N E R A
T h e thirtieth Year of the Cycle he appointed forty-
two Dottors of the Court, called Hun lin, to give
more ample Explanations of the ancient ClaGcal
Books, and to confine themielves to the Opinions of
two Authors, named lcbing I/*c and T'chu t/e, who
had interpreted them, according to their own Fancy, a-
bout three hundred Years before, under the Dynaity
of Song.
Thefe Dohors compos'd a Work intitled, Sing h
la @en, which fignifies Natural PbiloSqby, m which,
feeming to prderve the ancient Dohine, they endea-
vour'd to make it agree with the FiCtions of an empty
Syfiem, by which it was intirely overthrown.
As this Work was printed by the Authority of
the Emperor, the Authors holding a conIiderable
Rank in the Empire, and as there are always fome
Spirits extremely fond of Novelties, it is not furpri-
fmg that fome of the Learned have embraced a Doc-
trine as oppofite to found Reafon, as it is dangerous
to good Morals.
Tong lo, or lching ~ D U died
, in the forty-firit Year
of the Cycle, aged 63 Years, and his Son Gin tjng
fucceeded him.
Gin t fong, the Fourth Emperor, reignedjtne Mbnths.
G I AT BS 0 N Ci' at his coming to the Crown
gave a fignal Inftance of his Affehion for his Sub-
j e b , for there being a eneral Famine in the Pro-
f
vince of Cbang tong, e order'd thither his Colao,
rang t j kie ; but the Colao reprefenting that it would
be proper to confuit the Tribunals how to fuccour
fuch a numerous People, Let me not have /ij mang
Confultation~, reply'd the Emperor, when my People
are diJ2rgd we muJt J9y to their AfiJance with as mucb
'Speed and Readin$ as we would to extinguzfl a Are,
or /top a /icdden Inundation. Some Perfons propofing
to make a DifiinAion between thofe who were more
or lefi in Want, W?tb all my Heart, reply'd the
Prince,
 ~ H I N E S R - T A&cR
CHINA, . T A R4.57
Y,
Prince, but let tbem be very carcftll not to enter too nice-
into Particulars, nor be afraid of exceeding my I%-
tentions by bcing too liberal.
H e had a great Opinion of judicial Aitrology :
One Day, after having fat up all Night obferving
the Stars, and perceiving fome Revolution in the Hea- ,
vens, he lent for two of his Cdaos ; My Life is at an
end, fays he ; ou bave been WitneJts cf all I bave/uf-
fer'dfrorn my $nmrics during tbe twenty B a n I bavt
rcJidd in the Oriental Palace ; you bavc/upported me
by your AdcZity and Union, receive ibrrefore this Pbken
of my Friendhip ; fpeaking thele Words, he gave
each of them a Seal, om which was engrav'd thek
two ChamAmb I'cbong tcbin , which fignifies, faitb-
R
ful and upiqbt Mimper t ey took this Mark of
Diitin~tionwith Tears in their Eyes, and ever &er
fign'd their Difpatches with this Seal : From that time
the Emperor lay in a languifhing Condition, and a
Courier was difpatch'd to his Son, who kept his Court
at Nm king, with an Account of it, but he had not
%he Comfort to hear the lafi Words of his Father, he
dying before his Arrival.
This Prince died at the Age of forty-eight, in the
forty-f'econd Year of the Cycle, this Year being
reckon'd in the Reiun of his Son Suen @ng, contra-
ry to the Cufiom o? Cbina, which includes that of
the Emperor's Death in the Years of his Reign.
Suen tibng, the F$h Emperor, reigned den Tears.
S U E N I S 0 N G ubliih'd an E d i a in the be-
ginning of his Reign, Parbidding to confer the D6
gree of Licentiate on any of the Learned under the
Age of twenty-five Years. Soon after his Uncle
revolted, and being taken Prifoner in an Engage-
ment, was condemn'd to perpetual Imprifonmcnr.
The Tartars were alfo puniih'd for malting an lr-
ruption into the Empire ; Suen +ng commanding his
Army in Perfon gave them Battle, and intirely rout-.
ed their Forces. The
- -
The King of Cochincbina, who had been nominat-
ed to this Dignity by the Emperor, was killed three
Years after by a Company of Rebels, who imme-
diately fent Ambairadors to beg a Pardon, and to im-
plore the Emperor's Clemency. T h e Emperor was
Inclinable enough to puniih this Treafon, but fince
it would have obliged him to fend an Army into a
diitant Country, which could not be done without a
great Charge to his SubjeBs, he alter'd his Refolu-
tion, and even fcnt back the Ambaffadors with Titles
of Honour.
About this time the Palace took Fire, and conti-
nued burning kveral Days : A vait quantity of Gold,
Brafi and Pewter were mcIted together into a mixt
Metal, of which great numbers of Veirels were made
that are greatly valued to this Day, and bear a very
great Price. Sueit goong died the fifiy-fecond Year of
the Cycle, aged thirty-eight Years, and his eldeft Son
T g tsokg was his Succeffor.
Yng tfong, the Sixth Emperor, ,reignedfourteen Years.
T N G TS O N G, being only nine Years old, was
put under the Prote&ion of the Emprefi and the
principal Eunuch ; he began his Reign by rebuilding
the nine Gates of the Imperial City; in his third Year
he publiihed an EdicSt prohibiting all Perfons from
doing Honours to Confucius in the Temples of Idols.
The Tortars, taking Advantage of the Emperor's
Youth, made continual Excurfions into the Provinces
of China which were near their Country, and com-
mitted the greateft of Robberies.
q c l e G4. - T h e fixth Year of this Cycle, and the fourtcenth of
An Dom. the Emperor'c Reign, the young Emperor, at the Head
4 - of a great Army, marched againit the Tartars to the
other fide of the Great Wall ; but this Army, being
very much wealtcn'd by want of Provifions, could
not itand thc Shock of the Enemy, but was entirely
defeated ; the Emperor was taken Prifoner, ar,d car-
ried to tile fartheit part of Tartar-, This
8
 This News put the Court in a great Coneernation ;
his Son was placed on the Throne, who was but two
Years old, and King ti, the eldefi Brother of the im-
prifon'd Emperor, was made ProteAor, who foon
ufurped the Title and Authority of Emperor. i
In the mean time the Emprefi fent a great in-
tity of Gold, Silver and Silks for the Emperor's
Ranfom ; the 2-artar King received the Prefents, and
conduaed his Prifoner to the Borders of China, as if
he intended to have reitored his Liberty, but in a
few Days, pretending that the Ranfom was too fmall
for fo great a Prince, he carried him back again to
Tartar-.
King ti, the Seventh Emperor, reigncd/iven E a r s ia
his Brother'$ Jead..
T H E feventh Year of the Cycle King ti took Pd-
feilion of his Brother's Throne, who was Priibner in
Tartary ; neverthelefi a Convention was made for the
Return of this Prince, and fome of the Grandees were
fent to receive him ; but the Tartar thought they were
not worthy to accompany fuch a powerful Prince, and
that all the greatefi Men of the E m p i r ~ought to at-
tend his Return.
He was efcorted by a great Number of Men to the
Frontiers of China, near the Mountain Tang kia lin;
from which Place he wrote to the Court that he re-
nounced the Empire to pafi the refi of his Life in a
quiet Solitude, and that there ihould be no Prepara-
tion made for his Reception ; and to avoid all Cere-
mony he enter'd the Town by a private Gate : T h e
two Brothers met, and afier they had embrac'd each
other with the greatefi Tendernefi, King ti, follow'd
by all his Coartiers, conduaed his Brother to the Pa-
lace of the South, which he had cliofen for his Retire-
ment. King ti continued to govern, intending alCo
to declare his Son Heir to the Empire, and had fix'd
the Birth-Day of the young Prince to perform the
Ceremony.
 Z 5 e G E N E R AHLI S T O R ofY
Ctremong. Converfing one ~ ) l y with a Coiao, f i t
Birth-Day of tbe Prince, my Heir, fays he, bappen~
tbe Second Day of the fmenth Moon. Give me leave
- to tell you, reply'd the Colao, B a t it is the f r - Day
of the eleventh Moon. By this he let him know the
Birth-Day of the Son of Yng @ng, who was the law-
ful Emperor : Thefe Words iilenced King ti, and there ,
was no more mention made of declaring his Son Heir
to the Crown : This Son lived but a Year, and King
ti himfeIf was feiz'd with a biitemper which was
reckon'd mortal. Yng @ng was brought out of thk
Southern Palace, and obliged to re-afcend the Throne
before the Death of King ti, which fell out a Year
after. I

Yng tfong, the Seventb Emperor, re-ajcnds tbe firone,

and reigns e @ t Tears.
AS foon as King ti was dead the Emperor was re-
quefied to blacken his Memofy, and to q f e his Name
@om all publick A&, as a Punifhment for having
ufurped the Throne; the Emperor rejeAed this Pro-
ofal, and was fatisfied with performing his ~ u n e r d
bbfequies only with the Honours due to him aa
Prince of the Blood, and the Emperor's Brother.
Yg @ng died at the Age of thirty-one, the twenty-
firft Year of the Cycle, and his eldeft Son Hien @ng
was his Succeffor.
Hien tfong, the Ekbib Enapmr, reigned 23 Tears.
H I E N T S O N G was the Sorp of the Second
Rueen, the Emprefs having no Children 3 all that
1s related of him is, that he was fiongly attach'd to
the S e e of the Bonzes; that the twenty-third Year of
the Cycle he defeated an Army of Rebels in the Pro-
,
~ i n c eof Hou uang that the thirty-fixth Year he cut
in pieces the tfrnmp of the l d r r , who fmm dme to
time came to plunder the Country ;that the next Year
the King of Corea having propofid a fhorter and
eaiw
eafier Way of paying his Homage, than by an Em-
baffy, he would never conknt to it.
H e died aged forty-one Years, the forry-fourth of
the Cycle, and was Qcceeded by his eldeR SQQ Hirie
~ n g ,who was before called Nong tcbi.
Hiao tfong, or Hong tchi, the Ninth Emperor,
reigned eighteen Years.
'
I N the fifth Year of his Reign Hiao Gng declared
his Son Heir to the Crown, with great, Solemnity :
This Emperor is blamed for his Adherence to the
ridiculous Superititions af the Bonzes, for being fond
of Chymiitry, and for his Love of Flattery : The
fifiy-fecond Year of the Cycle one of the grate@
Bonzes was brought to Court ; he was the Ring-leader
of a Sedition, and was taken Prifoner in an Engage
ment, and tho' a Bonze was beheaded.
Cbina wa aMi&ed in this Reign with many C a b
mities ; the Famine was fo Evere in the Weitern Prc+ ,
vinces, that Fathers were known to eat their own
Children ; the Plague, which is an Evil fcarce known
in China, ravaged 41 the W e r n Parts of the Weftcrn
Provinces, and there happened terrible Earthquakes,
which buried alive feveral thoufand People.
The firit Year of the Cycle was remarkable for the C Y C ~64,
ginera1 Grief caufed by the Death of the Emprefs, An. T)om.
and for the Irruptions of the l'artars, md the great IS0+
h t y they carried away : The Emperor died ncyt
Year, and his Son Y i fix was his Succeffon
Vou tfong, tbc Tenth Emperor, reigned/ixreen Tears.
S E V E R A L new Difaiters happen'd in the be-
ginning of this Reign, which gave'occafion to a Colao,
named Tao, to prefent a Memorial to the Emperor
You $nx, in which he counfei'elled him to apply him-
&If diligently to the Affairs of State, to reprefi the
Sallies of his Pafion, to moderate his excefive Love
of Hunting, to remove from Court his Flatterers, and
the
46 i ne G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
the loofe young People whom he chiefly favour'd, and
to fupply their Places with Men of approved Wif-
dom and Zeal for the Publick Good, that by thefe
means he might appeafe the Anger of Heaven, and
deferve its ProteCtion for the hture : The fixth Year
of the Cycle the firtars renewed their Ravages, and
the Year following a petty Sovereign of the Imperial
Family, having revolted, was taken Prifoner in a Bat-
tle, and puniih'd with Death.
Mean while the Famine, which laid wafie the
Provinces of Cban tong and Ho nu#, and the heavy
Impofts, had reduced the People to fuch Extremities
that they took Arms in defpair, and forming feve-
ral Bodies advanced to the Territories of Peking :
They were called Lim $+,becaufe they fuddenly
over-fpread the Provinces, deitroying all before them :
They were oppofed by feveral Forces, who only
check'd their Attempt, and hothcr'd the Rebellion
for a time, which appeared again upon the firit fa-
vourable Opportunity.
The fifieenth Year of the Cycle You ~ n laid g the
Deiign of marching againfi the Tartars, without
making himfelf known, taking only the Title of Ge-
neralifimo ; his Minifiers firongly reprefented to him,
that fuch a Difguife would greatly endanger his Per-
fon, and occafion fcveral Revolts : This Oppofition
fo enraged the Emperor that he drew his Sabre to
Arike thofe who refifled his Will, upon which one
of his Colaos offer'd his Head to be cut off; this re-
folute Behaviour appeared the .Princeas Fury, and hc
alter'd his Refolution.
The next Year, making Preparation to retire into
the Southern Provi'nces, viz. Kiang nun, or Tcbe kiang,
his Colaos prefented freih Remonitrances, in which
they obferved that the Tartars would certainly look
upon this Journey as a 'ihameful Flight, that they
would grow more haughty and infolent, and that his
Abfence would leave the Northern Countries open to
their Invafions. He
 Fie was highly incenfed at thefe prudent Counfels,
and to puniih their Rafhneis he fu&'d them to re-
main expofed to the Weather five whole Days, on their
Knees, before the Gate of his Palace, and ibme of
them he imprifoned. A fudden Inundation happen-
ing at this time he took it for a bad Prefage ; this cn-
tirely appeafed his Anger, fo he fent home hisMinifters,
and laid afide all Thoughts of going to the Southern
Provinces : This Prince being taken very ill the
eighteenth Year of the Cycle, he airembled the Gran-
dees of his Court, and in their Prefence declared that
he appointed the Emprefs to be Protearers of his Se-
cond Son, wlio was thirteen Years old, and whom
he had nak'd his Succeffor ; he died at the Age of
thirty-one Years.
Chi tfong, or Kia tfing, the Elmcnth E m p r t r , reigized
forty-Jive Tears.
T H E Behaviour of Chi @ng in the beginning of
his Reign gave great hopes of his future good Go-
vernment, but the End was not anriverable to thefe
Expeltations : H e examined himfelf the Petitio~s
which were prefented to him, and in a time of Scarcitv
he ordered his Courtiers to tell' him his ~aults',
giving large Sums out of the Imperial -Treafures to
relieve his People. H e repaired the Great Wall which
feparates China from Tautary, and renewed the Law
made by the Founder of this Dynaity, which or-
dained, that Confucius ihould be honoured only by
the Title of Sien flee, that is, a MaJei- of the Empire.
T w o young Maids perceiving that their Father's In-
digence inclin'd him to fell them for Proititutes,
efcaped this Difgrace by drowning themfelves : Chin
tjong eretted a fine Monument to their Memory, with
this Inicription, The two ilIz@rious firgins.
This I'rince is blamed for his excefive L.o.ve of
Poetry, and the Credulity with which he follow'd all
the fuperftitious Whims of the Bonzes : I-Ie caufttd
A h diligcnt
464. Tbe G E N E R AH
L I S T O RofY
diligent Search to be made thro' the Empire for the
Liquor that befiows Immortality, which the SeB of
Trn had aErted was fbund : The eighteefnth Year
of &l Reign he would have relign'd the Crown to hi
Son, but was diKuaded by the great Men of the
Court, who in feveral Pdemorials prefi'd him, bue
- without Succeii, to d e h y the S e b of Foe and Loo
kircn.
. The forty feventh Year of the Cycle the Tartrzrs
advanced to Pekix with an Army of 60000 Men, bur
it was entirely routed by the Cbitzfi, and above 200
Officers taken Prifoners. The next Year the
#iag Ent an AmbafXador to the Court to ask the
~rnpcror'sPardon, and to beg that his Sub'eb might
/
have Leave to come into his Dominions to ell Horks:
The Emperor confented to his Requeit, but finding
afierwacds that his Permifion granted to the Ta~tors
was the Ground of frequent Quarrels between the Man- ,
darins and the W r s , and ofien ocdon'd Revolts, I
he entirely prohibited this Trade. In the forty-ninth '
Ye;~ru>f this Cycle, the thirty-firfi of this Reign, and
the 1552 Year of the Chriitian Bra, died St. f i n -
cis &*, the Apoitlc of the Eait, the Eecond Day
of December, aged forty-fix, in the Ifland of Chmg
tch~encbsv, or Sa~cian,as it is commonly called,
which klongs to the Province nf Xuam~tcng.
The fiftieth Year of the Cyde hme Pirates, wh&
Commander was called Hoawg tcbc, i n f W the Co&
of China with a hundred Sail of Barks and other Cbi-
~ e j 2VeEls. The fifty-fecond Year the JapatlG,who
More ufed to make Prefents as VaEals ofthe Empire,
threw off the Yoke, went to. War with the Cbi-
nfe, and made a W m t upon the C o d c8 the Pm-
vlnce of lcbe kiang, but were received very roughly ;
they had 1800 Men Itilled, and the refi flying to
heir Ships were drown'd in the Sea. The Year fbl-
lowing they re~~ili:'tlwirh ~ooooMen ; G o lhg, a
Cbinefi Capt~ii:, , ~ t IIczci of 900 Men only, gave
them
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A&c.
R Y , 465
them a h a r p Repulfe, by which Time was gain'd
for the Army to come to his Afiitance ; rhe Ja-
pan@ were furrounded, and not a Man efca ed to
P
carry home the News of their Defeat. The e Lof-
fes did not cool the Arcbur of the Japan$; fomc
Years after they made another DeEent upon the Coait
of F o kien, but with as little Succefs ; for the command-
ing Officer of the Chinge, named T'J4 fell upon the
Japanej unawares, and made a great Slaughter a-
mong them.
At the fame Time Lieou ban, General ofthe Chi-
ne@ Army, going beyond the Great Wall, invaded
the Country of the Tartars, upon the Report of
whofe Arrival the Tartars fled for fafety to 'the Fo-
reits : There were but twenty-eight Tartars killed in
this Expedition, and the whole Booty was only I 66
Camels.
The third Year of this Cycle a Memorial was Cycle 66.
prefented to the Emperor, in which he was advifed An. Dorn.
to be more regular in his ConduCt, and to take more 1564.
Care of publick Affairs : It reprefented that for twenty
Years pait the Laws had infeniibly lofi their Force,
and that the Empire was going to Defiru&ion ; that he
feldom converfed with the Prince his Heir ; that his
moft faithful and honeit Vaffals were either defpifed
or ill ufed without a Caui?, or upon the flighteit
Sufpicions ; that he fpent his Time amidit a Com-
pany of Concubines, def ifing the Emprefi his law-
P
fbl Spoufe ; that he imp oy'd Men to command his
Army, who were unskill'd in the Art of War, and
who were fonder of Gold and Silver than of Ho-
nour and Glory ; that the Finances were every Day
exhaufted by his ridiculous Expences, either in build-
ing Palaces, or making Gardens, or in fupporting
the Charges of the extravagant Ceremonies of the
Bonzes, and fieking after the pretended Liquor that
befiows Immortality, which, as thofe Impoitors de-
clared, was come down from Heaven, as if there
V O L. I. Hh had
had been any Perfon who could prevent the fatal
Necefity of dying, r i c e the happy Times of the
Emperors Tao and C h n . T h e Emperor reading this
Memorial, could not refirain his Rage, and threw
it on the Ground ;but foon afier he took it up again,
and feem'd fincerely forry for his Errors ;however he
hsd not Time to reap the Benefit of his Repentance,
for he fell fick in a few Days, and died immediately
afier he had drank the pretended Liquor of Immor-
tality, being fifty Years old : His Son, named Mo
@ng, fucceeded him.
M o tfong, the TwtIftb Emperor, reigned I 2 Tears.
M O . I'S 0 NG began his Reign with A& of
Clemency, releafing from Prifon all thofe whom his
Father had confin'd u p n flight Occafions, and con-
ferring Titles of Honour on fome others, as an a-
mends to their Families who had been put to Death : ;
As for other Matters, he could never bear that his ',
Minifiers fhould give him Advice, and fome of them
having taken this Liberty were degraded to an infe-
rior Rank.
As the Laws of Cbina forbid any Perfon to have
an Employment in the Magiitracy of his native Pro- 1
vince, the Emperor, at the Kequeit of a Colao, made 1
fome Exceptions to this Law ;he permitted the Man- '
darins of the loweit Rank, viz. fuch as are Infpec-
4
tors of Learning, and thofe who colle& the Taxes,
to poffefs thefe Employments in their native Counay.
The ninth Year of the Cycle this Prince was taken
ill, and declared his Son Heir to the Crown, who was
but ten Years old, putting him under the Care of the
Emprefi, and of a Colao nam'd fcbang kiu tching.
This Priilce was named Pan lie, but from his Accef-
iion to the Throne he was call'd Cbin @nq.

Chin
 CHINESE-TARTARY,
CHINA, &c. 467
Chin tfong, d r Van lie, the airteenth Emperor,
rekned jbvtpeight Tears.
T H 0' Chin tpng was but ten Years old, there
appear'd in all 'his Atlions a Prudence unufual at his
Years : H e paid ib much Refpea to his Tutor
Tcbang kiu tcbing, that every time he came to give him
a Leffon, if it was in Summer, he order'd a Servant
to fan him, and in Winter he had a double Carpet
@read upon the Floor ; he alib viiited him when he
. .was iick, and gave him Food and Medicines with his
own Hands. This Colao had a Son, who in the Exa-
mination for the Do&orYsDegree had obtain'd the
firit ~ a n of
k the f'econd Order, and the Emperor out of
Refpelt to his Mailer rais'd him to the Second Rank
of the firit Order: This amiable Difpoiition was fup-
ported by a natural Love of Juftice : H e had more-
over a lively and penetrating Wit, and a ftrong In-
clination to make himfelf Mafier of the Cbinfe Sci-
ences: He ordain'd, that for the future the Emperor
ihould defray the Expences of the Journey of the .Li-
centiates from the Provinces to the Imperial City,
when they came to take the Degree of DoEtor, and
he frequently afifted at their Examination. Every
Day, at four in the Morning, he examin'd and an-
fwered the Petitions which had been prefented the Day
before : H e order'd, for the convenience of the Publick,
that every three Months a Book fhould be printed,
containing the Name, Rank, Degree, and Country
of every Mandarin in the Empire, which is pra&ifed
to this Day.
The eleventh Year of the Cycle the Tartars, who
had made an Irruption into Leno tang, were entirely
a
routed : The Emperor, at hi Mother's Requeit, who
had a great Eiteem for the dols, form'd a Deiign to
grant a general Amnefty, but he was diffuatlecl from
it by his Colao, who reprefented to him, that rhe
Hope of efcaping Puniihnjent would open the Door
H 2 to
to all manner of Crimes, and that he ought to imi-
tate the Lord of Heaven, who honer or later never
fails to punifh notorious Villains. The Emperor was
married the fixteenth Year of the Cycle, and imme-
diately after his Wife was made Emprefs: The eigh-
teenth Year of the Cycle deferves to be remember'd, b2-
caufe this Year FatherMLchaelRoger cam-.into China ;
he was the firfi Mifionary of the Jefuits who came to
preach the Gofpel in this Country :The nineteenth Yeai
there was fuch a terrible Famine in the Province of
C h a n j , that vafi numbers of People died of Hun-
ger : Sixty great Pits were dug in different Places,
which held each about a thoufand Bodies ; they were
called on this account Van gin keng. A Woman iiee-
ing her Husband, who had died of Hunger, thrown
into one of thde Pits, threw herfelf after him : She
was taken out by Order of the Mandarin, but to no
purpoiie, for not being able to furvive her L o b ihc
died three Days afier.
T h e fame Year was remarkable for two great E-
vents; one was the Defeat of the firarta.rs, of whom
ten thoufand were flain by the Chince General Li
tcbin ; the other was the Lois the Emperor fuftain'd
in the Death of Tcban kin tcbing, his Tutor and Colao ;
he honour'd him afier his Death with the Title of
yen chovg, that is, a Man remarkablefor bis Learning
and tidelity : His Body was carried, in a pompous
Manner, into the Province of Holr quang to his Se-
pulchre : But thefe Honours laited but a fhort Time,
for two Years were hardly pafi when his Enemies, ha-
ving accus'd him of great Mifdemeanors, prevail'd by
their Power, and he and his Poiterity were depriv'd of
their Honours, and his Eitate was confifcated ;his Son
kill'd himfzlf thro' Grief or fear of Puniihment. The
twentieth Year the Rivers were froze, which 'gave
thwartatlr an eafy Pairage into the Empire ; but
tho' they came in great Numbers, they were all cut
off by the Cbinej2 Troops : The fame Year, viz.
1583
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A
&c.R Y ,
1583 of the Chriitian E r a , P. Mat1Be-w Ricci came
into Cbina,' where, during the twenty-feven Years he
lived, he wore himfelf out with his continual Labours
and Fatigues ; he is jufily eiIeemld the Founder of
this noble Mifion. The .twenty-Econd Year a great
Dearth was fatal to the Empire ;and the Em ror gave
F
itronger Proofs than ever of his AffeeBion or his Sub-
jeRs ; he often implor'd the Afiitance of Heaven,
remitted a great Part of the Taxes, and rent Man-
darins into all the Provinces to examine the Condua
of the Governors, and to relieve the Miferies of the
People. The twenty-ninth Year of the Cycle a Go-
met appear'd towards the Eaft ; upon this Occafion
a Colao, named Fong ngen, .prefented a Memorial to
the Emperor, which admon~ih'dhim to remove from
Court certain Minihrs, who took Bribes, and pre-
ferved their Employments by the bakit Flattery :
T h e Emperor was incenfed by his Counfel, and or-
der'd him to be imprifoned, and condemned him to
fuffer Death ; but his Son coming to offer his own
Life to fave his Father's, the Emperor relented, and
chang'd the Sentence of Death to that of Banifhment.
The thirtieth Year of the Cycle the Inhabitants of the
Province of Ho nan were reduced to that Extremity b
Famine, that they fed on Human Fleih, upon whic
the Emperor immediately order'd them proper Sup-
1:
plies out of the Imperial Treafury :The fame Year the
Japanfi enter'd the Kingdom of Corea, fpreading
Deitru&ion with Fire and Sword wherever they came,
and took feveral Towns : T h e King was forc'd to
IFb
fly till the Succours arrived from ina, which he had
hlicited by his Ambaffadors. T h e e Succours came very
feafonably, and there enfued an obitinate and bloody
Battle, in which the Japanej were intirely defeated.
Afier their Defeat they implor'd the Emperor's Mcr-
cy in a folemn Embaffy, by which, after they had
begg'd Pardon for their Condu&, they ray'd him to
I-I h 3
B
grant their Chief a Title, which Qoul authorize hio
Claim.
470 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Claim : T h e next Year the Emperor granted him the
Title of Gc puen vang, which fignifiesKilzg 6Japan,
forbidding him to fend any more Ambaffadors to
Cbina. The thirty-third Year the Emperor, contra-
ry to the Advice of his Minifiers, commanded the
Gold and Silver Mines to be open'd in the Provinces
of Honan, CbcnJi, and Chan Ji, but fix Years after
they were clofed again : The Year'following, which
was the 1597th of the Chriftian E r a , the firit Mar-
tyrs of Japan fuffer'd a glorious Death, and were
crucified out of hatred to the Faith : Four Years af-
ter P. Matt. Ricci was the firit time introduced to
the E I eror,
~ who expreffed a great Regard for
f'
him, anc kindly receiv'd the Prefents he brought,
. among which was a Pieure of our Saviour, and ano-
ther of the Holy Virgin, which were placed in an
honourable Part of the Palace.
In the mean time the Nitl tcbe, or E d e r n Tar-
tars, began to grow formidable ; they were divided
into feven Claffes, or different Dynafiies, which were
rnited into a Kingdom under one Prince, after they
had been b n g at War with each other : As to the
Tan yzl, or Weitern Tartars, they liv'd peaceably
within their own Territories, giving no Difturbance
to Chiaa, as they had for~qerlydone by their fre-
quent and unexpeRed Irruptions.
The fortieth Year of the Cycle, that is to fay in
the Year 1646, died P. Matt. Aicci, aged fitly-
eight, after having efiabliih'd feveral Communities
of devout Chriitians in the feveral Provinces of Chi-
na, either by his own Labours, or by the Affiitance
of the Companions of his Zeal. The Emperor gavd
a large Space of Ground to bury him in, on which
xhere was a Houfe and Garden, belonging formerly
io an Eunuch while he was in Favour, but was taken
from hith fince his Bifgace.
The
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTARY,
.&c.
The fifiy-fecond Year a R4andarin called Cbin ki,
thro' a falfe Zeal for his Se&, excited a cruel Perfecu-
tion in the Province of Kiang nun ; fome of the
Preachers of the Gofpel were bafiinado'd, others fent
to Macao, or difperfed in different Places, and forced
to conceal then.lfelves ; but this Perfecution lafted only
fix Years, for the Perfecutor died depriv'd of his
Honours, and true Religion became more flourifhing
than before. The fifiy-third Year the Tartars, who
by being united were render'd capable of fome con-
fiderable Enterprife, no longer thought of making
flight Excurfions into t h e ' ~ m ~ i r ebut
, intended to
feize on thofe 'Towns which were moft for their Con-
veniency, for they were 'incenfed againft the Chi-
n@, becaufe the Mandarins abuied their Merchants
who came to trade in the Leao tong, and becaufe they
had feiz'd their King by treachery and cut off his
Head: The Son of this Prince named Sen ming in-
vaded Leao tong with a firong Army, and took the
Town of Cai yuen ; he wrote at the fame Time to
the Emperor to inform him of his Grievances, pro-
teAing that he was ready to reftore the Town, and
to lay down his Arms, if his Majefty would give
him a proper Satisfaltion for fuch a cruel Injury :
The Emperor communicated the Letter to the Man-
darins who were concern'd in this Affair ; they look'd
upon it as a trifling Matter, and did not deign to fend
an Anfwer ; this fcornfill Ufage enraged the Tartar,
and he fwore he would facriflce zooooo Chin$ to his
Father's Spirit.
At the W a d of 50000 Men he took the Town of
Leao yang, enter'd the Province of P e tche ?i in
Triumph, and was preparing to attack the Imperial
City, but he was repulfed by f ~ m eCbince Forces,
and obliged to retire into the Lea0 tong, where he
haughtily aa'umed the Title of Emperor of Chinn.
The fifiy-fifth Year of the Cycle the Tartar King,
- under the Pretence of a folemn EmbaiTy, made his
Hh 4 Troop
Troops file off towards the Empire ; the Artifice
*as difcover'd, and the Chinqe Army fent to oppofe
them. h he F ~ r t a r sfled at their A p roach, and ha-
f:
ving drawn the Chin+ afier them' by t is k a m Flight,
they furrounded and made a great Slaughter of them,
and the Chinefi General was found among the Slain.
Next Year the Emperor oppofed the Tartars with
a v e y numerous Army, fupported by I 2 0 0 0 Auxi-
liaries fiom the King of Corea :The Armies engaged,
and the ViaRor remain'd a long time doubtful, bur
K
declared at la for the Tartars, who marched to-
wards the Capital City ; this caufed fuch a Con-
iternation that the Emperor had abandon'd the
Town, and retir'd to the Southern Provinces, if his
Council had not reprefented to him that this Retreat
would difgrace him, and raife the Courage of the
Tartars, that it would Iink the Spirits of his Subjees,
and caufe great Troubles through the whole Empire.
?'his Prince died during thefe TranfaaRions, aged
fifty-eight Years ; his Son, named xuang gong, who
was before called f a i chang, was his Succeffor.
Quang tfong, or Tai chang, the Fouvteentb Emperor,
reigned one Month.
2 U A N G I'SO N G died a Month afier his
Acceflion to the Throne, aged thirty-eight Years ;
his Death is attributed to the Neglea and Ignorance
of his Phyfician, but before he died he declared his
eldefi Son Hi tbng Heir to the Crown, who was
before called ~ i e ki.
n
H i tfong, 'or Tien ki, the Fiieentb Emperor,
reigned fiven Tears.
H I f S O NG being naturally timorous, and plad
cing great Confidence In the Eunuchs, of which there
were I 2 0 0 0 in the Palace, every body fear'd he would
dcver be a Match for the Tartars : NevertheleE he
took Courage, and endeavow'd to curb thefe formi-
dable
 C$INA,
C H I N E S E - T A R T &c.
A R Y , 4.73
dable Neighbours effeEtually ; he augmented his Ar-
my with a great number of new Troops, which he
drew from all the Provinces of the Empire ; he fent
magnificent Prefents to the King of Corea, and de-
manded a greatq Number of Men than had been fent
to the Emperor his Grandfather. At the fame time there
arriv'd a Chine/e Amaz~n;if we may give this Name
toeaWoman who commanded a Body of feveral thou:
fand Men ;they came from a little State which her Son
enjoy 'd in the Moun'tains of the Province of Sc tcbzlcn:
The Emperor likewife fined out a Fleet to preferye
the Dominion of the Sea, and by all thefe Prepara-
tions he put himfelf in a Condition to humble the
Pride of the fartnrs. Upon this occafion two Chri-
itian Mandarins of the Court advifed the E m p e r ~ r
to fend for Portzrgufi Engineers from Macao, the
Cbin&e having been little ufed to manage Cannon, but
hefore they arriy'd the fhrtars were driven out of the
Province: of Leao tong : Their King Ties mi?zg was
enaaged in a War with fome Tartars, and the Capi-.
t a f city was eafily recover'd, for the Inhabitants sf
the Town and the neighbouring Country deteited his
Cqelty : As fion as the Tartar King had finifhed
his E x edition in Tartary he rerurn'd to Leap tong,
f
and lai Siege again to the Capital : The Cbinfi loit
30000 Men during the Siege, and the Tartars 20000j
at length theTown was deliver'd to them by Treache-
ry, and as foon as the King was Maiter of the Place,
he publiihed an EdiR, which commanded all the
Chimp to fhave their Heads afier the Tartar Faihion,
but feveral thoufand Perfons chofe rather to lofe their
Life than their Hair.
Mao ven long, one of the moil skilful Cbinefi Ge-
nerals, was fent with fieih Troops againit the Tartars,
who fo firongly fortified the Cittadel of Chorzg baithat
it was reckon'd impregnable, and by this Precaution
he h u t up the Paffage into China from Tartary.
474 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
T h e fame Year, which was the f'econd of the Reign
of Hi t'ng, the Town of Macao was befieged by the
Dutcb both by Land and Sea : The Emperor gave '
this Town to the Povtugu@, for their important Ser-
vice in clearing the Cbinge Seas of Pirates ; the Par-
tuguefi forced the Dutch to raife the Siege, and take
to their Ships in hafie, after they had loit a great-ma-
ny Men.
Cyde 67. T h e firIt Year of the Cycle was very unfortunate
An. Dam. to the Empire, for a great Number of feditious Peo-
1624. le, and Robbers, call'd Lieou tj'e, raifed frefh Trou-
&es, and over-ran four Provinces which they plum
dered, their Numbers increafing daily.
The fecond Year was remarkable for the Stone
Monument which was dug out of the Earth, near
the Capital of the Province of Chenji ;it had an In-'
fcription in Syriac Charatkers, containing an Abridg-
ment of the Chriitian Religion, and the Names of
fixty-fix Preachers of the Gofpel : I t was a matter
of great Joy for the Neophytes, and an undeniable Te-
itimony of the Truth ofthat Faith which was preach'd
by the nliflionary Jefiits.
The fourth Year the Emperor died, agrd t!lirty-
two Years ; his SucceiTor was Eioai tjong, before call'd
Tfing tching, who was his Brother, and the fifth Son
of L&ailg tj6urg.
S e n mzng, King ofthe '(aritnrs, who had Iignalized
himfelf by his brutiih Fiercenefs, died the fame Year.
H e was fucceeded by his Son f i t 1 2 gong, who was
very unlike his Father, for he was a Prince of great
Clemency and Goodnefi.
Hoai tfong, or Tfong tching, the Sixteenth Emperor,
reiglzed liventeen Years. r
T h e Chinefi Potver ended with the Reign of Hoai
tjong, to give place to the Tartars, who itill govern
this vafi Empire with an abfolute Authority : Hoai
@ng wv a great Lover of the Sciences, i\nd wrote
the
8
 CHINA, 475
CHINESE-TARTARY,
Wc.
the Chin$ Chara&ers very neatly ; and tho' he had
fome favourable Thoughts of Chrifiianity, which he
protehed on feveral OccaGons, yet he continued ex-
tremely bigotted to the Boqzes : H e fuppreli'd the
Luxury which began to appear, efpecially in Appa-
rel ; he was meek, chafie, and temperate, but very
flow in reiblving, and of a miitrufiful Temper, not
confiding in his moil fiithful Minifiers, and for-
bidding the Mandarins to have any Correfpondence
with the Eunuchs : The latter having introduced
Soldiers into the Palace, the Emperor gave them a
Furlow for a Month to viiit their Native Country
and Relations, ordering them Mony for their Jour-
ney, but afterwards forbid their Return : H e had of-
ten advis'd his Brother to get rid of the Chief of the
Eunuchs, who domineer'd in the Palace with the moil
infufferable Pride and Infolence.
This Villain poifodd himfelf as foon as ~ o iljiong
came to the Crown, and ekaped by Self-murder the
Tortures due to his Crimes : His Body was torn in
pieces by the common People, his immenfe Riches
confifcated, and the Temples which his Flatterershad
dedicated to his Honour burnt or demoliih'd.
The Army being employ'd on the Borders of Tar-
t a r ~ ,the riotous Multitude increas'd in the Provinces,
and the greateft difpatch was required to fupprefi
thefe Diforders ; this induced the Emperor to make
a Peace with the Tartars, and knd a freih Army into
fartat-y, the Command of which he gave to an Eu-
nuch named Elen, with full Powers to treat of Con-
ditions of Peace.
- This Eunuch was a Villain, and a Traitor, who
fuffering himfelf to be brib'd, made a Peace upon the
moil fhameful Terms ; but the Emperor refufmg t o
ratify it, the Traitor to force him took the following
Meafures.
' Mao ven long, whofe Fidelity was unalterable, com-
manded the Cbinq'i Army; Tuen invited him to a
Feafi,
476 f i e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
Feaft, and poifon'd him ; afier this he advis'd the
Tartars to go d i r e a y to Peking, taking a different Way
fmm that in which his Army was isamp'd; they
put this Defign in Execution without the leait Oppo-
fition, and befieged the Imperial City : Orders were
initantly difpatch'd to Tuew to ikcour the T o w n
with his Forces ; he fit ~ u direBly,
t not in the l q f i
fufpefing that his Treabn was difcovcr'd, but as
f'oon as he was got i n ~ othe T o w n he was put to
the Torture, and after being copvi&ed of his Perfi-
dy was itrangled : The Tartar was no fmner in-
form'd of his Death, but he raifed the Siege, and re-
eurn'd to Lcao tong, laaden with rich Spoils.
The third Year of the Cycle, which agrees with
the Year 163I of the ChriRian E r a , the R. R.
P. P. the Dominicans came into China to preach the
Gofpel : They were follow'd foon h e r by the R. R.
P. P. the FrancGans : T w o Years after died the ce-
lebrated Dr. Paul Sin, who, f r o p Firit-Prefident of
the Tribunal for Church-Ceremonies, arriv'd to the
Dignity of Colao ; he was in this hi@ Station one
of the iirongefi Supports of Chriitianity, and in a
time of Perfmution he compos'd a fine Apology in
Defence of Religion, in which he offer'd to lofe his
Honours, Eitate, and even Life, if there was any
thing in the D&ine of this Religion which did not
apr to be mofi holy : H e recommended Father
A am Schaal to the Emperor to reform the Cden-
dar.
A t the fame time, by Confent of the Empreis, fe-
veral Court-Ladies of the firft Rank were i n h u w
in the. Chriitian Religion, and receiv'd Baptifm.
T h e twelfth Year of the Cycle d i d Tuen @tg, the
Tartar King, who was fucceeded by his Son Tjzg te,
Father of the fbllowing Dynafty : This qong te wasl
a very affable, good-natur'd Prince ; he had been fe-
crctly educated from his Infancy among the Cbinge,
having learnt their Language and Sciences, at the
&me
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A
Qc.R Y , 477
&me time imbibed their Temper and Manners : This
gain'd him the Friendfhip and Eiteem of the Chi-
ne/e General and Mandarins, who infeniibly loft their
Love for the Emperor, whofe Misfortunes having
uite alter'd his Temper, he grew uneafy, thought-
?ul, melancholy and cruel : This Year of his Reign,
and the following, was a continued Series of Mur-
ders, Robberies, and intefiine War, a vaft Number
of fiditious Malecontents forming themfelves into
eight Armies, each having a Commander, but they
were afisrwards reduc'd to two Chiefs, who- were
nam'd Li and Ithang.
That they might not hurt each other they agreed
to divide the Provinces between them ; Icbang took
the Weitern Provinces of Se tcharen and Hou quang for
his Share ; and Li going Northwards feiz'd on great
Pan: of the Province of Cben J , and entering Ho nnn,
befittg'd the ,Capital Cai fong, but was forc'd to raife
the Siege with Loi's : Six Months a f i s he renew'd
the siege, but met fuch an obitinate ~ehfiance, that
the Befieged chofe rather to feed on Human Flefh
than furrender : The Imperial Army having time t o
come to their Aififiance, the Cbinfe General thought
he ihould infallibly have defiroy'd all the Rebels by
breaking down the Dikes of the TeIlow River, but
they eicaped to the Mountains, and the Town being
much lower than the River was laid quite under
W a ~ e r ,which the General had not forefeen, fo that
this1 Inundation drowned 300000 of the Inhabitants ;
neverthelefs LLi entirely fubdu'd the Provinces of Ho
nntl and CbefiJi, murder'd all the Mandarins, and ex-
zAed great Sums from thofe who had been in publick
Ernployments ; he favour'd only the meaner People,
and to gain their Intereit freed them from all man-
Pe~::~iiour drew to his Party great Numbers of
'the Imperial Soldiers, and he found himfelf fo powerful
that he did not fcruple to take upon him the Title of
Em-
-78 ZZe G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY -

Emperor : H e afterwards" advanc'd to the Imperial

City, which had a Garriibn of 60000 Men, but was
anur'd they would make no Refiltance ; he knew the
DivSons of the Mandarins and the Eunuchs, and
beiides a great number of his Soldiers had convey'd
themfelves into the Town in Difguife, and gain'd a
confiderable Party, who were to open the Gates upon
tI
i'
his Arrival.
Three Days after his Arrival the Gates were open'd,
and he enter'd in a triumphant manner at the Head of
300000 Men: T h e Emperor was ihut up in his Pa-
lace, taken up with the fooliih Superititions of the
Bonzes, not knowing what was doing in the City;
but he could not remain long in this Ignorance, irnd
when he found he was beuay'd, would have gone
out of the Palace with fix hundred'of his Guards, but
they forfook him ; being thus depriv'd of all H o r n
and chufing Death rather than to fall alive into the
Hands of Rebels, he went into his Ciarden, and a h
he had wrote thefe Words on the Border of his Vcfi,
My SubjeBs hnve bajly abandon'd me ; u j me as you
plea@, but Spare my People ; he kill'd his Dailghter
with the Stroke of a Sabre, and hung himfelf upon
a Tree, being thirty-fix Years of Age : T h e chief
Colao, the Queens, and the mofi faithful Eunuchs,
follow'd this Eyample, and kill'd themfelves.
The Body of the E.mperor, which was found a h
f
a long Search, was brou t before the Tyrant feated
on a Throne, who after e had treated it with Indig-
nity, caufcd two of the Emperor's Children, and aS1
his Miniiters, to be beheaded, but his eldeit ~ b n --
efcap'd by Flight. , 2
Every body fubmitted to the Power of the Ufi:
per, except the Prince OKfan gut); who con~man&$
the Chin* Army in Leao tong ;
with his Army, and havit~gbefieg'd the the oliL .
Ty% niietwhere
Oufinguey was Governor, ihew'd him his Father
loaded with Chains, declaring he fllould be initantly
flain
I
 flain if the Town was not furrender'd ; this brave
Man, feeing his Father from the T o p of the Walls,
fell on his Knees, and burfiing into Teats begg'd
his Father to forgive him, if he facrificed his filial
Tendernefi for his Duty to his Prince and Country ;
this generous Father applacded the Refolution of his
Son, and fubmitted to his Fate.
Ou fan guey, to take a double Vengeance for the
Death of his Prince, and of his Father, procured a
Peace with the Eafiern Tartars,' nam'd Mantcheoux, '

and call'd them in to his Afiftance againfi the Re-

bels : Tjng ti, King of thefe Tartars, fbon came
with an Army of 80000 Men, and the two Armies
uniting the Ufurper raifed the Siege, and haiten'd
to Peking ; but not thinking himfelf fafe there he
plunder'd the Palace and fet it on fire, and then fled
with his Army to the Province of Chen ji, enrich'd
' with the Spoils of the Empire, and loaded with the ge-

neral Curies of the People.

TJong te died prefently after he arriv'd in Chi-
na, but before his Death he declared his Son Chung
trbi Emperor, who was but Ox Years old, and com-3
mitted the Care of him and the Empire to A ma vag
his Brother.
The young Prince was condu&ed firait to Peking,
and receiv'd with great Acclamations of Joy, the
People looking upon him as their Deliverer ; nothing
was heard on all iides but Lovlg live the Emperor !
May he live ten thoufind Years ! Van )ui, Yanjzci !
a Chinge Exprefion, which lignifies, May he live
many Tears ! This Revolution happened the twenty-
firft Year of the Cycle, which is 1644 Yeus afier
the Birth of Chriit.
B e Iwenty-Jkoond Dynajy, named Tling, now
reigning, ubich t o the pr@nt l i m e reckons
three Emperors.

Chun tchi, the ErJ Emperor, reigned I 7 Tars,

EX E R E is ns certain Account what became of

the Ufurper, who war pudued forne time by the
firtars ; Eome think he was kill'd in an Engage-
ment by Otl fin guey : This General foudd too late the
Error he had committed, in fending for the Tartars
to get rid of the Tyrant, and would fmetimes by,
That he had brought Lions to drive away Dogs ; ne-
verthelds he receiv'd the Dignity of King from the
Hands of Cbun tcbi, and the Title of P i n g j , which
fignifies Peace-maker 4 the W@, and the Town of
ai ngan far was afign'd him for his Refidace, which
been ravag'd with Fire and Sword.
Cbun tcbi having maiter'd the Northern Prsvinces,
turn'd his Arms towards the South, that he might
inti rely reduce them to his Obedience ; Hong quang,
a Grandlon of the preceding Emperor, being pro-
claimed Emperor at Nan king, was taken Prifoner,
brought to Peki~g, and itrangled. The Tatzars af-
terwards enter'd the Province of I'che kiang, and bc-
fieg'd the Capital ; Lo vang, who was King of this
Place, and who had rehs'd the Title of Emperor,
got upon the Walls, and upon his Knees befeech'd
the Tartars to lpare his Subje&s ; but if they would
not be appeas'd without ibrne Viairn, he offer'd to
facrifice himfelf for the Safety of his People, and at
the fame time went out of the City, and fubmitted
to the Difcretion of the Conqueror.
Long
 ~ H ~ N C GTARTARY,
A B, I N B S &c. 481
Long vau, another Grandfon of Chin $ng, or Van
lir the thirteenth Emperor of the preceding Dy-
naity, was proclaim'd in the Province of F o kien,
b i t all the Cities open'd their Gates at the Approach
of the Conqueror : Nor could this Prince efcape*
Death, being forc'd to ftrengthen the Conqueft of the
firtars with his Blood. .
There was at this time a remarkable Perfon named
Tcbin cbi long, who aRed a confiderable Part in the
Affairs of the Empire; he was at firit a, Servant tci
the Portup@ at Macao, among whorti he was in-
itrutled in the Chrifiian Religion, and received at his
BaptXm the Name of Nicboias : afier~ards,fi-om a
petty Trader, he grew to be the richefi Merchant of
D Cbina, by Commerce with the Spdnia~dsand HoZlan-
dm, and became at laft Commander of a great
Fleet : H e at firit acknowledg'd Long vou for Em-
peror, but afiemards the farjar Prince : C h n tcbi
offer'd to make him a King, and invited him to a
f o l h n F e d ; Tcbin chi long accepted the Invitation
in hopes of obtaining the greatefi Dignities at Codrt,
whither he was honourably conduffed ; he left the
Command of the Fleet to his Son Tcbing fcbing cong,
who inviolably preferv'd his Zeal for his Country,
and his Fidelity to the CbinG Princes, againit the In-
treaties of his Father, and the Promif'es of the new
Emperor.
The Army of the Tartars advanced to the Pro-
$ice of %tang tong, and met no Refiitan& ; but the
Courfe of their Viffories was interrupted in the Pro-
vince of %uangJi, for fiomas Kiu, Viceroy of this
Province, and Luke I'cbin, chief General of the Chin@
Forces, who were both Chriitians, oppos'd the fcrrtars,
and entirely routed them after an obitinate Engage-
ment ; the Conquerors immediately eleRed a Prince
of the Imperial Family, named Yong lie, who was
King of the Capital of the Province of Koei tcheou,
and after he was proclaimed Emperor he went to ,
voL. I., I i keep
 keep his Court at Cbao king : A Chrif ian Eunuch
named Pan Achilles, who was very zealous for the
Faith, was his chief Counfellor, by &hoie means Fa-
ther Andrew Kofley initrulted the Emperor's Mother,
his Wife, and eldefi Son, in the Truths of Chriitia-
nity, and gave them Baptiim.
I t was expeEted that this Emperor would one Day
be the ConJantine of China, by which Name he wits bap-
tis'd ; for theie illuitrious Converts, with the Confent
of the Emperor, fent Father Michel Bojm to Rome
to pay a filial Obedience to the holy See in their
Names.
T h e Fame which war, -fpread thro' all the Pro-
vinces of a great ViEtory gain'd over the Fartars, and
of the Eleltion of a new Emperor, rous'd the Cou-
rage of the Chin@ : A Commander who had got .
together an Army in the Province of FQkien, and
Tcbing tcbing cong, who fcoured the Seas with a nu-
. merous Fleet, retook feveral Towns both within
the Country and upon the Sea - Coafts ; at the
fame time the Viceray of the Province of Kiang fi
fhook off the Yake, and defeated the Tartars in fe-
veral Engagements, : In the Northern Parts two Cap-
tains, one named Ho, the other Kiang, had rais'd each
a confiderable Army, the firit feiz'd feveral Cities in
the Province of Cben Ji, .and the fecond enter'd the
fame Province with 140000Horfe, and a greater n u m
ber of Foot ; they defeated the Tartars in two Bat-
tles, and put them into Gch a Coniternation that
they durit not appear in the Field.
NevertheleG in the fpace of three or four Years,
what with Crafi and Policy, Rewards and Pro-
miies, and the Quarrels of the m o Cbinge Leaders,
the Tartars became Conquerors, and recover'd all the
Cities they had lo& In the Weit another Leader of the
Revolt ravaged the whole Country, and fem'd to k
a Demon in Human Shape, for after having exercis'd
all manner of Cruelties in the Provinces of Ho nun,
Kiang
 Kiang Ban, and Kiang Ji, the, Storm of his Fury fell
on the Province of Se tchuen.
H e was good-natur'd and affable to none but his Sol-
diers, whom he ufed, with great Familiarity ; for t o
all others he was cruel beyond Example.
H e put to death the King of the Capital, who was
a Prince of the preceding Dynafly, and if any Man
committed a trifling Fault, he kill'd all the People
that lived in the fame Street ; five thoufdnd Eunuchs
were flain by his Order, becaufe one of them had not
given him the Title of Emperor ; having called ten
thoufand Literati to an Examination, as ibon as they
were airembled in the Hall appointed for their Com-
pofitions, he caufed them all to be murder'd on prea
tence that by their Sophifms they itirr'd up the Peo-
ple to rebel : Upon leaving the City of Tcbin tog
fog, to enter the Province of Chcnji, he cnufed all
the Inhabitants to be brought out in Chains, and
rnaffacred in the Fields, and it was on this Occafion
that feveral Children were baptiz'd by Father Buglio
and Father Magalhncns : H e order'd all his Soldiers
to kill their Women, becaufe they were only trouble-
ibme to an Army in War, and he fet them an Ex-
ample by cutting the Throats of three hundred of his
own, referving only twenty to wait on the three '
Queens; in fhort he did not leave the Province of
Se tchuen to enter that of Chen Ji, till he had burnt
the Capital and feveral other Towns. As he was pre- ,
paring to engage the Tartars, who were not far off,
he was told that five Warriors were feen upon the Hills
at fome diitance, upon which he went immediately t o
reconnoitre them, without putting on his Helmet or
CuiraS, and as foon as he came in light of them he was
h o t thro' the Heart with an Arrow : His Death dif-
'
.
pers'd his Army, and the People receiv'd the Tartars
as their Deliverers, and joyfully fubmiyed to their
Yoke : By this time eleven I'covinces were reduced
under the Dominion of the Tartar E m p e r ~ r , and
Iia there
there remain'd only four in the South under the Go-
vernment of the Chin@, which the Court f i t
three diserent Armies to fubdue ; the Capital of
zuang tong was befieg'd, which Siege lafied a whole
Year, with great Loffes on both fides ; at length the
City was taken, and the Soldiers were allow'd to
plunder it for ten Days: They march'd afierwards'
to Chao king, where Tong lie kept his Court, but this
Prince, being too weak to refifi the Conqueror, re-
tir'd firit to the Province of @ang J , and afier-
wards to T Hnun. ~ The next Year, which was the
twenty-eighth of the Cycle, died A ma van, Uncle '
and Tutor to' the Emperor, who was extremely re-
gretted, having gain'd the Love of the Cbinge by his
great Qualities and pradent Behaviour, and 'tis pro-
perly he who fix'd the reigning Tartar Family on the '
Throne.
His Brother, who had a fmall Sovereignty, claim'd
the Right of fucceeding in the Guardianihip of the
Emperor; but all the Grandees oppos'd it, beca&
the Emperor being now fourteen Years old, and mar-
ry'd to a Daughter of a Prince of the Weftern far-
tars, was able to govern alone; the Difpute went
fo far, that they hung up at the Gates of their Palaces
the Enfigns of their Dignities, faying, that #beywould
rccei.vc them only from the Hands of Chun tchi ; how-
ever it was at lafi agreed that this Prince hould take
the Government into his own Hands, which he did
in a manner that foon gain'd him the Love of the
People ; infiead of fiutting himfelf up in the Palace,
as the Chin$ Emperors ufually did, Cbun #chi be-
gan his Reign by hewing himfilf in Publick,
and by giving fiee Accei's to his Peribn : H e
made no Altdrations in the Laws and Government of
China, not fuffering the Chinge to learn the Tartarian
Language w thout a particular Licenfe : He pre-
A
ferv'd the I fupremc Tribunals at Peking, but
would not admit any elfewhere, ib that thofe of
A7an
 Nan king were iuppreis'd ; he alfo order'd that there
fhould be a Tartar added to the Chin@ Prefident
- He beitowed the Governments of Cities and Pro-
vinces only on the Literati; and as the Safety or
Ruin of the Empire depends on the choice of proper
Peribns to fill thefe important Pofts, having been
inform'd that fome Literati had bought the Suffrages
of their Examiners, he order'd thirty-fix of the Ex-
aminers to be beheaded, and condemn'd the Literati
to pafi through a freih Examination, pardoning thoie
who were admitted to their Degrees or their Capa-
, city, but thoie who were found uncapable were fent
with all their Families to fl'artary, which is at prefwt
the common Place of Banifhment for the Guilty ;
the Defign in peopling the& vafi Deiarts is, that
the Children who are born here fhould naturally take
the Temper and Manners of the Tartars.
This Prince had a iingular AffeAion for P. A-
dam Schaal, and always call'd him M a fa, which
iignifies, My Father ; he made him principal of the
'Tribunal of Mathematicks appointed to reform the
Chinge Aftronomy, and expell'd the Mabometans who
had poffefi'd thofe Employments during three Ages :
By a very extraordinary Favour he permitted him to
preient his Petitions into his own Hands, without
fending them throa the Tribunals, according to the
eftablifh'd Cuftom ; and this remarkable Favour con-
tributed greatly to the Advancement of Religion, for
imn afier two fine Churches were built at Peking by
the Authority and ProteAion of the Emperor.
The thirty-third Year of the Cycle the firit Em-
baffy of the Greqt Duke of M Z I ~ G V ~ at Pe-
arriv'd
king, but it was not favourably receiv'd, becauE the
Ambaffador would not hbmit to the Chin$ Cere-
monies, nor was that which came fiom I$.lland mQre
Dccefshl. e .
The thirty-third Year of the Cycle fl'cbing tcbing
cong, who till then contented hidelf with making
. Ii3 tittla
 little Excurfions, and plundering the Coafis of Cbi-
no, came and befieg7d Nan kilzg with 3000 Ships :
A pretty young ChinrJe being Viceroy of the City
and Province, a Council of War was held, and the
Tartar Chief declar'd, That the City could not be
defended unlefi the Inhabitants were defiroy'd, who
were very (numerous ; this Propofal was receiv'd with
I-Iorror by the Viceroy, You mu/2 begin this Butchery
on me, fays he, if you cannot othevw@ @ve the City :
This Anfwer fiopt the Tartar's Mouth, and fav'd the
Lives of the Citizens.
The twentieth Day of the Siege there were great
Rejoicings in the Camp of the Befiegers, on account
of the Birth-Day of their General, and the Fefiival
held three whole Days, which were fpent in Feafting and
all manner of Diverfions; the Befieged fallying our
at Midnight with great Silence, and finding their Ene-
mies overcome wlrh Sleep and Wine, attack'd them,
and flew near 3000, f'orclng the refi to fly to their
Ships, abandoning their Camp, Baggage and Provi:
i ons to the Conquerors.
Ichizg tcbing cong, feeking to repair this Lofs as
foon as pofible, fail'd to engage the Tartar Fleet,
and comisg up with it, after an obitinate Fight he
funk and took feveral fartar VeKeIs, put the refi to
fligh~, and took 4000 Priibners, whom he fet on
Shore after he had cut off their Nofes and Ears.
The Tufa, could not bear the Sightsof this dii'mal
Sp:&tncle, and as their hideous Countenances were a
conit,~ntM'irk of their Defeat, they were all put
to dcxh by the Emperor's Order.
After this Viaory Tchi~xtching cong thought of ,
fecuring a Retreat, and pitch'd upon the Ifland of
Forc.rfiz, \v!lich was poffefs'd by the Dutch ; he be-
h:.g9d it by Sea and Land, and aker four Months
Reiiftancc , tho Befieged were obliged to furren-
der for wznt of provifions : Here he ehbliih'd
his new Government, but did not enjoy it long,
for
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A RY,
@c:
fbr the following Year he dy'd, and lefi it to. his
Son.
xng liewas the only furviving Perfon that could difiurb
the new Conqueror, who fiill kept the Title of Em-
peror, tho' he was driven out of Chiiza, and had taken
Refuge in the Kingdom of Pegu, which borders on
the Province of Tun nan ; the Court fent fome Troops
with threatning Letters to the King of Pegu, which
enjoin'd him to deliver up the fugitive Prince.
H e was immediately given up, with his whole Fa-
mily, to the Tartars, who carry'd him 'to the Capi-
tal, where he was firangled ; the two y s , his Mo-
ther and Wife, were fent to Peking, w ere they had
each a feparate Palace, and were honourably treated,
and where they always preferv'd their firit Adherence
to the Faith.
T h e fame Year, being the third of the Cycle, was
fatal to the Emperor, by the violent Pafion which he
entertain'd for the Wife of a young Tartar Lord,
whom he had feen with the Empl-eis ; this Lady in-
form'd her Husband of the Prince's Sollicitations, up-
on which the Husband gave her Initrultions how to
behave, and this ihe told again to the Lover, either
thro' Simplicity or Defign : Chun tchi, who was in-
tirely govern'd by his Pailion, fint for this Lord, and
on pretence of his having negle&ed the Bufinefi of
hid Poit gave him a Box on the Ear : The Tdrtar
could not furvive this Outrage, but died of Grief the
third Day.
The Emperor immediately after marry'd the Wi-
dow, and made her @een, and had a .Son by her,
whofe Birth was celebrated with Pomp and Magnifi-
cence; but this Child lived but three Months, and
his Mother follow'd him foon after to the .Grave :
The Emperor was ~inconiblablefor this Lois, and
made thirty Men kill themielves to appeaie her Manes,
which Ceremony the Chin$ look'd upon with Hor-
ror, and which his Succeffor took care to abolifh.
I i 4 Hz
 f-Ie ordefld the Grandees of the Court, and the
Minifiers of the Empire to go into Mourning for a
Month, and the common People for three Days, as if
f i e had been Emprefi : Afier the Body was burnt
on a Funeral-Pile he gather'd u p her Aihes himid4
and with fireaming Eyes inclos'd them in a filwer
Urn : H e then devoted himfelf to the Bonzes, and the
Worihip of their tdols, which he had hitherto treated
with Contempt, and in a few Days this unhappy
Prince was reduced to the lafi Extremity. Father
Adam had oEen made firong Remonfirances, which
this Prince look'd upon as the EffeB of his Love,
but they were ineffettual ; however in this melancho-
ly Situation he refolv'd to make another Effort ; and
the Prince receiv?d him in a friendly manner, heard
him patiently, but forbid him to kneel, made
him drink Tea, and fent him away.
After the Father was gone he order'd h u r Lord5
gf the Court to draw near, and in their Prefence he
reproach'd himfelf for negleRing the Government of .
his Dominions, for his little Regard to thofe who had
ferv'd him faithfully, for defpiling the Counfel of .his
Mother, f ~ his r Ayarice and idle Expences in vain
Curiofities, for his AffeAion to the Eunuchs, his ex-
5
ceflive Pafiion for the deceafed ueen, and the Trou-
bles he had made his People un ergo ; afier this he
declared rhem Tutors of his youngefi Son Cang bi,
who was but eight Years old ; then cloathing himfdf
in the Imperial Mantle, he faid, N m ,I leave you
and eupirld the fame Infiant, ahout Midnight, aged
eighty Years.
The next Morning all the Bonzes were e+ell9d the
court, and the & d y of the Emperor was inclos'd in
a magnificent Coffin : The Day after Cang bi a-
fcended the Throne, and receiv'd the Homage af
a!l the Grandees of the Erppire.
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTA
&c.R Y , -489
Cang hi, tbe Second ~m;detor, reigned ji* Z a r ~ .
A S in the Courfe of this Work we have inen-
tion'd at large the great Qualities and Merit of this
famous Emperor, whofe Name is refp&ed in all the
Eait, and has dekrv'd the Regard of all Europe, no-
thing remains in this Place but to relate the principal
Events of his Reign in a Chronological Method.
The Adminifiration of the Four Tutors was not at-
tended with any great Troubles ; the firft Uie
they made of their Authority was in beheading the
principal Eunuch, who had been the Author of the
former Misfortunes, and driving from the Palace
4000 Eunuchs, retaining only 1000 to be employ'd
in the mean& Offices. Soon after an Editt was pub-
lifh'd, which ordhin'd all thofe in the tie Provinces,
who inhabit the Sea-coaft, on pain of Death to leave
their Dwellings, and to Gttle themfelves three Leagues
from the Sea 5 in Puduance of which they demoliih'd
d l their Cities, Forts, and Maritime Towns, and a11
Trading by Sea was abiolutely forbid.
By this means the Power of this formidable Enemy
was weakned, who was become M a k r of the Sea,
but an infinite number of Fan~ilies,who liv'd on the
- Fiihing-Trade, were reduced to Want : A great ma-
ny Churches were alfo defiroy'd, as well as the Idol
Temples, and the City of Macao would have fhar'd
the hme Fate, if Father Adam had not folicited for
, its Safety, and employ'd all his Credit to exempt it
from the general Law.
In the Year Forty-one Tazg quang Jien, a Man of
Lettecs, preEnted a Petition to the Regents full of
the moil horrid Calumnies againft Religion, and the
Mifionaries, of whom Fathtir Adam was look'd up-
on as the Head; he and three of his Companions
were loaded with nine Chains, and dragg'd before
feveral Tribunals, where they underwent very long
wd. mortifying Interrogatories, their Books of De-
votion,
votion, their Cha lets, their Medals were looked up-
P
on as fecret Mar s, by which thofe in the Confpi-
racy were fuppofed te know each other, and thefe
Symbols of Chrifiian Piety were ordered to be burnt:
However they were forbid to perfecute the Chriitians,
to profane their Churches, and their Sacred Images.
T h e following Year Father Adam was condemned
to be ftrangled, but this Sentence was afierwards re-
voked, and they condemned him to be cut, while
living, into ten thoufand Pieces. This is the greatefi
Punifhment they ever inAiA for the moit horrid Crime:
This Sentence was carried to the Princes of the Iflood,
and ta the Regents for Confirmation, but as often as
they attempted to read it a dreadful Earthquake di-
iperfed the AKernbly.
T h e Coniternation was fo great that they granted a
general Pardon ; all thC Prifoners were releafed, ex-
cept Father Adam, and he did not get his Liberty till
a Month afterwards, when the Royal Palace was con-
fumed by the Flames ; all the Mifionaries were ba-
niihed to Canton, except four who were retained at
Court ; there were reckoned among the Baniflled three
Religious of Saint Dominipue, one Franci/'can, and
twenty-one Jejuit r.
T h e fifteenth of Azrgnj?, in the fame Year, Father
Adma Schaal died, at the Age of feventy-hen Years,
whereof he had fpent forty-feven in the Labours of
an Apoftolical Life : T h e Emperor afterwards declared
his Innocence, and honoured him with an Elogium,
and feveral Titles of Honour.
T h e forty-third Year of the Cycle happencd the
Death of Sony, the Chief of the four Regents of the
Empire, at which time the young Emperor took
the Government of his Dominions into his own Hands,
and foon gave great Hopes of that extraordinary Re-
putation, which he afterwards acquired in the Sequel of
a Reign the moit fiouriihing that ever happened.
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T A R T A&c.R Y , qgr
Sou ca ma, who had the Credit of the fo&
Regents, and who was the moft cruel Enemy of Chri-
fiianity, had twenty ,Articles of Accufdtion brought
againfi him, his Goods were confifcated, he was load-
ed with Irons, and condemned to the moil cruel Pu-
nifhment, but the Emperor mitigated the Rigour of
his Sentence, and he was only firsnglcd ; feven of
his Children or Grandchildren, and his third Son were
cut into feveral Pieces.
In the forty-fifth Year of the Cycle an Embaffador.
from the King of Portugal came to Court, who was
received with Honour, and did not a little contribute
to efiabliih the Pertugutjie Nation in the Poffefion of
the City of fir~acao.
T h e followi:lg Year Father Ferdinand Yerbig was
ordered, by the Emperor, to examine and put in writ-
ing all the Faults of the Chinej Calendar made by
Tang quang Jien, who had taken Father Adam's Place,
and who had' exafperated the Grandees, the Bonzes,
and the Mahometans, againfi the Chriitian Religio~.
T h e Faults were enormous, and many in number ;
infomuch that Tang pang Jien was deprived of his
Office, degraded of his Honour, and even condemned
to Death : However the Emperor was fatisfied with ba-
nifhing him into his own Country, where he was fcarce
arrived but he died of a pefiilential Ulcer.
The Peve YerbieJiF became Prefident of the Tribunal
of the Mathen~aticks,and fo far gaked the Eiteem
' of the Emperor, as to !each him the Mathematical
Sciences for the Space of ,five Months.
The Father made ufe of this Opportunity to pre-
fent a Petition to the Enlperor, in which he expofed
the Calumnies that had been publiihed againit the
ChriQan Faith, and the Injuitices which had been
done, under Pretence of his Authority, to the Preach- .
ers of the Gofpel. They fpent feven Days in exa-
mining the Allegations before a General Affembly of
the Mandarins, after which it was declared, That
the
49.2 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O Rbf
Y
the Chriitian Religion taught nothing that was evil,
nor that tended to Sedition : An Imperial Edi& re-
called the baniih'd Mflionaries, nevertheleis forbid-
ding them to build any more Churches, and the Cbi-
nge to embrace the Chriitian Faith. !
In the fiftieth Year of the Cycle Ou fan guey,
who had introduced the I'artar~ into the Emp~reto
fupprefs the Rebellion, endeavoured to deliver his
Coustry from their Tyranny : T h e Emperor invited
.him to Court, but his Anfwer was to the Deputies;
O a t be would not aiqpear tbere, unl$ in tbe Company
of 8ooco Men, by which means his Defign was
made publick.
H e had already made himielf Mailer of the Pro-
vinces of Tun nan, St tcbuen, Koei tcbcou, and part of
Ho# quang, and, which is a Mark of the Imperial
Authority, he fent the Chin$ Calendar to the Tribu-
tary Princes his Neighbours, and among the reft to
the Ring of %ng king : Both he and the reit refufed t o
nceive 'it, and f a t it back to the Emperor : T h e
eldeft Son of Ou /an gusy, who was then at C o w ,
was beheaded.
Soon after the Kings of F o kim and 2uang tong
revolted, and the Prince of Formo/a joined himielf to
them : It had been over with the lartars if all thefe
Prinqes had a&ed 'in Concert, in behalf of the com-
mon Caufe, but they were divided by Jealodies : T h e
Prince of Fot-ma/a, thinking himfelf not honourably ,
treated by the King of Fo kien, declared War againit
him, defeated him in feveral Battles, and forced him
to fubmit to the Emperor : The King of sang tong,
for a like reaim of Diicontent, broke the Treaty which
he had made with OuJnn gug, and put his Province
into the Hands of the firtars.
The Court fent feveral Armies, commanded by Tar-
tarialt Princes, into the Provinces of Hou pang, Tche ,
kiang, F o kien, qyang tong, and %gang Ji, to reduce
the reft that refufid to acknowledge his Authority.
Nov-
 However Ou fi' a rr guty died in the fiQ-fixth Year of
the Cycle in a good old Age, and his youngefi Son
Hong boa was proclaimed Emperor.
T h e k o n d of Sqtmbrr; in the fame Year, there
was a dreadhl Earthquake at Peking ; a great many
Palaces andTemples, and thelTowers and Walls of the
City were overthrown, which buried more than 400
Perfons in the Ruins : There were more than joooo
that periihed in the neighbouring City Tong tcbeov,
and as the Shocks were perceived from time to time
for rhe Space of three Months, the Emperor, the
Princes, and the Nobility, quitted their Palaces, and
dwelt in Tents ; the Emperor beflowed lar
. . F
for the Encouragement and Afiflance of the eople.
The lait Month of the fame Y e u the Royal Pa-
Sums
lace was all in Flames, and in a f?w Hours time it was
reduced to Aihes ; its faid that the Lo& amounted to
2850000 Tazls.
Four Days after this Accident the Emperor f e out
to take the Diverfion of Hunting at his Pleaiure-
Houik, and perceiving at a diftance the magnificent
Monument, which his Father had erefted to the Ho-
nour of the lait Cbinc/e Emperor, he went to it, and
after having profiratcd himfelf on -the Ground, and
burnt Incenfe, You know, great Emperor, faid he,
burfling into Tears, it was not a e , but your rebelhus
Subjcfls who were the Caufi of your Dedb.
Altho' the King of the Province of 3uang tong had
iubmitted to the Government of the Tartars, his
Condua was not the lefi fufpefied at Court, be-
. cauk he had an enterprizing Spirit, and was very
powerfil by the Trade that he carried on, notwith-
itanding the Emperor's Prohibition, with the Spaniards I
and Dutcb.
The fifty-feventh Year of the Cycle he received Or-
ders to mardh his Army againit the Rebels of the
Province of cuang fi : This Army being divided in-
to feveral Bodies, as Neceffity required, they had the
Cuhping
 Cunning to perfuade him to return to his Palace in
the Province of $&uang tong. A little time after he was
vifited by two Grandees of the Court, who on the
ninth of ORober, early in the Morning, prefented him
with a iilken Halter, with the Emperor's Order to
itrangle himielf in it ; one hundred and twelve of
his Accomplices, among whom were three of his Bro-
thers, were beheaded, and his great Riches were divided
amonglt his other Brothers, whereof one was Son-in-
law to the Emperor.
Towards the end of the fame Year fome reverend
AuguJtine Fathers, being arrived at Macao fiom the
Philippins, entered happily' into China. The follow-
ing Year the King of F o kien, who in the time of his
Revolt was treated with Contempt by the Emperor's
faithful Mandarins, was capitally punifhed, and his
Body cait to the Dogs ; his Brothers, tho' innocent,
were &headed.
In the mean time the Tartars poireffed themielves
of the Capital of Tun nan ; Hang boa, v. ho had been '
declared Emperor? prevented the Puniihment defign-
ed for him, by kill~nghimfelf ;they dug up the Bones
of his Father Ou /;.Engucy, and cariied them to Peking,
. part of which were expofed with Marks of Infamy on
Stakes, the other part were reduced to Aihes and Eat-
tered in the Wind.
T h e fame Year, being the fifiy-eighth of the Cycle,
and of our Lord I 68 I, was the 100th iince the Mif-
iionaries of the Society of J@s had carried the Light
of the Chriftian Faith into China.
T h e fifty-ninth Year the Emperor, having happily
fubdued the fifieen Provi~cesof China, and eitabliihed 1
Peace throughout his whole Empire, took a Refo-
lution to go and vifit his Country and the Tombs of
his Anceitors : H e fet out for E~zjernTat-tary the
twenty-third of March, accompa~iedwith the Prince
his Heir apparent, his three Queens, his Great Lords
and principal Mandarins, and with an Army of about
60000 I
I
 CHINA,
CHINESE-TARTARY,
&c. 495
60000 Men : H e alfo took with him P e ~ YerbicJ,
e who
was always near his Perfon ; and in the iixtieth and lait
Year of the Cycle he made a fecond Journey into
WcJfern lartary, with a greater Train, and a more
numerous Army. This Cufiom was continued every
Year, and he fpent feveral Months in the Exercifc
of Hunting during his Stay in fartary.
T h e third Year of this new Cycle I'ching che Jalz, Cycle 68.
the Grandibn of the famous Pirate who had taken An.
the Ifland of Form@ from the Hollanders, was obliged I 684
to replace it in the Hands of the Emperor, and to
furrender himfelf at Peking, where he was dignified
*
with the Title of Count.
T h e fourth Year of the Cycle five new French Mif-
fionaries arrived at Peking, the feventh of Febrzrar- ;
they embarked at BY@ in March I 685.
L E w I s the fourteenth of glorious Memory, who
was poireffed of fo many Heroick Virtues, by which
he merited the Name of GRAND, joined to the great-
eit Zeal for the Propagation of the Faith, had ho-
noured thefe Fathers with the Title of his Matherna-
ticians, and had gratified them with fettlcd Salaries
, and magnificent Preknts.
They had not h e Confolation to fee Father YerSieJ,
to wllom their Permifion to enter into China was
owing : This Apoitolical Man died the twenty-fiventh
of January, univerfally lamented by the Emperor,
Grandees, and the People ; Pere Grimaldi was named
to fupply his Place, and the Emperor refaved the Pcres
Gervillon and Bovett out of the five that were newly
arrived for his Court.
T h e following Year the Peres Gerbillon and Pereya
had Orders, from the Emperor, to accompany the Chi-
nfe Ambairadors into Iartnry, who went to fettle with
the Mzfiovite Plenipotentiaries the Limits of the two
Empires.
.China enjoyed a profound Peace, which was owing
to tbe Wifdorn and fuperior Skill of the Emperor :
Thc
8
446 16e G E N E R AHL I S T ~ RDfI
T h e indefitigable Application of this Great Prince td
all the Affiirs of State, his Equity and Penetration in
the Choice of proper Peribns to fill the Chief Officesi
his Frugality, and Hatred to Luxury with r e f F to
himfelf, joined with his P r o f u h d s and Magndicence
with reference to his Dominions ;his Tendernds to his
People, and Readinefi to ailiil them, his Steadinefi in
the vigorous Execution of the Law, his continual
Watchfulneis o v p the Condulk of his Viceroys and
Governors, and the abfolute Government that he had
over himfelf; all thefe things put together, ke t up a
R
regular Subordination in all the Members of t is va8
Empire, without which nothing is more common
than Trouble and Confufion.
Tho' this Prince was fo much taken up with the
Government of the Empire, he found fufficient Lei-
fire for Application to the Sciences, for which he had
a Taite and a particular Genius: H e was not con-
tented with the Chin+ Learning, in which he was
very well verfd ; but was defirous of being inftru&i
d in the European Sciences, namely Geometry, 81;
gebra, Natural Philofophy, Afironomy, Phyfick, and
: The Peres Gerbillon, Boveft, and Tbmas,
Anammi
imploye Gveral Years in turning their Letlures into
the lartarian Language, and in explaining them twice
a day, either at Peking, or his Pleafure-Houii : He
was likewife defirous that Pert Gerbillon ihould attend
on him in all his Journies into lartary.
As the Chriitian Religion was only tolerated in
China, it was not free from Perfecution in fome of the
Provinces, there was one very cruel in the Province
of fche kiang :TheFathers, who wereat Court, prefent-
ed a Petition to the Emperor, and after great Con-
teitations on the Part of the Tribunals, they at length
obtained, by the ProteAion ot the Prince So fan, a
Relation of the Emperor, an EdiLt in favour of it,
and permitted its free Exercife throughout the Empire,
This Edit2 was obtained the ninth Year of the Cycle
of
 C H I N AC, H I N E S E - T AA R
R YT
, @c. 497
of our Lord 1692, and the thirty-firfi of the Reign
of Cang hi, which was confirmed the twenty-fecond of
Marcb, and publiihed foon after in all the Provinces.
So fignal a Favour was fotne time afier followed
by another, which we fcarce durfi hope for ; the Ern-
peror granted to the Peres Gerbillon and Bovet a large
Spot ot Ground within the Walls of his own Palace,
for the Building of a Houfe and Church, and even f i -
niihed them with Money, as a l h a great part of the
Materials, appointing Mandarins to be Overfeers of
the Work : In four Years all was finiihed, and in the
nineteenth Year ot the Cycle, that is to fay 1702,
the Church was opened and folemnly confecrated.
The twenty-fixth Year of the C y ~ l was
e remarkable
for a very uncommon Event 5 the fecond Son of the Em-
peror, who was appointed his Succeffor, and was almofi
equal with him, was all of a fudden depofed, andloaded
with Irons, and his Children and principal Officers
were involved in the fame Misfortune : Likewife an
Afirologer, who had preditled that if this Prince was
not Emperor in a particular Year he never would at-
tain that Dignity, wascondemned to be cut in a thou-
fand Pieces ; the publick Ncws-Papers were filled with
Invetlives againit the Condua of the Prince, whofe
Life they examiiled even from his very Infancy.
Soon afier his Innocence was made to appear, and
'twas known that his elder Brother, to render the
younger's Loyalty fufpekied, had recourfe to Ma-
gick by the Mifiance of certain Lamas, who are
skilful in things of that nature : Thefe Lamas were
put to death, the eldefi Son was condemned to per-
petual Imprifonmknt, and the Prince his Broth~r- .
was re-eitabliihed in the Quality of Heir apparent:
There were publick Rejoicings on this occafion, and
a Comedy was a&ed for fome time, drawn from An-
cient Hifiory, that alluded to this Event: But this
Re-eftabliihment was not laitirg, for afterwards he
V O L . I. K k was
 Be G E N E R AHLI S T O R ofY
was deprived of his Titles, and the Prerogatives of his
Rank, for real Confpiracies againit his Father.
The thirtieth Year of the Cycle, that is to fay in
I 7 I 0 , my Lord the Cardinal Ze lournon, Apofioli-
cdl Legate, died at Mgcao the eighth of June, at the
Age of forty-one, of a Diftemper which had like to -
have killed him at Ponticbery, and afterwards at
Nan king, from whence he travelled to the Empe-
ror's Court, to which he was fent by the Pope to
put an End to the Difputes which had rifen amongit:
' the Mifionaries.
The thirty-feventh Year of the Cycle, I 717, a
Tfing ping, or Mandarin of War, whore Name was
Tcbin mao, prefented a Petition to the Emperor full
of InveAives and Calumnies againit the ChriRian
Religion, and the Preachers thereof, inventing the moil
horrid Crimes under pretence of Watchfulnefs over
the publick Tranquillity, which, as he faid, was
ready to be broke in upon at home by the Mini-
onaries and their Difciples, and from without by the
Ezlvopeans who trade to China.
They were aitoniih'd when they found that this
Petition was referred to the Tribunals for Exami-
nation, and that the Emperor confirmed their De-
cree, which reviv'd two EdiAs, one of the eighth
Year of Cang hi, which prohibited the Building of
Churches, and embracing the Chriftian Faith ; the
other of the forty-fifth Year, wherein it is ordained,
that every European &all receive an Imperial Patent,
wherein &all be mentioned his Country, his Reli-
gious Order, the Time he hath been in China, and
a Promii'e of his never returning to Europe any more.
Father Farinin, with two other Mifionaries, went
and threw themfclves at the Emperort Feet, but all
the Anfwer they could gain was, that none were
prohibited to preach the Gofpel but tho& who had
not receiv'd their Patents.
The
 T h e Year following happened the Deceafe of the
Emperor's Mother on the eleventh of Janhar-, and
the whole Empire went into deep Mourcing for for-
ty Days. The Mandarins, and even the Sons of
the Emperor, went to fleep without utting off theit
P
Cloaths ; all the Mandarins on hor e h c k with white
Garments and a fmall train, went for three Days
together to perform the ufual Ceremonies before the
Mondment of the deceafed Emprefi : The Tribunalr
were ihut up while the Mourning laited, and red
Silk was prohibited, for which reaibn it was taken
out of every one's Cap, as well as all other' 'Orna~
ments.
The fame Year the Emperor was attack'd with 2
Diemper which gave a general Alarm, efpecially
an account of his Defign of not choofing, for a S u c ~
ceffor, any of his Children, but a Prince of the Dy-
naRy of Tucn, of which Houfe there was yet lefi
more than a thoufand.
One of the Chief Mandarins caufed his Son to pre;
Gnt a Memorial, wherein he refpe&fully fhewed of
how great Importance it was for the Repofe of the!
Empire to name his Gcond Son for his Heir : T h e
Emperor was enraged at this Remonfirance, yet par-
don'd him who prefented it, becaufe it was in Obe-
dience to his Father, but gave Orders that the Fa- ,
ther ihould be put to Death ; this Example of Seve-
rity fiopt the Mouth of all the Grandees, who durfi
not fo much as mention a Succeffor any more.
T h e fortieth Year of the Cycle, I 720, they learnt
at Court the agreeable News of the Chinge Troop$
having gained a complete Vi&ory over their Eilemy
f$p vang Raptan, King of the Eluths, who occupied
the Country of the Lamas, and ravaged it for the
Space of four Years together; by which means lbibet
was in the Poffefion of the vi&orious Army,
Tho' this Conquefi was at fome Difiance from the
Confines of Cbina, the Confiquence of it was not
Kkz finall,
fmall, becaufe the Emperor had the finithing of this
War much at heart, and all the Grandees congra-
tulated him upon it.
T h e eleventh of June, in the fame Yeir, there was
an Earthquake at Peking at nine in the Morning,
which lafied two Minutes ;the Shocks began again the
next Day at half an hour afier feven in the Evening,
continuing for about fix Minutes, and there was no-
thing heard in the City but confufed Cries and Shrieks,
at length it ceafed for the prefent, tho' there were ten
other Shocks before Morning, but not by far fo vio-
lent as the former. A t the break of Day their Cala-
mity did not appear fo great as their Fears had re-
prefented, there being but rooo Perfons cruih'd to
Death ; for as the Streets are generally broad they
could place themfelves out of the Reach of the fall
of the Buildings ; yet for twenty Days afierwards
there were felt from time to time fome flight Shocks.
The twenty-i'econd of November a Mujovitc Arn-
baffador made his publick Entry into Peking, with a
great deal of Pomp and Magnificence, having almofi
a hundred Peribns in his Train moil fplendidly dreit
after the European Fafhion. The Gentlemen on each
Gde the Ambaffador had drawn Swords in their Hands,
which was a Sight entirely new and extraordinaq.
The new Legate from his Holinefi M. MeJabar-
bcr, who embark'd at Lisbon in a PortuguG VeKel,
arrived at Peking, and met with an honourable Re-
'ception from the Emperor. Alter feveral Audiences
he took his Leave, in order to return to Euvop, to
give the Pope an Account of what the Emperor had
fiaid, promifing to return to China as foon as pofible.
H e was condu&ed to Canton, where he itayed but
four or five Days, and from thence to Macao with all
the Honours due to his CharaAer and Dignity.
T h e Year following the Ifland of Fcrmoja threw
off the Emperor's Yoke, but was recovered again in
a few Months ; the Cbineji belonging to the lfland,
&ied
afiited by thofe of F o kien and Keom, had kill'd all
the Mandarins except one, and put all the Itnperial
Troops to the Sword.
The News was fprad at Peking, and the Revolt
was attributed to the Dutch, who had certainly no
hand in it, and this doubtlefi on account of the En-
mity which is between the Chinge and all Stran-
gers, with Delign to render the Europeans odious ;
but there were great Rejoicings when they learnt
f i n after, That the Imperial Troops, lately Cent
thither, had entered the Capital and killed one part
of the Rebels, that the refi were difperfed, and their
Chief was fled into the Mountains.
T h e forty-fecond Year of the Cycle, I 722, in De-
cember, the Emperor diverting himfelf with hunting
the Tyger was taken with a Cold and Shivering,
and immediately gave Orders to his Train to return
to his Pleafure-Houfe : This did not a little aftonifh
the whole company, but they were not long igno-
rant of the Caufe, for his Blood was coagulated, and
no Remedy did him any Service : Perceiving himfelf
near his End, he airembled all the Grandees, and ap-
pointed his fourth Son to fucceed him in the Empire.
H e expired the twentieth of December about eight in
the Evening, aged fixty-nine Years, and the fame
Night his Body was tranfported to Peking.
Yong Tching, the %rd Emperor, now reigning.
T H E Day after the Death of Cang hi, the new
Emperor, aged about forty-five Years, afcended the
Throne about five in the Morning, and affumed the
Name of Tong tching, which lignifies LaJting Peace,
and was acknowledged by all the Prime Grandees,
and the Mandarins belonging to the Tribunals : H e
was no fooner come to the Crown but he difco-
ver'd Signs of Difcontent againft fome of his Bro-
thers, efpecially the ninth, condemning him to pay
,J$rge Sums, wbich he pretended were unlawfully ac-
K k 3 quired
-
quired during the Life of his Father, and banifhed
h,m into Tartwy, *here he died foon after his arri-
v ~ l . H e afterwards recalled his fourteenth Brother to
P k'sg, who was at the Head of the Cbineb Army ;
but h eighth and tenth fell under his Difpleafie,
and h pixed entire Confidence in none but the
thir tenth, to whom he truRed a11 the Affiirs of thc
Government At rhe fame Time he impriibned or
baniihed feveral Princes and Noblemen, many of
which proteEted the MiRonaries, and by this means
were L~~~ourable to Chrifiianity : Whether this Prince
hathnot the fam: Taffe for Sciences as his Father, or
whethcr he feeks OccaGon to lay afide the MitTma-
' ries, they yet have received but few Marks of his Be-
nevolence, except his letting them live in quiet ; one
Dalian Jefuit only, an excellent Painter, is employ-
at Court. If he has given a new Title of Honour
@ Father Kegler, Prefident of the Tribunal of the
Mathematicks, it was with no other View than thar
he may zppear with Decency in his Preferwe, egpe-
cially on certain Days when great Ceremony is re-
quired, for it ought not to be concluded from hence
@at his Difpofition to Religion is more fivoumBIc.
In refpe& t o AfTairs of State his Application is
conhr,t,' he is fieady and reiblute, ready po hear
Grievznces and ro redre5 them, holds the Govern-
ment intirely in his own Hands, mibmuch that there
never uas a more abfolute Monarch, or more to he
'dreac4-d.
He was prejudiced againfi the Eurqeans from the
firit Year of his Reign, by means of fcveral Petitions
which were prefented to him by the Learned, remon-
itrating, That thek Foreigners had deceived the late
Emperor, and that that Prince had loit much of his
Repritation, in condefcending fo far as to let 'ern
fitrle in the Provinces, for they had built Churches
in all Ol,~ces, and that their Faith was propagated
great
L
y, ; that the Chint$ Chrifiians acknowledg'd
'
nq
 no other Teachers, and that in times of Trouble they
were only piovern'd by them.
Thefe bad Imprefions were itrengthned by a pub-
lick Petition, prefented to the Emperor by the Tfong
fog of F o kien, wherein, after having given an Account
of the important Reaibns that he had for prohibiting
the Chriitian Religion throtlghout the Extent of his
Governmem, he befought him, for the Repofe ofthe
Etnperor and the Good of the People, to order all
Strangers to be fent out of the Provinces, and con-
d&ed to Court or to Macao, and that their Temples
might be put to other ufes.
This Petition was referred to theTribuna1 of Rites
to determine what fhould be done in it, and the Sen-
tence of the Tribunal was to keep at Court the Euro-
peahs that'are already there, to bring thither thofe
from the Provinces that might be ufeful, to fend the
reft to Macao, to convert their Temples to the pub-
lick ufe, and firiltl y to forbid the Exercife of their
Re1igion.
'Ihis Judgment of the Tribunal was confirm'd by
the Empero~,to which he only added, that the Vice-
toys of the Provinces ihould allow them a Mandarin
to condutk them to Court or to Macao, to prote&
them fiom any Infult :The Miilionaries exerted them-
felves as much as pofible by means of their Friends,
:, but to no purpofe ; a11 the Favour that he granted
them was, that they might be conduaed to Candon
initead of Macao, but he would not give them Leave
to itay there if they gave any Caufe of Complaint,
By virtue of this folemn EdiEt of the Emperor,
which was publifhed throughout the Empire, the
MiGdnaries were drove from their Churches, and tol-
%krated no where but at Peking and Canton ; above
oci Churches were either demoliihed'or put to pro- -.
kne Ufes, and more than ~ O O O O C JChriRians depriv'd
of their Paitors : Seeing themielves delivered up to
the Rage of Infidels, there was then made ufe of, and
Kk 4 fiiU
 itill is, every Method that a prudent and well-go-
vern'd Zeal can infpire to re-animate, as often as pof-
fible, the Faith of all thefe Chriitians.
This Edi& was fcarcely publiihed, but the Empe-
ror let fall the whole Weight of his Anger and In-
dignation upon an illufirious and numerous Family
that had embraced the Faith, The Head of this Fa-
- i
mily is a Prince of the Blood, defcended from the
eldeit Brother of him who was the .Founder of the
reigning Dynaity, whom, without any Regard to
his Rank or old Age, or the important Service hc
had done the State, he baniihed, together with his
Children into Tartary : There were no leis than eleven
Princes, and fixteen Princeffes married to Mongol
'Princes, or to Mandarins of Peking.
Ail thefe Princes and Princeffes, who had each a
numerous Family, were degraded from their Rank,
and were allow'd no other Abode than a defart Place
in lartary, where they were clofely guarded, and not
fuuffered to go out of fight of the Soldiers. ThisVe-
nerablc old Man was feen, on his Departure to the
Place of his Exile, with his Children and Grand-chil.
dren to the Number of thirty-feven, without reckon-
ing the Females, who were almoit as many, and a-
bout 300 Domeiticks of both Sexes, the greateit
Part of whom were baptized.
All thefe Diigraces not having the Power to flag-
ger their Faith, the Princes were brought to Peking
in Carts, and loaded with nine Chains ; they under-
went feveral Interrogatories, and were promifed to be
reitored to the Dignity of their Rank if they would
renounce their Faith, and if they refufed more dread-
ful Puniihments were chreatned ; but their Steadinefi
and Conitancy could not be overcome, neither by
Promife'eo nor Threatnings, and far this Reafon they
were condemned to die
But the Emperor changed this Punifhment into per-
petual Impriionrnent, fo that feveral were hut up in
clo$-e
 clofe Pririibns, and three died merely through the Hard-
hips they underwent ;the refi were difperfi in the Pro-
vinces to end their Days under a Load of Irons, or in
the Obfcurity of a Dungeon. Two Ambaffadors, the
one from Portugal, the other from Mufiovy, who
were then at the Court of Peking, were the Admirers
of the Conitancy and Intrepidity of thefe illufirious
Confeffors of Jejus Cbr#.
As little a Favourer of Religion as this Prince a p
pear'd, it is impofible not to praii'e his unwearied Ap-
plication to Bufinefs, for he applied his Thoughts night
and day to the reforming of Errors in the Govern-
ment, and to procure Happinefi to his Subje&s : You
cannot do him a greater Pleafure than to prelent him
a Plan which tends to promote the publick Welfare,
and t4e Eafe of the People; he immediately enters
therein, and puts it in Execution without any regard
to Expence: H e hath fettled a great many excellent
Rule. to dignify Merit, and reward Virtue, to cauk
a worthy emulation among Artificers, and to a f f i
his Subje&s in Years of Famine : Thefe -1ities
have gained him in a k o r t time the Refpea and Love
of all his SubjeAs.
The fiftieth Year of the Cycle, 1730, the Empe-
ror's thirteenth Brother, who had his Share in the
Difficulties of Government, died the nineteenth of
June of a languifhing Difiemper, which was owing
to his excefive Labour for the Publick Good : The
Emperor appeped inconfoleable for his Loi's, which
hath had a bad Effe& upon his Health.
Ek was defirous of rendring to this Prince extra-
ordinary Honours, which he made known to the
Publick by frequent Declarations, in which heinti-
mated how agreeable it would be to him that all
the World ihould hare in his Grief, and a i f i at his
Funeral without diitinRion of Rank, giving Lcave
to the Vulgar, as well as to the Nobility, to do Ho .
nour to the Deceafed, according to their own Way,
either
either by Prefems or Paifis. H e added, S e r i h e -
lefs, that he would d e no Confiraint, and that thofe
who did not think this Prince deiervcd fuch Honours
fhould be exempted from paying them : Neverthe-
lcfi he commanded his Officers to obferve a 1 thofe
who performed this Duty, and to give him an Acd
count of them daily. H is Body was expdid in the I
great f'ng,where none were admitted but the Prince9
of the mood : Before the fire Gate of the Palace was
a gteat Court, in the mictdk of which a long Hall
was e r d e d made of Matts, and it^ this was placed
a Throne, for the Deceafed was not only a ReguZe
of the higheft Degree, but he had Ah the Titk of
Ping, [Kovc vang.]
Befort this Throne was a fmall Table, upon which
were only two Candleflicks and a Perfuming-pan :at
the Entrance into the Hdl was a Folding-door, which
was open'd only when the Oficers of the Tribunal
came to pay their Homage, a iet Number entring at
a time ; zt firit they flood upright behind the T a b h
placed on each iide the Hsll, then they k n d e d dowd
aract fell proitrate fix ieveral times, giving a deeQ
Groan altogether, and fi, filently withdrew. Afier
t k f e went in others, and performed the fame Cere-
monies : Sometime.afier tlx Body was carried half o
League fi.01~1 the City into a Palace built on purpofe,
where the fame Ceremonies were performed. A t this
Place the City Mandarins, the Merchants, and the
Vulgar, went to pay him their lair Honours.
One hundred Days after he was carried to another
Place pre ared in the fame manner, where lrc lay
P
the f m e pace of Time. In fhort he had five feverd
Stations of IOO Days each, where the fame Ceremo-
nies were obierved ; after which he was carried to
the Place of his Sepulchre, which the Emperor had
cmfid io be prepared, and wqs four Lcagucs in Cir-
cumference,
 T h e Mandarins of the Provinces either came to
pay the due Honours themfelves, or deputed the*
Sons in their fiead ; &crwards they caufd Monu-
ments to be ere&ed in their proper Diftri&o, which
contain the grateit Elogiums on this Illuftrious Per-
fon deceafed : The Emperor placed his Name in the
Hall of Emperors, which is very feldorn doqe to pri-
vate Perfons, but when they have done the moit i q d
portant Services to the State.
Soon after the Emperor caufed his third Brother to
be taken up, a i d condulted into a clofi Priibn, where
he was h u t up, bwt the Caufe of his Difgrace is un-
k n m : This Prince's Family have alib fdt the
Blow, and have been degraded from their Rank.
T h e thirteenth of Noverirbet in the following yea^,
173 I, the City of Peking was almofi overkrn'd by an
Earthquake, the rnoR exrraordincuy that ever WRS felt
in Cbina ;the firit Shocks were perceived about elwem
in the Morning fo fadden, and with fwh Violence,
that their Houfes and Buildings were overthrown at
the Came Infiant : O n e would have imagin'd that
a general Mine had her1 fprung, sand that the Earth
had opened under our Feet ; for In lefs than a Minute
more than zooooo Inhabitants were buried in the
Ruins, and a greater Number in the Country, whete
whole T m s were mtirely defiroy'd.
What is remarkable in this Earthquake is, that in
the Courre which it took in fome Places it made .a
great Dtvafiation, and others it? Earcely molefied,
the Shocks being but flightly felt ; nothing could re-
f& two Shocks fb fuddtn and contrary to each other;
where the Buildings were moil folid and ftrong, there
the Effe&s were moR violent : Thefe were followed
by twenty-three orhers in rhe fpace of twenty-four
Hours, bur more favourable.
The Emperor was at his fine Pleafure-Houfe two
Leagues from Peking, which was initantly reduced
To fuch a rniferaMe Condition, that it cannot be re-
pair4
508 B e G E N E R AHLI S T O RofY
pired without irnmenfe Sums ; he v k taking rhe
Air in a Bark upon the Canal, which croffes the Gar-
den, when he immediately fell proitrate, and lifted
his Hands and Eyes towards Heaven : Afterwards
he p~blifh'd an Mi&, wherein he accufed himfelf,
and attributed this Plague to the Wrath of Heaven for
his Offeqces, and to the little Care he took for the Go- \
ver-.met~tof the Empire.
This Prince appeared very fenGbIe of the Afflic-
tion of his People, and commanded feveral Officers
to make an Eitimate of the demoliihed Houfes, and
to examine into the Lofi which each Family has
fuitained, advancing feveral confiderable Sums towards
their Afifiance : The Mifionaries at Peking partcok
of his Liberality, for he gave them Audience, re-
ceived them with Condefqenfion, and befiow'd up-
on them a thoufand Taels .towards the Repairs of their
Churches.
T h e fifty-fecond Year of the Cycle, !732, the
MilIionaries, who were ten Years before driven from
the Provinces to Canton, were now forced from Can-
ton to Macao, a little City belonging to the Portu-
gufe, but of which the Chineje are Mailers, and they
allowed them but three Days to prepare their Journey,
and to carry away their Effe&s; the only Reaibn
which is given for fo revere a Treatment was, that
they had diiokyed the Emperor's Order in propaga-
ting the Chriitian Faith.
'The twentieth of &guJ they embarked to the
Number of thirty, under the Convoy of four Gal-
leys and two Mandarins. When they went on Shore
at Macae, the Mandarins caufed their Domefiicks,
and the Chriitians who had followed the Mifiona-
ries to land alfo, and fent them back to Canton loaded
with Irons ; they then dragg'd them in an ignomi-
nious Manner before ievira1 Tribunals, iome were
caft into Prifon, athers receiv'd the Baitinado, and
others were condemn'd to carry the Cangue during
tWQ
two Months : They all confeffd openly the Name
of Chrift, and gave publick Tefiitl~onyto the Truth
of his Holy Religion.
Thefe are the mofi remarkable things that have
happened hitherto in the Reign of this Emperor,
who hath now been upon the Throne eleven Years
compleat, and who governs his vafi Dominions with
an abfolute Authority ; ib that I muit there come to
a Conclufion of the Annals of this Great Monarch.

The End of the FFJ Yolame.

C ~ c zed
t by ~c?'\c
4'
''2