Professional Documents
Culture Documents
FMT Certificate
FMT Certificate
-Rajas Mudgerikar
-Ankit Patil
(GSMC Mumbai)
INDEX
Common questions 02
MCCD 06
Age certificate 13
Potency certificate/Examination of 18
accused
Examination of victim 26
Drunkenness certificate 30
Injury and weapon report 36
Sickness and fitness certificate 43
1
COMMON QUESTIONS
1. What is consent?
Ans: According to Sec 14 of Indian Contract Act, it is agreement between two parties .or
voluntary agreement, compliance or permission.
2. Importance of consent?
Ans: Examination or any procedure done without consent is considered as assault
according to Sec 351 IPC and is punishable with fine & 1mth-2yrs fine.
2
6. Types of consent; best type?
Ans: Types
- Expressed
- Implied
- Blanket( not taken in india)
- Written informed (best)
7. Sec 53 CrPC
Ans: According to sec 53(2) CrPC, attendance of female attendant necessary while
• Examination of female
• Administering general anaesthesia to female
• Performing any procedure on a female.
Sec 53(1), police can apply reasonable force for examination of accused male if he
does not give consent.
3
12. If operating or examining under intoxication but patient is not harmed, it is
professional negligence or misconduct?
Ans: Misconduct & not negligence.
To label it as civil negligence, 4 conditions should be satisfiesd
➢ Duty
➢ Dereliction
➢ Damage
➢ Direct causation
4
16. Define professional negligence & misconduct.
Ans: Negligence – Lack of reasonable care, skill & knowledge or wilful negligence on part
of the doctor which leads to some damage to the patient. Damage may be physical,
mental or financial.
Misconduct – If a medical man during the practice of his profession does something
which is regarded as highly disgraceful, dishonourable or infamous by his other
colleagues of good repute & competency, then the state medical council holds him
guilty of misconduct. 6A BCDEFG
• Adultery
• Association with unqualified doctor
• Abortion criminal
• Advertisement
• Addiction (t/t under influence of)
• Alcohol (t/t under influence of)
•
• Advertisement
• Bribery
• Covering, commission
• Dichotomy (fee splitting)
• False medical certificates
• Gifts from pharma companies
Imp- take signature of person after taking him/her consent, as consent is invalid
without signature.
Also take signature of medical attendant, if present
It is advisable to go through all theory imps for theory viva with special importance to
Chapter Medical Jurisprudence.
5
MCCD
1.Full form
Ans: Medico-legal certificate of cause of death
2.What is the difference between death certificate, death report and MCCD?
Ans: MCCD
-issued by RMP
-to be submitted to the Registrar of births & deaths by the RMP
Death Certificate
-issued by Registrar of births & deaths
-collected by relatives of the deceased from the office of registrar of births & deaths within
21 days from death.
Death Report
-issued by RMP along with MCCD
-handed over to the relatives
3. Form numbers
Ans:
Form no. Description
4 Institutional death
4(A) Non institutional death
3 Still birth certificate
2 Birth report
6 Death certificate
4. Definition of death
Ans: Irreversible disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live birth.
7
Read in detail from textbook.
8. Importance of MCCD?
Ans: Legal-
• Insurance claims
• Inheritance of property
• Hospital reimbursement
• Releasing gratuity & provident fund claims and
• Cremation
Administrative
• Surveillance of diseases & immediate control measures
• Deleting the name of the deceased from ration card, voter’s card.
Statistical
• Mortality statistics
• Developmental plans
• Public health & medical research
13. Within how many days after death MCCD has to be issued?
Ans: Within 21 days
19. Punishment for not preserving viscera or not preserving gastric lavage fluid?
Ans: According to Sec 201 IPC it amounts to causing disappearance of evidence.
10
Ans: Due to decreased metabolic rate, the vital signs of life i.e. pulse, BP, respiration cannot
be detected clinically but person is alive.
eg. Suspended animation in new HD TV.
➢ I = Iatrogenic, Insane
➢ N = Neonates
➢ E = Electrocution
➢ W = Wasting diseases like cholera, TB
➢ H = Heat stroke, Hypothermia
➢ D = Drowning
➢ T = Typhoid
➢ V = Voluntary in yoga practitioners
It is advisable to read Chapters Death, Preservation of viscera & Autopsy from textbooks for
MCCD viva.
12
AGE CERTIFICATE
1. What are the parameters of age estimation?
Ans: 4 parameters
Order of appearance:
Scalp Pubic
Facial Axillary
13
a) Gustafson’s method
Based on SCRIPT
S = Secondary dentine apposition
C = Cementum deposition
I = attrItion by mastication
P = Peridontosis
T = loss of root Translucency
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Tanner staging for breast & pubic hair of female is very important. Rest can be
done if you wish.
In fetus, age is determined on basis of length (rule of Haase), appearance of eyes, nails,
external genitalia, meconium, etc.
17
POTENCY CERTIFICATE / EXAMINATION OF ACCUSED
1. What is impotency & infertility?
Ans: Impotence, in male, is defined as “persistent inability to develop or maintain a
penile erection sufficient to conclude coitus to orgasm and ejaculation”.
Or
It is the inability to participate in sexual intercourse.
Frigidity is a psychological defect in female having an abnormal aversion to sexual
intercourse.
Infertility is the inability to beget or conceive a child.
Both male & female can be infertile or impotent.
18
Ans: Whenever two bodies come in contact, there is exchange of material between the
two bodies.
21
2. Impotence may be stated as plea for adultery.
23
Exception – A medical procedure done with consent shall not constitute rape.
25
EXAMINATION OF VICTIM /SURVIVOR OF SEXUAL
ASSAULT
1. What samples to collect?
Ans: Procedure: Request the victim to stand on a large clean, white sheet of paper and
undress herself. The purpose is to collect any material evidence that falls on the paper
1. Clothes and undergarments
2. Foreign evidentiary material – like hair, fiber, button etc.
3. Fingernail scrapings
4. Scrapings from suspected stain marks from body surface
5. Scalp hairs – for comparison with scalp hairs found over body/clothes of alleged
accused
6. Swab from teeth bite mark
7. Combing of pubic hairs
8. Hair clipping of victim
9. Vaginal swab/smears, cervical smears
1st swab- to determine spermatozoa
2nd swab- for DNA analysis
3rd swab- semen
10. Washings of posterior fornix of vagina for
– Detection of spermatozoa
– Presence of mycobacterium smegmatis (smegma bacilli)
– Presence of sexually transmitted disease
11. Blood for
– Serology
– Pregnancy test
– For presence of drug/intoxicant
– DNA profiling
– For venereal disease
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12. Urine for
– Pregnancy test
– Detection of alcohol
13. Condom if found at scene of crime – laboratory examination of condom may reveal
presence of blood/vaginal epithelial cells on one side and semen on the other. Pubic hair
may also be present. DNA profiling of semen may be of help.
2. Examination of hymen
Ans:
• The hymen may be conveniently examined by inserting a specially designed glass
globe on a stem, which is then partially withdrawn so that the hymen is spread
around its circumference.
• However, in most instances, a conventional examination using a speculum is
carried out. Note the state of hymen whether torn or intact, thin or thick, elastic or
loose.
• If torn, its extent, position, fresh or old. It is said that tears of the hymen due to
rupture with fingers are usually lateral, whilst rupture with the penis are usually
posterior.
• In children hymen may not be ruptured but becomes red and congested because
hymen is deeply situated.
Hymen tear at 5 to 8 o clock position in case of rape
And 11 to 1 o clock position in case of masturbation
3. What is hymen? Types. Causes of rupture.
Ans: Hymen is fold of mucosal tissue at the vaginal opening.
Depending on the shape & position of the hole in the hymen, it can be
- Circular
- Oval
- Imperforate
- Fimbriate
- Septate
- Cribriform
- Crescentic
Causes of rupture
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- Sexual intercourse
- Instrumentation
- Fall on pointed object
- Masturbation
- Tampons
6. Types of rape
Ans:
➢ Statutory rape - It is a forcible sexual intercourse by a man with a woman, who is
less than 16 years of age.
➢ Marital rape – forcible sexual intercourse by a man with his wife without her
consent if:
– Wife is living separately from him under a decree of separation OR
– Wife is living separately from him under any custom or usage
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➢ Custodial rape - It is done by persons taking advantage of their custodial positions
and has forceful sexual intercourse with woman in their custody.
➢ Gang rape - When rape is committed on a female by more than one person
➢ Date rape - It is a forcible sexual intercourse by a boyfriend with girlfriend when
they are on date (for stay or vacation). In such cases, the girl may allege that her
boyfriend had given her some intoxicant and proceed with the act. Date rape drugs
are- GHB, Rohypynol (flunitrazepam), ketamine.
➢ Stranger rape - It is the rape committed by a male on a female who had no
previous contact with the victim.
7. What is vaginismus?
Ans: Spasmodic contraction of the vagina due to hyperaesthesia.
8. What is dyspareunia?
Ans: Painful sexual intercourse.
9. What is matted pubic hair or matting of hair?
Ans: stickiness of the pubic hairs due to semen.
Related legal sections
354 IPC Indecent assault/molestation
354 (A) IPC Sexual harrasment
354 (B) IPC Criminal force causing a woman to disrobe
354 (C) IPC Voyeurism
354 (D) IPC Stalking
375 IPC Definition of rape
376 IPC Punishment of rape
377 IPC Unnatural sexual offences
- Forceful anal intercourse with minor
- Bestialty
497 IPC Adultery
498 (A) IPC Cruelty towards a female by husband & in laws
509 IPC Punishment for word, gesture, action, sound insulting modesty of a
woman
Note- write opinion same as word to word as you written in your journal.
29
DRUNKENNESS CERTIFICATE
1. What is drunkenness?
Ans: Drunkenness is a condition produced in a person who has taken alcohol in a
quantity sufficient to cause him to lose control of his faculties to such an extent that he is
unable to execute the occupation in which he is engaged at the material time.
5. Windmark’s formula
Ans: It is used to measure quantity of alcohol consumed from the blood or urine alcohol
concentration.
a = cpr for blood
Where a = amount of alcohol in grams absorbed in body,
c= concentration of alcohol in blood in grams/kg,
p = weight of person in kilogram and
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r = constant. In men, the constant is 0.68 and in women it is 0.55
For urine analysis, the formula is – a = ¾ qpr. The other factors are same and q =
concentration of alcohol in urine in grams/liter.
Principle – 2100 mL of alveolar air contains the same amount of alcohol as 1 mL of blood
at 34 C. (based on henry’s law)
Sources of errors in breath analyzer
• Gargling with alcohol can give false higher result.
• Variation in ratio between different individuals
• Use of ethanol containing products
• Belching or regurgitation of gastric alcohol contents
• Inadequate expiration (in unconscious or un-cooperative subject)
• COPD disease
• Use of metered dose inhalers
• Poor technique.
31
Ans: States - Bihar, Gujarat & Nagaland, some districts of Manipur, Wardha, Gadchiroli &
Chandrapur in Mahrashtra.
Union territory - Lakshadweep
32
Clinically presents as person drinking alcohol & taking food simultaneously suddenly
becomes breathless, cyanosed & dies.
33
Imp – Mc Ewan’s sign - Pinching of the skin or light slapping of a person causes the
constricted pupil of person to be dilated. It is seen in stage of coma at about 300 mg% of
blood alcohol level.
22. Why does alcohol damage occur at lower blood alcohol levels in females than
males?
Ans: Alcohol is highly hydrophilic, so once it enters the systemic circulation; it is
distributed evenly throughout total body water. Because women have more body fat
compared with men and fat contains no water, higher peak alcohol levels are achieved in
women than in men of the same weight.
35
INJURY & WEAPON REPORT
Related legal sections: IPC
44 Definition of injury - Any harm done illegally to a person’s body, mind,
reputation & property.
45 Definition of life
46 Definition of death
319 Definition of simple hurt – any bodily pain, disease, infirmity
320 Definition of grievous hurt
323 Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt – 1 yr
324 Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt with dangerous weapon – 3
yrs
325 Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt – 7 yrs
326 Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt with dangerous
weapon – 10 yrs
326 (A) Vitriolage. Punishment minimum 10 years to life + fine
326 (B) Attempt to vitriolage. Punishment- 5-7 year jail + fine
2. Grievous hurt
Ans: Learn all points by heart & in order
• Firstly – emasculation
• Secondly – permanent privation of the sight of either eye
• Thirdly – permanent privation of the hearing of either ear
• Fourthly – privation of member or joint
• Fifthly – destruction or permanent impairing of the powers of any member or joint
• Sixthly – Permanent disfiguration of the head or face
• Seventhly – fracture or dislocation of a bone or tooth
• Eighthly – any hurt which endangers life or which causes the sufferer to be during the
space of twenty days in severe bodily pain or unable to follow his ordinary pursuits.
36
3. Classify injuries
Ans: I) According to Causative Forces
A) Mechanical injuries
i) Blunt force injuries
– Abrasion
– Contusion
– Laceration
– Fracture and dislocations of teeth/bone (generally included in lacerations)
ii) Sharp-edged weapon injuries
– Incised wounds
– Chop wounds
iii) Piercing weapons – stab wounds
iv) Firearm weapons – firearm wounds.
B) Thermal Injuries
1. Due to cold
– Frost bite
– Trench foot
– Immersion foot
2. Due to heat
– Burns
– Scalds
C) Chemical injuries
• Corrosion – corrosive acid/alkali/metal salts
• Irritation – weak acids or alkali
D) Miscellaneous injuries
• Electricity
• Lightning
• X-rays
• Radioactive substances.
II) Medico legal Classification
o Suicidal injury or self-inflicted injury
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o Homicidal injury
o Accidental injury
o Defence wounds
▪ Fabricated wounds.
III) Injuries in Relation to Death
• Antemortem injury
• Postmortem injury
IV) Legal Classification
• Simple injury
• Grievous injury.
Contusion
Healing of contusion – colour change – depends on pigment present at site
Oxy Hb Red Few hrs
Deoxy Hb Blue Few hrs – 3 days
38
Hemosiderin Brown 4 – 5 days
Biliverdin Green 6 – 7 days
Bilirubin yellow 7 – 12 days
Incised wound
8. Types
Ans: Abrasion – scratch, graze (gravel rash/brush burn), pressure, patterned
Stab wounds – puncture, penetration, perforation
Lacerated wounds – Split, tear, cut, avulsion
11.What is weapon?
39
Ans: Weapons are the means or mechanical devices which when applied in a hostile
manner, will produce injury.
40
13.Difference between laceration & incised wound.
Ans:
14. If person with hemophilia is slapped with friend unaware of the illness & the person
dies, is it homicide?
Ans: Yes, it is excusable homicide.
15. If a person trains a dog to kill another person & he does it then is the dog a
dangerous weapon?
Ans: Yes, according to defination of dangerous weapon.
41
Ans: Incised wounds are deeper at the head end of the wound, as more pressure is
exerted on the knife at this point, & towards the end of the cut, the wound becomes
shallow & skin alone is cut. It indicates direction of the wound.
Advisable to read chapter injuries, weapons & ballistics from textbooks for this viva.
42
SICKNESS FITNESS CERTIFICATE
1. Importance of hospital no.?
Ans: To trace the hospital & ,thus, the doctor in case of any medicolegal issue.
43
44