Bridges and Infrastructure

September 15, 2022

Bence JAGER : jager.bence@emk.bme.hu

3xHW (3x10%)
Exam (70%)
At least 70% attendance
Pré-exam 13th (14th) week
2 theoritical and 1 practical question

1 Homework :
1.1 Homework 1 (2nd -> 7th week)
Select 1 bridge of Budapest and do a presentation WUNSCH

1.2 Homework 2 (5th -> 9th week)

1.3 Homework 3 (8th -> 13th week)

2 Fundamentals of Bridges
Bridges : Load bearing structure, that lead the traffic of a highway or railway above somme
kind of obstacle (valley, highway or roadway, river or steam, etc.).

2.1 Functional requirements

• Bridging an obstacle
• Traffic requirement (number of lanes, clearance, clearance for other purposes)

2.2 Technical requirements

• Ensuring the perfect function of the surface pavement (structure pavement, dilatations,
bearings, water insulation)

1
• Static (design) requirements (ultimate limit state)
• Durability requirements

2.3 Economical requirements

• Type of substructure and fundation system
• Structural system, type of superstruture
• Erection system
• Transport possibilities or difficulties
• Applied materials

2.4 Aesthetical requirements, elegance

• Integrate the briddge into its surrondings
• Adequate geometrical proportion
• Rythms of spans
• Comfort feeling for passengers
• Leading the adjacent road onto the bridge

2.5 Objctif for design

• Public transport (roadway, railway, pedestrian, shipping)
• Other (pipeline, ect.)

2.6 Builder and designers in history

• Inn prehistorical times - anyone
• From the 18th century - master builder - empirical design
• From the 19th century :
- Buildings : architect/structural designer/contructor
- Bridges : bridges designer

2
2.7 Historical background of bridge evolution

EIπ 2
Fcc =
c2
Bridges catastrophy :
Tacoma bridge - chain corrosion
Silver bridge - load
Morandi bridge - RC corrosion
Miami bridge - presstressing

2.8 Main strcutral elemants

3
• Superstructure :
- Load-bearring :
Main girders
Longitudinal girders
Bearings
Deck slab/plate
Cross-beams
Wind bracing

- Non-load-bearring :
Kerb and footway
Isolation
Pavement system

• Substructure :
- Fundation
- Abutments
- Piers
- Secondary elements :
Structural beam (abutment)
Top beam (pier)
Wing wall
Upstand wall
Approach slab
Bearing blocks

4
• Wing wall :
- Parallel
- Perpendicular
- Angular

• Pavement system :
- Water insulation
- Protective layer (concrete, asphalt)
- Binding layer
- Wearing layer

• Equipments :
- Bearing
- Dilatation
- Gulley, dripping pipe
-Barrier, hand-rail
-Chute
- Survey stairs

Load-bearring of girder bridges :

M
σ= ×y Ff = Fa = σf × Af = σa × Aa
Ix
Arch bridges :(fixed, two-hinged, three-hinged)
Dominant internal force : normal force
ql2 N
H= N=
8f cos(α)
4 × f × (L − z) × z
Only compression : y = (uniformly distributed load)
L2
Cable-stayed bridge :
Dominant internal force : tension, bending moment, compression

Suspension bridge :
Dominant internal foprce : tension, compression
L2 4f f
Hmax = (γA) [1 + ( )2 ]0,5 if = 0, 1 then σmax = 1, 35γL
8f L L
σ
max =
Lelm 0, 74 = 17, 900 m
γ
With realistic material quality :
σ 650M P a
= = 8280 m max = 6127 m → 3400 m
Lelm
γ 78, 5kN/m3