Microbiology With Diseases by Body System 5th Edition Ebook PDF

Microbiology with Diseases by Body
System 5th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

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one of the more studied organisms in the world is Escherichia coli,
commonly known as E. coli (featured in a colorized scanning electron
micrograph on the cover). many different strains of E. coli are present

micro
with diseases by body system
biology
in the environment, in various foods, and in both animal and human Bauman
intestines. some strains have special characteristics that allow them
to cause disease. among these characteristics are fimbriae, bristle-like
with diseases by body system

micRobiology
proteins (colored yellow in the cover photo) that extend from the cell’s
surface and can attach to human cells, causing diarrhea or urinary

fifth edition
tract infections. this Fifth edition includes a disease in depth feature on
bacterial urinary tract infections that investigates how E. coli causes
these infections, their signs and symptoms, and how to treat them.
learn about these and other diseases, as well as how microorganisms
impact health, with Microbiology with Diseases by Body System.
bring microbiology to life with stunning animations, engaging
micro matters case studies, and multiple practice quizzes
available in .
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edition
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ISBN-10: 0-13-447720-0
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with MasteringMicrobiology
DURING CLASS
NEW! Learning Catalytics

is a ”bring your own device”
(laptop, smartphone, or tablet)
engagement, assessment,
and classroom intelligence
system. Students use their
device to respond to open-
ended questions and then
discuss answers in groups
based on their responses. Visit
learningcatalytics.com to learn
more.
AFTER CLASS
A wide variety of interactive coaching
activities as well as high-level
assessments can be assigned after
class to continue student learning and
concept mastery.
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Visualize Microbiology
with MasteringMicrobiology
NEW! Interactive
Microbiology is a
dynamic suite of interactive
tutorials and animations
that teach key concepts
in microbiology, including
Operons; Biofilms and
Quorum Sensing; Aerobic
Respiration in Bacteria;
Complement, and more.
Students actively engage
with each topic via a
case study and learn by
manipulating variables,
predicting outcomes, and
answering formative and
summative assessment
questions.
MicroLab Tutors, Lab Technique Videos

and Lab Practical Assessments ensure
students connect lecture concepts with lab
techniques and protocol and are better prepared
for lab work.

Access the complete textbook
on and offline with eText 2.0
NEW! The Fifth Edition is available in Pearson’s fully-accessible eText 2.0 platform.*
NEW! Interactive eText 2.0

gives students access to the text
whenever they can access the
internet. eText features include:
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ready)
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*eText 2.0 will be available beginning Fall 2017

Additional Support
for Students and Instructors
MODERN APPROACH
NEW! Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual
Eleventh Edition
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Micro
5th Edition
FOURTH EDITION
MICROBIOLOGY
CRO biology UPDATED safety protocols from governing bodies such as

WITH DISEASES
BY BODY
SYSTEM
OGY
the EPA, ASM, and AOAC and offers alternate organisms
N INTRODUCTION
WITH
DISEASES BY
TAXONOMY
ROBERT W. BAUMAN ROBERT W. BAUMAN
ELEVENTH EDITION
for Biosafety Level 1 and 2 labs. NEW labs on Food Safety,

MICROBIOLOGY
ntroduction Microbiology with Diseases Microbiology with Diseases
crobiology®, by Taxonomy With by Body System With
Gerard J. MasteringMicrobiology®, MasteringMicrobiology®,
Funke, and Fifth Edition, by Robert Bauman Fourth Edition,
© 2016 © 2017 by Robert Bauman © 2015
ample introductory material, and engaging clinical

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Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology Techniques in Microbiology: A Student Handbook

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The Instructor Resources Area in MasteringMicrobiology includes the following

downloadable tools:
• all of the figures, photos, and tables from the text in JPEG and PowerPoint® formats,
in labeled and unlabeled versions, and with customizable labels and leader lines
• Step-edit Powerpoint slides that present multi-step process figures step-by-step
• Clicker Questions and Quiz Show Game questions that encourage class interaction
• Video Tutors, Interactive Microbiology, MicroFlix ™, MicroBooster and Microbiology
Animations
• MicroLab Tutors and Lab Technique Videos to help prepare students for lab and make
the connection between lecture and lab
• Customizable PowerPoint® lecture outlines with tables, figures, and links to animations
and videos
• A comprehensive Instructor’s Manual including active learning Solve the Problem worksheets,
chapter summaries to aid in class preparation as well as the answers to the end-of-chapter
review and application questions.
• Test Bank with hundreds of customizable multiple choice, true/false and short answer/essay
questions correlated to the book’s Learning Outcomes and Bloom’s Taxonomy. Questions are
available in Microsoft® Word and TestGen® formats.

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MICRO
WITH DISEASES BY BODY SYSTEM
BIOLOGY FIFTH EDITION
ROBERT W. BAUMAN, Ph.D.

Amarillo College
Contributions By: Todd P. Primm, Ph.D.

Sam Houston State University
Amy M. Siegesmund, Ph.D.
Pacific Lutheran University
Clinical Consultants: Cecily D. Cosby, Ph.D., FNP-C, PA-C

Jean E. Montgomery, MSN, RN
A02_BAUM7206_05_SE_FM.indd 1 12/1/16 8:24 PM

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1 16 ISBN 10: 0-134-47720-0 (Student edition)

ISBN 13: 978-0-134-47720-6 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-134-61899-8 (Instructor’s Review Copy)
ISBN 13: 978-0-134-61899-9 (Instructor’s Review Copy)
www.pearsonhighered.com

To Michelle:
My best friend, my closest
confidant, my cheerleader, my
partner, my love. Thirty-four
years! I love you more now than
then.
—Robert

About the Author
ROBERT W. BAUMAN is a professor of biology and past chairman of the Department of
Biological Sciences at Amarillo College in Amarillo, Texas. He has taught microbiology, human anatomy
and physiology, and botany for over 30 years. In 2004, the students of Amarillo College selected
Dr. Bauman as the recipient of the John F. Mead Faculty Excellence Award, and he has been nominated
yearly, but winning has been limited to one time. He received an M.A. degree in botany from the
University of Texas at Austin and a Ph.D. in biology from Stanford University. His research interests
have included the morphology and ecology of freshwater algae, the cell biology of marine algae
(particularly the deposition of cell walls and intercellular communication), environmentally triggered
chromogenesis in butterflies, and terrestrial oil pollution remediation by naturally occurring bacteria.
He is a member of the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) where he has held national offices;
Texas Community College Teachers Association (TCCTA), where he serves in a statewide position
of leadership; American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS); Human Anatomy and
Physiology Society (HAPS); and the Lepidopterists’ Society. When he is not writing books, he enjoys
spending time with his family: gardening, hiking, camping, rock climbing, backpacking, cycling,
skiing, and reading by a crackling fire in the winter and in a gently swaying hammock in the summer.
TODD P. PRIMM (contributor) is a professor at Sam Houston State University, where

he teaches pre-nursing and general microbiology. He also serves as director of the Professional and
Academic Center for Excellence, which focuses on improving teaching and learning on campus. In 2010,
he was Distinguished Alumnus of the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences of Baylor College of
Medicine, where he earned a Ph.D. in biochemistry. He received a B.S. from Texas A&M University.
He is very active in the American Society for Microbiology and received the Texas Branch 2015
Faculty Teaching Award. He was chair of the organizing committee for the 2013 ASM Conference for
Undergraduate Educators, participated in the 2012 Research Residency of the ASM/NSF Biology Scholars
Program, and currently serves on the editorial board for the Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education.
He is also an affiliate staff member with the international organization Cru. He loves teaching and
mentoring students and spending time with his wonderful wife of 25 years and their five children.
About the Clinical Consultants

CECILY D. COSBY is nationally certified as both JEAN E. MONTGOMERY is a registered nurse
a family nurse practitioner and physician assistant. She is formerly teaching in the associate degree nursing program at
a professor of nursing, currently teaching at Samuel Merritt Austin Community College in Texas. She received her MSN
University in Oakland, California, and has been in clinical from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San
practice since 1980. She received her Ph.D. and M.S. from Antonio, Texas.
the University of California, San Francisco; her BSN from
California State University, Long Beach; and her P.A. certificate
from the Stanford Primary Care program. She is the Director
of Samuel Merritt University’s Doctor of Nursing Practice
Program.
iv

Preface
The reemergence of whooping cough, mumps, and measles and the emergence of Zika virus infec-
tions, spotted fever rickettsioses, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and other diseases; cases of
strep throat, MRSA, and tuberculosis; the progress of research into microbial genetics; the chal-
lenge of increasingly drug-resistant pathogens; the continual discovery of microorganisms previ-
ously unknown—these are just a few examples of why exploring microbiology has never been
more exciting, or more important. Welcome!
I have taught microbiology to undergraduates for over 30 years and witnessed firsthand how
students struggle with the same topics and concepts year after year. To address these challenging
topics, I have created new Video Tutors: four in addition to those already incorporated into the
first 18 chapters of the text and ten that cover the Disease in Depth features. The Video Tutors and
Disease in Depth features walk students through key concepts in microbiology, bringing the art
of the textbook to life and important concepts into view. In creating this textbook, my aim was to
help students see complex topics of microbiology—especially metabolism, genetics, and immu-
nology—in a way that they can understand, while at the same time presenting a thorough and
accurate overview of microbiology. I also wished to highlight the many positive effects of micro-
organisms on our lives, along with the medically important microorganisms that cause disease.
New to This Edition

In approaching the fifth edition, my goal was to build upon the strengths and success of the previ-
ous editions by updating it with the latest scientific and educational research and data available
and by incorporating many terrific suggestions received from colleagues and students alike. The
feedback from instructors who adopted previous editions has been immensely gratifying and is
much appreciated. Seven new Solve the Problem! features use problem-based learning, encourag-
ing students to put knowledge into practice. The Disease at a Glance features have been widely
praised by instructors and students, so I, along with art editor Kelly Murphy, developed six new
Disease in Depth features, most as two-page spreads, that use compelling art and photos to pro-
vide a detailed, visually unsurpassed overview of a specific disease. Each Disease in Depth fea-
ture includes an Investigate It! question with a QR code directing students to a Video Tutor that
explores the topic. These activities are assignable in MasteringMicrobiology®. Another goal for
this edition was to provide additional instruction on important foundational concepts and pro-
cesses. To that end, I developed and narrated three new core concept Video Tutors, accessible via
QR codes in the textbook and assignable in MasteringMicrobiology®. The result is, once again,
a collaborative effort of educators, students, editors, and top scientific illustrators: a textbook that,
I hope, continues to improve upon conventional explanations and illustrations in substantive and
effective ways.
In this new edition:
• NEW Solve the Problem features carry education to a new level with problem-based learning exer-
cises that excite, inspire, and stimulate students to apply critical thinking skills to current micro-
biological quandaries. Each of the seven Solve the Problem features challenges students to work
together to devise and articulate possible resolutions. Solve the Problem exercises can stand alone
or be expanded with ambitious extensions and resources available in MasteringMicrobiology®.
• NEW Disease in Depth features highlight important diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever,
candidiasis, malaria, papillomas, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and influenza, extending the visual
v

vi Preface
impact of the art program. Each of these new Disease in Depth features contains infographics,
provides in-depth coverage of the selected disease, and includes a QR code and Investigate It!
question that directs students to a Video Tutor exploring the topic and prompting further inquiry
and critical thinking. New assignable Disease in Depth coaching activities in MasteringMicrobiol-
ogy® encourage students to apply and test their understanding of key concepts.
• NEW Video Tutors developed and narrated by the author walk students through key concepts.
New to this edition are Video Tutors on glycolysis, protein translation, and antigen process-
ing. These Video Tutors bring the textbook art to life and help students visualize and under-
stand tough topics and important processes. Thirty-two video tutorials are accessible via
QR codes in the textbook and are accompanied by multiple-choice questions, assignable in
MasteringMicrobiology®.
• New Micro Matters features tie together subjects from different chapters to encourage students
to apply and synthesize new knowledge as they explore medical cases and answer pertinent
questions. Each of the five Micro Matters video tutorials is accessible via QR code and paired
with assessments in MasteringMicrobiology®.
• The genetics and immunology chapters (Chapters 7, 8, 15, and 16) have been reviewed and revised
by genetics specialists. These now reflect the most current understanding of this rapidly evolv-
ing field, including new discussion of next-generation DNA sequencing.
• Over 300 NEW and revised micrographs, photos, and figures enhance student understanding
of the text and boxed features.
• NEW and EXPANDED MasteringMicrobiology® includes: NEW Interactive Microbiology,

a dynamic suite of interactive tutorials and animations that teach key concepts in the con-
text of a clinical setting. Students actively engage with each topic and learn from manipulat-
ing variables, predicting outcomes, and answering formative and summative assessments.
Topics include Operons; Complement; Biofilms and Quorum Sensing; Antibiotic Resistance,
Mechanisms; Antibiotic Resistance, Selection; and more.
• NEW Micro Matters case tutorials and assessments connect chapter concepts and coach stu-
dents through applying and synthesizing new knowledge.
• NEW MicroBoosters pair video tutorials and assessments covering key concepts that stu-
dents often need to review, including Basic Chemistry, Cell Biology, Biology and more!
• The Microbiology Lab resources include MicroLab Tutors, which use lab technique videos,
3-D molecular animations, and step-by-step tutorials to help students make connections
between lecture and lab.
• Lab Technique Videos and pre-lab quizzes ensure students come prepared for lab time.
• Lab Practical and post-lab quizzes reinforce what students have learned.
MasteringMicrobiology ® also provides access to Dynamic Study Modules to help students

acquire, retain, and recall information faster and more efficiently than ever before, with textbook-
specific explanations and art. Dynamic Study Modules are available for use as a self-study tool
or as assignments. Instructors also now have the option to give Adaptive Follow-Up assignments
that provide student-specific additional coaching and practice. These question sets continuously
adapt to each student’s needs, making efficient use of homework time. Additionally, Mastering-
Microbiology® includes Learning Catalytics—a “bring your own device” student engagement,
assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors can assess
students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding using Pearson’s
library of questions or designing their own.
The following section provides a detailed outline of this edition’s chapter-by-chapter revisions.

Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
1 A Brief History of Microbiology 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
• New chapter opener case study and photo • New chapter opener case study and photo
• Two other new photos (1.3, 1.6b) • One other new photo (4.18)
• Two figures revised for better pedagogy, clarity, and • Revised one figure for enhanced pedagogy (4.11)
accuracy [1.5 (2)] • Revised Learning Outcome regarding simple stains, which
• Updated map showing countries having transmission of variant now include Gomori methenamine silver stain and hematoxylin
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vJCD) and eosin stains
• Introduced discussion of the success of gene therapy in treating • Removed the Highlight box on microscopy of living biofilms and
several inherited immune deficiencies incorporated relevant information, including the figure, into the text
• Deleted the Highlight box covering emerging and reemerging • Added one new critical thinking question to Emerging Disease
diseases, placed the discussion of this topic within the chapter Case Study: Necrotizing Fasciitis box
text, and expanded coverage to include Middle East Respiratory • Revised coverage of history of taxonomy
Syndrome (MERS), Zika fever, Ebola, and chikungunya • Expanded discussion of resolution, immersion oil, mordants,
• Spelling of Semmelweis corrected in Figure 1.19 definition of microbial species, and role of George Fox in the
• New Clinical Case Study: Can Spicy Foods Cause Ulcers? with discovery of the archaea and three domains of life
questions • Revised section on microbial taxonomy to more fully address
• New Solve the Problem: Smallpox: To Be or Not to Be? (problem- genomic techniques in taxonomy
based learning exercise concerning complete smallpox virus • At request of reviewers and instructors, reduced complexity
destruction) and chapter length by removing detailed figures for dark-field,
• Expanded list of current problems in microbiology to include phase, and scanning electron microscopy
Ebola control, biofilms, rapid testing for infections, and • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on Gram stain and cell
antimicrobial-drug resistance by persistent cells wall structure
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on types of microbes and
some of their major characteristics 5 Microbial Metabolism
• New chapter opener case study and photo
2 The Chemistry of Microbiology • Revised twelve figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy
• New chapter opener case study and photo (5.9, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.21, 5.25, 5.28)
• Five figures revised for better pedagogy (2.6, 2.21, 2.22, ether bond • Removed the Highlight box on trimethylamine oxide (fishy smell)
and amino group in Table 2.3) from the chapter
• New Learning Outcomes concerning terms regarding elements, • Removed the Highlight box on glowing bacteria
valence electrons and chemical bonding, organic compounds, • Clarified and expanded discussion of the importance of redox
contrasting ionic and covalent bonds, lipids reactions, the uses of ATP in cell, enzymatic activation through
• Clarified that most organisms code for 21 amino acids, though allosteric sites, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of
20 are more common enzyme activity, and lipid catabolism and anbolism
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on nucleotide structure • Expanded discussion of diverse metabolic pathways
and function • Changed the term Embden-Meyerhof pathway to Embden-Meyerhof-
Parnas pathway to reflect the contribution of Jakub Karol Parnas
3 Cell Structure and Function in elucidating the glycolytic pathway
• New Tell Me Why critical thinking question over analogous
structures of electron carriers and nucleotides
• Five other new/upgraded photos (3.5a, 3.5b, 3.8a, 3.24, 3.28a)
• Added Learning Outcome concerning metabolic diversity in bacteria
• Revised and enhanced artwork in nine figures for enhanced
pedagogy (3.13, 3.15, 3.18, 3.20, 3.22, 3.23, 3.29, 3.30, 3.33b) • New Solve the Problem: The Microbes Ate My Homework
(problem-based learning investigation concerning use of genetic
• Removed the Highlight box on biofilms and incorporated
modification of microbes to reduce the amount of waste paper in
pertinent information into this chapter and into Chapter 6,
landfills)
including a new figure on quorum sensing
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on aerobic respiration
• Enhanced discussions of flagella and cilia structure and function,
definition of endotoxin, comparison of and contrast between
the outer and cytoplasmic membranes of Gram-negative cells, 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
movement across cell membranes, and chemistry and function • New chapter opener case study and photo
of lipids in archaeal cytoplasmic membranes • Two other new photos (6.13, 6.24b)
• Clarified that endotoxin refers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which • Six figures revised for greater clarity and better pedagogy (6.4, 6.6,
contains the toxic molecule lipid A 6.8, 6.17, 6.21, 6.24)
• Added Clinical Case Study: The Big Game about strep throat • Removed the Highlight box on sulfur-metabolizing microbes in
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on bacteria cell wall Yellowstone’s springs
structure • One new figure on quorum sensing (6.7)
vii

viii Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
• Expanded discussions of singlet oxygen and superoxide radicals • Removed the Highlight box on healthy processing of sushi
as oxidizing agents, the nature of extracellular matrix in biofilms, • Material from the Highlight box on the overuse of antimicrobial
and quorum sensing soaps into new Solve the Problem learning exercise
• Clarified the method of counting microbes using a cell counter • Revised definition of heavy-metal ions
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on culture media • Updated coverage of techniques for deactivating prions;
thimerosal in vaccines; and activity of AOAC International in
7 Microbial Genetics developing disinfection standards
• Added critical thinking question concerning salmonellosis
• New chapter opener case study and photo pandemic from smoked salmon
• Upgraded 20 figures for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading, • New Solve the Problem: How Clean is Too Clean? (problem-
and better pedagogy (7.1, 7.5b, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.13, 7.14, 7.20, based learning investigation concerning the potential overuse of
7.21, 7.22, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.32, 7.34, 7.35, 7.36) household and industrial disinfectants)
• Removed the Highlight box on RNA interference • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on use of moist heat in
• Updated and expanded text covering DNA replication, the smallest microbial control
cellular genome at 112,091 bp (Candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola),
alternative splicing in eukaryotes, the recent discovery that Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body:
chloroplast chromosomes are linear rather than circular, and the 10 Antimicrobial Drugs
use of methylation in mismatch repair
• Increased discussion of use of RNA as enzymes (ribozymes) • New chapter opener case study and photo
• Expanded table comparing and contrasting DNA replication, • Seven figures revised for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading,
transcription, and translation and better pedagogy (10.2; 10.3; 10.4; 10.6; 10.7; 10.15; map of
• Added discussion of codon and tRNA for 21st amino acid, worldwide community-associated MRSA)
selenocysteine • Three other new photos (box showing antimicrobial drug capsules,
• Enhanced and clarified discussion of lac and trp operons and of Figure 10.10, clinical case study on opportunistic thrush)
the action of cAMP and CAP as activators • Removed the Highlight box on reasons microbes make
• Expanded and reorganized discussion of DNA repair systems antimicrobials
• Clarified events in conjugation, particularly with Hfr cells • Updated and revised tables of antimicrobials to include all new
• Expanded and clarified coverage of nucleotides and antimicrobials mentioned in disease chapters, including the
pyrophosphate (diphosphate) antibacterial capreomycin and the anthelmintic bithionol; updated
• Revised the chapter to better explain differences between archaeal, sources of drugs, modes of action, clinical considerations, and
bacterial, and eukaryotic genetics methods of resistance
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on point mutations • New Clinical Case Studies: Antibiotic Overkill, concerning
opportunistic candidiasis, and Battling the Enemy, concerning
semisynthetic antimicrobials and diffusion susceptibility testing
8 Recombinant DNA Technology
• Enhanced and clarified discussion of the action and importance
• New chapter opener case study and photo of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases; topical antibiotic mupirocin;
• Added six Learning Outcomes concerning uses of synthetic the mechanism of resistance against quinolone antibacterial
nucleic acids, PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), drugs; adverse effects of aminoglycosides; therapeutic index
functional genomics, Sanger sequencing, and next-generation andtherapeutic range; and adverse effects of gramicidin
sequencing • Removed mention of amantadine as a treatment for influenza A
• One other new figure (8.10) • New section on drugs that interfere with the charging of tRNA
• Modified Figure 8.7 for better pedagogy molecules, including one new Learning Outcome on action of
• Deleted figures for Southern blots and Sanger automated mupirocin
DNA sequencing, as these techniques are more historical than • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on resistance to
current antimicrobial drugs
• Removed the Highlight box on edible vaccines and added its
material to the text 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes
• Enhanced or added discussion of real-time PCR (RT-PCR); Sanger
sequencing methods; next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS),
• Two new Learning Outcomes addressing epsilonproteobacteria
including pyrosequencing and fluorescent methods; functional
and zetaproteobacteria
genomics; microbiomes; biomedical animal models; and successful
• Ten new photos [11.1 (2), 11.2a, 11.5, 11.11a, 11.17, 11.19, 11.21, 11.23,
gene therapies
11.27b]
• Added Beneficial Microbes box: Our Other Organ on the
• Seven figures revised for better pedagogy (11.1, 11.4, 11.6, 11.10,
sequencing and identification of human microbiomes
11.21, 11.26, 11.27)
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on recombinant DNA
• Removed the Highlight box on possible microbial cause of obesity;
technology
added abbreviated discussion to text
• Removed the Highlight box on possible connection between
9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment cyanobacteria and dementia
• New chapter opener case study and photo • Clarified and expanded coverage of (1) “snapping division,”
• Five figures revised for better accuracy, currency, and pedagogy which is a distinctive characteristic of corynebacteria, including
(9.2, 9.7, 9.10, 9.15, 9.16) C. diphtheriae; (2) floc formation and its use in sewage treatment;
• New photo (9.4) and (3) methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus

Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions ix
• Updated with new discoveries in bacterial and bacterial 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
systematics: five phyla of archaea (rather than two), six classes of
proteobacteria rather than five
• Seven figures modified for better pedagogy, timeliness, quality, or
• Removed box on Botox clarity (14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.7,14.14, 14.16, 14.19)
• Removed box on possible link between cyanobacteria and brain
• Revised and updated coverage of number of human cells in a body
disease and the number of cellular microbiota, the microbiome, symbioses
• Three new critical thinking questions added to Emerging Disease (added the terms symbiont and amensalism), and endotoxins
Case Study: Pertussis Updated epidemiology charts, tables, maps, and graphs
•
• Added six new Learning Outcomes to section on proteobacteria. Updated terminology: microbiome is now used in place of normal
•
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on domain Archaea microbiota or microbial flora
• Updated list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases (changed
12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes AIDS to HIV Stage III; added campylobacteriosis, leptospirosis;
deleted Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease and chickenpox
(varicella)
• Ten other new photos (12.11a and b, 12.12a and b, 12.13c, 12.14,
• New Solve the Problem: Microbes in the Produce Aisle (problem-
12.18, 12.19, 12.25, 12.27, 12.29f, 12.29g)
based learning investigation concerning an epidemiological
• Six figures revised for more accurate and lucid pedagogy (12.3,
investigation of legionellosis)
12.7a, 12.8, 12.17, 12.23, map for aspergillosis)
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on disease transmission
• Per reviewers’ requests, shortened chapter by eliminating detailed
discussion and artwork of ciliate (Paramecium) conjugation and
details of sexual reproduction of zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and 15 Innate Immunity
basidiomycetes • New chapter opener case study and photo
• Updated algal, fungal, protozoan, water mold, and slime mold • One other new photo (15.5b)
taxonomy; removed euglenids and dinoflagellates from Table 12.4, • Seven figures modified for enhanced clarity and better pedagogy
Characteristics of Various Algae (15.3, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.12, 15.14)
• Clarified and expanded coverage of meiosis, alveoli in alveolate • Updated terminology: microbiome is now used in place of
protists, use of radiation as an energy source for some fungi, and normal microbiota or microbial flora; and expanded coverage of
the tripartite nature of lichens (both ascomycete and basidiomycete the composition and action of the microbiome, siderophores,
fungi and a photosynthetic symbiont) antimicrobial peptides (defensins), blood stem cells, phagocytosis,
• Switched to American English plural of amoeba (amoebas rather Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10), complement activation, complement
than amoebae) cascade, membrane attack complexes, and inflammatory mediators
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on types of eukaryotic • Enhanced discussion of type I interferons
microbes • New figure question and answer concerning identification of
white blood cells
13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and Prions • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on phagocytosis

• Five new photos (13.7b, 13.17, 13.21, 13.24a&b) 16 Specific Defense: Adaptive Immunity
• One new figure (13.23) showing prion templating • New chapter opener case study and photo
• Upgraded nine figures for better pedagogy and currency (13.5c, • Twelve figures revised for enhanced pedagogy (16.2, 16.3, 16.4, 16.6,
13.12, 13.13, 13.14, 13.16, 13.18, 13.20, 13.22, map showing range of 16.7, 16.8, 16.9, 16.12, 16.14, 16.18)
chikungunya) • Removed the Highlight box on the loss of CD4+ cells in AIDS patients
• Removed the Highlight box on the threat of avian influenza • Removed the Highlight box on fighting cancer with lab grown
• Two new Learning Outcomes concerning (1) naming viruses and T cells
viral structure and (2) control of prions • Incorporated all the material from the Highlight box on BCR
• Updated viral nomenclature to correspond to changes approved diversity into the text, including a revised figure
by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) • Revised and clarified discussions of general characteristics of
in 2014 adaptive immunity, function and structure of tonsils, flow of
• Added discussion on the benefits and costs to a virus of having lymph, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, terminology for
an envelope versus being naked CD8+ and CD4+ cells, genetic basis for creation of BCR and TCR
• Clarified and expanded text discussion concerning lytic cycle diversity, binding capability of MHC
of phage replication; use of phage typing; replication of animal • Reordered the discussion of topics in adaptive immunity to
viruses, particularly ssDNA viruses; link between viruses align more closely with the progression of events; for example,
and human cancers; viroids; and prions MHC and antigen processing are discussed before T cells and
• Updated discussion of techniques for deactivating prions cell-mediated immunity, which are discussed before B cells and
and treating prion disease antibody-mediated immunity
• New Solve the Problem: Manufacture a Better Mosquito? • Clarified the discovery and structure of MHC
(problem-based learning investigation concerning genetic • Removed discussion of T-independent antibody immunity as too
modification of mosquitoes so as to reduce the transmission of advanced for beginning students
viral diseases such as Zika) • Added three critical thinking questions to and updated incidence
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on replication strategies map for Emerging Disease Case Study: Microsporidiosis
of eukaryotic viruses • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on antibodies

x Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions
17 Immunization and Immune Testing 20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes
• New chapter opener case study and photo • New chapter opener case study and photo
• Five figures revised for better pedagogy (17.2, 17.3, 17.6, • Nine new photos (20.3, 20.4, 20.7, 20.9, 20.12, 20.13, 20.14, Disease
17.11, 17.14) at a Glance: Rabies, Emerging Disease Case Study: A Deadly
• Removed the Highlight box on lack of cold vaccines Mosquito Bite?)
• Updated chapter to include newly revised CDC 2016 vaccination • Seven figures revised for better pedagogy or newer data (20.8,
schedule for children, adolescents, and adults 20.10, 20.11, 20.14, 20.15, 20.16, map for melioidosis)
• Updated table of vaccine-preventable diseases in USA • Removed the Highlight box on Nipah virus
• Enhanced discussion of development of attenuated viral vaccines • Expanded coverage of bacterial meningitis, listeriosis, botulism,
• Added two points to Chapter Summary about use of polio, tetanus, arboviral encephalitis, cryptococcal meningitis,
recombinant gene technology in vaccine production and about African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), variant Creutzfeldt-
vaccine safety Jakob disease
• New Solve the Problem: Should You Vaccinate? (problem-based • Updated diagnoses and incidence data and maps
learning investigation concerning the efficacy and perceived • Updated epidemiology and etiology of meningococcal meningitis,
dangers of vaccinations) leprosy, and tetanus
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on vaccines • Updated treatment regimens for bacterial meningitis, leprosy,
botulism, tetanus, African trypanosomiasis, primary amebic
meningoencephalopathy
Hypersensitivities, Autoimmune Diseases, and Immune
18 • Switched to American English plural of amoeba (amoebas instead
Deficiencies of amoebae)
• New chapter opener case study and photo • Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal
• Revised five figures for greater clarity, accuracy, or pedagogical microbiota or microbial flora
value (18.1, 18.2, 18.17, 18.19, 18.20) • New Tell Me Why critical thinking question over cryptococcal
• Material from the Highlight box on hygiene hypothesis into new meningitis
Solve the Problem learning exercise • Replaced Emerging Disease Case Study: Tick-Borne Encephalitis
• Removed the Highlight box on allergies triggered during kissing with Emerging Disease Case Study: A Deadly Mosquito Bite?
• Removed the Highlight box on the “bubble boy” (SCIDS) addressing Zika virus microcephaly
• Expanded coverage of type III hypersensitivity and the • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on bacterial meningitis
relationship between hypersensitivities and autoimmune
disorders 21 Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
• Removed figure and text covering the rare disease immune
thrombocytopenic purpura
• Eleven new photos (21.7, 21.17, Disease at a Glance boxes: Tularemia
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on immediate
and Bubonic Plague, Disease in Depth: Ebola (7))
hypersensitivities
• Twelve figures revised for better pedagogy (21.6, 21.9, 21.10, 21.11,
21.12, 21.14, 21.18, 21.19, 21.20, Disease at a Glance boxes on yellow
19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds fever and toxoplasmosis; Disease in Depth: Malaria)
• New chapter opener case study and photo • Removed the Highlight box on search for malaria vaccines
• Expanded coverage of septicemia, streptococcal toxic shock
• Twenty-two new photos [Disease at a Glance: Pseudomonas
infection, Disease in Depth: RMSF (7), Disease at a Glance: syndrome (TSS) [formerly streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome
Anthrax, Disease in Depth: Papillomas (4), Disease at a Glance: (TSLS)], EPA-approved insect and tick repellents, vectors of plague,
Chickenpox and Shingles, Disease at a Glance: Measles, Epstein-Barr virus and mononucleosis and nasopharyngeal
Emerging Disease Case Study: Monkeypox, 19.1, 19.3, 19.7, 19.12, cancer, yellow fever, dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever, Ebola
19.14, 19.21] hemorrhagic fever, and toxoplasmosis
Updated diagnoses, maps, and incidence data for all diseases • Updated diagnoses, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention data
•
Updated coverage of types of vaccines; infectivity and for all diseases
•
epidemiology of herpesviruses; epidemiology and pathogenesis • Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal
of measles; and chickenpox and shingles vaccine microbiota or microbial flora
Updated treatment regimens for staphylococcal scalded skin • Three new Multiple Choice questions and three new Fill in the
•
syndrome, impetigo, cat scratch disease, Pseudomonas infection, Blanks questions added to the end-of-chapter Questions for
cutaneous anthrax, and herpes skin infections Review
New true/false question over acne • New Disease in Depth: Ebola
•
Added new Tell Me Why critical thinking question over use • New Emerging Disease Case Study: Babesiosis
•
of antibiotics to treat leishmaniasis • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on Lyme disease
• Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal
microbiota or microbial flora 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
• New Disease in Depth: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • New chapter opener case study and photo
• New Disease in Depth: Papillomas • Ten new photos [22.2, 22.5, 22.10a, 22.14, 22.17, Disease in Depth
• New Emerging Disease Case Study: A New Cause of Spots box over flu (5)]
concerning Rickettsia parkeri rickettsiosis • Five figures revised for better pedagogy [22.11, 22.12, 22.13, Disease
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on herpes simplex virus in Depth box over flu (2)]

Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions xi
• Expanded coverage of pathogenesis and epidemiology of diseases, • New Learning Outcome (24.26) for Chlamydia pelvic inflammatory
particularly healthcare-associated pneumonia (including disease
ventilator-associated pneumonia), community-acquired • Two new Disease in Depth features: Candidiasis, Papillomas
pneumonia, reemerging pertussis and pertussis vaccines, • Removed discussion of chancroid (rare in Europe and the
tuberculosis, influenza, coronavirus respiratory syndromes (SARS Americas, and worldwide cases have declined)
and MERS), histoplasmosis • Updated diagnoses and incidence data for all diseases
• Expanded coverage of influenza, severe acute respiratory • Updated treatment regimens for staphylococcal toxic shock
syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, gonorrhea
• Updated diagnoses and incidence data for all diseases • Expanded coverage of pelvic inflammatory disease, chlamydial
• Changed discussion of ornithosis to psittacosis—the preferred infections
terminology • Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal
• Updated treatment regimens for streptococcal pharyngitis, microbiota or microbial flora
diphtheria, common colds, otitis media, bacterial pneumonias, • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on syphilis
pneumonic plague, psittacosis (ornithosis), chlamydial pneumonia,
legionellosis, drug-susceptible tuberculosis (TB), multi- 25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
drug resistant TB (MDR-TB), pertussis, inhalational anthrax,
• Chapter now devoted solely to applied and industrial
coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.
microbiology; microbial ecology now covered in the new
• Expanded coverage of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Chapter 26
and extensively-drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)
• Added discussion of emerging pathogen Sapovirus, which causes
• Two figures revised, updated, or enhanced for better pedagogy
gastroenteritis (Emerging Disease: Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis map
• Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal and Figure 25.6; removed figure of collection of methane from
microbiota or microbial flora a landfill)
• New Disease in Depth: Influenza
• Removed the Highlight box on search for a more ecological
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercises on tuberculosis friendly source of indigo dye
• Revised and enhanced discussion of live yogurt, rennin, butanol
23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System as an alternative fuel, biosensors, water contamination versus
• New chapter opener case study and photo water pollution
• Nine new photos (23.5, 23.12, 23.18b, and Disease at a Glance boxes: • Added four Fill in the Blanks questions and two new Visualize
Dental Caries, Bacterial Diarrhea, Peptic Ulcer Disease, Cholera, It! questions to the end-of-chapter Questions for Review
Mumps, and Amebiasis) • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on microbial roles in food
• Five revised, updated, enhanced, and pedagogically more effective production
figures (23.1, 23.4, 23.15, 23.19, Disease in Depth: Giardiasis)
• Updated diagnoses and incidence data 26 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes
• Updated treatment regimens for peptic ulcers, traveler’s diarrhea, • New chapter expanding coverage of microbial ecology to provide
Campylobacter diarrhea, typhoid fever, cholera, C. diff. diarrhea, oral more emphasis on the ecology of the human body and its
herpes, and hepatitis B and C microbiome
• Discussion of yellow fever moved so as to make it more • New chapter opener case study and photo
distinguishable from discussion of dengue fever • Five figures revised, updated, or enhanced for better pedagogy
• Expanded coverage of the danger zone of temperatures for food (26.1, 26.4, 26.5, 26.6, 26.9)
service; enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli, including • One new photos (26.7)
hemolytic uremic syndrome; hepatitis B and C; Taenia saginata • Removed the Highlight box on development of a viral
and T. solium biote3rrorism agent
• Updated terminology to the use of microbiome in place of normal • Updated list of bioterrorist threats to include additions to
microbiota or microbial flora Category C
• Updated terminology to the new recommended plural of amoeba: • New Clinical Case Study: Bioterrorism in the Mail concerning
amoebas anthrax
• Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on viral hepatitis • New Solve the Problem: Fecal Microbiome Transfer: Medicine or
Magic? (problem-based learning investigation concerning the use
24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems of fecal transplants to change the colonic microbiome)
• New chapter opener case study and photo • One new Multiple Choice question, one new Modified True/
• Sixteen new figures [24.6b, Disease at a Glance: Pelvic False question, one new Fill in the Blanks question, and three
Inflammatory Disease, Disease in Depth: Candidiasis (13), Disease new Critical Thinking questions added to the end-of-chapter
at a Glance: Trichomoniasis] Questions for Review
• Six revised, updated, and enhanced figures (24.1, 24.3, 24.5, 24.7, • Added fill-in Concept Mapping exercise on microbial ecology and
24.9a, Disease in Depth: Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections) biogeochemical cycles

Reviewers for the Fifth Edition
I wish to thank the hundreds of instructors and students who participated in reviews, class tests,
and focus groups for earlier editions of the textbook. Your comments have informed this book from
beginning to end, and I am deeply grateful. For the fifth edition, I extend my deepest appreciation to the
following reviewers.
Book Reviewers Denice D. King Video Tutor Reviewers

Cleveland State Community College
Dena Berg Jason Adams
Todd Martin
Tarrant County College College of Dupage
Metropolitan Community College,
Carroll Bottoms Blue River Abiodun Adibi
Collin College Hampton University
Jennifer Metzler
Nick Butkevitch Ball State University Melody J. Bernot
Schoolcraft College Ball State University
Mary Miller
Kari Cargill Baton Rouge Community College Denise Foley
Montana State University Santiago Canyon College
Alicia Musser
Richard J. Cristiano Lansing Community College Emily Getty
Houston Community College Ivy Tech Community College
Gregory Nasello
Northwest—Spring Branch campus Mary Ann Arnold Hedrick
Lewis and Clark Community College
Ann Evancoe Wytheville Community College
Dana Newton
Hudson Valley Community College Cristi Hunnes
College of the Albemarle
Tod Fairbanks Rocky Mountain College
Johanna Porter-Kelley
Palm Beach State College Sudeep Majumdar
Winston-Salem State University
Teresa G. Fischer Temple College
Jennifer Reaves
Indian River State College Bhavya Mathur
Jackson State Community College
Sandra M. Fox-Moon Chattahoochee Technical College
Jackie Reynolds
Anne Arundel Community College Daniel Brian Nichols
Richland College
and University of Maryland Seton Hall University
Steven Scott
Eric Gillock Kevin Sorensen
Merritt College
Fort Hays State University Snow College
Amy Siegesmund
Raymond Harris Sandra L. Specht
Pacific Lutheran University
Prince George’s Community College Sinclair Community College
Tony A. Slieman
Jennifer Hatchel
University of South Dakota
College of Coastal Georgia
Lori Smith
Barbara R. Heard
American River College
Atlantic Cape Community College
Vetaley Stashenko
Nazanin Hebel
Palm Beach State College, Belle Glade
Houston Community College—Northwest
Jennifer Swartz
Amy Helms
Pikes Peak Community College
Collin College
Christopher Thompson
David T. Jenkins
Loyola University, Maryland
University of Alabama at Birmingham
Marie N. Yearling
Laramie County Community College
xii

Acknowledgments
As has been the case with all previous editions, I am ever more Walker created the beautiful interior design and the stunning
cognizant that this book is a team effort. I am especially grateful cover.
once again to Kelsey Churchman of Pearson Science and to the Thanks to Michéle Shuster and Amy Helms for their work
team she gathered to produce the fifth edition. Kelsey, dedicated on the media and print supplements for this edition. Special
project manager Lauren Beebe, and invaluable program thanks are due to William Wenzler and Lucinda Bingham for
manager Chriscelle Palaganas helped develop the vision for managing the supplements, to Kyle Doctor in production for
this fifth edition, generating ideas to make it more effective his work on the Instructor’s Resource DVD, and to Lucinda
and compelling. Thank you, Lauren, for being understanding, Bingham for his management of the extraordinary array
patient, and lenient, especially when I misplaced a deadline. of media resources for students and instructors, especially
Alice Houston was invaluable in developmental editing. I MasteringMicrobiology®.
am grateful. I am particularly grateful for the expertise and Thanks also to Jordan Roeder, BSN, RN, CVRN-BC, and
easygoing attitude of William Wenzler, Content Producer. I Nan Kemp and for their administrative, editorial, and research
trust we will have many more years of collaboration—you made assistance. I am grateful to Lauren Harp and lately to Christa
the job easy and never once expressed anything but support, Pesek Pelaez in Marketing, They have led the amazing Pearson
even when I was distracted by life events and missed an email. sales representatives to do a terrific job of keeping in touch with
Thank you. the professors and students who provide so many wonderful
Thank you to Barbara Yien, project editor of the first suggestions for this textbook. As always, I am humbled,
two editions, for years of support and for introducing me to inspired, and encouraged by all sales representatives; your role
chocolate truffles. I am excited to watch your family grow; on the team deserves more gratitude than I can express here or
thank you for letting me practice grandparenting. with grapefruit.
Sally Peyrefitte edited the manuscript thoroughly and I am especially grateful to Phil Mixter of Washington State
meticulously, suggesting important changes for clarity, University, Mary Jane Niles of the University of San Francisco,
accuracy, and consistency. The incomparable Kelly Murphy Bronwen Steele of Estrella Mountain Community College, Jan
did a magnificently superb job as art development editor, Miller of American River College, and Tammy Tollison of Wake
helping to conceptualize new illustrations and suggesting Technical Community College for their expertise and advice.
ways to improve the art overall—thank you, Kelly for taking I am further indebted to my colleagues, Sam Schwarzlose,
the original art of my friend Ken Probst and enhancing this Nichol Dolby, Brandon Moore for their expertise and
book’s amazingly beautiful biological illustrations. My thanks suggestions, and to Terry Austin for lending his technical
to Lachina for rendering the art in this edition. Julie Kidd and expertise to the project.
SPi Global expertly guided the project through production. On the home front: Thank you, Jennie and Nick Knapp,
Maureen “Mo” Spuhler remains the most amazing photo Elizabeth Bauman, Jeremy Bauman, Larry Latham, Josh Wood,
researcher. I am in your debt, “Molybdenum,” for superb and Mike Isley. You keep me even-keeled. My wife Michelle
photos, excellent suggestions, and as the model for several deserves more recognition than I can possibly express: As King
patients and nurses. Rich Robison and Brent Selinger supplied Shlomo said, “Many are noble, but you excel them all.” Thank
many of the text’s wonderful and unique micrographs. John you.
Robert W. Bauman
Amarillo, Texas
xiii

Contents
1 A Brief History of 3 Cell Structure and Function 57
Microbiology 1 Processes of Life 58
The Early Years of Microbiology 2 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: An Overview 58
What Does Life Really Look Like? 2 External Structures of Bacterial Cells 59
How Can Microbes Be Classified? 4 Glycocalyces 61
The Golden Age of Microbiology 7 Flagella 61
Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate? 7 Fimbriae and Pili 64
What Causes Fermentation? 10 Bacterial Cell Walls 65
What Causes Disease? 12 Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls 66
How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? 15 Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls 66
The Modern Age of Microbiology 17 Bacteria Without Cell Walls 67
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? 18 Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 68
How Do Genes Work? 18 Structure 68
What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? 20 Function 68
How Do We Defend Against Disease? 20
Cytoplasm of Bacteria 73
What Will the Future Hold? 21
Cytosol 73
CHAPTER SUMMARY 23 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 23 Inclusions 73
CRITICAL THINKING 25 • CONCEPT MAPPING 26 Endospores 74
Nonmembranous Organelles 75
External Structures of Archaea 76
2 The Chemistry of Glycocalyces 76
Flagella 76
Microbiology 27 Fimbriae and Hami 76
Atoms 28 Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 77
Atomic Structure 28 Cytoplasm of Archaea 78
Isotopes 28 External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 78
Electron Configurations 29 Glycocalyces 79
Chemical Bonds 31 Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 79
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds 31 Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes 81
Polar Covalent Bonds 32
Flagella 81
Ionic Bonds 33
Cilia 82
Hydrogen Bonds 34
Other Nonmembranous Organelles 82
Chemical Reactions 35 Membranous Organelles 83
Synthesis Reactions 35 Endosymbiotic Theory 87
Decomposition Reactions 35
CHAPTER SUMMARY 89 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 91
Exchange Reactions 36
CRITICAL THINKING 94 • CONCEPT MAPPING 95
Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts 36
Water 36
Acids and Bases 37
Salts 39 4 Microscopy, Staining, and
Organic Macromolecules 39
Functional Groups 40
Classification 96
Lipids 41 Units of Measurement 97
Carbohydrates 43 Microscopy 97
Proteins 45
General Principles of Microscopy 98
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 49
Light Microscopy 100
CHAPTER SUMMARY 52 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 53 Electron Microscopy 104
CRITICAL THINKING 55 • CONCEPT MAPPING 56 Probe Microscopy 105
xiv

Table of Contents xv
Staining 106 Culture Media 172

Preparing Specimens for Staining 106 Special Culture Techniques 176
Principles of Staining 106 Preserving Cultures 177
Simple Stains 108 Growth of Microbial Populations 177
Differential Stains 108 Generation Time 178
Special Stains 110 Mathematical Considerations in Population Growth 178
Staining for Electron Microscopy 112 Phases of Microbial Population Growth 179
Classification and Identification of Microorganisms 112 Continuous Culture in a Chemostat 181
Linnaeus and Taxonomic Categories 112 Measuring Microbial Reproduction 181
Domains 115 MICRO MATTERS 187
Taxonomic and Identifying Characteristics 115 CHAPTER SUMMARY 187 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 188
Taxonomic Keys 118
MICRO MATTERS 120
CRITICAL THINKING 122 • CONCEPT MAPPING 123 7 Microbial Genetics 192
The Structure and Replication of Genomes 193
5 Microbial Metabolism 124 The Structure of Nucleic Acids 193
The Structure of Prokaryotic Genomes 193
Basic Chemical Reactions Underlying Metabolism 125 The Structure of Eukaryotic Genomes 195
Catabolism and Anabolism 125 DNA Replication 197
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions 126 Gene Function 202
ATP Production and Energy Storage 126 The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype 202
The Roles of Enzymes in Metabolism 127 The Transfer of Genetic Information 202
Carbohydrate Catabolism 133 The Events in Transcription 203
Glycolysis 133 Translation 206
Cellular Respiration 135 Regulation of Genetic Expression 211
Metabolic Diversity 140 Mutations of Genes 216
Fermentation 140 Types of Mutations 216
Other Catabolic Pathways 142 Effects of Point Mutations 216
Lipid Catabolism 143 Mutagens 217
Protein Catabolism 143 Frequency of Mutation 219
Photosynthesis 144 DNA Repair 219
Chemicals and Structures 144 Identifying Mutants, Mutagens, and Carcinogens 221
Light-Dependent Reactions 145 Genetic Recombination and Transfer 223
Light-Independent Reactions 146 Transposons and Transposition 226
Other Anabolic Pathways 149 CHAPTER SUMMARY 231 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 232
Carbohydrate Biosynthesis 149 CRITICAL THINKING 235 • CONCEPT MAPPING 236
Lipid Biosynthesis 150
Amino Acid Biosynthesis 150
Nucleotide Biosynthesis 151
Integration and Regulation of Metabolic Functions 152
8 Recombinant DNA
CHAPTER SUMMARY 154 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 156 • Technology 237
CRITICAL THINKING 158 • CONCEPT MAPPING 159 The Role of Recombinant DNA Technology in Biotechnology 238
The Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology 238
6 Microbial Nutrition and Mutagens 238

The Use of Reverse Transcriptase to Synthesize cDNA 239
Growth 160 Synthetic Nucleic Acids 239
Restriction Enzymes 240
Growth Requirements 161 Vectors 241
Nutrients: Chemical and Energy Requirements 162 Gene Libraries 242
Physical Requirements 165 Techniques of Recombinant DNA Technology 242
Associations and Biofilms 167 Multiplying DNA In Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction 243
Culturing Microorganisms 169 Selecting a Clone of Recombinant Cells 244
Clinical Sampling 170 Separating DNA Molecules: Gel Electrophoresis and the Southern
Obtaining Pure Cultures 170 Blot 245

xvi Table of Contents
DNA Microarrays 245 Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes 291

Inserting DNA into Cells 246 Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways 293
Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology 247 Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 293
Genetic Mapping 248 Prevention of Virus Attachment, Entry, or Uncoating 295
Microbial Community Studies 251 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs 296
Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications 251 Spectrum of Action 296
Agricultural Applications 253 Effectiveness 297
The Ethics and Safety of Recombinant DNA Technology 254 Routes of Administration 299
MICRO MATTERS 256 Safety and Side Effects 300
Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs 301
The Development of Resistance in Populations 301
Mechanisms of Resistance 301
Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance 304
Retarding Resistance 304
9 Controlling Microbial Growth CHAPTER SUMMARY 316 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 317
in the Environment 260 CRITICAL THINKING 319 • CONCEPT MAPPING 320
Basic Principles of Microbial Control 261

Terminology of Microbial Control 261
Microbial Death Rates 262
11 Characterizing and Classifying
Action of Antimicrobial Agents 263 Prokaryotes 321
The Selection of Microbial Control Methods 264 General Characteristics of Prokaryotic Organisms 322
Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods 264
Morphology of Prokaryotic Cells 322
Biosafety Levels 266
Endospores 322
Physical Methods of Microbial Control 266 Reproduction of Prokaryotic Cells 323
Heat-Related Methods 266 Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells 324
Refrigeration and Freezing 269 Modern Prokaryotic Classification 326
Desiccation and Lyophilization 270
Survey of Archaea 326
Filtration 270
Osmotic Pressure 271 Extremophiles 327
Radiation 272 Methanogens 328
Chemical Methods of Microbial Control 274 Survey of Bacteria 329
Phenol and Phenolics 274 Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria 329
Alcohols 274 Low G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria 331
Halogens 275 High G + C Gram-Positive Bacteria 334
Oxidizing Agents 276 Gram-Negative Proteobacteria 335
Surfactants 276 Other Gram-Negative Bacteria 343
Heavy Metals 277 CHAPTER SUMMARY 345 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 347
Aldehydes 277 CRITICAL THINKING 348 • CONCEPT MAPPING 349
Gaseous Agents 278
Enzymes 278
Antimicrobial Drugs 278
Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics 278
12 Characterizing and Classifying
Development of Resistant Microbes 280 Eukaryotes 350
CHAPTER SUMMARY 281 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 282 General Characteristics of Eukaryotic Organisms 351
CRITICAL THINKING 283 • CONCEPT MAPPING 285 Reproduction of Eukaryotes 351
Classification of Eukaryotic Organisms 354
Protozoa 355
10 Controlling Microbial Growth Distribution of Protozoa 355
Morphology of Protozoa 356
in the Body: Antimicrobial Nutrition of Protozoa 356
Drugs 286 Reproduction of Protozoa 357
Classification of Protozoa 357
The History of Antimicrobial Agents 287 Fungi 361
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action 288 The Significance of Fungi 362
Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis 288 Morphology of Fungi 362
Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 291 Nutrition of Fungi 363

Table of Contents xvii
Reproduction of Fungi 364 Human Carriers 415

Classification of Fungi 365 Nonliving Reservoirs 416
Lichens 368 The Invasion and Establishment of Microbes in Hosts:
Algae 370 Infection 417
Distribution of Algae 370 Exposure to Microbes: Contamination and Infection 417
Morphology of Algae 370 Portals of Entry 417
Reproduction of Algae 370 The Role of Adhesion in Infection 418
Classification of Algae 371 The Nature of Infectious Disease 419
Water Molds 373 Manifestations of Disease: Symptoms, Signs, and Syndromes 420
Other Eukaryotes of Microbiological Interest: Parasitic Helminths Causation of Disease: Etiology 420
and Vectors 374 Virulence Factors of Infectious Agents 423
Arachnids 374 The Stages of Infectious Diseases 426
Insects 374 The Movement of Pathogens out of Hosts: Portals of Exit 427
CHAPTER SUMMARY 376 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 378 Modes of Infectious Disease Transmission 427
CRITICAL THINKING 379 • CONCEPT MAPPING 380 Contact Transmission 427
Vehicle Transmission 428
Vector Transmission 429
13 Characterizing and Classifying Classification of Infectious Diseases 429
Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases 431
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 381 Frequency of Disease 431
Characteristics of Viruses 382 Epidemiological Studies 432
Hospital Epidemiology: Healthcare-Associated (Nosocomial)
Genetic Material of Viruses 383
Infections 434
Hosts of Viruses 383
Epidemiology and Public Health 437
Sizes of Viruses 385
Capsid Morphology 386 CHAPTER SUMMARY 439 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 440
Viral Shapes 386 CRITICAL THINKING 442 • CONCEPT MAPPING 442
The Viral Envelope 386
Classification of Viruses 387
Viral Replication 388
Lytic Replication of Bacteriophages 389
15 Innate Immunity 443
Lysogenic Replication of Bacteriophages 392 An Overview of the Body’s Defenses 444
Replication of Animal Viruses 393
The Body’s First Line of Defense 444
The Role of Viruses in Cancer 397
The Role of Skin in Innate Immunity 444
Culturing Viruses in the Laboratory 399 The Role of Mucous Membranes in Innate Immunity 445
Culturing Viruses in Mature Organisms 399 The Role of the Lacrimal Apparatus in Innate Immunity 446
Culturing Viruses in Embryonated Chicken Eggs 400 The Role of the Microbiome in Innate Immunity 446
Culturing Viruses in Cell (Tissue) Culture 400 Other First-Line Defenses 447
Are Viruses Alive? 401 The Body’s Second Line of Defense 448
Other Parasitic Particles: Viroids and Prions 401 Defense Components of Blood 448
Characteristics of Viroids 401 Phagocytosis 451
Characteristics of Prions 402 Nonphagocytic Killing 453
MICRO MATTERS 405 Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens 453
Inflammation 458
Fever 461
14 Infection, Infectious Diseases,

and Epidemiology 410 16 Adaptive Immunity 468
Symbiotic Relationships Between Microbes and Their Hosts 411
Types of Symbiosis 411 Overview of Adaptive Immunity 469
Microbiome of Humans 413 Elements of Adaptive Immunity 470
How Normal Microbiota Become Opportunistic Pathogens 414 The Tissues and Organs of the Lymphatic System 470
Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases of Humans 415 Antigens 472
Animal Reservoirs 415 Preparation for an Adaptive Immune Response 474

xviii Table of Contents
B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies 479 CHAPTER SUMMARY 545 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 547
Immune Response Cytokines 484 CRITICAL THINKING 549 • CONCEPT MAPPING 550
Cell-Mediated Immune Responses 485
Activation of Cytotoxic T Cell Clones and Their Functions 486
The Perforin-Granzyme Cytotoxic Pathway 487 19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin
The CD95 Cytotoxic Pathway 487
Memory T Cells 487 and Wounds 551
T Cell Regulation 488 Structure of the Skin 552
Antibody Immune Responses 488 Microbiome of the Skin 553
Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal
Bacterial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds 554
Selection 488
Memory Cells and the Establishment of Immunological Folliculitis 554
Memory 490 Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome 556
Impetigo (Pyoderma) and Erysipelas 557
Types of Acquired Immunity 491
Necrotizing Fasciitis 558
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity 491
Acne 559
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity 491
Cat Scratch Disease 562
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity 492
Pseudomonas Infection 563
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunotherapy 492
Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis 564
CHAPTER SUMMARY 494 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 495 Cutaneous Anthrax 564
CRITICAL THINKING 497 • CONCEPT MAPPING 498 Gas Gangrene 565
Viral Diseases of the Skin and Wounds 569
Diseases of Poxviruses 569
17 Immunization and Immune Herpes Infections 571
Warts 573
Testing 499 Chickenpox and Shingles 574
Immunization 500 Rubella 576
Measles (Rubeola) 578
Brief History of Immunization 500
Other Viral Rashes 580
Active Immunization 501
Passive Immunotherapy 506 Mycoses of the Hair, Nails, and Skin 581
Serological Tests That Use Antigens and Corresponding Superficial Mycoses 581
Antibodies 508 Cutaneous Mycoses 582
Wound Mycoses 584
Precipitation Tests 508
Turbidimetric and Nephelometric Tests 509 Parasitic Infestations of the Skin 586
Agglutination Tests 510 Leishmaniasis 586
Neutralization Tests 511 Scabies 587
The Complement Fixation Test 511 CHAPTER SUMMARY 589 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 590
Labeled Antibody Tests 511 CRITICAL THINKING 593 • CONCEPT MAPPING 594
Point-of-Care Testing 514
CRITICAL THINKING 519 • CONCEPT MAPPING 520 20 Microbial Diseases of
the Nervous System
18 Immune Disorders 521 and Eyes 595
Structure of the Nervous System 596
Hypersensitivities 522 Structures of the Central Nervous System 596
Type I (Immediate) Hypersensitivity 522 Structures of the Peripheral Nervous System 596
Type II (Cytotoxic) Hypersensitivity 526 Cells of the Nervous System 596
Type III (Immune Complex–Mediated) Hypersensitivity 528 Portals of Infection of the Central Nervous System 598
Type IV (Delayed or Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity 530 Bacterial Diseases of the Nervous System 598
Autoimmune Diseases 534 Bacterial Meningitis 598
Causes of Autoimmune Diseases 534 Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy) 601
Examples of Autoimmune Diseases 535 Botulism 604
Immunodeficiency Diseases 536 Tetanus 606
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 536 Viral Diseases of the Nervous System 610
Acquired Immunodeficiency Diseases 537 Viral Meningitis 610
MICRO MATTERS 545 Poliomyelitis 610

Table of Contents xix
Rabies 612 Bacterial Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses,

Arboviral Encephalitis 614 and Ears 674
Mycosis of the Nervous System 618 Streptococcal Respiratory Diseases 674
Cryptococcal Meningitis 618 Diphtheria 675
Protozoan Diseases of the Nervous System 619 Rhinosinusitis and Otitis Media 677
African Trypanosomiasis 619 Viral Diseases of the Upper Respiratory System 679
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy 620 Common Cold 679
Prion Disease 621 Bacterial Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System 680
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) 621 Bacterial Pneumonias 680
Microbial Diseases of the Eyes 622 Legionnaires’ Disease 683
Structure of the Eye 623 Tuberculosis 685
Trachoma 623 Pertussis (Whooping Cough) 685
Other Microbial Diseases of the Eyes 624 Inhalational Anthrax 689
Viral Diseases of the Lower Respiratory System 690
Influenza 690
Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes 690
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection 694
Pathogenesis 695
21 Microbial Cardiovascular Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 695
and Systemic Diseases 629 Other Viral Respiratory Diseases 697
Mycoses of the Lower Respiratory System 698
Structures of the Cardiovascular System 630 Coccidioidomycosis 698
Structure of the Heart 630 Blastomycosis 699
Movement of Blood and Lymph 630 Histoplasmosis 700
Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases 630 Pneumocystis Pneumonia 701
Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia 631 CHAPTER SUMMARY 703 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 705
Endocarditis 634 CRITICAL THINKING 707 • CONCEPT MAPPING 708
Brucellosis 635
Tularemia 636
Plague 638
Lyme Disease 640
Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis 643
23 Microbial Diseases of
Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases 644 the Digestive System 709
Yellow Fever 645 Structures of the Digestive System 710
Infectious Mononucleosis 645 The Gastrointestinal Tract 710
Cytomegalovirus Disease 647 The Accessory Digestive Organs 710
Dengue Fever and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever 648
Microbiome of the Digestive System 711
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers 649
Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System 712
Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic
Diseases 654 Dental Caries, Gingivitis, and Periodontal Disease 712
Peptic Ulcer Disease 714
Malaria 654
Bacterial Gastroenteritis 715
Toxoplasmosis 655
Bacterial Food Poisoning (Intoxication) 723
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Disease) 659
Signs and Symptoms 725
Schistosomiasis 661
Pathogens and Virulence Factors 725
CHAPTER SUMMARY 664 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 666 Pathogenesis and Epidemiology 725
CRITICAL THINKING 669 • CONCEPT MAPPING 670 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention 725
Viral Diseases of the Digestive System 725
Oral Herpes 726
22 Microbial Diseases of Mumps 727
the Respiratory System 671 Viral Gastroenteritis 728
Viral Hepatitis 729
Structures of the Respiratory System 672 Protozoan Diseases of the Intestinal Tract 732
Structures of the Upper Respiratory System, Sinuses, and Ears 672 Giardiasis 732
Structures of the Lower Respiratory System 672 Cryptosporidiosis 732
Microbiome of the Respiratory System 672 Amebiasis 736

xx Table of Contents
Helminthic Infestations of the Intestinal Tract 737

Tapeworm Infestations 737
Pinworm Infestations 739
25 Applied and Industrial
Anisakiasis 740 Microbiology 777
CHAPTER SUMMARY 742 • QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 743 Food Microbiology 778
CRITICAL THINKING 745 • CONCEPT MAPPING 746 The Roles of Microorganisms in Food Production 778
The Causes and Prevention of Food Spoilage 781
Foodborne Illnesses 784
24 Microbial Diseases of the Industrial Microbiology 785
Urinary and Reproductive The Roles of Microbes in Industrial Fermentations 785
Industrial Products of Microorganisms 786
Systems 747 Water Treatment 788
Structures of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems 748
Structures of the Urinary System 748
Structures of the Reproductive Systems 748
Microbiome of the Urinary and Reproductive Systems 750
Bacterial Diseases of the Urinary System 750 26 Microbial Ecology
Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections 750
Leptospirosis 750
and Microbiomes 801
Streptococcal Acute Glomerulonephritis 751 Environmental Microbiology 802
Nonvenereal Diseases of the Reproductive Systems 751 Microbial Ecology 802
Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome 751 Bioremediation 804
Bacterial Vaginosis 755 The Problem of Acid Mine Drainage 805
Vaginal Candidiasis 756 The Roles of Microorganisms in Biogeochemical Cycles 806
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Diseases (STDs) 757 Soil Microbiology 809
Aquatic Microbiology 810
Bacterial STDs 760
Biological Warfare and Bioterrorism 812
Gonorrhea 760
Assessing Microorganisms as Potential Agents of Warfare or
Syphilis 761
Terror 812
Chlamydial Infections 764
Known Microbial Threats 813
Viral STDs 766 Defense Against Bioterrorism 813
Genital Herpes 767 Roles of Recombinant Genetic Technology in Bioterrorism 815
Genital Warts 768
Protozoan STDs 769
Trichomoniasis 769

Feature Boxes
BENEFICIAL MICROBES
Probiotics: Using Live Microorganisms to When a Bacterial Infection Is a Good
Bread, Wine, and Beer 8
Treat or Prevent Disease 301 Thing 635
Architecture-Preserving Bacteria 38
A Microtube of Superglue 338 Eliminating Dengue 651
Plastics Made Perfect? 74
Fungi for $10,000 a Pound 368 Microbes to the Rescue? 712
Glowing Viruses 113
Good Viruses? Who Knew? 387 Pharmacists of the Future? 756
A Nuclear Waste-Eating Microbe? 168
Prescription Bacteriophages? 392 Oil-Eating Microbes to the Rescue in the
Life in a Hot Tub 200
A Bioterrorist Worm 412 Gulf 804
Our Other “Organ” 251
Cowpox: To Vaccinate or Not to
Hard to Swallow? 275 Vaccinate? 506
EMERGING DISEASE CASE STUDY

Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease 20 Chikungunya 398 Babesiosis 655
Necrotizing Fasciitis 118 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 438 Snail Fever in China 663
Vibrio vulnificus Infection 213 Microsporidiosis 492 H5N1 Influenza 691
Acanthamoeba Keratitis 265 A New Cause of Spots 565 Pulmonary Blastomycosis 701
Community-Associated MRSA 302 Monkeypox 588 Norovirus Gastroenteritis 733
Pertussis 341 Melioidosis 599 Attack in the Lake 789
Aspergillosis 367 A Deadly Mosquito Bite? 617
CLINICAL CASE STUDY

Remedy for Fever or Prescription for The Stealth Invader 458 Nightmare on the Island 641
Death? 16 The First Time’s Not the Problem 531 A Sick Camper 646
Raw Oysters and Antacids: A Deadly A Case of AIDS 544 A Tired Freshman 654
Mix? 39 A Painful Rash 569 An Opportunistic Infection 662
The Big Game 69 A Child with Warts 576 The Coughing Cousin 689
Cavities Gone Wild 170 Grandfather’s Shingles 579 A Blue Baby 697
Boils in the Locker Room 180 Is It Athlete’s Foot? 585 When “Health Food” Isn’t 726
Deadly Horizontal Gene Transfer 230 Diagnosis in the Desert 587 The Case of the Lactovegetarians 727
Antibiotic Overkill 297 The Frowning Actor 608 Painful Dysentery 738
Battling the Enemy 299 A Woman with No Feelings 614 A Painful Problem 763
Tough Decision 305 A Threat from the Wild 621 A Sick Mother-to-Be 767
Invasion from Within or Without? 404 A Protozoan Mystery 622 A Very Sick Man 770
A Deadly Carrier 416 A Very Sick Sophomore 624 Bioterrorism in the Mail? 816
TB in the Nursery 429 A Heart-Rending Experience 637
Evaluating an Abnormal CBC 451
DISEASE AT A GLANCE
Pseudomonas Infection 564 Rubella 578 West Nile Encephalitis 618
Cutaneous Anthrax 565 Measles 581 Cryptococcal Meningitis 619
Gas Gangrene 568 Infant Botulism 607 Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Smallpox 571 Tetanus 608 (vCJD) 623
Herpes 573 Polio 612 Bacteremia/Endocarditis 636
Chickenpox and Shingles 577 Rabies 614 Tularemia 638
xxi

xxii Feature Boxes
Bubonic Plague and Pneumonic Plague 640 Coronavirus Respiratory Syndromes 694 Mumps 728
Lyme Disease 643 Respiratory Syncytial Viral Infection 696 Hepatitis 732
Yellow Fever 650 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome 697 Amebiasis 737
Toxoplasmosis 659 Histoplasmosis 702 Leptospirosis 754
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas’ Dental Caries 714 Toxic Shock Syndrome 755
Disease) 661 Peptic Ulcer Disease 716 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 757
Schistosomiasis 663 Bacterial Diarrhea 720 Gonorrhea 761
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Salmonellosis and Typhoid Fever 722 Syphilis 764
Throat) 676 Cholera 723 Trichomoniasis 770
Bacterial Pneumonias 684 Staphylococcal Intoxication (Food
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) 688 Poisoning) 725
DISEASE IN DEPTH
Necrotizing Fasciitis 560 Ebola 652 Giardiasis 734
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 566 Malaria 656 Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections 752
Papillomas 575 Tuberculosis 686 Candidiasis 758
Listeriosis 602 Influenza 692

1 A Brief History of Microbiology
Too Much Cake, or

Something Worse?
Patty is a mother to 14-year-old twins and works full

time. Between her own job, driving her kids to practices
and events, and spending time with her husband, Patty is
constantly on the go. This past weekend was no excep-
tion. On Friday night, her office group went out for
happy hour to celebrate a colleague’s promotion. They
had a great time—eating sushi, drinking wine, and relax-
ing. Saturday morning, her daughter’s soccer team had
a brunch, and in the afternoon her son’s Little League
team had an end-of-the-season barbecue. Saturday night
she felt a little bit bloated but thought it was from the all
the food she had eaten at the brunch—she was so full
from the brunch that she had eaten only fruit salad at
the barbecue.
It’s late Sunday afternoon, and she and her husband
have just returned from a birthday party for his sister.
As they start to prepare dinner, Patty starts to have a
stomachache and feels a bit nauseated. She suspects it’s
from eating too much birthday cake; however, when she
wakes up in the middle of the night with diarrhea, she
thinks that it might be something more than the cake.
Monday morning Patty is unable to go to work—she’s
had diarrhea all night long and has a terrible headache.
When she starts vomiting early Monday afternoon, she
decides that she needs to go to the doctor.
1. Is it just a case of too much cake?
2. What else could be causing Patty’s symptoms?
Turn to the end of the chapter (p. 22) to find out.
Explore More: Test your readiness and apply your knowl-

edge with dynamic learning tools at MasteringMicrobiology.
M01_BAUM7206_05_SE_C01.indd 1 11/23/16 2:57 AM

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DANCE ON STILTS AT THE GIRLS’ UNYAGO, NIUCHI
Newala, too, suffers from the distance of its water-supply—at least

the Newala of to-day does; there was once another Newala in a lovely
valley at the foot of the plateau. I visited it and found scarcely a trace
of houses, only a Christian cemetery, with the graves of several
missionaries and their converts, remaining as a monument of its
former glories. But the surroundings are wonderfully beautiful. A
thick grove of splendid mango-trees closes in the weather-worn
crosses and headstones; behind them, combining the useful and the
agreeable, is a whole plantation of lemon-trees covered with ripe
fruit; not the small African kind, but a much larger and also juicier
imported variety, which drops into the hands of the passing traveller,
without calling for any exertion on his part. Old Newala is now under
the jurisdiction of the native pastor, Daudi, at Chingulungulu, who,
as I am on very friendly terms with him, allows me, as a matter of
course, the use of this lemon-grove during my stay at Newala.
FEET MUTILATED BY THE RAVAGES OF THE “JIGGER”
(Sarcopsylla penetrans)
The water-supply of New Newala is in the bottom of the valley,

some 1,600 feet lower down. The way is not only long and fatiguing,
but the water, when we get it, is thoroughly bad. We are suffering not
only from this, but from the fact that the arrangements at Newala are
nothing short of luxurious. We have a separate kitchen—a hut built
against the boma palisade on the right of the baraza, the interior of
which is not visible from our usual position. Our two cooks were not
long in finding this out, and they consequently do—or rather neglect
to do—what they please. In any case they do not seem to be very
particular about the boiling of our drinking-water—at least I can
attribute to no other cause certain attacks of a dysenteric nature,
from which both Knudsen and I have suffered for some time. If a
man like Omari has to be left unwatched for a moment, he is capable
of anything. Besides this complaint, we are inconvenienced by the
state of our nails, which have become as hard as glass, and crack on
the slightest provocation, and I have the additional infliction of
pimples all over me. As if all this were not enough, we have also, for
the last week been waging war against the jigger, who has found his
Eldorado in the hot sand of the Makonde plateau. Our men are seen
all day long—whenever their chronic colds and the dysentery likewise
raging among them permit—occupied in removing this scourge of
Africa from their feet and trying to prevent the disastrous
consequences of its presence. It is quite common to see natives of
this place with one or two toes missing; many have lost all their toes,
or even the whole front part of the foot, so that a well-formed leg
ends in a shapeless stump. These ravages are caused by the female of
Sarcopsylla penetrans, which bores its way under the skin and there
develops an egg-sac the size of a pea. In all books on the subject, it is
stated that one’s attention is called to the presence of this parasite by
an intolerable itching. This agrees very well with my experience, so
far as the softer parts of the sole, the spaces between and under the
toes, and the side of the foot are concerned, but if the creature
penetrates through the harder parts of the heel or ball of the foot, it
may escape even the most careful search till it has reached maturity.
Then there is no time to be lost, if the horrible ulceration, of which
we see cases by the dozen every day, is to be prevented. It is much
easier, by the way, to discover the insect on the white skin of a
European than on that of a native, on which the dark speck scarcely
shows. The four or five jiggers which, in spite of the fact that I
constantly wore high laced boots, chose my feet to settle in, were
taken out for me by the all-accomplished Knudsen, after which I
thought it advisable to wash out the cavities with corrosive
sublimate. The natives have a different sort of disinfectant—they fill
the hole with scraped roots. In a tiny Makua village on the slope of
the plateau south of Newala, we saw an old woman who had filled all
the spaces under her toe-nails with powdered roots by way of
prophylactic treatment. What will be the result, if any, who can say?
The rest of the many trifling ills which trouble our existence are
really more comic than serious. In the absence of anything else to
smoke, Knudsen and I at last opened a box of cigars procured from
the Indian store-keeper at Lindi, and tried them, with the most
distressing results. Whether they contain opium or some other
narcotic, neither of us can say, but after the tenth puff we were both
“off,” three-quarters stupefied and unspeakably wretched. Slowly we
recovered—and what happened next? Half-an-hour later we were
once more smoking these poisonous concoctions—so insatiable is the
craving for tobacco in the tropics.
Even my present attacks of fever scarcely deserve to be taken
seriously. I have had no less than three here at Newala, all of which
have run their course in an incredibly short time. In the early
afternoon, I am busy with my old natives, asking questions and
making notes. The strong midday coffee has stimulated my spirits to
an extraordinary degree, the brain is active and vigorous, and work
progresses rapidly, while a pleasant warmth pervades the whole
body. Suddenly this gives place to a violent chill, forcing me to put on
my overcoat, though it is only half-past three and the afternoon sun
is at its hottest. Now the brain no longer works with such acuteness
and logical precision; more especially does it fail me in trying to
establish the syntax of the difficult Makua language on which I have
ventured, as if I had not enough to do without it. Under the
circumstances it seems advisable to take my temperature, and I do
so, to save trouble, without leaving my seat, and while going on with
my work. On examination, I find it to be 101·48°. My tutors are
abruptly dismissed and my bed set up in the baraza; a few minutes
later I am in it and treating myself internally with hot water and
lemon-juice.
Three hours later, the thermometer marks nearly 104°, and I make
them carry me back into the tent, bed and all, as I am now perspiring
heavily, and exposure to the cold wind just beginning to blow might
mean a fatal chill. I lie still for a little while, and then find, to my
great relief, that the temperature is not rising, but rather falling. This
is about 7.30 p.m. At 8 p.m. I find, to my unbounded astonishment,
that it has fallen below 98·6°, and I feel perfectly well. I read for an
hour or two, and could very well enjoy a smoke, if I had the
wherewithal—Indian cigars being out of the question.
Having no medical training, I am at a loss to account for this state
of things. It is impossible that these transitory attacks of high fever
should be malarial; it seems more probable that they are due to a
kind of sunstroke. On consulting my note-book, I become more and
more inclined to think this is the case, for these attacks regularly
follow extreme fatigue and long exposure to strong sunshine. They at
least have the advantage of being only short interruptions to my
work, as on the following morning I am always quite fresh and fit.
My treasure of a cook is suffering from an enormous hydrocele which
makes it difficult for him to get up, and Moritz is obliged to keep in
the dark on account of his inflamed eyes. Knudsen’s cook, a raw boy
from somewhere in the bush, knows still less of cooking than Omari;
consequently Nils Knudsen himself has been promoted to the vacant
post. Finding that we had come to the end of our supplies, he began
by sending to Chingulungulu for the four sucking-pigs which we had
bought from Matola and temporarily left in his charge; and when
they came up, neatly packed in a large crate, he callously slaughtered
the biggest of them. The first joint we were thoughtless enough to
entrust for roasting to Knudsen’s mshenzi cook, and it was
consequently uneatable; but we made the rest of the animal into a
jelly which we ate with great relish after weeks of underfeeding,
consuming incredible helpings of it at both midday and evening
meals. The only drawback is a certain want of variety in the tinned
vegetables. Dr. Jäger, to whom the Geographical Commission
entrusted the provisioning of the expeditions—mine as well as his
own—because he had more time on his hands than the rest of us,
seems to have laid in a huge stock of Teltow turnips,[46] an article of
food which is all very well for occasional use, but which quickly palls
when set before one every day; and we seem to have no other tins
left. There is no help for it—we must put up with the turnips; but I
am certain that, once I am home again, I shall not touch them for ten
years to come.
Amid all these minor evils, which, after all, go to make up the
genuine flavour of Africa, there is at least one cheering touch:
Knudsen has, with the dexterity of a skilled mechanic, repaired my 9
× 12 cm. camera, at least so far that I can use it with a little care.
How, in the absence of finger-nails, he was able to accomplish such a
ticklish piece of work, having no tool but a clumsy screw-driver for
taking to pieces and putting together again the complicated
mechanism of the instantaneous shutter, is still a mystery to me; but
he did it successfully. The loss of his finger-nails shows him in a light
contrasting curiously enough with the intelligence evinced by the
above operation; though, after all, it is scarcely surprising after his
ten years’ residence in the bush. One day, at Lindi, he had occasion
to wash a dog, which must have been in need of very thorough
cleansing, for the bottle handed to our friend for the purpose had an
extremely strong smell. Having performed his task in the most
conscientious manner, he perceived with some surprise that the dog
did not appear much the better for it, and was further surprised by
finding his own nails ulcerating away in the course of the next few
days. “How was I to know that carbolic acid has to be diluted?” he
mutters indignantly, from time to time, with a troubled gaze at his
mutilated finger-tips.
Since we came to Newala we have been making excursions in all
directions through the surrounding country, in accordance with old
habit, and also because the akida Sefu did not get together the tribal
elders from whom I wanted information so speedily as he had
promised. There is, however, no harm done, as, even if seen only
from the outside, the country and people are interesting enough.
The Makonde plateau is like a large rectangular table rounded off
at the corners. Measured from the Indian Ocean to Newala, it is
about seventy-five miles long, and between the Rovuma and the
Lukuledi it averages fifty miles in breadth, so that its superficial area
is about two-thirds of that of the kingdom of Saxony. The surface,
however, is not level, but uniformly inclined from its south-western
edge to the ocean. From the upper edge, on which Newala lies, the
eye ranges for many miles east and north-east, without encountering
any obstacle, over the Makonde bush. It is a green sea, from which
here and there thick clouds of smoke rise, to show that it, too, is
inhabited by men who carry on their tillage like so many other
primitive peoples, by cutting down and burning the bush, and
manuring with the ashes. Even in the radiant light of a tropical day
such a fire is a grand sight.
Much less effective is the impression produced just now by the
great western plain as seen from the edge of the plateau. As often as
time permits, I stroll along this edge, sometimes in one direction,
sometimes in another, in the hope of finding the air clear enough to
let me enjoy the view; but I have always been disappointed.
Wherever one looks, clouds of smoke rise from the burning bush,
and the air is full of smoke and vapour. It is a pity, for under more
favourable circumstances the panorama of the whole country up to
the distant Majeje hills must be truly magnificent. It is of little use
taking photographs now, and an outline sketch gives a very poor idea
of the scenery. In one of these excursions I went out of my way to
make a personal attempt on the Makonde bush. The present edge of
the plateau is the result of a far-reaching process of destruction
through erosion and denudation. The Makonde strata are
everywhere cut into by ravines, which, though short, are hundreds of
yards in depth. In consequence of the loose stratification of these
beds, not only are the walls of these ravines nearly vertical, but their
upper end is closed by an equally steep escarpment, so that the
western edge of the Makonde plateau is hemmed in by a series of
deep, basin-like valleys. In order to get from one side of such a ravine
to the other, I cut my way through the bush with a dozen of my men.
It was a very open part, with more grass than scrub, but even so the
short stretch of less than two hundred yards was very hard work; at
the end of it the men’s calicoes were in rags and they themselves
bleeding from hundreds of scratches, while even our strong khaki
suits had not escaped scatheless.
NATIVE PATH THROUGH THE MAKONDE BUSH, NEAR

MAHUTA
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.
MAKONDE LOCK AND KEY AT JUMBE CHAURO

This is the general way of closing a house. The Makonde at Jumbe
Chauro, however, have a much more complicated, solid and original
one. Here, too, the door is as already described, except that there is
only one post on the inside, standing by itself about six inches from
one side of the doorway. Opposite this post is a hole in the wall just
large enough to admit a man’s arm. The door is closed inside by a
large wooden bolt passing through a hole in this post and pressing
with its free end against the door. The other end has three holes into
which fit three pegs running in vertical grooves inside the post. The
door is opened with a wooden key about a foot long, somewhat
curved and sloped off at the butt; the other end has three pegs
corresponding to the holes, in the bolt, so that, when it is thrust
through the hole in the wall and inserted into the rectangular
opening in the post, the pegs can be lifted and the bolt drawn out.[50]
MODE OF INSERTING THE KEY
With no small pride first one householder and then a second

showed me on the spot the action of this greatest invention of the
Makonde Highlands. To both with an admiring exclamation of
“Vizuri sana!” (“Very fine!”). I expressed the wish to take back these
marvels with me to Ulaya, to show the Wazungu what clever fellows
the Makonde are. Scarcely five minutes after my return to camp at
Newala, the two men came up sweating under the weight of two
heavy logs which they laid down at my feet, handing over at the same
time the keys of the fallen fortress. Arguing, logically enough, that if
the key was wanted, the lock would be wanted with it, they had taken
their axes and chopped down the posts—as it never occurred to them
to dig them out of the ground and so bring them intact. Thus I have
two badly damaged specimens, and the owners, instead of praise,
come in for a blowing-up.
The Makua huts in the environs of Newala are especially
miserable; their more than slovenly construction reminds one of the
temporary erections of the Makua at Hatia’s, though the people here
have not been concerned in a war. It must therefore be due to
congenital idleness, or else to the absence of a powerful chief. Even
the baraza at Mlipa’s, a short hour’s walk south-east of Newala,
shares in this general neglect. While public buildings in this country
are usually looked after more or less carefully, this is in evident
danger of being blown over by the first strong easterly gale. The only
attractive object in this whole district is the grave of the late chief
Mlipa. I visited it in the morning, while the sun was still trying with
partial success to break through the rolling mists, and the circular
grove of tall euphorbias, which, with a broken pot, is all that marks
the old king’s resting-place, impressed one with a touch of pathos.
Even my very materially-minded carriers seemed to feel something
of the sort, for instead of their usual ribald songs, they chanted
solemnly, as we marched on through the dense green of the Makonde
bush:—
“We shall arrive with the great master; we stand in a row and have
no fear about getting our food and our money from the Serkali (the
Government). We are not afraid; we are going along with the great
master, the lion; we are going down to the coast and back.”
With regard to the characteristic features of the various tribes here
on the western edge of the plateau, I can arrive at no other
conclusion than the one already come to in the plain, viz., that it is
impossible for anyone but a trained anthropologist to assign any
given individual at once to his proper tribe. In fact, I think that even
an anthropological specialist, after the most careful examination,
might find it a difficult task to decide. The whole congeries of peoples
collected in the region bounded on the west by the great Central
African rift, Tanganyika and Nyasa, and on the east by the Indian
Ocean, are closely related to each other—some of their languages are
only distinguished from one another as dialects of the same speech,
and no doubt all the tribes present the same shape of skull and
structure of skeleton. Thus, surely, there can be no very striking
differences in outward appearance.
Even did such exist, I should have no time
to concern myself with them, for day after day,
I have to see or hear, as the case may be—in
any case to grasp and record—an
extraordinary number of ethnographic
phenomena. I am almost disposed to think it
fortunate that some departments of inquiry, at
least, are barred by external circumstances.
Chief among these is the subject of iron-
working. We are apt to think of Africa as a
country where iron ore is everywhere, so to
speak, to be picked up by the roadside, and
where it would be quite surprising if the
inhabitants had not learnt to smelt the
material ready to their hand. In fact, the
knowledge of this art ranges all over the
continent, from the Kabyles in the north to the
Kafirs in the south. Here between the Rovuma
and the Lukuledi the conditions are not so
favourable. According to the statements of the
Makonde, neither ironstone nor any other
form of iron ore is known to them. They have
not therefore advanced to the art of smelting
the metal, but have hitherto bought all their
THE ANCESTRESS OF
THE MAKONDE
iron implements from neighbouring tribes.
Even in the plain the inhabitants are not much
better off. Only one man now living is said to
understand the art of smelting iron. This old fundi lives close to
Huwe, that isolated, steep-sided block of granite which rises out of
the green solitude between Masasi and Chingulungulu, and whose
jagged and splintered top meets the traveller’s eye everywhere. While
still at Masasi I wished to see this man at work, but was told that,
frightened by the rising, he had retired across the Rovuma, though
he would soon return. All subsequent inquiries as to whether the
fundi had come back met with the genuine African answer, “Bado”
(“Not yet”).
BRAZIER
Some consolation was afforded me by a brassfounder, whom I

came across in the bush near Akundonde’s. This man is the favourite
of women, and therefore no doubt of the gods; he welds the glittering
brass rods purchased at the coast into those massive, heavy rings
which, on the wrists and ankles of the local fair ones, continually give
me fresh food for admiration. Like every decent master-craftsman he
had all his tools with him, consisting of a pair of bellows, three
crucibles and a hammer—nothing more, apparently. He was quite
willing to show his skill, and in a twinkling had fixed his bellows on
the ground. They are simply two goat-skins, taken off whole, the four
legs being closed by knots, while the upper opening, intended to
admit the air, is kept stretched by two pieces of wood. At the lower
end of the skin a smaller opening is left into which a wooden tube is
stuck. The fundi has quickly borrowed a heap of wood-embers from
the nearest hut; he then fixes the free ends of the two tubes into an
earthen pipe, and clamps them to the ground by means of a bent
piece of wood. Now he fills one of his small clay crucibles, the dross
on which shows that they have been long in use, with the yellow
material, places it in the midst of the embers, which, at present are
only faintly glimmering, and begins his work. In quick alternation
the smith’s two hands move up and down with the open ends of the
bellows; as he raises his hand he holds the slit wide open, so as to let
the air enter the skin bag unhindered. In pressing it down he closes
the bag, and the air puffs through the bamboo tube and clay pipe into
the fire, which quickly burns up. The smith, however, does not keep
on with this work, but beckons to another man, who relieves him at
the bellows, while he takes some more tools out of a large skin pouch
carried on his back. I look on in wonder as, with a smooth round
stick about the thickness of a finger, he bores a few vertical holes into
the clean sand of the soil. This should not be difficult, yet the man
seems to be taking great pains over it. Then he fastens down to the
ground, with a couple of wooden clamps, a neat little trough made by
splitting a joint of bamboo in half, so that the ends are closed by the
two knots. At last the yellow metal has attained the right consistency,
and the fundi lifts the crucible from the fire by means of two sticks
split at the end to serve as tongs. A short swift turn to the left—a
tilting of the crucible—and the molten brass, hissing and giving forth
clouds of smoke, flows first into the bamboo mould and then into the
holes in the ground.
The technique of this backwoods craftsman may not be very far
advanced, but it cannot be denied that he knows how to obtain an
adequate result by the simplest means. The ladies of highest rank in
this country—that is to say, those who can afford it, wear two kinds
of these massive brass rings, one cylindrical, the other semicircular
in section. The latter are cast in the most ingenious way in the
bamboo mould, the former in the circular hole in the sand. It is quite
a simple matter for the fundi to fit these bars to the limbs of his fair
customers; with a few light strokes of his hammer he bends the
pliable brass round arm or ankle without further inconvenience to
the wearer.
SHAPING THE POT
SMOOTHING WITH MAIZE-COB
CUTTING THE EDGE

FINISHING THE BOTTOM
LAST SMOOTHING BEFORE

BURNING
FIRING THE BRUSH-PILE

LIGHTING THE FARTHER SIDE OF
THE PILE
TURNING THE RED-HOT VESSEL
NYASA WOMAN MAKING POTS AT MASASI

Pottery is an art which must always and everywhere excite the
interest of the student, just because it is so intimately connected with
the development of human culture, and because its relics are one of
the principal factors in the reconstruction of our own condition in
prehistoric times. I shall always remember with pleasure the two or
three afternoons at Masasi when Salim Matola’s mother, a slightly-
built, graceful, pleasant-looking woman, explained to me with
touching patience, by means of concrete illustrations, the ceramic art
of her people. The only implements for this primitive process were a
lump of clay in her left hand, and in the right a calabash containing
the following valuables: the fragment of a maize-cob stripped of all
its grains, a smooth, oval pebble, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, a
few chips of gourd-shell, a bamboo splinter about the length of one’s
hand, a small shell, and a bunch of some herb resembling spinach.
Nothing more. The woman scraped with the
shell a round, shallow hole in the soft, fine
sand of the soil, and, when an active young
girl had filled the calabash with water for her,
she began to knead the clay. As if by magic it
gradually assumed the shape of a rough but
already well-shaped vessel, which only wanted
a little touching up with the instruments
before mentioned. I looked out with the
MAKUA WOMAN closest attention for any indication of the use
MAKING A POT. of the potter’s wheel, in however rudimentary
SHOWS THE a form, but no—hapana (there is none). The
BEGINNINGS OF THE embryo pot stood firmly in its little
POTTER’S WHEEL
depression, and the woman walked round it in
a stooping posture, whether she was removing
small stones or similar foreign bodies with the maize-cob, smoothing
the inner or outer surface with the splinter of bamboo, or later, after
letting it dry for a day, pricking in the ornamentation with a pointed
bit of gourd-shell, or working out the bottom, or cutting the edge
with a sharp bamboo knife, or giving the last touches to the finished
vessel. This occupation of the women is infinitely toilsome, but it is
without doubt an accurate reproduction of the process in use among
our ancestors of the Neolithic and Bronze ages.
There is no doubt that the invention of pottery, an item in human
progress whose importance cannot be over-estimated, is due to
women. Rough, coarse and unfeeling, the men of the horde range
over the countryside. When the united cunning of the hunters has
succeeded in killing the game; not one of them thinks of carrying
home the spoil. A bright fire, kindled by a vigorous wielding of the
drill, is crackling beside them; the animal has been cleaned and cut
up secundum artem, and, after a slight singeing, will soon disappear
under their sharp teeth; no one all this time giving a single thought
to wife or child.
To what shifts, on the other hand, the primitive wife, and still more
the primitive mother, was put! Not even prehistoric stomachs could
endure an unvarying diet of raw food. Something or other suggested
the beneficial effect of hot water on the majority of approved but
indigestible dishes. Perhaps a neighbour had tried holding the hard
roots or tubers over the fire in a calabash filled with water—or maybe
an ostrich-egg-shell, or a hastily improvised vessel of bark. They
became much softer and more palatable than they had previously
been; but, unfortunately, the vessel could not stand the fire and got
charred on the outside. That can be remedied, thought our
ancestress, and plastered a layer of wet clay round a similar vessel.
This is an improvement; the cooking utensil remains uninjured, but
the heat of the fire has shrunk it, so that it is loose in its shell. The
next step is to detach it, so, with a firm grip and a jerk, shell and
kernel are separated, and pottery is invented. Perhaps, however, the
discovery which led to an intelligent use of the burnt-clay shell, was
made in a slightly different way. Ostrich-eggs and calabashes are not
to be found in every part of the world, but everywhere mankind has
arrived at the art of making baskets out of pliant materials, such as
bark, bast, strips of palm-leaf, supple twigs, etc. Our inventor has no
water-tight vessel provided by nature. “Never mind, let us line the
basket with clay.” This answers the purpose, but alas! the basket gets
burnt over the blazing fire, the woman watches the process of
cooking with increasing uneasiness, fearing a leak, but no leak
appears. The food, done to a turn, is eaten with peculiar relish; and
the cooking-vessel is examined, half in curiosity, half in satisfaction
at the result. The plastic clay is now hard as stone, and at the same
time looks exceedingly well, for the neat plaiting of the burnt basket
is traced all over it in a pretty pattern. Thus, simultaneously with
pottery, its ornamentation was invented.
Primitive woman has another claim to respect. It was the man,
roving abroad, who invented the art of producing fire at will, but the
woman, unable to imitate him in this, has been a Vestal from the
earliest times. Nothing gives so much trouble as the keeping alight of
the smouldering brand, and, above all, when all the men are absent
from the camp. Heavy rain-clouds gather, already the first large
drops are falling, the first gusts of the storm rage over the plain. The
little flame, a greater anxiety to the woman than her own children,
flickers unsteadily in the blast. What is to be done? A sudden thought
occurs to her, and in an instant she has constructed a primitive hut
out of strips of bark, to protect the flame against rain and wind.
This, or something very like it, was the way in which the principle
of the house was discovered; and even the most hardened misogynist
cannot fairly refuse a woman the credit of it. The protection of the
hearth-fire from the weather is the germ from which the human
dwelling was evolved. Men had little, if any share, in this forward
step, and that only at a late stage. Even at the present day, the
plastering of the housewall with clay and the manufacture of pottery
are exclusively the women’s business. These are two very significant
survivals. Our European kitchen-garden, too, is originally a woman’s
invention, and the hoe, the primitive instrument of agriculture, is,
characteristically enough, still used in this department. But the
noblest achievement which we owe to the other sex is unquestionably
the art of cookery. Roasting alone—the oldest process—is one for
which men took the hint (a very obvious one) from nature. It must
have been suggested by the scorched carcase of some animal
overtaken by the destructive forest-fires. But boiling—the process of
improving organic substances by the help of water heated to boiling-
point—is a much later discovery. It is so recent that it has not even
yet penetrated to all parts of the world. The Polynesians understand
how to steam food, that is, to cook it, neatly wrapped in leaves, in a
hole in the earth between hot stones, the air being excluded, and
(sometimes) a few drops of water sprinkled on the stones; but they
do not understand boiling.
To come back from this digression, we find that the slender Nyasa
woman has, after once more carefully examining the finished pot,
put it aside in the shade to dry. On the following day she sends me
word by her son, Salim Matola, who is always on hand, that she is
going to do the burning, and, on coming out of my house, I find her
already hard at work. She has spread on the ground a layer of very
dry sticks, about as thick as one’s thumb, has laid the pot (now of a
yellowish-grey colour) on them, and is piling brushwood round it.
My faithful Pesa mbili, the mnyampara, who has been standing by,
most obligingly, with a lighted stick, now hands it to her. Both of
them, blowing steadily, light the pile on the lee side, and, when the
flame begins to catch, on the weather side also. Soon the whole is in a
blaze, but the dry fuel is quickly consumed and the fire dies down, so
that we see the red-hot vessel rising from the ashes. The woman
turns it continually with a long stick, sometimes one way and
sometimes another, so that it may be evenly heated all over. In
twenty minutes she rolls it out of the ash-heap, takes up the bundle
of spinach, which has been lying for two days in a jar of water, and
sprinkles the red-hot clay with it. The places where the drops fall are
marked by black spots on the uniform reddish-brown surface. With a
sigh of relief, and with visible satisfaction, the woman rises to an
erect position; she is standing just in a line between me and the fire,
from which a cloud of smoke is just rising: I press the ball of my
camera, the shutter clicks—the apotheosis is achieved! Like a
priestess, representative of her inventive sex, the graceful woman
stands: at her feet the hearth-fire she has given us beside her the
invention she has devised for us, in the background the home she has
built for us.
At Newala, also, I have had the manufacture of pottery carried on
in my presence. Technically the process is better than that already
described, for here we find the beginnings of the potter’s wheel,
which does not seem to exist in the plains; at least I have seen
nothing of the sort. The artist, a frightfully stupid Makua woman, did
not make a depression in the ground to receive the pot she was about
to shape, but used instead a large potsherd. Otherwise, she went to
work in much the same way as Salim’s mother, except that she saved
herself the trouble of walking round and round her work by squatting
at her ease and letting the pot and potsherd rotate round her; this is
surely the first step towards a machine. But it does not follow that
the pot was improved by the process. It is true that it was beautifully
rounded and presented a very creditable appearance when finished,
but the numerous large and small vessels which I have seen, and, in
part, collected, in the “less advanced” districts, are no less so. We
moderns imagine that instruments of precision are necessary to
produce excellent results. Go to the prehistoric collections of our
museums and look at the pots, urns and bowls of our ancestors in the
dim ages of the past, and you will at once perceive your error.
MAKING LONGITUDINAL CUT IN
BARK
DRAWING THE BARK OFF THE LOG
REMOVING THE OUTER BARK

BEATING THE BARK
WORKING THE BARK-CLOTH AFTER BEATING, TO MAKE IT

SOFT
MANUFACTURE OF BARK-CLOTH AT NEWALA

To-day, nearly the whole population of German East Africa is
clothed in imported calico. This was not always the case; even now in
some parts of the north dressed skins are still the prevailing wear,
and in the north-western districts—east and north of Lake
Tanganyika—lies a zone where bark-cloth has not yet been
superseded. Probably not many generations have passed since such
bark fabrics and kilts of skins were the only clothing even in the
south. Even to-day, large quantities of this bright-red or drab
material are still to be found; but if we wish to see it, we must look in
the granaries and on the drying stages inside the native huts, where
it serves less ambitious uses as wrappings for those seeds and fruits
which require to be packed with special care. The salt produced at
Masasi, too, is packed for transport to a distance in large sheets of
bark-cloth. Wherever I found it in any degree possible, I studied the
process of making this cloth. The native requisitioned for the
purpose arrived, carrying a log between two and three yards long and
as thick as his thigh, and nothing else except a curiously-shaped
mallet and the usual long, sharp and pointed knife which all men and
boys wear in a belt at their backs without a sheath—horribile dictu!
[51]
Silently he squats down before me, and with two rapid cuts has
drawn a couple of circles round the log some two yards apart, and
slits the bark lengthwise between them with the point of his knife.
With evident care, he then scrapes off the outer rind all round the
log, so that in a quarter of an hour the inner red layer of the bark
shows up brightly-coloured between the two untouched ends. With
some trouble and much caution, he now loosens the bark at one end,
and opens the cylinder. He then stands up, takes hold of the free
edge with both hands, and turning it inside out, slowly but steadily
pulls it off in one piece. Now comes the troublesome work of
scraping all superfluous particles of outer bark from the outside of
the long, narrow piece of material, while the inner side is carefully
scrutinised for defective spots. At last it is ready for beating. Having
signalled to a friend, who immediately places a bowl of water beside
him, the artificer damps his sheet of bark all over, seizes his mallet,
lays one end of the stuff on the smoothest spot of the log, and
hammers away slowly but continuously. “Very simple!” I think to
myself. “Why, I could do that, too!”—but I am forced to change my
opinions a little later on; for the beating is quite an art, if the fabric is
not to be beaten to pieces. To prevent the breaking of the fibres, the
stuff is several times folded across, so as to interpose several
thicknesses between the mallet and the block. At last the required
state is reached, and the fundi seizes the sheet, still folded, by both
ends, and wrings it out, or calls an assistant to take one end while he
holds the other. The cloth produced in this way is not nearly so fine
and uniform in texture as the famous Uganda bark-cloth, but it is
quite soft, and, above all, cheap.
Now, too, I examine the mallet. My craftsman has been using the
simpler but better form of this implement, a conical block of some
hard wood, its base—the striking surface—being scored across and
across with more or less deeply-cut grooves, and the handle stuck
into a hole in the middle. The other and earlier form of mallet is
shaped in the same way, but the head is fastened by an ingenious
network of bark strips into the split bamboo serving as a handle. The
observation so often made, that ancient customs persist longest in
connection with religious ceremonies and in the life of children, here
finds confirmation. As we shall soon see, bark-cloth is still worn
during the unyago,[52] having been prepared with special solemn
ceremonies; and many a mother, if she has no other garment handy,
will still put her little one into a kilt of bark-cloth, which, after all,
looks better, besides being more in keeping with its African
surroundings, than the ridiculous bit of print from Ulaya.
MAKUA WOMEN

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Microbiology with Diseases by Body

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