FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

PHONOLOGY

2023
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET
MAJOR ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

nasal cavity
1
Nostril (lỗ mũi) 2
oral cavity 3 4 Pharynx (họng)

larynx 5
6 Trachea (ống khí quản)

right main bronchus 7 8 left main bronchus

(phế quản)
right lung 9 10 left lung

11 Diaphragm
/ˈdaɪ.ə.fræm/

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 THE LARYNX

The larynx: a box-like structure

• made of muscle and cartilage
• situated at the upper end of the
windpipe

At the front of the neck, the larynx comes

to a point known as the Adam’s Apple.

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 VOCAL FOLDS = VOCAL CORDS
Inside the larynx are the vocal folds, two bands of muscular tissue that
stretch from the front to the back within the larynx

The inside of the larynx seen from above

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
 VOCAL FOLDS

• are attached to a pair of small cartilages.

• When these cartilages move, the vocal folds move with them
 The opening between the two vocal folds, called the glottis, will vary
accordingly.

Arytenoid cartilages causing closing and opening of the glottis

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

FOUR BASIC STATES OF THE VOCAL FOLDS

/t/ /p/ /k/ …

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 FOUR BASIC STATES OF THE VOCAL FOLDS

/e/ /uː/ /ɪ/ /d/, /b/, /g/

button, cotton, important

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS
THE ARTICULATORS ABOVE THE LARYNX

1. 2. 5.
3. 4.

6. Label each term to the correct number in

8. the illustration: glottis, pharynx, nose,
10.
7. upper teeth, upper lip, tongue, lower teeth,
9. lower lip, hard palate, alveolar ridge,
11. larynx, uvula, soft palate (velum)

12. 13.

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 The articulators above the larynx

Once the air has passed through the glottis, it

continues through the vocal tract. The vocal
tract is the whole of the air passage above the
larynx; via the pharynx, the oral cavity and the
nasal cavity. The oral cavity is the air passage
within the mouth. The air passage within the
nose is called the nasal cavity. What sound is
made depends not only on the state of the
vocal folds, but also on the shape of the vocal
tract. The shape of the vocal tract can be
altered by changing the shape and position of
your articulators.

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 Tongue

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

 Velum

The two basic positions of the velum

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

THE ARTICULATORS ABOVE THE LARYNX

1. 2. 5. 1. nose
2. upper teeth
3. 4.
3. alveolar ridge
4. hard palate
6. 5. soft palate (velum)
8.
10.
6. upper lip
7. 7. lower lip
9. 8. uvula
9. pharynx
11. 10. tongue
11. lower teeth
12. larynx
12. 13. 13. glottis

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS

FOUR BASIC STATES OF THE VOCAL FOLDS

Vowels/ Voiced consonants

Voiceless consonants:
/t/ /p/ /k/ … /e/ /uː/ /ɪ/, …
/d/, /b/, /g/, …

Glottal plosive: glottal T

/h/ button, cotton, important

PRODUCTION OF SPEECH SOUNDS