ANSWERED BY HARON SAMI

SPECIAL THANKS TO NDINI KAMUNYA

COLLECTION COURTESY OF MIGHTY JITU
H.S.R
acetyltransferase

endoplasmic reticulum/cytoplasm

cytosol
matrix
 22. promotes l-leucine oxidation in the skeletal muscle and the
subsequent loss of the oxidized molecules of this amino acid, as
opposed to the reversible transamination reaction that converts
l -leucine into 2-keto-isocaproate.

relevant to tissues

bohr's efect

mostly insulin plus amulin

basically the endoplasmic reticulum
SAMI
ach- nt
ni
PAPS
a transferase
SAMI HARON
decrease is in case of SCID due to defective adenosine deaminase
pyrimidine
 substances that increase the excretion of uric acid in
the urine, thus reducing the concentration of uric acid in
blood plasma. In general, this effect is achieved by
action on the proximal tubule of the kidney.
H.S.R
H.S.R
se
stored in small amounts in the muscle cells
non-enzymatic
H.S.R
H.S.R
H.S.R
VERIFIED
H.S.R
It inhibits 2 enzymes of glycolysis in F. hepatica;
phosphoglycerate kinase and phosphoglycerate
mutase
Except
All the enzymes are required
Phase I-mainly in the ER
Phase II-mainly in the cytoplasm
The end products of CO2 fixation have been identified as
alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and citrate with
-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate as intermediate products
The precursors of purine synthesis in organisms that do have
the capacity are: CO2, formate, glycine, aspartate and
glutamine
H.S.R
Some of the mutations leading to -thalassemia interfere
with the splicing of -globin mRNA precursors. This causes
genetic defect called sickle cell anemia (HbS)
H.S.R
 Literature databases: PubMed, Google Scholar,
OMIM
Nucleotide sequence databases: GenBank, ENA
(EMBL), DDBJ
protein databases: UniProtKB, Genpept, PROSITE,
PDB
Molecular databases providing metabolic pathways
data e.g. KEGG, MetaCyc, Reactome
Specialized databases: VEuPathDB, TTD
H.S.R
according to Marking scheme
H.S.R
H.S.R
energy supply is a vital element in successful endurance
performance.Carbohydrates are important fuel during
endurance exercise
H.S.R
OAA
WITHIN

H.S.R
 missense

framesgift

intro of stop
codon
N9-purine
N1-pyrimidine
Not all genes codes for a
protein
not food,maybe fluids
The strand backbones are closer together on one side of
the helix than on the other. The major groove occurs where
the backbones are far apart, the minor groove occurs
where they are close together. The grooves twist around
the molecule on opposite sides. Certain proteins bind to
DNA to alter its structure or to regulate transcription
(copying DNA to RNA) or replication (copying DNA to
DNA). It is easier for these DNA binding proteins to
interact with the bases (the internal parts of the DNA
molecule) on the major groove side because the
backbones are not in the way.
complementary
SUPPOSED TO BE MELATONIN SYNTHESIS
II, VII, IX, and X require posttranslational modification of glutamate
residues to -carboxyglutamate.
FACTOR I
FACTOR VIII

FACTOR IX
FACTOR V
FACTOR III
it caused by defects in the import of peroxisomal matrix
proteins.Mutation in any of the PEX genes has been shown
to block insertion of peroxisomal membrane proteins as well
as import of matrix proteins
 It is posttranslational modification

Rifampicin, a therapeutic drug for tuberculosis treatment,

can bind specifically to the subunit of RNA-polymerase,
and inhibit the RNA synthesis in prokaryotes.
These are Chemicals which alter structure and pairing properties of bases

In schistosoma mansoni, a drug Niridazole affects glycogen

phosphorylase phosphatase (enzyme responsible for
inactivating glycogen phosphorylase).
Breast cancer is due to a mutation in one allele of either
BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes that encode proteins participating in
DNA repair
Tophi is the same as gout

it is synthetic compound
that is structural similar to
adenine
 Translation begins at an AUG codon, or sometimes a
GUG.
In Prokaryotes, the modified amino acid N-formyl
methionine is always the first amino acid of the new
polypeptide

it inhibits Peptide-bond formation between the A and P-site tRNAs

Supposed to be
under low oxygen
tension
The end products have been identified as alanine, aspartate,
glutamate, and citrate with -ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate
as intermediate products

Occurs in the cytosol

Nucleotide excision repairs repairs thymine-thymine dimers which
are a common DNA damage caused by UV light

...

H.S.R
Co-translational (during translation)e.g. proteins destined to ER,
Golgi, plasma membrane or lysosomes

It inhibits 2 enzymes of glycolysis in F. hepatica. The

enzymes are phosphoglycerate kinase and
phosphoglycerate mutase.
 The precursors of purine synthesis in organisms that do have
the capacity are: CO2, formate, glycine, aspartate and
glutamine.

The glycosome is thought to play a major role in carbohydrate

metabolism and like the glycosome of trypanosomes,
Leishmania glycosome may contain all the early enzymes of
glycolytic pathway
Transport requires nuclear localization sequences
(NLS)
• Transport occurs through the nuclear pores
• Nuclear import receptor (Importin and ß)
• Energy from GTP
• GTPase Ran
• Fully folded proteins are transporte
MEANING ALL THE CHOICES AFFECT
The VSG protein is a key molecule for immune escape and
parasitic success
This is a product of RNA POLYMERASE I

It inhibits eukaryotic translocation by catalyzing

ADP-ribosylationand inactivation of elongation factor 2
(EF-2). ADP-ribose is attached to EF-2 as
posttranslationally modified histidine residue
known as diphthamide.
others are hypoxanthine ,adenine,guanine,uric
acid ,isoguanine,theophylline ands theobromine
 beta-amino-iso-butyrate

REGARDS,
H.S.R
PL..