Hedging

To enhance precision and acknowledge uncertainties, adjustments were made to

incorporate hedging strategies in the academic discourse. These changes aim to
balance assertiveness with an awareness of the inherent complexities in the
findings. For instance, in the example below I added "intended to be" to soften the
statement, indicating that achieving equivalence is a goal but not an absolute
certainty.

Original text:

Ideally, a text is entered into the system in language A, only to reappear, after
processing, as a text in language B, the content of which is equivalent to that of
text A.

Hedged Version:

Ideally, a text is entered into the system in language A, only to reappear, after
processing, as a text in language B, the content of which is intended to be
equivalent to that of text A.

In another example, I used "may" to introduce a level of uncertainty, suggesting

that while many models incorporate an attention mechanism, it's not a universal
feature.

Original Sentence:

Many advanced NMT models incorporate an attention mechanism.

Hedged Version:

Many advanced NMT models may incorporate an attention mechanism.

Relative clauses

Incorporating relative clauses into my writing enhances its academic tone by

providing additional details and clarifying relationships between concepts. These
clauses, initiated by words like "who" or "which," allow for a more precise and
thorough exploration of the subject matter, contributing to a more scholarly
presentation.

Original Sentence:

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models necessitate extensive parallel

data, comprising sentence pairs in both the source and target languages.

Modified sentence:

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models, which necessitate extensive

parallel data comprising sentence pairs in both the source and target
languages, have shown significant advancements.

The modified sentence uses a relative clause to specify that Neural Machine
Translation (NMT) models' advancements are linked to their requirement for
extensive parallel data in both the source and target languages, enhancing clarity
and connection between the two ideas.

In another example, the sentence employs a relative clause, "among which IBM collaborated
with Georgetown University," to succinctly detail the specific US research institutes involved in
the first public demonstration of a Cold War-era machine translation system.

Original Sentence:

In the Cold War era, US research institutes, particularly IBM in

collaboration with Georgetown University, showcased the first public
demonstration of a machine translation system in 1954, translating Russian
to English.

Modified sentence:

In the Cold War era, US research institutes, among which IBM collaborated
with Georgetown University, showcased the first public demonstration of a
machine translation system in 1954, translating Russian to English.
The use of the relative pronoun "whose" in the sentence below specifies that Neural Machine
Translation (NMT) has a key advantage – its superior ability to handle context compared to
traditional statistical machine translation models. This concise construction adds clarity and
emphasizes the possession of this specific strength by NMT.

Original Sentence:

The key advantages of NMT include its ability to handle context better than
traditional statistical machine translation models and its capacity to capture
long-range dependencies in language.

Modified sentence:

The key advantages of NMT, whose capability to handle context surpasses

traditional statistical machine translation models, also include its capacity
to capture long-range dependencies in language.

Premodification and post modification

In the original sentence, premodification is used as "significant challenges" directly describes

"language barriers." In the modified sentence, postmodification is employed with the
introductory phrase "Posing significant challenges to machine translation systems," providing
details about the challenges associated with language barriers.

Original sentence:

Language barriers pose significant challenges to machine translation systems.

Modified sentence:

Posing significant challenges to machine translation systems, language barriers

arise due to differences in word order, morphological complexity, and linguistic
proximity between source and target languages."
Subjunctive mood

The use of the subjunctive mood in this academic writing serves to express
hypothetical or desired scenarios, adding nuance to the discussion of machine
translation evolution. This choice enhances the depth and flexibility of the
narrative, allowing for a more comprehensive exploration of the field. In some
sentences in this essay, I used subjunctive mood to underscore essential conditions
in the realm of machine translation challenges. Such as example below:

Original Text:

The collaboration between linguists, computer scientists, and industry

professionals remains crucial to further enhance the capabilities of machine
translation systems.

Modified Text with Subjunctive Mood:

It is crucial that the collaboration between linguists, computer scientists, and

industry professionals remain crucial to further enhance the capabilities of machine
translation systems.

Extraposition and raising

In an academic article, extraposition is employed to enhance clarity and emphasize key

characteristics or actions by strategically relocating phrases within sentences. This technique
aids in smoother transitions and highlights essential points. Additionally, raising is utilized to
simplify complex sentence structures, connecting actions to specific entities, and thereby
improving overall readability and comprehension of intricate concepts within scholarly
discourse.

Original sentence:

Through the application of statistical learning techniques, these systems,

characterized by their language independence, necessitate a minimum of parallel
texts for training.

Modified sentence:

Characterized by their language independence, these systems necessitate a

minimum of parallel texts for training through the application of statistical learning
techniques."
In the example above, I used extraposition to move the phrase "characterized by
their language independence" to the beginning of the sentence for clarity and
emphasis on the characteristic of the systems. In another example, I used raising to
connect the action of improving to Statistical Machine Translation, simplifying the
sentence structure for better readability.

Original sentence:

While Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) improved upon Rule-Based Machine

Translation, it has limitations.

Modified sentence:

Improving upon Rule-Based Machine Translation, Statistical Machine Translation

(SMT) has limitations.