Engineering Surveying

CBU
DEPARTMENT
OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING & CONSTRUCTION

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2017)
 Engineering Surveying
Course Contents
i. Introduction to Surveying
ii. Coordinate system Insert Photos
iii. Linear measurements
iv. Levelling
v. Theodolites & Total Stations
vi. GPS
vii. Areas and volumes for
earth works
viii. Horizontal control survey
ix. Hydrographic Surveying
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2017)
 Engineering Surveying
• Prescribed text book
– Bannister A. and Raymond S. Surveying, 8th Ed. Longman Group, 2002.
ISBN 0 582 98862 4

• Recommended text books

– Kahmen H. and Faig W. Surveying, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin. 1988
– Shepherd F.A. Engineering Surveying, Problems and Solutions, Edward
Arnold Publishers. 1983. ISBN 0-7131-3478-X
– Uren J.,and Price W.F., Surveying for Engineers, 3rd ed. MacMillan
1994, ISBN 0-333-57705-1.
– Schofield W. Engineering Surveying Volume I, Butterworths 1984.
– Schofield W. Engineering Surveying Volume II, Butterworths 1984
– William I & Maclennan F, Surveying for construction, 5th Ed. McGraw-
Hill, 2006, London
– Ramsay J. P. Wilson, Land Surveying, 3rd Ed. Macdolnald and Envans Ltd,
1985, Suffolk
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Assessment
i. Assignments (theory)
ii. Field work
iii. Tests
iv. Final Exam

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 SURVEYING
• DEFINITION XYZ of Engineering
– The science of determining the positions of natural and man made features
on, above or beneath the surface of the Earth and presenting the survey data in
a suitable form
– Field of applied science or engineering that deals with spatial information
about positions on, above or below the earth’s surface

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Planning, Design, setting out & Construction of:

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Planning, Design, setting out & Construction of:

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Planning, Design, setting
out & Construction of
power stations and power
lines

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Dam break inundation maps (very cardinal
especially where dam failures are common e.g.
Mumbwa District)
• Deformation surveys for dams & reservoirs and
for all manner of structures, both new and old
• Topographic mapping
• Dimensional control of construction work
• Three-dimensional ground movement monitoring
for landslide prediction
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Preparing navigational charts for use in air, on land and
at sea
• Establishing property boundaries
• Developing data banks for land use and natural resource
• Determining the size, shape, gravity and magnetic fields
of the earth
• Geo-fencing, e.g. system can notify parents/police if a
child/convict leaves a designated area
• Mapping soil fertility and yield
• Defence and security (e.g. Precision bombing)

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Planning, construction and maintenance canals, irrigation
ditches, dams, drainage works, urban land subdivisions,
water supply and sewage systems, pipelines, and mine
shafts
• Laying out industrial lines and machine tools &
components
• Guiding fabrication of large equipment, such as airplanes
and ships
• Planning missile ranges, launching sites, tracking stations
• Seismology
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Flood hazard mapping

Areas with slope of not more than 0.5% and which are within a buffer distance of 210m from surface water bodies
represented flood hotspots during 2016/17 rain season.
For more see:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328610885_Slope_Surface_water_buffer_-
_A_Simplified_methodology_of_Mapping_Flood_Hotspots
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Estimation of reservoir volume

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• Population Distribution

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Launching and tracking satellites

Go to Launch Video
Landsat Data Continuity Mission (LDCM)Ready-to-
launch (February 11, 2013)
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Mapping and tracking natural resources

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Air Transport planning

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
Air Transport planning

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Classification of Surveying
• Two general classification of surveys are:
i. Geodetic surveying and
ii. Plane surveying
• Geodetic Surveying: Large areas of the earth’s surface
are involved and the curvature of the earth must be
taken into account
• Plane Surveying: Relatively small areas are considered
and it is assumed that the earth’s surface is flat

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Classification of Surveying
Specialized types of surveying
• Many types of surveys are so specialized that a person proficient in a particular
discipline may have little contact with other areas
1. Control Surveys: Establish a network of horizontal and vertical monuments
that serve as a reference framework of initiating other surveys
2. Topographic surveys: Determine locations of natural and artificial features
and elevations
3. Land, Boundary and Cadastral surveys: Establish property lines and property
markers. The term cadastral is generally used in these surveys
4. Hydrographic surveys: Define shorelines and depth of lakes, streams, oceans,
reservoirs, and other water bodies
5. Alignment surveys: Undertaken to plan, design and construct highways,
railway lines, pipelines and other linear projects. They normally begin at one
control point and progress to another
6. Construction surveys: Provide line, grade, control elevations, horizontal
positions, dimensions, and configurations for construction operations

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Classification of Surveying
Specialized types of surveying
• Many types of surveys are so specialized that a person
proficient in a particular discipline may have little contact
with other areas
7. As-built surveys: Document the precise final locations and layouts of
engineering works and record any design changes
8. Mine surveys: Performed above and below ground to guide tunnelling
and other operations associated with mining
9. Solar surveys: Map property boundaries, solar access easements, position
obstructions and collectors according to sun angles
10. Optical tooling (Industrial surveying or optical alignment): Undertaken in
making extremely accurate measurements for manufacturing process
where small tolerance are required
Except for control surveys, most specialized surveys are
usually performed using plane surveying procedures
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Classification of Surveying
• Ground, aerial and satellite surveys are broad
classification sometimes used
• Ground surveys: Utilise measurement made with
ground-based equipment such as levels and total
stations
• Aerial surveys: Accomplished using either airplanes
mounted with cameras or satellite sensors
• Satellite surveys: Include the determination of ground
locations from measurements made to satellites using
GPS receivers or the use of satellite images for mapping
and monitoring large regions of the earth
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
• Primitive techniques
– Pacing, hands, rods, ropes, guessing
– Generally human figure was used
• Land surveying techniques
– Developed to standardise measurements
– Chain and compass
– tape, theodolite etc.
• Drawback:
– Above methods are time consuming and cannot be
done in inaccessible areas
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
• Electronic Land surveying techniques:
– EDM and total station
– Robotic total station
• Key feature:
– Fast and accurate
• Drawback:
– Difficult for inaccessible areas, as points need to
be occupied for measurement to be done

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying

• Aerial photogrammetry
– Emerged during world war 1 and 2
– Initially used pigeon with camera to
spy on enemy terrain
– Improve to use of balloons and
Aircraft
– Aerial photographs could be single
photograph for interpretation or
stereo (two overlapping photograph)
for 3D model generation and
measurement
– We need to fly to collect data every
time
– This costly and may not be possible
in bad weather Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
• Satellite Remote sensing
• Civilian remote sensing since 1972
• Satellites launched from 600km to 900km
altitude
• Satellites get a synoptic view of terrain
regularly in several bands
• Give images of spatial resolution ranging
from Km to m
• Using satellite remote sensing you can do
the measurements and identification

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying

Global Positioning System

(GPS)
• 24 earth orbiting satellites
• Minimum 4 satellites are
needed in Geocentric
coordinate system
• Measurements can be done
everywhere, where open
sky is seen
• Thousands of applications
are possible and more are
being invented
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
• Advancement in surveying has led to colossal
increase of geo-data
• Geo-informatics is defined as the measurement
and management of earth’s information
(Geoinformation)
• What is geoinformation?
– Any artificial or natural object/phenomena on, below
or above the surface of the earth
– Examples: Land parcels, water body, forest, roads,
houses, topography, flooding, pipe line, etc

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Two elements Geo-informatics
1. Measurement of geoinformation
i. Geometry: What is where?
ii. Identification: What is what?
2. Management of Geoinformation
– Management (storage, retrieval, presentation) of
information
– Manipulation (analysis based on information) to
help us get the best results

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Management of Geoinformation
• Requirement to store and retrieve information efficiently
• Requirement to present information
• Requirement to incorporate all information collected in analysis to
suit modern application
For the management part GIS does it all
• GIS  Geographic Information System
• GIS Definition
– A system of hardware, software, data and organizational structure for collecting,
storing, manipulating, and spatially analyzing geo-referenced data and displaying
information resulting from these processes
– Computer system capable of collecting, assembling, storing and manipulating
geographically referenced data and displaying information resulting from these
processes
– A computer based system that can store, integrate, manipulate and display virtually any
type of spatially related information about our environment
Phiri L.
• Examples of GIS software include ILWIS, IDRIS, Arc GIS and Q-GIS
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth
• Internet based software for locating positions on earth
• It is a virtual globe, map and geographical information program
• It maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained
from satellite imagery, aerial photography and geographic
information system
• It uses digital elevation model (DEM) data collected by NASA's
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
• Google Earth supports managing three-dimensional Geospatial
data through Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
• It is cardinal for reconnaissance survey and locating project area
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2015)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: Loading

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: Loading

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: CBU Riverside campus

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: EC340 Road Profile

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: Searching by radius

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Google Earth: Searching by radius

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Advancement in Surveying
Geo-informatics
Activity (Google Earth)
Part 1
1. Locate your home
2. Measure the distance between your home and CBU
3. Locate Jambo Drive
4. Present a longitudinal profile of Jambo Drive using Google
Part 2
1. For your home town or village locate bridges, airstrips, airports, dams and
reservoirs which are within a radius of 10km.
2. Give a brief description of each of the installation located (for dam or reservoir
include the river/stream in which they are found or to which they are connected
3. Identify the community/settlement that are at risk of flooding in case of dam
failure
Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2016)
 Study questions
1. Explain what is meant by surveying
2. Enumerate the application of surveying
3. What are hydrographic surveys and why are they important?
4. Describe how surveying is applied in:
i. Flood control
ii. Highway construction
iii. Defence and security
iv. Fabrication of large equipment such as airplanes and ships
5. Explain the difference between Geodetic surveying and plane surveying
6. There are several specialised types of surveying. Describe at least five
specialised types of surveying
7. Discuss the advancement in surveying – from primitive to satellite
technology
8. Explain what is meant by geo-informatics
9. Explain what is meant by GIS
10. List at least five examples of GIS software
11. Briefly explain how Google Earth works

Phiri L.
Civil Engineering, CBU (2017