Experimental Report 5

INVESTIGATION OF TRANSMISSION OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (MICROWAVE)
Student name: Nguyễn Hải Phong
Student ID: 20222797
Class: EE – E8 02 K67
Group: 05
Verification of the instructor
I. EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS
- Evaluate both qualitative and quantitative results of transmitting and
receiving microwaves.

II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

1. Investigation of straight – line propagation of microwaves
Observation:
 When the receiver is aligning with the rail (the transmitter and receiver are
facing each other), the voltmeter shows the maximum value.
 When the receiver moves far from the rail (in a plane perpendicular to the
rail), the value of voltmeter decreases.
Conclusion: Microwave propagates best in straight line.
2. Investigation of penetration of microwaves
Observation: When a dry absorption plate (electrical insulator) is put between
transmitter and receiver, the voltmeter slightly decreases.
Conclusion:
● Microwave can penetrate through the dry absorption plate.
● Not all the microwaves penetrate through the dry absorption plate, a part
of them will be absorbed by the absorption plate.
 3. Investigation of screening and absorption of microwaves
Observation: When a reflection plate (electrical conductor) is put between
transmitter and receiver, the voltmeter shows a value that is very small
compared to the value when the absorb plate is absent. In this case, the
voltmeter shows a value approximate 0.

Conclusion: Most microwaves will not go through the reflection plate.

4. Investigation of reflection of microwaves

Observation:
Reflector angle
Trials 40 50 60

1 85 95 116

2 83 94 116

3 83 96 115

4 85 94 114

5 82 97 115

 When the arrow is the bisector of 2 rails (the reflector angle is equal to the
incidence angle), the voltmeter shows maximum value.
Conclusion:

 Microwaves reflect best when perpendicular bisector of the reflection

plate is the bisector of an angle created by the transmitter and receiver.
 When the microwave reflects, the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection.
5. Investigation of refraction of microwaves
Observation:
 When the angle created by 2 rails is 26o, the voltmeter shows the
maximum value.
 Assuming the receiver to different angle, the value of voltmeter decreases.
Conclusion: Microwave refracts best with angle of 26ᵒ.
6. Investigation of diffraction of microwaves
Observation:
 When the single slit plane is put in the rail, the value on the voltmeter
increases.
 When the plate is between the probe and the transmitter, the value on
the voltmeter is approximately 0. When the probe is moved on the
horizontal plane, the value slightly increases.
Conclusion: Microwaves have diffraction properties.
7. Investigation of interference of microwaves
Observation: When the probe is moved parallel to the plate, the value on the
voltmeter oscillates. Number of maxima = 3.

Conclusion: Microwave has interference properties.

8. Investigation of polarization of microwaves
Observation:
 When the grating is aligned horizontally, the value on the voltmeter is
slightly decreasing.
 When the grating is aligned vertically, the value on the voltmeter is approx.
zero.
 When the grating is aligned at 45 o, the value on the voltmeter is higher
than vertical case, but lower than horizontal case.
Conclusion:
 When we put a polarization grating between transmitter and receiver, the
microwave (electromagnetic) will be polarized as shown below.

Because the vertical wave is electric wave, and the receiver’s signal we
receive is Voltage. Therefore:
 With vertical polarization grating, only the vertical wave can go through.
The receiver’s signal is big.
 With horizontal polarization grating, only the horizontal wave can go
through. The receiver’s signal is very small (approximate to 0).
 With 45o inclined polarization grating, a part of vertical wave and
horizontal wave can go through. The receiver’s signal is smaller than when
we use vertical polarization grating and bigger than when we use
horizontal polarization grating.
 9. Determining wavelength of standing waves

Trials x1 (mm) x2 (mm) d=x1−x2 (mm)

1 342 330 12

2 269 256 13

3 295 283 12

4 295 282 13

5 270 257 13

III. DATA PROCESSING

5
1
x= ∑ x i=12.6 (mm)
5 i=1

√
5

∑ (x ¿¿ i−x)2
i=1
s . d= =0.5 (mm)¿
5

s.d
∆ x ≈ S . D= =0.2 (mm)
√5
We have: λ = 2d
⟹ λ = 2 × x = 2 × 12.6 = 25.2 (mm)
⟹ ∆λ = √(2−∆ ×)2 = 2 × 0.2 = 0.4 (mm)

Hence λ=λ ± ∆ λ=25.2 ± 0.4(mm)

Frequency of the microwave:

 8
c 3 ×10 10
f= = =1.2 ×10 ( Hz )
λ 25.2× 10−3

∆ f =f
√( λ )
∆λ 2
=1.2 ×1010
√( )
0.4 2
25.2
=0.2 ×1010 (Hz)

10
f =f ± ∆ f = (1.2 ± 0.2 ) ×10 ( Hz )