BIOLOGY GRADE 11

UNIT 5

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

BY:ADDIS ABABA EDUCATION BUREAU

መረጃዎችን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ለማግኘት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ የት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ገፃችን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ሰብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ስክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ራይብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ
ያድር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ጉ!
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እን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ራራቅ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ እን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ታጠብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ እን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ዲሁም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ አን በፍጥነት ለማግኘት የዩቲዩብ ፣ የቴሌግራም ፣ የፊስቡክ እና የትዊተር ገፃችንን ሰብስክራይብ ጨባበጥ
 5.1. RESPIRATION
• By the end of this section you should be able to:
• Describe the structure of ATP and its role in cellular
metabolism.
• Explain how ATP is adapted to its role as an energy
transfer molecule within a cell.
• Describe how ATP is produced in a cell.
• Locate where the different processes of cellular
respiration occur in the cell.
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 What Is ATP like?

• ATP=Adenosine Tri-Phosphate.
• It is a nucleotide with base adenine, ribose sugar,
and 3 phosphates.
• All nucleotides contain:
• -a nitrogenous base
• -a pentose sugar
• -a phosphate group
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 .
• ATP is a Phosphorylated nucleotide
• ATP is the energy currency of the cell because
it is immediately spendable.
• ATP provides us energy. Energy will be
released from ATP by breaking the high energy
bonds found between the last two phosphates.

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Interconversion of ADP AND ATP

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How ATP is adapted to its role…
• Release energy in relatively small amount
…
• Release energy in a single step hydrolysis..
• Is available in cells

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 .

The following processes are examples of processes

that require energy from ATP:
• The synthesis of macromolecules – such as proteins
• Active transport across a plasma membrane
• Muscle contraction
• Conduction of nerve impulses
• The initial reactions of respiration
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 Questions
1.Which of the following is called energy currency of
the cell?
A. glucose B.ATP C. Protein D. Fats
2.Put the following energy carrying molecules from
highest level to the next smaller
• AMP,ATP,ADP
3.Name two processes that require energy from ATP.
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 .

• How is ATP produced in a cell?

• ATP is formed in cells by a process called phosphorylation

• When is ATP made in the cell?

• Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants &

Animals and
• Photosynthesis in the producers
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 How is ATP produced in respiration?

• There are two main pathways by which

respiration can produce ATP:

 The aerobic pathway &

 The anaerobic pathway

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 How is ATP produced in aerobic respiration?

• Aerobic respiration produces ATP by:

 substrate level phosphorylation and

 ATP synthase/oxidative phosphorylation

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 A.Substrate level phosphorylation
• ATP is formed when another molecule
(substrate) is able to transfer a phosphate group
directly to ADP with no Pi.
• -The process is not catalyzed by an enzyme ATP
synthase.
• - only produces a 10% of the total ATP
produced in aerobic respiration
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.

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 B.ATP synthase
• is an enzyme that is found in mitochondrial
membrane and on chloroplast.
• produces 90% of the ATP produced in aerobic
respiration.
• Respiratory substrates: are organic molecules
that can be respired.
• E.g.:- glucose , proteins , fats
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IMAGE OF ATPSYNTHASE

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 How are H+ transferred from glucose to ATP synthase?

• by two important molecules that are:-

-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

(NAD)
-Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

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 Oxidation-Reduction/REDOX/ Reaction

• Cellular respiration is an Oxidation reduction

reaction
• C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 -->6CO2 + 6H2O + e- + ATP’s
• Oxidation occurs via the loss of hydrogen or
the gain of oxygen
• Whenever one substance is oxidized, another
substance is reduced
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 .
• Coenzymes act as hydrogen (or electron)
acceptors
• Two important coenzymes are
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

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 Question

1.Substrate level phosphorylation yields most of the

ATP produced during aerobic respiration.
True/false
2.Coenzymes are used to carry hydrogen in redox
reactions of respiration. True/false

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 What are the stages of aerobic respiration of glucose?

There are four stages:-

• Glycolysis
• The link reaction
• Krebs cycle
• Electron transport & chemiosmosis
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 Where Does Cellular Respiration Take Place?

• It takes place in two parts of the cell.

Glycolysis occurs in the Cytoplasm and
• Krebs cycle, Link Reaction & ETC take
place in the Mitochondria.

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.

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 .
stage Location in cell description

glycolysis Cytoplasm Glucose break to pyruvate

Link reaction Matrix Pyruvate break to acetyl CoA

Kreb’s cycle Matrix Acetyl CoA break to

carbondioxide
ETC Cristae NADH& FADH lose H to
form ATP.

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 .
• Glycolysis can takes place in the absence of
oxygen
• Link rxn, Kreb’s cycle, and ETC all depend
on the presence of oxygen.

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 I. GLYCOLYSIS

• Takes place in the cytoplasm because;

•Glucose does not
diffuse through the mitochondrial
membrane • No carrier protein to
transport it

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 What happens in glycolysis?

• The following rxns take place during

glycolysis:
Phosphorylation: Two molecules of ATP are used
to ‘phosphorylate’ each molecule of glucose.
• it is converted to another 6C sugar (fructose 1,
6-bisphosphate)

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 .
Lysis: The phosphorylated sugar split into two
molecules of the 3C sugar ,glyceraldehyde-3
phosphate.
Oxidation by dehydrogenation: Each molecule
of GP is then converted into pyruvate.
Substrate level phosphorylation :produce ATP.
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 During glycolysis…

• one six-carbon glucose molecule is oxidized to

form two three-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
• A net yield of two ATP molecules is produced
for every molecule of glucose that undergoes
glycolysis.

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Glycolysis

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 Energy balance sheet for glycolysis

INPUT OUTPUT
1glucose 2pyruvate
2ATP 4ATP
2NAD 2NADH+H

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 Questions
1. Which one of the following is not produced
at glycolysis?
A. Pyruvate B.ATP C.NADH D.FADH
2. If the cell uses 10 glucose molecules in
glycolysis , how many pyruvate molecules will
be produced ?
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 II. LINK REACTION

• Take place in the fluid matrix of the

mitochondrion.

• A molecule of pyruvate reacts with a

molecule of coenzyme A (CoA) to form a
molecule of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl
CoA).
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 What happens in the link reaction?
The following reactions will takes place in the link
reaction
• Dehydrogenation: Hydrogen is lost from pyruvate
and reduced NAD will be formed. / Removing
hydrogen from a molecule is dehydrogenation /
• Decarboxylation: carbon is lost from pyruvate to
form CO2.
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.

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 Energy balance sheet
INPUT OUT PUT
2pyruvates 2carbon dioxide

2CoA 2 acetyl CoA

2NAD 2NADH+H

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 Question
1.How many acetyl CoA will be formed from
a single molecule of glucose?
Ans:2
2.Link reaction is the only reaction that donot
produce ATP in cellular respiration.
true/false
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 III. KREB’S CYCLE/CITRIC ACID
CYCLE/tricarboxylic acid/
• Discovered by Hans Krebs in 1937
•Takes place in mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA then reacts with a 4C molecule
called oxaloacetate.
This is the first reaction of the Krebs cycle

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 What will happen in Krebs's cycle?

•Decarboxylation: CO2 is removed from

different substrates.
•Oxidation by dehydrogenation: H is removed
in 4 reactions.
• ATP is produced by substrate level
phosphorylation
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Steps in Krebs's cycle

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 .
 The compound joins this cycle is acetyl CoA.
Oxaloacetate (4c) is regenerated in the
reaction.

 NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e- and

FAD becomes FADH2; NAD+ becomes NADH +
H+.
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 .
• One glucose molecule is completely broken
down in two turns of the Krebs cycle.
• These two turns produce four CO2 molecules,
two ATP molecules, and hydrogen atoms that
are used to make six NADH and two FADH2
molecules

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 energy balance sheet
INPUT OUTPUT
2Acetyle CoA 4CO2
2ADP ,2P 2ATP
6NAD 6NADH+H
2FAD 2FADH

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 Questions
1. Which one of the following not produced in
Krebs cycle?
A.NADH B.FADH C. acetyl CoA D.ATP
2. If a cell uses 200 glucose molecules for aerobic
respiration, Krebs cycle produces
A.400 ATP B.300 NADHC.200FADH
D.800ATP.
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 IV. The electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

• High-energy electrons in hydrogen atoms

from NADH and FADH2 are passed from
molecule to molecule in the electron
transport chain along the inner
mitochondrial membrane

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 .
• As the electrons move through the electron
transport chain, they lose energy. This
energy is used to pump protons from the
matrix into the space between the inner and
outer mitochondrial membranes

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 .
• The resulting high concentration of protons
creates a concentration gradient of protons
and a charge gradient across the inner
membrane

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 .
• As protons move through ATP synthase and
down their concentration gradients, ATP is
produced.
• Oxygen combines with the electrons and protons
to form water.
• Oxidative phosphorylation has two separate
processes:
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 Electron transport chain
• is a series of electron carriers located in the
cristae; which uses the energy in electrons to
pump H+ ions from the matrix to the inter
membrane space.
Chemiosmosis
• is the coupling of ATP synthesis to ETC via a
concentration gradient of protons
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 .

• Components of electron transport chain:

NADH dehydrogenase
Ubiquinone
Cytochrome complex(cyt.b-c and cyt.
Oxidase)

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• Reduced NAD supplies two electrons to the
first carrier /NADH dehydrogenase/in the
chain.
• The 2 electrons pass away along the chain of
carrier because they give up energy each
time they pass from one carrier to the next.
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 .
• Reduced FAD :also fed electrons in to the
ETC but at a slightly latter stage than
NADH/ubiquinone/and at only two stages is
sufficient energy is released for ATP
production by electron from FADH.

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• The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized
states as they accept and donate electrons
• ATP synthesis relies on energy released by
oxidation, it is called oxidative
phosphorylation

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.

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• Energy released as electrons pass along the
ETC is used to pump protons across the inner
mitochondrial membrane in to the space
between inner and outer membrane.
• A concentration gradient is formed which is a
store of potential energy.
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 .
• ATP synthase transport the protons back
across a membrane down concentration
gradient
• Oxidation of 1 NADH produces an equivalent
energy of 3 ATP and FADH2 produce 2 ATP

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 .
stage location A NA FA CO2
• . T DH DH
P

glycolysis Cytoplasm 2 2 0 0

Link Matrix 0 2 0 2
reaction
Kreb’s cycle Matrix 2 6 2 4

total 4 10 2 6

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 .
• The amount of ATP gained from a single glucose in
aerobic respiration
• 10NADH+H=3×10=30ATP
• 2FADH2=2×2=4ATP
• 4 ATPS from substrate level phosphorylation, total
of 38ATPs.But pyruvate uses 2 ATPs to cross
mitochondrial membrane
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 The Importance of Oxygen
.
• ATP can be synthesized by chemiosmosis only if
electrons continue to move along the electron transport
chain.
• By accepting electrons from the last molecule in the
electron transport chain, oxygen allows additional
electrons to pass along the chain.
• As a result, ATP can continue to be made through
chemiosmosis.
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 .
• If no oxygen; electron flow along ETC
stops and NADH+H can’t convert into
NAD+ NAD+ lacks and link rxn &krebs
cycle stops.

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.

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 .
• THANK YOU

• STAY SAFE

• WORK HARD
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