electronics

Article
PLC/HMI-Based Implementation of a Real-Time
Educational Power System Protective Relays Platform
Jawad Radhi Mahmood 1 , Ramzy Salim Ali 1, * and Raed A. Abd-Alhameed 2
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah 610001, Iraq;
alali.jhana@yahoo.com
2 School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics,
University of Bradford, West Yorkshire BD71DP, UK; r.a.a.abd@bradford.ac.uk
* Correspondence: rsalwaily@ieee.org; Tel.: +964-7801001044




Received: 13 November 2019; Accepted: 25 December 2019; Published: 8 January 2020


Abstract: Engineering laboratories are key elements in engineering learning and are essential for
a concrete understanding of engineering topics and experiments. These key laboratories are no
longer just hardware-dependent, they are a creative combination of programmable hardware and
also user-defined driving software. In this work, an educational power system protective relaying
laboratory platform was designed and implemented using a programmable logic controller (PLC)
and human–machine interface (HMI) in order to introduce engineering students to the operating
mechanisms experimentally. It engaged the students in selecting settings and upgrading the
inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) protection relays for overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage,
and differential current. With the platform and the help of the HMI, the students mastered (or
came close to mastering) the field of protective relays, especially those explicitly implemented in the
platform. The students were also able to see the real-time response that is equivalent to the relay
operation time of the protective relays under the various possible settings, and the kinesthetic learning
that was involved gave them a deeper understanding of what is involved in relays upgrading.

Keywords: PLC; HMI; overcurrent relay; overvoltage relay; undervoltage relay; differential current

1. Introduction
Power system protection laboratory experiments are essential for electrical engineering teaching.
They support the theoretical understanding of the students, and thus they increase the efficacy of
the teaching process. Currently, there is general agreement on the high value of laboratory work in
engineering education. Some authors even say that laboratory sessions are the heart of engineering [1].
The design and operation of a solid-state directional, inverse-time overcurrent protective relay
were suggested in 1978 [2]. Trutt proposed a microprocessor-based relay protective system in [3].
Abe et al. [4] introduced programmable logic array-based digital system design laboratories. A digital
logic design using computer-aided design and hardware description language was discussed in [5].
Lee et al. [6] suggested the usage of the power system simulation laboratory to enhance the teaching
and research activities in protective relay education. These facts have been reflected in continuous
attempts to develop new and more attractive laboratories.
A laboratory equipment system developed for designing digital systems based on programmable
logic devices was described by several published works, such as in [7–9]. A remote laboratory
environment for logic circuit design based on field programmable logic devices was presented in
References [10,11]. Simon et al. showed a remote laboratory platform for electrical drive control using
a programmable logic controller (PLC) [12]. Education and training of future protective engineers was
discussed by Reference [13]. Sothong and Chayratsami were designed a combinational logic training

Electronics 2020, 9, 118; doi:10.3390/electronics9010118 www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics

Electronics 2020, 9, 118 2 of 22

system using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) [14]. The development of the modern power
system laboratory was presented and discussed in Reference [15], which highlighted the need to reform
power engineering education to integrate computer engineering, data communication, and networking.
Overcurrent model implementation for real-time simulation and hardware in the loop validation
was introduced by Almas et al. in [16]. A PLC–HMI-based control platform (HMI: human–machine
interface) was developed to exercise the proportional-integral-differential controller (PID) and fuzzy
controlled process behavior under different settings of the controller’s parameters [17]. Vadi and
Bayindir [18], showed that a remote access laboratory using an open platform communication (OPC)
and PLC for synchronous motor control experiments.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) power system relaying committee
announced that a laboratory is essential for students to acquire the ability to operate relays in real
life [19]. Hernandez et al. proposed a remote laboratory platform for electrical drive control using
a programmable logic controller (PLC) [20]. The design and implementation of high-speed FPGAs
for under and overvoltage protective relays was reported by Venkateshmurthy and Nataraj [21].
Kotsampopoulos et al. suggested a laboratory education of modern power systems based on a power
hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation [22]. Based on hardware and software integration, and to
bridge the gap between theory and practice, Giacaman and De Ruvo [23] presented an educational,
real-time platform for automating reliance on a smart grid. In this work, we developed and assessed a
PLC–HMI-based system to exercise students in protection relays covering overcurrent and over and
undervoltage, including differential current protective relays. Birchfield et al. considered the use of
sizeable electric power grids in the university and electric power system courses [24]. These courses
give the students more understanding and experience of actual power systems.
This work is structured as follows: Section 2 describes the key points considered in constructing
this platform and the way these features relate to each other. Section 3 gives the hardware structure,
and Section 4 details the software utilities. Section 5 shows the two wiring diagrams required to execute
all of the functions that could be tested or studied using the proposed platform. Section 6 discusses the
feedback from the students with regards to the experiment. Conclusions are summarized in Section 7.

2. Proposed Platform
The development of this teaching platform was motivated by the fact that most hardware and
hardwired applications, such as power system protective relays, can be reproduced using software.
These software-based instances represent advanced applications as they have inherited the features
of the past generation and add new features such as remote control and monitoring, in addition to
the fact that their upgrading or modifications are easy. This platform was designed to explore with
our engineering students the importance of the PLC and HMI programming topics they consider in
their final year, and to encourage them to start from where the others finished. This platform might
bridge the gap between theory and practice in the area of power system protective relays, and can also
improve student learning. This is similar to the active classroom programmer (ACP) that allows the
instructor to fully control the lesson [23].
The platform was developed to meet the following aims:

(1) To show engineering students that there is a strong link between the programming instructions
they have been taught and the implementation of working applications.
(2) To create a low-cost, multifunction platform in order to teach and exercise the behavior of the
overcurrent, overvoltage, and undervoltage protective relays under different time multiplier
settings and characteristic curves.

The proposed platform was designed to read two current signals, two voltage signals, and to
control the closing/opening of five magnetically operated contacts. The current signals are taken from
current transmitters connected as burdens to current transformers (CTs). The voltage signals are taken
 Electronics 2020, 9, 118 3 of 22

from2020,
Electronics voltage transmitters
9, x FOR connected to the power circuit source and load terminals. Through its HMI,
PEER REVIEW 3 of 22
the platform allows the user to experiment with:
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 22
The overcurrent protective relay.
The overcurrent protective relay.
The overvoltage protective relay.
The overvoltage
overcurrent protective relay.
relay.
The undervoltage protective
The undervoltage
overvoltage protective relay.
protectiverelay.
relay.
The current
The differential
undervoltage protective
protective relay.
relay.
The current differential protective relay.
The current differential protective relay.
Figure 1 shows
Figure 1 showsthe thefunctional blockdiagram
functional block diagram thatthat
statesstates the sources
the sources and destinations
and destinations of the
of the digital
digital closing/opening
Figure 1
closing/opening shows signals
signalsthe (QA: source
functional
(QA: source block side closing
diagram
side closing that contact,
states
contact, QC: load QC:
the load side
sources and
side closing closing
QB,contact,
destinations
contact, QD and QB,
of the
QD anddigital
QE closing/opening
are load signals
connecting (QA: source
contacts) and side closing contact,
current/voltage QC:
analog load side
signals closing
(A2D
QE are load connecting contacts) and current/voltage analog signals (A2D stands for analog to digital contact,
stands forQB,
analog
QD
to digital and QE are
converter).
converter). load connecting contacts)
The PLC–HMI-based
The PLC–HMI-based and
electronics current/voltage
electronics control
control circuit analog signals (A2D
circuit components
components stands
and wiring are andfor analog
wiring
shown in are
to digital
2. converter).
The hardware The PLC–HMI-based
and software electronics
implementations control
of the circuit
present components
shown in Figure 2. The hardware and software implementations of the present work are illustrated
Figure work are and wiring
illustrated in are
the
shown in Figure 2. The hardware and software implementations of the present work are illustrated
in thefollowing
following sections.
sections.
in the following sections.

Figure 1. The
Figure 1. The functional
functional blocks
blocks of
of the
the proposed
proposed platform.
platform.
Figure 1. The functional blocks of the proposed platform.

The electronics
Figure 2. The electronics control
control circuit components and wiring of the proposed platform.

Hardware Structure
Figure32.shows
Figure The electronics
the front,control circuit
left side, rightcomponents and wiring
side, and inside of the of the proposed
casing that wasplatform.
designed. The
front (Figure 3a) was selected to accommodate the HMI. The left side (Figure 3b) was used to attach
Hardware Structure
an Ethernet socket to provide remote usage and monitoring (i.e., to use the remote control software
provided by
Figure 3 showsLSIS the
Company, suchside,
front, left as XP-remote and
right side, XP-manager)
and andcasing
inside of the also a 13A
thatsocket for power The
was designed.
 RMCV60BD: A voltage transmitter used to convert the voltage difference between two points
into a suitable 0–20 mA or 4–20 mA analog current signal or (0–10 V DC) analog voltage signal for
reading by the analog module attached to the PLC.
LC1D09: A magnetic contactor to provide a PLC-controlled power switch. Five of this type of
contactor were
Electronics 2020, used. These five contractors were labeled QA, QB, QC, QD, and QE. QA is used
9, 118 4 ofto
22
connect and disconnect the energizing power source. The default function of QB was to create a
deliberate internal fault when studying differential current relay. QC was used to disconnect the load
Hardware Structure
under a fault condition. QD and QE were used to connect and disconnect the first and second stages
of theFigure
load, respectively.
3 shows the front, left side, right side, and inside of the casing that was designed. The front
LS BKN
(Figure 3a) was C16: A miniature
selected circuit breaker
to accommodate the to
HMI.protect
Thetheleftexperimental
side (Figure setup.
3b) was used to attach an
Ethernet socket to provide remote usage and monitoring (i.e., to use the remote control software
3. Software
provided byStructure
LSIS Company, such as XP-remote and XP-manager) and also a 13A socket for power
service.
The software side
The right (Figure
structure 3c)bewas
can provided
divided intowith
two banana
parts: thepower sockets to background
mathematical allow the user
andto create
PLC–
his or her own circuits. The inside (Figure 3d) highlights the
HMI software utilities, which are detailed in the following subsections:installed devices.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 22

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure
Figure3.3.Prototype
Prototypeof
ofthe
theproposed
proposedplatform,
platform,(a)
(a)the
thefront
frontside,
side,(b)
(b)the
theleft
leftside,
side,(c)
(c)the
theright
rightside,
side,(d)
(d)
the
theinside
insideview.
view.

The devicesBackground
3.1. Mathematical installed were:
XEC-DR32H/D1 (PLC): A programmable logic controller used to develop the virtual instances of
The inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)-based protection relay function was considered
the inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) protective relays for overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage,
according to the following scenario. The adopted scenario was “if the input signal (current in case of
and differential current.
over-current relay and voltage in case of over and undervoltage relays) exceeds the pickup value
XBF-AH04A: A 12 bit analog module used to convert analog signals into digital one. Two modules
(current and voltage pickup values), the relay detects an over state and waits for a specific time before
of this type were used. One module, at the source side, was used to convert the sending end current
issuing a trip signal”. The waiting time depends upon the adopted characteristic curve setting.
and voltage signals into 0–20 mA analog signals. The second, at the load side, was used to convert the
The proposed protective relay prototype introduced in this work used the following well known
receiving end (load end) current–voltage signals into two 0–20 mA analog signals.
characteristic equations to develop the overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and percentage
differential relays. The IDMT over-current relay characteristic is represented as [25,26]

k
T = TMS +c (1)
I
1
I
where T is the relay operation time, TMS stands for the time multiplier setting, I represents the current
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 5 of 22

XP80-TTA/DC (HMI): A touch panel to provide the user interface screens through which the user
selects the protective relay, sets the parameters of the protective relays, and monitors the protective
behavior of the individual relays.
ABL8REM24050: A 24 V, 5 A, 120 W DC power supply to power the analog module and also to
excite the PLC inputs and PLC-output-connected actuators.
RMCA61BD: A current transmitter used to convert the current transformer’s secondary current
into a suitable (0–20 mA or 4–20 mA) analog current signal or suitable (0–10 V DC) analog voltage
signal for reading by the XBF-AH04A analog module attached to the PLC.
RMCV60BD: A voltage transmitter used to convert the voltage difference between two points
into a suitable 0–20 mA or 4–20 mA analog current signal or (0–10 V DC) analog voltage signal for
reading by the analog module attached to the PLC.
LC1D09: A magnetic contactor to provide a PLC-controlled power switch. Five of this type of
contactor were used. These five contractors were labeled QA, QB, QC, QD, and QE. QA is used to
connect and disconnect the energizing power source. The default function of QB was to create a
deliberate internal fault when studying differential current relay. QC was used to disconnect the load
under a fault condition. QD and QE were used to connect and disconnect the first and second stages of
the load, respectively.
LS BKN C16: A miniature circuit breaker to protect the experimental setup.

3. Software Structure
The software structure can be divided into two parts: the mathematical background and PLC–HMI
software utilities, which are detailed in the following subsections:

3.1. Mathematical Background

The inverse definite minimum time (IDMT)-based protection relay function was considered
according to the following scenario. The adopted scenario was “if the input signal (current in case
of over-current relay and voltage in case of over and undervoltage relays) exceeds the pickup value
(current and voltage pickup values), the relay detects an over state and waits for a specific time before
issuing a trip signal”. The waiting time depends upon the adopted characteristic curve setting.
The proposed protective relay prototype introduced in this work used the following well known
characteristic equations to develop the overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and percentage
differential relays. The IDMT over-current relay characteristic is represented as [25,26]
 
 


 k 

T = TMS ×  +c (1)

  I a
   



Is −1  

where T is the relay operation time, TMS stands for the time multiplier setting, I represents the current
flowing in the relay, Is defines the overcurrent setpoint, and k, a, and c are constants defining the curve.
In this work, Equation (1) was translated as shown in Figure 4.
The characteristic equation of the IDMT overvoltage relay can be represented as
 
 


 k 

T = TMS ×  +c (2)

 
 
V
 a 
 

 
Vs −1  

where V is the operating voltage and Vs is the over-voltage set point. Here, the circuit description of
Figure 4 is also valid for Equation (2), where, I is replaced by V and Is replaces VS .
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 6 of 22

Equation (3) represents the IDMT undervoltage relay characteristic.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW   6 of 22
 

 
 k 


T = TMS
I =× +c (3)
 
(|I
 1 +
  I V |)/2
a  (5)
 − Vs  
where, Id is the differential current, Ir represents the restraint equivalent current, and k forms the
where
slope ofV is
thethe operating differential
percentage voltage and characteristic.
Vs is the undervoltage
Figure 5 set point.
shows theFor the undervoltage
circuit protection
implementation of this
 a
V
type of protective relay. The relay operates when I ≥ kI .
relay, the same circuit description shown in Figure 4 works if D1 is equal to 1 − Vs .

Figure 4. Circuit implementation of Equation (1).

Figure 4. Circuit implementation of Equation (1).

Finally, the percentage differential relay equations are represented in Equations (4) and (5),
respectively, as follows.
I = (|I + I |)/2 (1)
Id = |Ict1 − Ict2 | (4)
where, Id is the differential current, It represents the restraint equivalent current, and k forms the
It = (|Ict1 + Ict2 |)/2 (5)
slope of the percentage differential characteristic. Figure 5 shows the circuit implementation of this
type ofIprotective
where, relay. The
d is the differential relay operates
current, when
It represents theI restraint
≥ kI . equivalent current, and k forms the slope
of the percentage differential characteristic. Figure 5 shows the circuit implementation of this type of
protective relay. The relay operates when Id ≥ kIt .

Figure 5. Circuit implementation of Equations (4) and (5).

3.2. PLC–HMI Software Utilities

This protective relaying platform was implemented using two application software services. The
first (PLC-related one) allows the PLC to evaluate the current and voltage signals coming from the
current and voltage transmitters. The second (touch-panel-related one) allows the user to interact
with the PLC utility. It also enables the selection of different characteristic curves for protective
relaying and allows online monitoring of the response of the protective system when using different
operating configurations. Figure 5. Circuit
Figure 5. Circuit implementation
implementation of
of Equations
Equations (4)
(4) and
and (5).
(5).

3.2.1. PLC Software Utilities

The PLC was programmed to support the study of IDMT protection relays for overcurrent,
overvoltage, undervoltage, and also to provide an introduction to the basic principles of the
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 7 of 22

3.2. PLC–HMI Software Utilities

This protective relaying platform was implemented using two application software services.
The first (PLC-related one) allows the PLC to evaluate the current and voltage signals coming from
the current and voltage transmitters. The second (touch-panel-related one) allows the user to interact
with the PLC utility. It also enables the selection of different characteristic curves for protective
relaying and allows online monitoring of the response of the protective system when using different
operating configurations.

3.2.1. PLC Software Utilities

The PLC was programmed to support the study of IDMT protection relays for overcurrent,
overvoltage, undervoltage, and also to provide an introduction to the basic principles of the percentage
differential protective relays algorithms. The structured text (ST) language of these algorithms was:

1. IDMT over-current relay algorithm:

The flowchart for the IDMT overcurrent relay algorithm is shown in Figure 6, in which OC1k,
OC1a, OC1c, IS1, CM1, and OC1Td stand for k, a, c, Is, I, and T in Equation (1), respectively.
The related PLC-structured text code is listed in Appendix A, Figure A1.
2. IDMT over-voltage relay algorithm:
The flowchart for the IDMT over-voltage relay algorithm is shown in Figure 7, in which OV1k,
OV1a, OV1c, VS1, VM1, and OV1Td stand for k, a, c, Vs, V, and T in Equation (2), respectively.
The related PLC-structured text code is listed in Appendix A, Figure A2.
3. IDMT under-voltage relay algorithm:
The flowchart for the IDMT relay algorithm is shown in Figure 8, in which UV1k, UV1a, UV1c,
VS1, and VM1 stand for k, a, c, Vs, and V, respectively. The related PLC-structured text code is
listed in Appendix A, Figure A3.
4. Percentage differential relay algorithm:
The flowchart of the basic percentage differential relay algorithm is shown in Figure 9, in which
CM1 stands for Ict1 and CM2 stands for Ict2 in Equations (4) and (5), respectively. The related
PLC-structured text code is listed in Appendix A, Figure A4.

3.2.2. HMI-Based Graphical Interface

This utility consists of six base screens, in which each screen has a particular function.
The relay-related screens are provided with simple drawing facilities to allow the user to sketch the
required experiment drawing or to write his/her comments. The following are a description of each
screen and its function.
(1) Application Title Screen (see Figure 10): This displays the supported functions of the proposed
prototype and allows the user to go to the navigation screen.
(2) Navigation Screen (see Figure A5, Appendix B): This screen provides quick access to the four
protective functions’ running screens. It is also used to select the memo screen, which works as a
whiteboard for the instructor. This screen also allows the designer to calibrate the measuring process
by clicking over the meter scaling software button. In addition to the previously mentioned utilities,
it also allows the user to get an idea about how to do the experimental wiring for the supported
relaying function by clicking through the software screen change switches labeled as overcurrent relay
wiring, overvoltage relay wiring, undervoltage relay wiring, and differential relay wiring. Table 1
highlights the details of each of the software buttons mounted on this screen.
 The flowchart for the IDMT relay algorithm is shown in Figure 8, in which UV1k, UV1a, UV1c,
VS1, and VM1 stand for k, a, c, Vs, and V, respectively. The related PLC-structured text code is
listed in Appendix A, Figure A3.
4. Percentage differential relay algorithm:
The flowchart of the basic percentage differential relay algorithm is shown in Figure 9, in which
Electronics 2020,
CM1 9, 118
stands for Ict1 and CM2 stands for Ict2 in Equations (4) and (5), respectively. The related
8 of 22
PLC-structured text code is listed in Appendix A, Figure A4.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 22

1. Click the set button on the left top corner of Figure A6 to display the popup screen of the
IDMT characteristic curves (see Figure 13).
2. Click the IEC very inverse software button (near the bottom of Figure A10) to assign k = 13,
a = 1, and c = 0 to the numerical input devices labeled k, a, and c, respectively, in Figure B2.
(ii) Specifications of IDMT curves for overvoltage and undervoltage relays pop-up screen (see
Figure A11, Appendix B): with the help of this pop-up screen, the user can select either IDMT or
the user’s configurable settings.

Table 1. Navigation screen configuration.

Device label Type Operation Mode Set Value

Overcurrent Word Set:= OCR-Type = 1
Multi-action switch
protective relay Move to Screen 12
Overvoltage Word Set:= OCR-Type = 2
Multi-action switch
protective relay Move to Screen 20
Undervoltage Word Set:= OCR-Type = 3
Multi-action switch
protective relay Move to Screen 24
Differential Word Set:= OCR-Type = 4
Multi-action switch
protective relay Move to Screen 16
Memo Change screen switch Screen type = base screen 14
Change screen switch Screen type = base screen 1
Figure Overcurrent
6. 6.
Figure Overcurrentprotection utility.
protection utility.

Figure 7. 7.Overvoltage
Figure Overvoltage protection utility.
protection utility.
 Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 22
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 9 of 22
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 22

Figure 8. Undervoltage protection utility.

Figure 8. Undervoltage protection utility.
Figure 8. Undervoltage protection utility.

Figure 9. Differential relay utility.

Figure 9. Differential relay utility.

Figure 9. Differential relay utility.

Electronics 2020, 9, 118 10 of 22
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 22

1. Click the set button on the left top corner of Figure A6 to display the popup screen of the
IDMT characteristic curves (see Figure 13).
2. Click the IEC very inverse software button (near the bottom of Figure A10) to assign k = 13,
a = 1, and c = 0 to the numerical input devices labeled k, a, and c, respectively, in Figure B2.
(ii) Specifications of IDMT curves for overvoltage and undervoltage relays pop-up screen (see
Figure A11, Appendix Figure
B): with Title
10. the screen
help of the
of this proposed
pop-up application.
screen, the user can select either IDMT or
Figure
the user’s configurable 10. Title screen of the proposed application.
settings.
Table 1. Navigation screen configuration.
4. Universal Power Circuit Wiring Diagrams
Table 1. Navigation screen configuration.
Device Label Type Operation Mode Set Value
The proposed
Device labeleducational Type power system’s protective
Operation
Word Set:=Moderelay platform
OCR-Type =1 power circuit wiring points
Set Value
Overcurrent protective relay Multi-action switch
Overcurrent
are designed in such a way that the Word Move
Set:= to Screen
OCR-Type 12= 1
wiring for different protective configurations (overcurrent,
Multi-action switch
protective relay MoveWord
to Screen
Set:= 12
OCR-Type =2
overvoltage,
Overvoltage undervoltage,
protective relay and differential protective
Multi-action switch relays) is as flexible as possible. As can be seen
Overvoltage WordMove
Set:= OCR-Type
to Screen 20= 2
from Figure 11, two core Multi-action
power switch
cables are provided, the cores of which are labeled as L and N, five
protective relay Move to Screen 20
Word Set:= OCR-Type = 3
magnetic-contactor-activated
Undervoltage protective relay
Undervoltage contacts (QA,
Multi-action switchQB, Move
Word QC, OCR-Type
Set:= QD, QE), and 27 banana sockets numbered
to Screen 24= 3
Multi-action switch
1,2…27, protective
in addition relayto two voltage transducers and
Move to two
Screen current
24 transformers.
Word Set:= OCR-Type = 4
Differential
The power protective
cablerelay
Differential is used Multi-action
to supply switch
the Word Set:=circuit
electric OCR-Typeunder= 4 protection either directly from a
Multi-action switch Move to Screen 16
protective relay Move to Screen 16
single-phaseMemo 230 V/50 Hz AC power
Change source,
screen switch or via an autotransformer Screen to easytypethe experimental
= base screen 14
Memo Change screen switch Screen type = base screen 14
practicing of overcurrent,Change overvoltage, undervoltage,
screenscreen
Change switchswitch and differential protective
Screen type relays.
= base
Screen = base1screen 1
typescreen
The 27 banana sockets are distributed a way that allows the circuit under consideration to be
sectionalized, and that makes the load connections and fault creation easy.
(3)
TheOvercurrent Protectiveare
voltage transducers Relay
usedScreen (see the
to supply FigurePLCA6, withAppendix B): This
the real-time screen
values of allows the user
the voltages at
to experiment with the relay behavior using different characteristic curves,
the sending and receiving ends of the protected circuit. The current transformers are used to feed the and also to practice the
grading
PLC with ofthe
relays. With values
currents the help of thisfrom
drawn screen,
thethe user and
source can select
suppliedthe characteristic
to the endpoint curve parameters (k,
loads.
a, and c) he or she is interested in by pressing of the “SET” button, which causes the display of the IDMT
curve specification popup window (see Figure A10, Appendix B). It also allows the user to display the
values of the selected specifications using the numerical display devices labeled k, a, and c. The TMS
and Is are entered using the numerical input devices labeled TMS and Is , respectively. The enabling
of the relay running and the manual closing and opening of QA is done by the bit switches marked
“Enable”, “Close”, and “Open”. The screen also adopts a memo device which allows the user to state
the way they will do the circuit wiring and also to save or retrieve their drawing using the memo
devices (Reset, undo, redo, Del, red, blue, and white pen selection buttons, save, previous, . . . etc.).
(4) Overvoltage Protective Relay Screen (see Figure A7, Appendix B): This screen allows the user
to experiment with the behavior of over-voltage relays under IDMT or under the user-configurable
parameters (see Figure A11, Appendix B). This screen, as its predecessor, allows the user to select
the protective relay characteristic curves, display the selected curve parameters, set the undervoltage
set-point, monitor the operating voltage, close and open the circuit feeding contacts (QA, QC), and load
supply contacts (QD, QE). It also Figure
has a11. Universal
simple powerfacility
drawing circuit to
layout.
allow the user to state the way they
are going to do the wiring.
TheUndervoltage
(5) wiring of thisProtective
structureRelay
can take one(see
Screen of the following
Figure configurations.
A8, Appendix B): This screen allows the user
to experiment with the behaviour of under-voltage relays under IDMT, or under the user-configurable
4.1. Overcurrent Relay Wiring
parameters (see Figure A11). This screen is similar to that of overvoltage.
It is well known that an overcurrent relay is responsible for protecting its client from the over-
current. To create such a training setup, the platform should be wired as shown in Figure 12. As can

Figure 7. Overvoltage protection utility.

Electronics 2020, 9, 118 11 of 22
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 22

(6) Percentage Differential Relay Screen (see Figure A9, Appendix B): This screen introduces the
user to the basic operating principles of this type of protective relay. With this screen, the user can
monitor the differential current (Id ), the average restraining current (It), and the percentage of the
restraining current (k X It ) using the numerical devices labeled Id (A) and It (A), respectively. The slope
k of the percentage differential characteristics is also entered using the numerical input device labeled
k (%). The fault creation is done by QB contact. QC, QD, and QE are bit type switches used to make
and break the circuit loading magnetic contactors.
The red and green software buttons are bit switches used to energize and de-energize the magnetic
contactor label QA.
Additionally, there are a number of subsidiary pop-up screens:
(i) Specification of IDMT curves for overcurrent relay pop-up screen (see Figure A10, Appendix B):
through this pop-up screen, the user can select one of the six characteristic curves (IEC normal
inverse, IEC very inverse, IEC extremely inverse, IEEE moderately inverse, IEEE very inverse,
and IEEE extremely inverse). For example, to adopt the IEC very inverse characteristic curve, for
which k = 13, a = 1, and c = 0, the following steps should be followed:
Figure 10. Title screen of the proposed application.
1. Click the set button on the left top corner of Figure A6 to display the popup screen of the
4. Universal Power Circuit Wiring Diagrams
IDMT characteristic curves (see Figure 13).
The
2. proposed
Click theeducational power
IEC very inverse system’s
software protective
button (near relay platform
the bottom powerA10)
of Figure circuit
to wiring = 13,
assign kpoints
a = 1,
are designed in and c =a 0way
such that
to the the wiring
numerical inputfor different
devices protective
labeled k, a, andconfigurations
c, respectively,(overcurrent,
in Figure A6.
overvoltage, undervoltage, and differential protective relays) is as flexible as possible. As can be seen
(ii) Specifications of IDMT curves for overvoltage and undervoltage relays pop-up screen (see
from Figure 11, two core power cables are provided, the cores of which are labeled as L and N, five
Figure A11, Appendix B): with the help of this pop-up screen, the user can select either IDMT or
magnetic-contactor-activated contacts (QA, QB, QC, QD, QE), and 27 banana sockets numbered
the user’s configurable settings.
1,2…27, in addition to two voltage transducers and two current transformers.
The power
4. Universal cable
Power is used
Circuit to supply
Wiring the electric circuit under protection either directly from a
Diagrams
single-phase 230 V/50 Hz AC power source, or via an autotransformer to easy the experimental
The proposed educational power system’s protective relay platform power circuit wiring points
practicing of overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and differential protective relays.
are designed in such a way that the wiring for different protective configurations (overcurrent,
The 27 banana sockets are distributed a way that allows the circuit under consideration to be
overvoltage, undervoltage, and differential protective relays) is as flexible as possible. As can be seen
sectionalized, and that makes the load connections and fault creation easy.
from Figure 11, two core power cables are provided, the cores of which are labeled as L and N, five
The voltage transducers are used to supply the PLC with the real-time values of the voltages at
magnetic-contactor-activated contacts (QA, QB, QC, QD, QE), and 27 banana sockets numbered 1,2 . . .
the sending and receiving ends of the protected circuit. The current transformers are used to feed the
27, in addition to two voltage transducers and two current transformers.
PLC with the currents values drawn from the source and supplied to the endpoint loads.

Figure 11. Universal power circuit layout.

Figure 11. Universal power circuit layout.
The power cable is used to supply the electric circuit under protection either directly from a
The wiring
single-phase 230ofV/50
this structure can take
Hz AC power one oforthe
source, viafollowing configurations.
an autotransformer to easy the experimental
practicing of overcurrent, overvoltage, undervoltage, and differential protective relays.
4.1. Overcurrent Relay Wiring
The 27 banana sockets are distributed a way that allows the circuit under consideration to be
sectionalized,
It is well and thatthat
known makes the load connections
an overcurrent and fault creation
relay is responsible easy. its client from the over-
for protecting
current. To create such a training setup, the platform should be wired as shown in Figure 12. As can
 Electronics 2020, 9, 118 12 of 22

The voltage transducers are used to supply the PLC with the real-time values of the voltages at
the sending and receiving ends of the protected circuit. The current transformers are used to feed the
PLC with the currents values drawn from the source and supplied to the endpoint loads.
The wiring of this structure can take one of the following configurations.
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 22

4.1. Overcurrent Relay Wiring

clearly be2020,
Electronics seen9, from
x FOR the
PEERfigure,
REVIEWthere are two variable loads that enable different loading levels.12These
of 22
It isconnected
loads are well known thatlive
to the an overcurrent
supply line relay
by theis QA,
responsible
QC, QD, forand
protecting its client
QE magnetic from the
contacts. The
over-current.
overcurrent To create
protection such
utilitya training setup,
disconnects the
these platform
loads should
when be
there wired
are as shown
overcurrent in Figure
issues. 12.
The
clearly be seen from the figure, there are two variable loads that enable different loading levels. These
As can
controlled clearly be seen
disconnection from
is donethe figure, there
via the line
QA by are
andthe two
QCQA, variable
magnetic loads that
contacts. enable different
QCmagnetic
acts as the loading
first lineThe
of
loads are connected to the live supply QC, QD, and QE contacts.
levels. These loads are connected to the live supply line by the QA, QC, QD, and QE magnetic
defense, whereas QA serves as the second line of defense. With this configuration,
overcurrent protection utility disconnects these loads when there are overcurrent issues. The the specifications
contacts. The overcurrent protection utility disconnects these loads when there are overcurrent issues.
of the IDMT
controlled curves for over-current
disconnection is done viarelay
the QAshown
andinQC Figure B6 can
magnetic be tested.
contacts. QC acts as the first line of
The controlled disconnection is done via the QA and QC magnetic contacts. QC acts as the first line of
defense, whereas
defense, whereasQA
QAserves
serves as
as the secondline
the second lineofofdefense.
defense.With
With this
this configuration,
configuration, the specifications
the specifications of
of the
the IDMT
IDMTcurves
curvesfor
forover-current
over-current relay shown in Figure B6 can be
relay shown in Figure A10 can be tested.tested.

Figure 12. Wiring required to study overcurrent relays.

12. Wiring
Figure Relay
4.2. Overvoltage and Undervoltage required to study overcurrent relays.
Wiring
Figure 12. Wiring required to study overcurrent relays.
4.2.With
Overvoltage and Undervoltage
this platform, Relay Wiring
the overvoltage and undervoltage protective relay characteristic curves
4.2. Overvoltage
shown With
in Figure and Undervoltage
A11 can be Relay Wiring
discussed under two different wiring
this platform, the overvoltage and undervoltage protective relay configurations—one
characteristic curves shownwith a
parallel-connected
With this
in Figure A11 can element
platform,
be the(resistor
discussed or capacitor
overvoltage
under two different or inductor)
and undervoltage
wiring between Bananas
protective
configurations—one relay 6 and 19 under
with acharacteristic the
curves
parallel-connected
control
shown of magnetic
in (resistor
element Figure A11 contact QB as
can be or
or capacitor shown
discussed in Figure
inductor)under
between 13
two and the second
different
Bananas wiring
6 and with a series-connected
configurations—one
19 under element
the control of magneticwith a
(resistor
contactorQBcapacitor)
parallel-connected
as shown between
element Banana
(resistor
in Figure 13 andor 5 capacitor
theand Banana
second or 7,
with a as shownbetween
inductor) in Figure
series-connected 14. In(resistor
Bananas
element these configurations,
6 and or19capacitor)
under the
thebetween
voltage
control level can
Banana
of magnetic be Banana
changed
5 contact
and QB as7, by the supplying
as shown
shown in Figure
in Figure autotransformer
1314.
andInthe
these or byathe
configurations,
second with series- or the
the voltage
series-connected parallel-
level can
element
connected
(resistor orelement.
be changed by the supplying
capacitor) between autotransformer
Banana 5 and Bananaor by the
7, asseries-
shown orin
the parallel-connected
Figure element.
14. In these configurations,
the voltage level can be changed by the supplying autotransformer or by the series- or the parallel-
connected element.

Figure13.
Figure Wiringrequired
13.Wiring required to
to study
study overvoltage
overvoltagerelays.
relays.

Figure 13. Wiring required to study overvoltage relays.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 22

Electronics 2020, 9, 118 13 of 22

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 22

Figure 14. Wiring required to study undervoltage relays.

4.3. Differential Relay Wiring Figure 14. Wiring required to study undervoltage relays.
Figure 14. Wiring required to study undervoltage relays.
4.3. Differential
Figure 15 showsRelay the Wiring
wiring required to introduce the basic principles of a differential current
4.3. Differential Relay
relay. In thisFigure
case, 15 Wiring
asshows
is clear
thefrom
wiringthe figure,
required the element
to introduce to be
the basic protected
principles is inserted
of a differential between
current relay. Banana
7. In
5 andFigure this case,
Banana 6 as
15 shows is isconnected
clear from the
the figure,
wiringtorequired the element
an internal to be
point
to introduceofprotected
the is inserted
the element
basic underbetween
principles of aBanana
consideration 5 and 7.
(where
differential the
current
Banana 6 is connected to an internal point of the element under consideration (where the fault takes
fault takes
relay. place).
In place).
this case, Fault creation
fromisthe established by closingtoQB, which connects the fault point to the
Faultas is clear
creation is established figure,
by closingthe element
QB, be protected
which connects is inserted
the fault point between
to the neutral line. Banana
5neutral
and 7.line.
Banana 6 is connected to an internal point of the element under consideration (where the
fault takes place). Fault creation is established by closing QB, which connects the fault point to the
neutral line.

Figure 15. Wiring required to study the percentage differential relay.

Figure 15. Wiring required to study the percentage differential relay.
5. Experimental Results
5. Experimental Results
To test the validity
Figure 15.ofWiring
the proposed training
required platform,
to study it was powered
the percentage from a 220
differential V/50 Hz off-grid
relay.
photo voltaic (PV) solar inverter and illustrative samples were taken.
To test the validity of the proposed training platform, it was powered from a 220 V/50 Hz off-
5. Experimental
grid photo Results
5.1.voltaic
Overcurrent
(PV) Relaying Function and illustrative samples were taken.
solar inverter
In this
To test the context,of
validity three
thetests were carried
proposed out: the
training effect of the
platform, relay powered
it was type selectionfrom(seeathe
220sample
V/50 Hz off-
5.1. Overcurrent
snapshot Relaying
in Figure Function
16) on the relay operation time and
grid photo voltaic (PV) solar inverter and illustrative samples were taken. the relay upgrading test as shown in Figure 17,
in addition to the operating time/current responses for the IEC standard settings, as shown in Figure 18.
In this
Fromcontext, threeTable
these figures, tests were
2 was carried
derived whichout: thethat
states effect of the relay
the adopted type selection
relay characteristic curve (see
hadthe
an sample
5.1. Overcurrent
snapshotimportant Relaying
in Figure effect
Function
16)ononthethe relay
relay operation
operation time and
type. Figure 17 showsthe that
relay upgrading
with this platform,testthe
asteacher
shown canin Figure
17, inInaddition
show
this to the
his/her
context, operating
students
three tests time/current
the concept
were responses
of relay upgrading
carried out: for
in which
the effect the
ofthe IEC
theload is standard
relay protected bysettings,
type selection (seeasthe
two protective shown in
sample
relays;
Figure 18.inFrom the one
these close to the load takes the role of first line of defense, whereas the second (close to
snapshot Figure 16)figures,
on the relayTableoperation
2 was derived time which
and thestates relaythat the adopted
upgrading relay
test as showncharacteristic
in Figure
the source) acts as the second line of defense. Figure 18 shows the time/current characteristics for
curve had an important effect on the relay operation type. Figure 17
17, in addition to the operating time/current responses for the IEC standard settings, as shown in shows that with this platform,
the teacher
Figure can show
18. From thesehis/her
figures,students
Table 2 wasthe concept
derived of relaystates
which upgrading
that the in adopted
which the loadcharacteristic
relay is protected
by twohad
curve protective relays;effect
an important the one on close to the
the relay load takes
operation type.theFigure
role of17 first line of
shows defense,
that with this whereas the
platform,
second
the (close
teacher cantoshow
the source) acts as the
his/her students thesecond
conceptline of defense.
of relay upgrading Figure 18 shows
in which the time/current
the load is protected
characteristics for the IDMT overcurrent relay for IEC extremely inverse,
by two protective relays; the one close to the load takes the role of first line of defense, whereas IEC very inverse, and IEC
the
 Electronics 2020, 9, 118 14 of 22

the IDMT overcurrent relay for IEC extremely inverse, IEC very inverse, and IEC normal inverse.
The curves were taken with TMS equal to unity. The figure shows that the normal relay had the
Electronics lowest
2020, 9, operating
x FOR PEER REVIEW
time, whereas the extremely inverse relay had the highest. It also states that for 14 of 22
the upgrading condition, the normal one is recommended to play the role of the first line of defense,
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 22
whereas the very inverse is suitable for the second line of defense.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 22

Figure 16. Overcurrent operation under IEEE extremely inverse snapshot.

Figure 16.Overcurrent
Figure16. Overcurrentoperation
operationunder
underIEEE
IEEEextremely
extremelyinverse snapshot.
inverse snapshot.
Figure 16. Overcurrent operation under IEEE extremely inverse snapshot.

Figure 17. Two relays mode of operation (relay upgrading).

Figure 17. Two relays mode of operation (relay upgrading).
Figure 17. Two relays mode of operation (relay upgrading).

Figure 17. Two relays mode of operation (relay upgrading).

Figure 18.Time–current
Figure18. Time–currentcharacteristics.
characteristics.

5.2. Overvoltage Relaying Function

As mentioned earlier, this platform was designed to implement four different types of protective
function. Overvoltage relaying is one of these functions. Figure 19 shows a snapshot of the real-time
Figure 18. Time–current characteristics.
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 15 of 22

Table 2. Relay characteristic curve type effect.

Curve Type Setting Current (A) Load Current (A) Operation Time (sec)
IEC Normal Inverse 2.5 3.61 20
IEC Very Inverse 2.5 3.61 30
IEC Extremely Inverse 2.5 3.61 72
IEEE Moderately Inverse 2.5 3.61 7
IEEE Very Inverse 2.5 3.61 20
IEEE Extremely Inverse 2.5 3.61 28

5.2. Overvoltage Relaying Function

As mentioned earlier, this platform was designed to implement four different types of protective
function. Overvoltage relaying is one of these functions. Figure 19 shows a snapshot of the real-time
operation of this platform under this mode of operation. Figure 20 displays the time–voltage response
Electronics
for k = 1, 2020,
a = 1,9, xand
FORTMS
PEER=REVIEW
1. From the curve, it is clear that as the operating voltage increased 15 of 22
above
Electronics
the setting 2020, 9, x FORthe
voltage, PEER REVIEW time reduced in an inverse manner.
operating 15 of 22

Figure 19. Overvoltage relaying operation mode.

Figure 19. Overvoltage relaying operation mode.
Figure 19. Overvoltage relaying operation mode.

Figure 20. Time–voltage

Figure 20. Time–voltage response
response for
for overvoltage
overvoltage relay.
relay.
6. Results Evaluation Figure 20. Time–voltage response for overvoltage relay.
Table 2. Relay characteristic curve type effect.
This platform was tested Table by 43 2.
volunteer students from
Relay characteristic a type
curve fourth year
effe ct. electrical engineering degree
Curve Type Setting Current (A) Load Current (A) Operation Time (sec)
course in a power and machines laboratory. Each student was provided with a set of 10n questions as
IECCurve
Normal Inverse
Type 2.5
Setting Current (A) Load Current3.61 (A) Operation20 Time (sec)
listed in Table 3. The students were asked to answer using a point scale from 0–10. The results are
IECIEC Very Inverse
Normal Inverse 2.5
2.5 3.61
3.61 30
20
shown in Figure
IEC
21. In Table
Extremely
3, we show the
Inverse
average and standard
2.5 3.61
deviation for the72 students’ answers.
IEC Very Inverse 2.5 3.61 30
It can be IEEE
seen that the
Moderately
IEC Extremely
average
Inverse
Inverse
grading was2.5
2.5
above 70% (good evaluation),
3.61
3.61
and this
727
also is indicated
IEEEIEEE Very Inverse
Moderately Inverse 2.5
2.5 3.61
3.61 720
IEEE Extremely Inverse
IEEE Very Inverse 2.5
2.5 3.61
3.61 28
20
IEEE Extremely Inverse 2.5 3.61 28
6. Results Evaluation
6. Results Evaluation
This platform was tested by 43 volunteer students from a fourth year electrical engineering
 Electronics 2020, 9, 118 16 of 22

in the evaluation graph (see Figure 21). The evaluation process showed that the students found this
new platform agreeable. Analysis of the results showed the perception that the platform significantly
improved the quality of the theoretical course on power protection in the fourth year of the electrical
engineering degree course (University of Basrah). The key factors in this evaluation were

Table 3. Average scores and Standard deviation (STDEV) for Evaluation statements.

Statement Score (0–10) STDEV

The external appearance was attractive 7.86 1.39
The HMI screens had been designed in such a way that give an easy access to the 8.60 1.15
supported applications
Application related screen gives an easy access to the different settings of 8.62 1.17
protective relay under test
Application related screen allows the sketching of the required wiring before 8.93 1.18
doing the actual wiring
The proposed platform is user friendly 8.23 1.13
The proposed platform allows the students to come closer to master the field of 8.39 1.46
protective relays especially those supported in this work
The proposed platform allows the teacher to explain the operating principles and 8.69 1.20
states the importance and effect of protective relay’s parameters setting
nics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16
The proposed platform pointed the strong relationship between theoretical 7.60 1.81
material and its industrial instance
The friendly The
HMI interfaces
proposed thatthe teaching
platform increases allows theefficiency
process soft and easy running
8.20 and testing of
1.45

applications. The proposed platform fulfilled its objectives 8.20 1.72

Figure 21. Students’ evaluation graph.

Figure 21. Students’ evaluation graph.
1. The adoption of the software instance of the discussed power system protective relays.
2. The flexibility of testing different standard characteristic curves.
Table3.3. Average scores
The additional and ofStandard
possibility deviation
using a user-defined (STDEV)
characteristic forwhich
curve, Evaluation
could not statements.
be tested
using hardware based protective relay.
4. Score
The friendly HMI interfaces that allows the soft and easy running and testing of such applications. STD
Statement
(0–10)
external appearance was attractive 7.86 1.3
HMI screens had been designed in such a way that give an easy access to the 8.60 1.1
ported applications
lication related screen gives an easy access to the different settings of protective 8.62 1.1
y under test
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 17 of 22

7. Conclusions
PLC and HMI were efficiently integrated to build a dynamic educational power system protective
relays platform, which could be used for wideband protective applications through development of
the appropriate application-dependent firmware. This platform reduced the total cost required to
train the power system engineering students to understand overcurrent protective relays, over and
under voltage protective relays, and differential current relays through adopting software instances.
In addition to the cost reduction, this training platform also reduced the maintenance requirements
inherent in hardware versions. The experimental data results showed that the proposed platform
can be easily used to extract the IEC curves and to show the behavior of the protective relays under
different characteristic curve settings. The data also showed why the normal inverse must be used
as the first line of defense, whereas the other settings can play the role of the second line of defense.
The protective relaying platform developed here introduces an invaluable kinesthetic learning aspect
to a theory-based course and takes the engineering students inside the real practical usage of protective
relays, thus enhancing the teaching efficacy.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.R.M. and R.S.A.; Methodology, J.R.M. and R.S.A.; Software, J.R.M.;
Validation, J.R.M. and R.S.A.; Supervision, R.A.A.-A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 17 of 22
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Conflicts
Conflictsof Interest:The
ofInterest: Theauthors
authorsdeclare
declareno
noconflict
conflictof
ofinterest.
interest.

Appendix
Appendix A
A. Structure
Structure Text
TextCodes
Codes

Figure A1. ST of the IDMT overcurrent relay algorithm.

Figure A1. ST of the IDMT overcurrent relay algorithm.
The above figure shows the ST of the IDMT over current relay algorithm, Where CM1 stands
The
for the above figure
secondary shows
current the source
of the ST of the IDMT
side overtransformer.
current current relayIS1
algorithm, Whereset
is the current CM1 stands
value. for
OC1a,
the secondary
OC1TMS, OC1k,current of the
and OC1c source the
represent sideIDMT
current transformer.
relay IS1 is the current set
equation parameters.OC1Td value.
is the OC1a,
calculated
OC1TMS,
opening OC1k,
delay and OC1c represent the IDMT relay equation parameters.OC1Td is the calculated
time.
opening delay time.
 Figure A1. ST of the IDMT overcurrent relay algorithm.

The above figure shows the ST of the IDMT over current relay algorithm, Where CM1 stands for
the secondary current of the source side current transformer. IS1 is the current set value. OC1a,
OC1TMS,
Electronics OC1k,
2020, 9, 118and OC1c represent the IDMT relay equation parameters.OC1Td is the calculated
18 of 22
opening delay time.

Figure A2. ST of the IDMT overvoltage relay algorithm.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEERFigure
REVIEW A2. ST of the IDMT overvoltage relay algorithm. 18 of 22
The above figure show the ST of the IDMT overvoltage relay algorithm, where VM1 stands for
Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 22
the
OV1TMS,The above
source OV1k, figure
side voltage show the STbyofthe
measured
and OV1c represent thefirst
the IDMT
IDMT overvoltage
voltage relayVS1
transmitter.
overvoltage relay algorithm, wheresetVM1
is theparameters.OV1Td
equation voltage stands
value. for
OV1a,
is the
the source OV1k,
OV1TMS,
calculated side
openingvoltage
and measured
OV1c
delay by the
represent
time. the first
IDMT voltage transmitter.
overvoltage relay VS1 is theparameters.OV1Td
equation voltage set value. OV1a,
is the
OV1TMS, OV1k, and OV1c represent the IDMT overvoltage relay equation parameters.OV1Td is the
calculated opening
calculated opening delay
delay time.
time.

Figure A3. ST of the IDMT undervoltage relay algorithm.

Figure A3. ST of the IDMT undervoltage relay algorithm.
Figure A3. ST of the IDMT undervoltage relay algorithm.

Figure A4. ST of the percentage differential relay algorithm.

Figure A4. ST of the percentage differential relay algorithm.
Figure A4. ST of the percentage differential relay algorithm.
The above depicts the code of the percentage differential relay algorithm, where id represents
the driving current,
The above it stands
depicts for average
the code current through
of the percentage the restraint
differential coil; kit is the
relay algorithm, threshold
where current.
id represents
the driving current, it stands for average current through the restraint coil; kit is the threshold current.
Appendix B. HMI Navigation Screens
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 19 of 22

Figure A4. ST of the percentage differential relay algorithm.

The above depicts the code of the percentage differential relay algorithm, where id represents the
The above depicts the code of the percentage differential relay algorithm, where id represents
driving current, it stands for average current through the restraint coil; kit is the threshold current.
the driving current, it stands for average current through the restraint coil; kit is the threshold current.
Appendix B HMI Navigation Screens
Appendix B. HMI Navigation Screens

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 22

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure A5. Navigation Screen. 19 of 22
Figure A5. Navigation Screen.

Figure A6. IDMT over current relays interface screen.

Figure A6. IDMT over current relays interface
interface screen.
screen.

Figure A7. IDMT

Figure A7. IDMT over
over voltage
voltage relays
relays interface
interface screen.
screen.
Figure A7. IDMT over voltage relays interface screen.
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 20 of 22
Figure A7. IDMT over voltage relays interface screen.

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 22

Electronics 2020, 9, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 22
Figure A8. IDMT under voltage relays interface screen.
Figure A8. IDMT under voltage relays interface screen.

Figure A9. Percentage differential relays interface screen.

Figure
Figure A9. Percentage differential
A9. Percentage differential relays
relays interface
interface screen.
screen.

Figure A10. Specifications of IDMT curves for over current relay.

Figure A10. Specifications of IDMT curves for over current relay.
Figure A10. Specifications of IDMT curves for over current relay.
Electronics 2020, 9, 118 21 of 22
Figure A10. Specifications of IDMT curves for over current relay.

Figure A11. Specifications of IDMT curves for overvoltage and under voltage relays.
Figure A11. Specifications of IDMT curves for overvoltage and under voltage relays.

References
Reference
1. Webb, J.W.; Reis, R.A. Programmable Logic Controllers Principles and Applications, 5th ed.; Phi Learning Private
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